U.S. patent number 7,888,327 [Application Number 12/383,824] was granted by the patent office on 2011-02-15 for methods of using immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to treat allergic conditions.
This patent grant is currently assigned to University of Iowa Research Foundation. Invention is credited to Joel N. Kline, Arthur M. Krieg.
United States Patent |
7,888,327 |
Krieg , et al. |
February 15, 2011 |
Methods of using immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to treat
allergic conditions
Abstract
Nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides and
therapeutic utilities based on their ability to stimulate an immune
response and to redirect a Th2 response to a Th1 response in a
subject are disclosed. Methods for treating atopic diseases,
including atopic dermatitis, are disclosed.
Inventors: |
Krieg; Arthur M. (Wellesley,
MA), Kline; Joel N. (Iowa City, IA) |
Assignee: |
University of Iowa Research
Foundation (Iowa City, IA)
|
Family
ID: |
24968901 |
Appl.
No.: |
12/383,824 |
Filed: |
March 25, 2009 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20100125101 A1 |
May 20, 2010 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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10894657 |
Jul 16, 2004 |
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09818918 |
Mar 27, 2001 |
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08738652 |
Oct 30, 1996 |
6207646 |
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08386063 |
Feb 7, 1995 |
6194388 |
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08276358 |
Jul 15, 1994 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/44R |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P
43/00 (20180101); C12Q 1/68 (20130101); A61P
37/08 (20180101); A61P 1/16 (20180101); A61P
31/10 (20180101); A61P 31/12 (20180101); A61P
17/00 (20180101); A61K 31/711 (20130101); A61P
35/00 (20180101); A61P 1/02 (20180101); A61K
31/7125 (20130101); A61K 39/00 (20130101); A61P
37/06 (20180101); A61P 11/06 (20180101); A61P
33/00 (20180101); A61K 39/39 (20130101); A61P
17/06 (20180101); A61P 31/00 (20180101); A61K
31/00 (20130101); A61P 1/04 (20180101); A61P
31/04 (20180101); A61K 31/7048 (20130101); A61P
7/00 (20180101); A61P 37/02 (20180101); A61K
31/4706 (20130101); A61P 1/00 (20180101); A61P
19/02 (20180101); A61P 37/04 (20180101); C07H
21/00 (20130101); C12N 15/117 (20130101); C12N
2310/315 (20130101); A61K 2039/55561 (20130101); C12N
2310/17 (20130101); Y02A 50/30 (20180101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61K
48/00 (20060101) |
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Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Preliminary Motion 3 (for
judgment based on failure to comply with 35 U.S.C. 135(b)).
(Electronically filed, unsigned). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Preliminary Motion 4 (for
judgment of no. interference in fact). (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Preliminary Motion 5 (for
judgment based on lack of enablement). (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Preliminary Motion 6 (for
judgment based on lack of adequate written description).
(Electronically filed, unsigned). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Preliminary Motion 7 (motion
to redefine interference to designate claims as not corresponding
to the Count). (Electronically filed, unsigned). Jun. 7, 2004.
cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Preliminary Motion 8
(contingent motion to redefine the Count). (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Preliminary Motion 9 (motion
for benefit of earlier application). (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Preliminary Motion 10
(contingent motion to redefine the interference by adding a
continuation application). (Electronically filed, unsigned). Jul.
2, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Opposition 3 (to Iowa Preliminary Motion 3 for judgment
under 35 USC 135(b)). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Opposition 4 (to Iowa Preliminary Motion 4 for judgment
of no interference in fact). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Opposition 5 (to Iowa Preliminary Motion 5 for judgment
that UC's claim is not enabled). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Opposition 6 (to Iowa Preliminary Motion 6 for judgment
based on lack of adequate written description). Sep. 9, 2004. cited
by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Opposition 7 (to Iowa Preliminary Motion 7 to redefine
the interference). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Opposition 8 (to Iowa Preliminary Motion 8 to redefine
the Count). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Response 9 (to Iowa Contingent Motion 9 for benefit).
Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Opposition 10 (to Iowa Contingent Motion 10 to redefine
the interference). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Opposition 11 (to Iowa Contingent Motion 11 to
suppress). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Reply 3 (in support of Iowa
Preliminary Motion 3 for judgment under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.135(b))
(Electronically filed, unsigned). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Reply 4 (in support of Iowa
Preliminary Motion for judgment of no interference in fact)
(Electronically filed, unsigned). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Reply 5 (in support of Iowa
Preliminary Motion 5 for judgment that UC's claim 205 is not
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other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Reply 6 (in support of Iowa
Preliminary Motion 6 for judgment based on lack of adequate written
description) (Electronically filed, unsigned). Oct. 15, 2004. cited
by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Reply 7 (in support of Iowa
Preliminary Motion 7 to redefine the interference) (Electronically
filed, unsigned). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Reply 8 (in support of Iowa
Preliminary Motion 8 to redefine the count) (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Reply 10 (in support of Iowa
Preliminary Motion 10 to redefine the interference) (Electronically
filed, unsigned). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Reply 11 (in support of Iowa
Miscellaneous Motion to suppress). (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Oct. 18, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Preliminary Statement. Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Preliminary Motion 1 (to designate additional claims of
Iowa patent as corresponding to the Count). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by
other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Preliminary Motion 2 (for judgment based on lack of
written description support and introducing new matter). Jun. 7,
2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Preliminary Motion 3 (for judgment based on
anticipation). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Preliminary Motion 4 (for judgment based on
obviousness). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Preliminary Motion 5 (for judgment based on
anticipation). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Preliminary Motion 6 (for judgment based on inequitable
conduct). Jun. 7, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Contingent Preliminary Motion 7 (for benefit of an
earlier application under 37 CFR 1.633(j)). Jul. 2, 2004. cited by
other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Contingent Preliminary Motion 8 (to add additional
claims under 37 CFR 1.633(c)(2) and (i)). Jul. 2, 2004. cited by
other .
Amended Claims for U.S. Appl. No. 09/265,191, filed Mar. 10, 1999.
cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Opposition 1 (opposition to
motion to designate additional claims as corresponding to the
Count) (Electronically filed, unsigned). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by
other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Opposition 2 (opposition to
motion for judgment based on lack of written description support
and introducing new matter) (Electronically filed, unsigned). Sep.
9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Opposition 3 (opposition to
motion for judgment based on anticipation) (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Opposition 4 (opposition to
motion for judgment based on obviousness) (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Opposition 5 (opposition to
motion for judgment based on anticipation) (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Opposition 6 (opposition to
motion for judgment based on inequitable conduct) (Electronically
filed, unsigned). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Opposition 7 (opposition to
motion for benefit of an earlier application under 7 CFR 1.633(j))
(Electronically filed, unsigned). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Iowa Opposition 8 (opposition to
motion to add additional claims under 37 CFR 1.633 (2) and (i))
(Electronically filed, unsigned). Sep. 9, 2004. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Reply 1 (to Iowa's opposition to UC's motion to
designate Iowa claims as corresponding to the Count). Oct. 15,
2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Reply 2 (to Iowa's opposition to UC Preliminary Motion 2
for Judgment). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Reply 3 (to Iowa's Opposition to UC Preliminary Motion 3
for Judgment). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Reply 4 (to Iowa's Opposition to UC Preliminary Motion 4
for Judgment). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Reply 5 (to Iowa's Opposition to UC Preliminary Motion 5
for Judgment). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Reply 6 (to Iowa's opposition to UC Preliminary Motion 6
for judgment). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Reply 7 (to Iowa's Opposition to UC Preliminary Motion 7
for Benefit). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California Reply 8 (to Iowa's Opposition to UC Preliminary Motion 8
to add additional claims). Oct. 15, 2004. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Decision on Motion under 37 CFR
.sctn.41.125. Mar. 10, 2005. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Judgment and Order. Mar. 10, 2005.
cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California. Brief of Appellant. Jul. 5, 2005. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. University of Iowa and Coley
Pharmaceutical Group, Inc. Brief of Appellees. Aug. 17, 2005. cited
by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California. Reply Brief of Appellant. Sep. 6, 2005. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,171. Regents of the University of
California. Decision of CAFC. Jul. 17, 2006. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Substantive Motion 1 (for
unpatentability based on interference estoppel). (Electronically
filed, unsigned). cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526.. Krieg Substantive Motion 2 (for
judgment based on inadequate written description and/or
enablement). (Electronically filed, unsigned). Jun. 18, 2007. cited
by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Contingent Responsive Motion
(to add new claims 104 and 105). (Electronically filed, unsigned).
Jul. 25, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Substantive Motion 3 (for
judgment based on prior art). (Electronically filed, unsigned).
Jun. 18, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Motion 1 (Unpatentability of
Krieg Claims under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 112, First Paragraph).
(Electronically filed, unsigned). Jun. 18, 2007. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Motion 2 (Raising a Threshold
Issue of No Interference-in-Fact). (Electronically filed,
unsigned). Jun. 18, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526.. Raz Motion 3 (Krieg's Claims are
Unpatentable Over Prior Art Under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 102(b))
(Electronically filed, unsigned). Jun. 18, 2007. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Motion 4 (to Designate Krieg
Claims 46 and 82-84 as Corresponding to Count 1). (Electronically
filed, unsigned). Jun. 18, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Responsive Miscellaneous
Motion 5 (to revive the Raz Parent Application) (Electronically
filed, unsigned) Jul. 25, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Contingent Responsive Motion 6
(To Add a New Claim 58) (Electronically filed, unsigned) Jul. 25,
2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Opposition 1 (Opposition to
Motion for Lack of Enablement and Written Description)
(Electronically filed, unsigned) Sep. 10, 2007. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Opposition 2 (to Raz Motion
2) (Electronically filed, unsigned) Sep. 10, 2007. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Opposition 3 (To Raz Motion
3) (Electronically filed, unsiged) Sep. 10, 2007. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Opposition 4 (Opposition to
Motion for Designating Claims 46 and 82-84 as Corresponding to the
Court) (Electronically filed, unsigned) Sep. 10, 2007. cited by
other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Opposition 6 (Opposition to
Raz Contingent Responsive Motion 6) (Electronically filed,
unsigned) Sep. 10, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Opposition 1 (Opposing Krieg
Substantive Motion 1) (Electronically filed, unsigned) Sep. 10,
2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Opposition 2 (Opposing Krieg
Substantive Motion 2) (Electronically filed, unsigned) Sep. 10,
2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Opposition 4 (Opposing Krieg
Contingent Responsive Motion to Add New Claims 104 and 105)
(Electronically filed, unsigned) Sep. 10, 2007. cited by other
.
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Reply 1 (Reply to Raz
opposition 1) Oct. 5, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Reply 2 (Reply to Raz
opposition 2) Oct. 5, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Reply 4 (Reply to Raz
opposition 4) Oct. 5, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Reply 1 (Reply to Krieg
opposition 1) Oct. 5, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Reply 2 (Reply to Krieg
opposition 2) Oct. 5, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Reply 3 (Reply to Krieg
opposition 3) Oct. 5, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Reply 4 (Reply to Krieg
opposition 4) Oct. 5, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Reply 6 (Reply to Krieg
opposition 6) Oct. 5, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Miscellaneous Motion 5 (To
exclude exhibits 2066, 2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075, 2076 and
2078) Oct. 9, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Opposition 5 (Opposing Krieg
Miscellaneous Motion 5) Oct. 25, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Miscellaneous Motion 7 (To
exclude evidence) Oct. 19, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Opposition 7 (To Raz
Miscellaneous Motion 7) Oct. 25, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Krieg Reply 5 (Reply to Raz
opposition 5) Oct. 30, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Raz Reply 7 (Reply to Krieg
opposition 7) Oct. 30, 2007. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Order--Bd.R. 104. Conference Call.
Paper 211. Sep. 30, 2008. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Memorandum Opinion and Order
(Decision on Motions) Dec. 1, 2008. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Judgement on Preliminary Motions
under 37 C.F.R .sctn.41.127 Dec. 1, 2008. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Paper 217. Raz Notice of Filing of
a Notice of Appeal (Appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit). Jan. 27, 2009. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,526. Paper 219. Raz Notice of
Withdrawal of Appeal. May 15, 2009. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 1. Declaration under 37
C.F.R. .sctn.41.203(b) Dec. 1, 2008. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 6 Raz Notice of Real
Party in Interest. Dec. 12, 2008. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 11 Krieg Designation of
Real Party in Interest. Dec. 15, 2008. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 15. Order--Bd.R. 104(c)
Summary of Dec. 23, 2008 Conference Call. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 19. Order-Bd.R. 104(c).
Conference Call. Jan. 16, 2009. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 21. Raz Observations
(regarding evidence to support certain proposed motions. Jan. 27,
2009. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 23. Raz Miscellaneous
Motion 1 (to revive the Raz parent application). Jan. 27, 2009.
cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 25. Order--Bd.R. 104(c)
(Raz v. Krieg) Summary of Conference Call on Feb. 4, 2009. cited by
other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 29. Joint Submission
Pursuant to Order Dated Jan. 16, 2009. Mar. 11, 2009. cited by
other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 32. Raz Abandonment of
Contest. May 15, 2009. cited by other .
Patent Interference No. 105,674. Paper No. 33. Judgment--Bd.R.127.
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[No Author Listed] Definitions. in Dorland's Illustrated Medical
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Exhibit 2032. cited by other .
[No Author Listed] Definitions. in Immunology, Roitt et al.,
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[No Author Listed] Definitions. in the Dictionary of Immunology,
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[No Author Listed] Definitions. in Webster's New Collegiate
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[No Author Listed] DNA is the primary genetic material. in
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[No Author Listed]
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Exhibit 1043. cited by other .
[No Author Listed]
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[No Author Listed]
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[No Author Listed]
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|
Primary Examiner: Minnifield; N. M
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.
Benson; Gregg C.
Government Interests
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
The work resulting in this invention was supported in part by
National Institute of Health Grant No. R29-AR42556-01. The U.S.
Government has certain rights in the invention.
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/894,657, filed Jul. 16, 2004, now abandoned, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/818,918, filed
Mar. 27, 2001, now abandoned, which is a divisional of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 08/738,652, filed Oct. 30, 1996, now issued as
U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,646 B1, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 08/386,063, filed Feb. 7, 1995, now
issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,388 B1, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
08/276,358, filed Jul. 15, 1994, now abandoned, each of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A method for treating an allergic condition, the method
comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment of an
allergic condition an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide 8 to 100
nucleotides long, comprising: TABLE-US-00016 5'
X.sub.1X.sub.2CGX.sub.3X.sub.4 3'
wherein the C is unmethylated and wherein X.sub.1, X.sub.2,
X.sub.3, and X.sub.4 are nucleotides, wherein the oligonucleotide
is administered without an allergen, in an effective amount to
treat the allergic condition.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein 5'
X.sub.1X.sub.2CGX.sub.3X.sub.43' is not a palindrome.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the allergic condition is
selected from the group consisting of eczema, allergic rhinitis,
hay fever, urticaria, and food allergies.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunostimulatory
oligonucleotide is 8 to 40 nucleotides long.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunostimulatory
oligonucleotide is a stabilized oligonucleotide.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the immunostimulatory
oligonucleotide comprises a phosphate backbone modification which
is a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate modification.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic
acid is administered to the subject orally.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic
acid is administered to the subject transdermally.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic
acid is administered to the subject by injection.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
DNA Binds to Cell Membranes and is Internalized
In the 1970's, several investigators reported the binding of high
molecular weight DNA to cell membranes (Lerner, R. A., W. Meinke,
and D. A. Goldstein. 1971. "Membrane-associated DNA in the
cytoplasm of diploid human lymphocytes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
68:1212; Agrawal, S. K., R. W. Wagner, P. K. McAllister, and B.
Rosenberg. 1975. "Cell-surface-associated nucleic acid in
tumorigenic cells made visible with platinum-pyrimidine complexes
by electron microscopy". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:928). In
1985, Bennett et al. presented the first evidence that DNA binding
to lymphocytes is similar to a ligand receptor interaction: binding
is saturable, competitive, and leads to DNA endocytosis and
degradation into oligonucleotides (Bennett, R. M., G. T. Gabor, and
M. M. Merritt. 1985. "DNA binding to human leukocytes. Evidence for
a receptor-mediated association, internalization, and degradation
of DNA". J. Clin. Invest. 76:2182). Like DNA,
oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) are able to enter cells in a
saturable, sequence independent, and temperature and energy
dependent fashion (reviewed in Jaroszewski, J. W., and J. S. Cohen.
1991. "Cellular uptake of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides".
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 6:235; Akhtar, S., Y. Shoji, and R.
L. Juliano. 1992. "Pharmaceutical aspects of the biological
stability and membrane transport characteristics of antisense
oligonucleotides". In: Gene Regulation: Biology of Antisense RNA
and DNA. R. P. Erickson, and J. G. Izant, eds. Raven Press, Ltd.
New York, pp. 133; and Zhao, Q., T. Waldschmidt, E. Fisher, C. J.
Herrera, and A. M. Krieg., 1994. "Stage specific oligonucleotide
uptake in murine bone marrow B cell precursors". Blood, 84:3660).
No receptor for DNA or ODN uptake has yet been cloned, and it is
not yet clear whether ODN binding and cell uptake occurs through
the same or a different mechanism from that of high molecular
weight DNA.
Lymphocyte ODN uptake has been shown to be regulated by cell
activation. Spleen cells stimulated with the B cell mitogen LPS had
dramatically enhanced ODN uptake in the B cell population, while
spleen cells treated with the T cell mitogen Con A showed enhanced
ODN uptake by T but not B cells (Krieg, A. M., F. Gmelig-Meyling,
M. F. Gourley, W. J. Kisch, L. A. Chrisey, and A. D. Steinberg.
1991. "Uptake of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by lymphoid cells is
heterogeneous and inducible". Antisense Research and Development
1:161).
Immune Effects of Nucleic Acids
Several polynucleotides have been extensively evaluated as
biological response modifiers. Perhaps the best example is poly
(I,C) which is a potent inducer of IFN production as well as a
macrophage activator and inducer of NK activity (Talmadge, J. E.,
J. Adams, H. Phillips, M. Collins, B. Lenz, M. Schneider, E.
Schlick, R. Ruffmann, R. H. Wiltrout, and M. A. Chirigos. 1985.
"Immunomodulatory effects in mice of polyinosinic-polycytidylic
acid complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose".
Cancer Res. 45:1058; Wiltrout, R. H., R. R. Salup, T. A. Twilley,
and J. E. Talmadge. 1985. "Immunomodulation of natural killer
activity by polyribonucleotides". J. Biol. Resp. Mod. 4:5.12;
Krown, S. E. 1986. "Interferons and interferon inducers in cancer
treatment". Sem. Oncol. 13:207; and Ewel, C. H., S. J. Urba, W. C.
Kopp, J. W. Smith II, R. G. Steis, J. L. Rossio, D. L. Longo, M. J.
Jones, W. G. Alvord, C. M. Pinsky, J. M. Beveridge, K. L. McNitt,
and S. P. Creekmore. 1992. "Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid
complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose in
combination with interleukin-2 in patients with cancer: clinical
and immunological effects". Canc. Res. 52:3005). It appears that
this murine NK activation may be due solely to induction of
IFN-.beta. secretion (Ichikawa, R., and C. A. Biron. 1993. "IFN
induction and associated changes in splenic leukocyte
distribution". J. Immunol. 150:3713). This activation was specific
for the ribose sugar since deoxyribose was ineffective. Its potent
in vitro antitumor activity led to several clinical trials using
poly (I,C) complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose
(to reduce degradation by RNAse) (Talmadge, J. E., et al., 1985.
cited supra; Wiltrout, R. H., et al., 1985. cited supra); Krown, S.
E., 1986. cited supra); and Ewel, C. H., et al., 1992. cited
supra). Unfortunately, toxic side effects have thus far prevented
poly (I,C) from becoming a useful therapeutic agent.
Guanine ribonucleotides substituted at the C8 position with either
a bromine or a thiol group are B cell mitogens and may replace "B
cell differentiation factors" (Feldbush, T. L., and Z. K. Ballas.
1985. "Lymphokine-like activity of 8-mercaptoguanosine: induction
of T and B cell differentiation". J. Immunol. 134:3204; and
Goodman, M. G. 1986. "Mechanism of synergy between T cell signals
and C8-substituted guanine nucleosides in humoral immunity: B
lymphotropic cytokines induce responsiveness to
8-mercaptoguanosine". J. Immunol. 136:3335). 8-mercaptoguanosine
and 8-bromoguanosine also can substitute for the cytokine
requirement for the generation of MHC restricted CTL (Feldbush, T.
L., 1985. cited supra), augment murine NK activity (Koo, G. C., M.
E. Jewell, C. L. Manyak, N. H. Sigal, and L. S. Wicker. 1988.
"Activation of murine natural killer cells and macrophages by
8-bromoguanosine". J. Immunol. 140:3249), and synergize with IL-2
in inducing murine LAK generation (Thompson, R. A., and Z. K.
Ballas. 1990. "Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. V.
8-Mercaptoguanosine as an IL-2-sparing agent in LAK generation". J.
Immunol. 145:3524). The NK and LAK augmenting activities of these
C8-substituted guanosines appear to be due to their induction of
IFN (Thompson, R. A., et al. 1990. cited supra). Recently, a 5'
triphosphorylated thymidine produced by a mycobacterium was found
to be mitogenic for a subset of human .gamma..delta. T cells
(Constant, P., F. Davodeau, M.-A. Peyrat, Y. Poquet, G. Puzo, M.
Bonneville, and J.-J. Fournie. 1994. "Stimulation of human
.gamma..delta. T cells by nonpeptidic mycobacterial ligands"
Science 264:267). This report indicated the possibility that the
immune system may have evolved ways to preferentially respond to
microbial nucleic acids.
Several observations suggest that certain DNA structures may also
have the potential to activate lymphocytes. For example, Bell et
al. reported that nucleosomal protein-DNA complexes (but not naked
DNA) in spleen cell supernatants caused B cell proliferation and
immunoglobulin secretion (Bell, D. A., B. Morrison, and P.
VandenBygaart. 1990. "Immunogenic DNA-related factors". J. Clin.
Invest. 85:1487). In other cases, naked DNA has been reported to
have immune effects. For example, Messina et al. have recently
reported that 260 to 800 by fragments of poly (dG).cndot.(dC) and
poly (dG.cndot.dC) were mitogenic for B cells (Messina, J. P., G.
S. Gilkeson, and D. S. Pisetsky. 1993. "The influence of DNA
structure on the in vitro stimulation of murine lymphocytes by
natural and synthetic polynucleotide antigens". Cell. Immunol.
147:148). Tokunaga, et al. have reported that dG.cndot.dC induces
IFN-.gamma. and NK activity (Tokunaga, S. Yamamoto, and K. Namba.
1988. "A synthetic single-stranded DNA, poly(dG,dC), induces
interferon-.alpha./.beta. and -.gamma., augments natural killer
activity, and suppresses tumor growth" Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 79:682).
Aside from such artificial homopolymer sequences, Pisetsky et al.
reported that pure mammalian DNA has no detectable immune effects,
but that DNA from certain bacteria induces B cell activation and
immunoglobulin secretion (Messina, J. P., G. S. Gilkeson, and D. S.
Pisetsky. 1991. "Stimulation of in vitro murine lymphocyte
proliferation by bacterial DNA". J. Immunol. 147:1759). Assuming
that these data did not result from some unusual contaminant, these
studies suggested that a particular structure or other
characteristic of bacterial DNA renders it capable of triggering B
cell activation. Investigations of mycobacterial DNA sequences have
demonstrated that ODN which contain certain palindrome sequences
can activate NK cells (Yamamoto, S., T. Yamamoto, T. Kataoka, E.
Kuramoto, O. Yano, and T. Tokunaga. 1992. "Unique palindromic
sequences in synthetic oligonucleotides are required to induce INF
and augment INF-mediated natural killer activity". J. Immunol.
148:4072; Kuramoto, E., O. Yano, Y. Kimura, M. Baba, T. Makino, S.
Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, T. Kataoka, and T. Tokunaga. 1992.
"Oligonucleotide sequences required for natural killer cell
activation". Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 83:1128).
Several phosphorothioate modified ODN have been reported to induce
in vitro or in vivo B cell stimulation (Tanaka, T., C. C. Chu, and
W. E. Paul. 1992. "An antisense oligonucleotide complementary to a
sequence in I.gamma.2b increases .gamma.2b germline transcripts,
stimulates B cell DNA synthesis, and inhibits immunoglobulin
secretion". J. Exp. Med. 175:597; Branda, R. F., A. L. Moore, L.
Mathews, J. J. McCormack, and G. Zon. 1993. "Immune stimulation by
an antisense oligomer complementary to the rev gene of HIV-1".
Biochem. Pharmacol. 45:2037; McIntyre, K. W., K. Lombard-Gillooly,
J. R. Perez, C. Kunsch, U. M. Sarmiento, J. D. Larigan, K. T.
Landreth, and R. Narayanan. 1993. "A sense phosphorothioate
oligonucleotide directed to the initiation codon of transcription
factor NF.kappa.B T65 causes sequence-specific immune stimulation".
Antisense Res. Develop. 3:309; and Pisetsky, D. S., and C. F.
Reich. 1993. "Stimulation of murine lymphocyte proliferation by a
phosphorothioate oligonucleotide with antisense activity for herpes
simplex virus". Life Sciences 54:101). These reports do not suggest
a common structural motif or sequence element in these ODN that
might explain their effects.
The CREB/ATF Family of Transcription Factors and their Role in
Replication
The cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and activating
transcription factor (ATF) or CREB/ATF family of transcription
factors is a ubiquitously expressed class of transcription factors
of which 11 members have so far been cloned (reviewed in de Groot,
R. P., and P. Sassone-Corsi: "Hormonal control of gene expression:
Multiplicity and versatility of cyclic adenosine
3',5'-monophosphate-responsive nuclear regulators". Mol. Endocrin.
7:145, 1993; Lee, K. A. W., and N. Masson: "Transcriptional
regulation by CREB and its relatives". Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1174:221, 1993.). They all belong to the basic region/leucine
zipper (bZip) class of proteins. All cells appear to express one or
more CREB/ATF proteins, but the members expressed and the
regulation of mRNA splicing appear to be tissue-specific.
Differential splicing of activation domains can determine whether a
particular CREB/ATF protein will be a transcriptional inhibitor or
activator. Many CREB/ATF proteins activate viral transcription, but
some splicing variants which lack the activation domain are
inhibitory. CREB/ATF proteins can bind DNA as homo- or
hetero-dimers through the cAMP response element, the CRE, the
consensus form of which is the unmethylated sequence TGACGTC
(binding is abolished if the CpG is methylated) (Iguchi-Ariga, S.
M. M., and W. Schaffner: "CpG methylation of the cAMP-responsive
enhancer/promoter sequence TGACGTCA abolishes specific factor
binding as well as transcriptional activation". Genes &
Develop. 3:612, 1989.).
The transcriptional activity of the CRE is increased during B cell
activation (Xie, H. T. C. Chiles, and T. L. Rothstein: "Induction
of CREB activity via the surface Ig receptor of B cells". J.
Immunol. 151:880, 1993.). CREB/ATF proteins appear to regulate the
expression of multiple genes through the CRE including
immunologically important genes such as fos, jun B, Rb-1, IL-6,
IL-1 (Tsukada, J., K. Saito, W. R. Waterman, A. C. Webb, and P. E.
Auron: "Transcription factors NF-IL6 and CREB recognize a common
essential site in the human prointerleukin 1.beta. gene". Mol.
Cell. Biol. 14:7285, 1994; Gray, G. D., O. M. Hernandez, D. Hebel,
M. Root, J. M. Pow-Sang, and E. Wickstrom: "Antisense DNA
inhibition of tumor growth induced by c-Ha-ras oncogene in nude
mice". Cancer Res. 53:577, 1993), IFN-.beta. (Du, W., and T.
Maniatis: "An ATF/CREB binding site protein is required for virus
induction of the human interferon B gene". Proc. Natl. Acad Sci.
USA 89:2150, 1992), TGF-.beta.1 (Asiedu, C. K., L. Scott, R. K.
Assoian, M. Ehrlich: "Binding of AP-1/CREB proteins and of MDBP to
contiguous sites downstream of the human TGF-B1 gene". Biochim.
Biophys. Acta 1219:55, 1994.), TGF-.beta.2, class II MHC (Cox, P.
M., and C. R. Goding: "An ATF/CREB binding motif is required for
aberrant constitutive expression of the MHC class II DRa promoter
and activation by SV40 T-antigen". Nucl. Acids Res. 20:4881,
1992.), E-selectin, GM-CSF, CD-8.alpha., the germline Iga constant
region gene, the TCR V.beta. gene, and the proliferating cell
nuclear antigen (Huang, D., P. M. Shipman-Appasamy, D. J. Orten, S.
H. Hinrichs, and M. B. Prystowsky: "Promoter activity of the
proliferating-cell nuclear antigen gene is associated with
inducible CRE-binding proteins in interleukin 2-stimulated T
lymphocytes". Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4233, 1994.). In addition to
activation through the cAMP pathway, CREB can also mediate
transcriptional responses to changes in intracellular Ca.sup.++
concentration (Sheng, M., G. McFadden, and M. E. Greenberg:
"Membrane depolarization and calcium induce c-fos transcription via
phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB". Neuron 4:571,
1990).
The role of protein-protein interactions in transcriptional
activation by CREB/ATF proteins appears to be extremely important.
There are several published studies reporting direct or indirect
interactions between NFKB proteins and CREB/ATF proteins (Whitley,
et. al., (1994) Mol. & Cell. Biol. 14:6464; Cogswell, et al.,
(1994) J. Immun. 153:712; Hines, et al., (1993) Oncogene 8:3189;
and Du, et al., (1993) Cell 74:887. Activation of CREB through the
cyclic AMP pathway requires protein kinase A (PKA), which
phosphorylates CREB.sup.341 on ser.sup.133 and allows it to bind to
a recently cloned protein, CBP (Kwok, R. P. S., J. R. Lundblad, J.
C. Chrivia, J. P. Richards, H. P. Bachinger, R. G. Brennan, S. G.
E. Roberts, M. R. Green, and R. H. Goodman: "Nuclear protein CBP is
a coactivator for the transcription factor CREB". Nature 370:223,
1994; Arias, J., A. S. Alberts, P. Brindle, F. X. Claret, T. Smea,
M. Karin, J. Feramisco, and M. Montminy: "Activation of cAMP and
mitogen responsive genes relies on a common nuclear factor". Nature
370:226, 1994.). CBP in turn interacts with the basal transcription
factor TFIIB causing increased transcription. CREB also has been
reported to interact with dTAFII 110, a TATA binding
protein-associated factor whose binding may regulate transcription
(Ferreri, K., G. Gill, and M. Montminy: "The cAMP-regulated
transcription factor CREB interacts with a component of the TFIID
complex". Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 91:1210, 1994.). In addition to
these interactions, CREB/ATF proteins can specifically bind
multiple other nuclear factors (Hoeffler, J. P., J. W. Lustbader,
and C.-Y. Chen: "Identification of multiple nuclear factors that
interact with cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response
element-binding protein and activating transcription factor-2 by
protein-protein interactions". Mol. Endocrinol. 5:256, 1991) but
the biologic significance of most of these interactions is unknown.
CREB is normally thought to bind DNA either as a homodimer or as a
heterodimer with several other proteins. Surprisingly, CREB
monomers constitutively activate transcription (Krajewski, W., and
K. A. W. Lee: "A monomeric derivative of the cellular transcription
factor CREB functions as a constitutive activator". Mol. Cell.
Biol. 14:7204, 1994.).
Aside from their critical role in regulating cellular
transcription, it has recently been shown that CREB/ATF proteins
are subverted by some infectious viruses and retroviruses, which
require them for viral replication. For example, the
cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter, one of the strongest
known mammalian promoters, contains eleven copies of the CRE which
are essential for promoter function (Chang, Y.-N., S. Crawford, J.
Stall, D. R. Rawlins, K.-T. Jeang, and G. S. Hayward: "The
palindromic series I repeats in the simian cytomegalovirus major
immediate-early promoter behave as both strong basal enhancers and
cyclic AMP response elements". J. Virol. 64:264, 1990). At least
some of the transcriptional activating effects of the adenovirus
E1A protein, which induces many promoters, are due to its binding
to the DNA binding domain of the CREB/ATF protein, ATF-2, which
mediates E1A inducible transcription activation (Liu, F., and M. R.
Green: "Promoter targeting by adenovirus E1a through interaction
with different cellular DNA-binding domains". Nature 368:520,
1994). It has also been suggested that E1A binds to the
CREB-binding protein, CBP (Arany, Z., W. R. Sellers, D. M.
Livingston, and R. Eckner: "E1A-associated p300 and CREB-associated
CBP belong to a conserved family of coactivators". Cell 77:799,
1994). Human T lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-1), the retrovirus which
causes human T cell leukemia and tropical spastic paresis, also
requires CREB/ATF proteins for replication. In this case, the
retrovirus produces a protein, Tax, which binds to CREB/ATF
proteins and redirects them from their normal cellular binding
sites to different DNA sequences (flanked by G- and C-rich
sequences) present within the HTLV transcriptional enhancer
(Paca-Uccaralertkun, S., L.-J. Zhao, N. Adya, J. V. Cross, B. R.
Cullen, I. M. Boros, and C. Z. Giam: "In vitro selection of DNA
elements highly responsive to the human T-cell lymphotropic virus
type I transcriptional activator, Tax". Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:456,
1994; Adya, N., L.-J. Zhao, W. Huang, I. Boros, and C.-Z. Giam:
"Expansion of CREB's DNA recognition specificity by Tax results
from interaction with Ala-Ala-Arg at positions 282-284 near the
conserved DNA-binding domain of CREB". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
91:5642, 1994).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The instant invention is based on the finding that certain nucleic
acids containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides
activate lymphocytes in a subject and redirect a subject's immune
response from a Th2 to a Th1 (e.g. by inducing monocytic cells and
other cells to produce Th1 cytokines, including IL-12, IFN-.gamma.
and GM-CSF). Based on this finding, the invention features, in one
aspect, novel immunostimulatory nucleic acid compositions.
In a preferred embodiment, the immunostimulatory nucleic acid
contains a consensus mitogenic CpG motif represented by the
formula:
TABLE-US-00001 5' X.sub.1CGX.sub.2 3'
wherein X.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of A, G and
T; and X.sub.2 is C or T.
In a particularly preferred embodiment an immunostimulatory nucleic
acid molecule contains a consensus mitogenic CpG motif represented
by the formula:
TABLE-US-00002 5' X.sub.1X.sub.2CGX.sub.3X.sub.4 3'
wherein C and G are unmethylated; and X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3 and
X.sub.4 are nucleotides.
Enhanced immunostimulatory activity of human cells occurs where
X.sub.1X.sub.2 is selected from the group consisting of GpT, GpG,
GpA and ApA and/or X.sub.3X.sub.4 is selected from the group
consisting of TpT, CpT and GpT (Table 5). For facilitating uptake
into cells, CpG containing immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules
are preferably in the range of 8 to 40 base pairs in size. However,
nucleic acids of any size (even many kb long) are immunostimulatory
if sufficient immunostimulatory motifs are present, since such
larger nucleic acids are degraded into oligonucleotides inside of
cells. Preferred synthetic oligonucleotides do not include a GCG
trinucleotide sequence at or near the 5' and/or 3' terminals and/or
the consensus mitogenic CpG motif is not a palindrome. Prolonged
immunostimulation can be obtained using stabilized
oligonucleotides, particularly phosphorothioate stabilized
oligonucleotides.
In a second aspect, the invention features useful therapies, which
are based on the immunostimulatory activity of the nucleic acid
molecules. For example, the immunostimulatory nucleic acid
molecules can be used to treat, prevent or ameliorate an immune
system deficiency (e.g., a tumor or cancer or a viral, fungal,
bacterial or parasitic infection in a subject). In addition,
immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules can be administered to
stimulate a subject's response to a vaccine.
Further, by redirecting a subject's immune response from Th2 to
Th1, the instant claimed nucleic acid molecules can be administered
to treat or prevent the symptoms of asthma. In addition, the
instant claimed nucleic acid molecules can be administered in
conjunction with a particular allergen to a subject as a type of
desensitization therapy to treat or prevent the occurrence of an
allergic reaction.
Further, the ability of immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules to
induce leukemic cells to enter the cell cycle supports the use of
immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules in treating leukemia by
increasing the sensitivity of chronic leukemia cells and then
administering conventional ablative chemotherapy, or combining the
immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules with another
immunotherapy.
Other features and advantages of the invention will become more
apparent from the following detailed description and claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1A-C are graphs plotting dose-dependent IL-6 production in
response to various DNA sequences in T cell depleted spleen cell
cultures. A. E. coli DNA (.circle-solid.) and calf thymus DNA
(.box-solid.) sequences and LPS (at 10.times. the concentration of
E. coli and calf thymus DNA) (.diamond-solid.). B. Control
phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 5' ATGGAAGGTCCAGTGTTCTC
3' (SEQ ID NO:1) (.box-solid.) and two phosphodiester CpG ODN 5'
ATCGACCTACGTGCGTTCTC 3' (SEQ ID NO:2) (.diamond-solid.) and 5'
TCCATAACGTTCCTGATGCT 3' (SEQ ID NO:3) (.circle-solid.). C. Control
phosphorothioate ODN 5' GCTAGATGTTAGCGT 3' (SEQ ID NO:4)
(.box-solid.) and two phosphorothioate CpG ODN 5'
GAGAACGTCGACCTTCGAT 3' (SEQ ID NO:5) (.diamond-solid.) and 5'
GCATGACGTTGAGCT 3' (SEQ ID NO:6) (.circle-solid.). Data present the
mean.+-.standard deviation of triplicates.
FIG. 2 is a graph plotting IL-6 production induced by CpG DNA in
vivo as determined 1-8 hrs after injection. Data represent the mean
from duplicate analyses of sera from two mice. BALB/c mice (two
mice/group) were injected iv. with 100 .mu.l of PBS (.quadrature.)
or 200 .mu.g of CpG phosphorothioate ODN 5' TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3'
(SEQ ID NO: 7) (.box-solid.) or non-CpG phosphorothioate ODN 5'
TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT 3' (SEQ ID NO: 8) (.diamond-solid.).
FIG. 3 is an autoradiograph showing IL-6 mRNA expression as
determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in
liver, spleen, and thymus at various time periods after in vivo
stimulation of BALB/c mice (two mice/group) injected iv with 100
.mu.l A of PBS, 200 .mu.g of CpG phosphorothioate ODN 5'
TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3' (SEQ ID NO: 7) or non-CpG phosphorothioate
ODN 5' TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT 3' (SEQ ID NO: 8).
FIG. 4A is a graph plotting dose-dependent inhibition of
CpG-induced IgM production by anti-IL-6. Splenic B-cells from DBA/2
mice were stimulated with CpG ODN 5' TCCAAGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3' (SEQ
ID NO: 9) in the presence of the indicated concentrations of
neutralizing anti-IL-6 (.diamond-solid.) or isotype control Ab
(.circle-solid.) and IgM levels in culture supernatants determined
by ELISA. In the absence of CpG ODN, the anti-IL-6 Ab had no effect
on IgM secretion (.box-solid.).
FIG. 4B is a graph plotting the stimulation index of CpG-induced
splenic B cells cultured with anti-IL-6 and CpG S-ODN 5'
TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3' (SEQ ID NO: 7) (.diamond-solid.) or
anti-IL-6 antibody only (.box-solid.). Data present the
mean.+-.standard deviation of triplicates.
FIG. 5 is a bar graph plotting chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
(CAT) activity in WEHI-231 cells transfected with a promoter-less
CAT construct (pCAT), positive control plasmid (RSV), or IL-6
promoter-CAT construct alone or cultured with CpG 5'
TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 3' (SEQ ID NO: 7) or non-CpG 5'
TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT 3' (SEQ ID NO: 8) phosphorothioate ODN at the
indicated concentrations. Data present the mean of triplicates.
FIG. 6 is a schematic overview of the immune effects of the
immunostimulatory unmethylated CpG containing nucleic acids, which
can directly activate both B cells and monocytic cells (including
macrophages and dendritic cells) as shown. The immunostimulatory
oligonucleotides do not directly activate purified NK cells, but
render them competent to respond to IL-12 with a marked increase in
their IFN-.gamma. production. By inducing IL-12 production and the
subsequent increased IFN-.gamma. secretion by NK cells, the
immunostimulatory nucleic acids promote a Th1 type immune response.
No direct activation of proliferation of cytokine secretion by
highly purified T cells has been found. However, the induction of
Th1 cytokine secretion by the immunostimulatory oligonucleotides
promotes the development of a cytotoxic lymphocyte response.
FIG. 7 is an autoradiograph showing NFKB mRNA induction in
monocytes treated with E. coli (EC) DNA (containing unmethylated
CpG motifs), control (CT) DNA (containing no unmethylated CpG
motifs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at various measured times, 15
and 30 minutes after contact.
FIG. 8A shows the results from a flow cytometry study using mouse B
cells with the dihydrorhodamine 123 dye to determine levels of
reactive oxygen species. The dye only sample in Panel A of the
figure shows the background level of cells positive for the dye at
28.6%. This level of reactive oxygen species was greatly increased
to 80% in the cells treated for 20 minutes with PMA and ionomycin,
a positive control (Panel B). The cells treated with the CpG oligo
(TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT SEQ ID NO: 10) also showed an increase in the
level of reactive oxygen species such that more than 50% of the
cells became positive (Panel D). However, cells treated with an
oligonucleotide with the identical sequence except that the CpGs
were switched (TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT SEQ ID NO: 11) did not show
this significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species
(Panel E).
FIG. 8B shows the results from a flow cytometry study using mouse B
cells in the presence of chloroquine with the dihydrorhodamine 123
dye to determine levels of reactive oxygen species. Chloroquine
slightly lowers the background level of reactive oxygen species in
the cells such that the untreated cells in Panel A have only 4.3%
that are positive. Chloroquine completely abolishes the induction
of reactive oxygen species in the cells treated with CpG DNA (Panel
B) but does not reduce the level of reactive oxygen species in the
cells treated with PMA and ionomycin (Panel E).
FIG. 9 is a graph plotting lung lavage cell count over time. The
graph shows that when the mice are initially injected with
Schistosoma mansoni eggs "egg", which induces a Th2 immune
response, and subsequently inhale Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen
"SEA" (open circle), many inflammatory cells are present in the
lungs. However, when the mice are initially given CpG oligo (SEQ ID
NO: 10) along with egg, the inflammatory cells in the lung are not
increased by subsequent inhalation of SEA (open triangles).
FIG. 10 is a graph plotting lung lavage eosinophil count over time.
Again, the graph shows that when the mice are initially injected
with egg and subsequently inhale SEA (open circle), many
eosinophils are present in the lungs. However, when the mice are
initially given CpG oligo (SEQ ID NO: 10) along with egg, the
inflammatory cells in the lung are not increased by subsequent
inhalation of the SEA (open triangles).
FIG. 11 is a bar graph plotting the effect on the percentage of
macrophage, lymphocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil cells induced by
exposure to saline alone; egg, then SEA; egg and SEQ ID NO: 11,
then SEA; and egg and control oligo (SEQ ID NO: 11), then SEA. When
the mice are treated with the control oligo at the time of the
initial exposure to the egg, there is little effect on the
subsequent influx of eosinophils into the lungs after inhalation of
SEA. Thus, when mice inhale the eggs on days 14 or 21, they develop
an acute inflammatory response in the lungs. However, giving a CpG
oligo along with the eggs at the time of initial antigen exposure
on days 0 and 7 almost completely abolishes the increase in
eosinophils when the mice inhale the egg antigen on day 14.
FIG. 12 is a bar graph plotting eosinophil count in response to
injection of various amounts of the protective oligo SEQ ID NO:
10.
FIG. 13 is a graph plotting interleukin 4 (IL-4) production (pg/ml)
in mice over time in response to injection of egg, then SEA (open
diamond); egg and SEQ ID NO: 10, then SEA (open circle); or saline,
then saline (open square). The graph shows that the resultant
inflammatory response correlates with the levels of the Th2
cytokine IL-4 in the lung.
FIG. 14 is a bar graph plotting interleukin 12 (IL-12) production
(pg/ml) in mice over time in response to injection of saline; egg,
then SEA; or SEQ ID NO: 10 and egg, then SEA. The graph shows that
administration of an oligonucleotide containing an unmethylated CpG
motif can actually redirect the cytokine response of the lung to
production of IL-12, indicating a Th1 type of immune response.
FIG. 15 is a bar graph plotting interferon gamma (IFN-.gamma.)
production (pg/ml) in mice over time in response to injection of
saline; egg, then saline; or SEQ ID NO: 10 and egg, then SEA. The
graph shows that administration of an oligonucleotide containing an
unmethylated CpG motif can also redirect the cytokine response of
the lung to production of IFN-.gamma., indicating a Th1 type of
immune response.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
As used herein, the following terms and phrases shall have the
meanings set forth below:
An "allergen" refers to a substance that can induce an allergic or
asthmatic response in a susceptible subject. The list of allergens
is enormous and can include pollens, insect venoms, animal dander,
dust, fungal spores and drugs (e.g. penicillin). Examples of
natural, animal and plant allergens include proteins specific to
the following genera: Canine (Canis familiaris); Dermatophagoides
(e.g. Dermatophagoides farinae); Felis (Felis domesticus); Ambrosia
(Ambrosia artemiisfolia; Lolium (e.g. Lolium perenne or Lolium
multiflorum); Cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica); Alternaria
(Alternaria alternata); Alder; Alnus (Alnus gultinosa); Betula
(Betula verrucosa); Quercus (Quercus alba); Olea (Olea europa);
Artemisia (Artemisia vulgaris); Plantago (e.g. Plantago
lanceolata); Parietaria (e.g. Parietaria officinalis or Parietaria
judaica); Blattella (e.g. Blattella germanica); Apis (e.g. Apis
multiflorum); Cupressus (e.g. Cupressus sempervirens, Cupressus
arizonica and Cupressus macrocarpa); Juniperus (e.g. Juniperus
sabinoides, Juniperus virginiana, Juniperus communis and Juniperus
ashei); Thuya (e.g. Thuya orientalis); Chamaecyparis (e.g.
Chamaecyparis obtusa); Periplaneta (e.g. Periplaneta americana);
Agropyron (e.g. Agropyron repens); Secale (e.g. Secale cereale);
Triticum (e.g. Triticum aestivum); Dactylis (e.g. Dactylis
glomerata); Festuca (e.g. Festuca elatior); Poa (e.g. Poa pratensis
or Poa compressa); Avena (e.g. Avena sativa); Holcus (e.g. Holcus
lanatus); Anthoxanthum (e.g. Anthoxanthum odoratum); Arrhenatherum
(e.g. Arrhenatherum elatius); Agrostis (e.g. Agrostis alba); Phleum
(e.g. Phleum pratense); Phalaris (e.g. Phalaris arundinacea);
Paspalum (e.g. Paspalum notatum); Sorghum (e.g. Sorghum
halepensis); and Bromus (e.g. Bromus inermis).
An "allergy" refers to acquired hypersensitivity to a substance
(allergen). Allergic conditions include eczema, allergic rhinitis
or coryza, hay fever, bronchial asthma, urticaria (hives) and food
allergies, and other atopic conditions.
"Asthma"--refers to a disorder of the respiratory system
characterized by inflammation, narrowing of the airways and
increased reactivity of the airways to inhaled agents. Asthma is
frequently, although not exclusively associated with atopic or
allergic symptoms.
An "immune system deficiency" shall mean a disease or disorder in
which the subject's immune system is not functioning in normal
capacity or in which it would be useful to boost a subject's immune
response for example to eliminate a tumor or cancer (e.g. tumors of
the brain, lung (e.g. small cell and non-small cell), ovary,
breast, prostate, colon, as well as other carcinomas and sarcomas)
or an infection in a subject.
Examples of infectious virus include: Retroviridae (e.g., human
immunodeficiency viruses, such as HIV-1 (also referred to as
HTLV-III, LAV or HTLV-III/LAV, or HIV-III; and other isolates, such
as HIV-LP; Picornaviridae (e.g., polio viruses, hepatitis A virus;
enteroviruses, human coxsackie viruses, rhinoviruses, echoviruses);
Calciviridae (e.g., strains that cause gastroenteritis);
Togaviridae (e.g., equine encephalitis viruses, rubella viruses);
Flaviridae (e.g., dengue viruses, encephalitis viruses, yellow
fever viruses); Coronaviridae (e.g., coronaviruses); Rhabdoviridae
(e.g., vesicular stomatitis viruses, rabies viruses); Filoviridae
(e.g., ebola viruses); Paramyxoviridae (e.g., parainfluenza
viruses, mumps virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus);
Orthomyxoviridae (e.g., influenza viruses); Bunyaviridae (e.g.,
Hantaan viruses, bunya viruses, phleboviruses and Nairo viruses);
Arena viridae (hemorrhagic fever viruses); Reoviridae (e.g.,
reoviruses, orbiviurses and rotaviruses); Birnaviridae;
Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis B virus); Parvoviridae (parvoviruses);
Papovaviridae (papilloma viruses, polyoma viruses); Adenoviridae
(most adenoviruses); Herpesviridae (herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1
and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes
viruses'); Poxviridae (variola viruses, vaccinia viruses, pox
viruses); and Iridoviridae (e.g., African swine fever virus); and
unclassified viruses (e.g., the etiological agents of Spongiform
encephalopathies, the agent of delta hepatitis (thought to be a
defective satellite of hepatitis B virus), the agents of non-A,
non-B hepatitis (class 1=internally transmitted; class
2=parenterally transmitted (i.e., Hepatitis C); Norwalk and related
viruses, and astroviruses).
Examples of infectious bacteria include: Helicobacter pyloris,
Borelia burgdorferi, Legionella pneumophilia, Mycobacteria spp.
(e.g., M. tuberculosis, M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii,
M. gordonae), Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus
pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus), Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B
Streptococcus), Streptococcus (viridans group), Streptococcus
faecalis, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus (anaerobic spp.),
Streptococcus pneumoniae, pathogenic Campylobacter sp.,
Enterococcus sp., Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus anthracis,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium sp., Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani,
Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasturella
multocida, Bacteroides sp., Fusobacterium nucleatum,
Streptobacillus moniliformis, Treponema pallidum, Treponema
pertenue, Leptospira, and Actinomyces israelli.
Examples of infectious fungi include: Cryptococcus neoformans,
Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces
dermatitidis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Candida albicans. Other
infectious organisms (i.e., protists) include: Plasmodium
falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii.
An "immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule" refers to a nucleic
acid molecule, which contains an unmethylated cytosine, guanine
dinucleotide sequence (i.e. "CpG DNA" or DNA containing a cytosine
followed by guanosine and linked by a phosphate bond) and
stimulates (e.g. has a mitogenic effect on, or induces or increases
cytokine expression by) a vertebrate lymphocyte. An
immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule can be double-stranded or
single-stranded. Generally, double-stranded molecules are more
stable in vivo, while single-stranded molecules have increased
immune activity.
In a preferred embodiment, the immunostimulatory nucleic acid
contains a consensus mitogenic CpG motif represented by the
formula:
TABLE-US-00003 5' X.sub.1CGX.sub.2 3'
wherein X.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of A, G and
T; and X.sub.2 is C or T.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, immunostimulatory nucleic
acid molecules are between 2 to 100 base pairs in size and contain
a consensus mitogenic CpG motif represented by the formula:
TABLE-US-00004 5' X.sub.1X.sub.2CGX.sub.3X.sub.4 3'
wherein C and G are unmethylated, X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3 and
X.sub.4 are nucleotides.
For economic reasons, preferably the immunostimulatory CpG DNA is
in the range of between 8 to 40 base pairs in size if it is
synthesized as an oligonucleotide. Alternatively, CpG dinucleotides
can be produced on a large scale in plasmids, which after being
administered to a subject are degraded into oligonucleotides.
Preferred immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules (e.g. for use in
increasing the effectiveness of a vaccine or to treat an immune
system deficiency by stimulating an antibody [humoral] response in
a subject) have a relatively high stimulation index with regard to
B cell, monocyte and/or natural killer cell responses (e.g.
cytokine, proliferative, lytic or other responses).
The stimulation index of a particular immunostimulatory CpG DNA can
be tested in various immune cell assays. Preferably, the
stimulation index of the immunostimulatory CpG DNA with regard to
B-cell proliferation is at least about 5, preferably at least about
10, more preferably at least about 15 and most preferably at least
about 20 as determined by incorporation of .sup.3H uridine in a
murine B cell culture, which has been contacted with a 20 .mu.M of
ODN for 20 h at 37.degree. C. and has been pulsed with 1 .mu.Ci of
.sup.3H uridine; and harvested and counted 4 h later as described
in detail in Example 1. For use in vivo, for example to treat an
immune system deficiency by stimulating a cell-mediated (local)
immune response in a subject, it is important that the
immunostimulatory CpG DNA be capable of effectively inducing
cytokine secretion by monocytic cells and/or Natural Killer (NK)
cell lytic activity.
Preferred immunostimulatory CpG nucleic acids should effect at
least about 500 pg/ml of TNF-.alpha., 15 pg/ml IFN-.gamma., 70
pg/ml of GM-CSF 275 pg/ml of IL-6, 200 pg/ml IL-12, depending on
the therapeutic indication, as determined by the assays described
in Example 12. Other preferred immunostimulatory CpG DNAs should
effect at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 15% and
most preferably at least about 20% YAC-1 cell specific lysis or at
least about 30, more preferably at least about 35 and most
preferably at least about 40% 2C11 cell specific lysis as
determined by the assay described in detail in Example 4.
A "nucleic acid" or "DNA" shall mean multiple nucleotides (i.e.
molecules comprising a sugar (e.g. ribose or deoxyribose) linked to
a phosphate group and to an exchangeable organic base, which is
either a substituted pyrimidine (e.g. cytosine (C), thymine (T) or
uracil (U)) or a substituted purine (e.g. adenine (A) or guanine
(G)). As used herein, the term refers to ribonucleotides as well as
oligodeoxyribonucleotides. The term shall also include
polynucleosides (i.e. a polynucleotide minus the phosphate) and any
other organic base containing polymer. Nucleic acid molecules can
be obtained from existing nucleic acid sources (e.g. genomic or
cDNA), but are preferably synthetic (e.g. produced by
oligonucleotide synthesis).
A "nucleic acid delivery complex" shall mean a nucleic acid
molecule associated with (e.g. ionically or covalently bound to; or
encapsulated within) a targeting means (e.g. a molecule that
results in higher affinity binding to target cell (e.g. B-cell and
natural killer (NK) cell) surfaces and/or increased cellular uptake
by target cells). Examples of nucleic acid delivery complexes
include nucleic acids associated with: a sterol (e.g. cholesterol),
a lipid (e.g. a cationic lipid, virosome or liposome), or a target
cell specific binding agent (e.g. a ligand recognized by target
cell specific receptor). Preferred complexes must be sufficiently
stable in vivo to prevent significant uncoupling prior to
internalization by the target cell. However, the complex should be
cleavable under appropriate conditions within the cell so that the
nucleic acid is released in a functional form.
"Palindromic sequence" shall mean an inverted repeat (i.e. a
sequence such as ABCDEE'D'C'B'A' in which A and A' are bases
capable of forming the usual Watson-Crick base pairs. In vivo, such
sequences may form double stranded structures.
A "stabilized nucleic acid molecule" shall mean a nucleic acid
molecule that is relatively resistant to in vivo degradation (e.g.
via an exo- or endo-nuclease). Stabilization can be a function of
length or secondary structure. Unmethylated CpG containing nucleic
acid molecules that are tens to hundreds of kbs long are relatively
resistant to in vivo degradation. For shorter immunostimulatory
nucleic acid molecules, secondary structure can stabilize and
increase their effect. For example, if the 3' end of a nucleic acid
molecule has self-complementarity to an upstream region, so that it
can fold back and form a sort of stem loop structure, then the
nucleic acid molecule becomes stabilized and therefore exhibits
more activity.
Preferred stabilized nucleic acid molecules of the instant
invention have a modified backbone. For use in immune stimulation,
especially preferred stabilized nucleic acid molecules are
phosphorothioate modified nucleic acid molecules (i.e. at least one
of the phosphate oxygens of the nucleic acid molecule is replaced
by sulfur). Preferably the phosphate modification occurs at or near
the 5' and/or 3' end of the nucleic acid molecule. In addition to
stabilizing nucleic acid molecules, as reported further herein,
phosphorothioate-modified nucleic acid molecules (including
phosphorodithioate-modified) can increase the extent of immune
stimulation of the nucleic acid molecule, which contains an
unmethylated CpG dinucleotide as shown herein. International Patent
Application Publication Number: WO 95/26204 entitled "Immune
Stimulation By Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotide Analogs" also
reports on the non-sequence specific immunostimulatory effect of
phosphorothioate modified oligonucleotides. As reported herein,
unmethylated CpG containing nucleic acid molecules having a
phosphorothioate backbone have been found to preferentially
activate B-cell activity, while unmethylated CpG containing nucleic
acid molecules having a phosphodiester backbone have been found to
preferentially activate monocytic (macrophages, dendritic cells and
monocytes) and NK cells. Phosphorothioate CpG oligonucleotides with
preferred human motifs are also strong activators of monocytic and
NK cells.
Other stabilized nucleic acid molecules include: nonionic DNA
analogs, such as alkyl- and aryl-phosphonates (in which the charged
phosphonate oxygen is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group),
phosphodiester and alkylphosphotriesters, in which the charged
oxygen moiety is alkylated. Nucleic acid molecules which contain a
diol, such as tetraethyleneglycol or hexaethyleneglycol, at either
or both termini have also been shown to be substantially resistant
to nuclease degradation.
A "subject" shall mean a human or vertebrate animal including a
dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, chicken, monkey, rat,
mouse, etc.
As used herein, the term "vector" refers to a nucleic acid molecule
capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been
linked. Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous
replication and expression of nucleic acids to which they are
linked (e.g., an episome). Vectors capable of directing the
expression of genes to which they are operatively linked are
referred to herein as "expression vectors." In general, expression
vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the
form of "plasmids" which refer generally to circular double
stranded DNA loops which, in their vector form, are not bound to
the chromosome. In the present specification, "plasmid" and
"vector" are used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most
commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to
include such other forms of expression vectors which serve
equivalent functions and which become known in the art subsequently
hereto.
Certain Unmethylated CpG Containing Nucleic Acids have B Cell
Stimulatory Activity as Shown In Vitro and In Vivo
In the course of investigating the lymphocyte stimulatory effects
of two antisense oligonucleotides specific for endogenous
retroviral sequences, using protocols described in the attached
Examples 1 and 2, it was surprisingly found that two out of
twenty-four "controls" (including various scrambled, sense, and
mismatch controls for a panel of "antisense" ODN) also mediated B
cell activation and IgM secretion, while the other "controls" had
no effect.
Two observations suggested that the mechanism of this B cell
activation by the "control" ODN may not involve antisense effects
1) comparison of vertebrate DNA sequences listed in GenBank showed
no greater homology than that seen with non-stimulatory ODN and 2)
the two controls showed no hybridization to Northern blots with 10
.mu.g of spleen poly A+ RNA. Resynthesis of these ODN on a
different synthesizer or extensive purification by polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis or high pressure liquid chromatography gave
identical stimulation, eliminating the possibility of an impurity.
Similar stimulation was seen using B cells from C3H/HeJ mice,
eliminating the possibility that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
contamination could account for the results.
The fact that two "control" ODN caused B cell activation similar to
that of the two "antisense" ODN raised the possibility that all
four ODN were stimulating B cells through some non-antisense
mechanism involving a sequence motif that was absent in all of the
other nonstimulatory control ODN. In comparing these sequences, it
was discovered that all of the four stimulatory ODN contained CpG
dinucleotides that were in a different sequence context from the
nonstimulatory control.
To determine whether the CpG motif present in the stimulatory ODN
was responsible for the observed stimulation, over 300 ODN ranging
in length from 5 to 42 bases that contained methylated,
unmethylated, or no CpG dinucleotides in various sequence contexts
were synthesized. These ODNs, including the two original "controls"
(ODN 1 and 2) and two originally synthesized as "antisense" (ODN 3D
and 3M; Krieg, A. M. J. Immunol. 143:2448 (1989)), were then
examined for in vitro effects on spleen cells (representative
sequences are listed in Table 1). Several ODN that contained CpG
dinucleotides induced B cell activation and IgM secretion; the
magnitude of this stimulation typically could be increased by
adding more CpG dinucleotides (Table 1; compare ODN 2 to 2a or 3D
to 3Da and 3Db). Stimulation did not appear to result from an
antisense mechanism or impurity. ODN caused no detectable
proliferation of .gamma..delta. or other T cell populations.
Mitogenic ODN sequences uniformly became nonstimulatory if the CpG
dinucleotide was mutated (Table 1; compare ODN 1 to 1a; 3D to 3Dc;
3M to 3Ma; and 4 to 4a) or if the cytosine of the CpG dinucleotide
was replaced by 5-methylcytosine (Table 1; ODN 1b, 2b, 3Dd, and
3Mb). Partial methylation of CpG motifs caused a partial loss of
stimulatory effect (compare 2a to 2c, Table 1). In contrast,
methylation of other cytosines did not reduce ODN activity (ODN 1c,
2d, 3De and 3Mc). These data confirmed that a CpG motif is the
essential element present in ODN that activate B cells.
In the course of these studies, it became clear that the bases
flanking the CpG dinucleotide played an important role in
determining the murine B cell activation induced by an ODN. The
optimal stimulatory motif was determined to consist of a CpG
flanked by two 5' purines (preferably a GpA dinucleotide) and two
3' pyrimidines (preferably a TpT or TpC dinucleotide). Mutations of
ODN to bring the CpG motif closer to this ideal improved
stimulation (e.g. Table 1, compare ODN 2 to 2e; 3M to 3Md) while
mutations that disturbed the motif reduced stimulation (e.g. Table
1, compare ODN 3D to 3Df; 4 to 4b, 4c and 4d). On the other hand,
mutations outside the CpG motif did not reduce stimulation (e.g.
Table 1, compare ODN 1 to 1d; 3D to 3Dg; 3M to 3Me). For activation
of human cells, the best flanking bases are slightly different (See
Table 5).
Of those tested, ODNs shorter than 8 bases were non-stimulatory
(e.g. Table 1, ODN 4e). Among the forty-eight 8 base ODN tested,
the most stimulatory sequence identified was TCAACGTT (ODN 4) which
contains the self complementary "palindrome" AACGTT. In further
optimizing this motif, it was found that ODN containing Gs at both
ends showed increased stimulation, particularly if the ODN were
rendered nuclease resistant by phosphorothioate modification of the
terminal internucleotide linkages. ODN 1585 (5'
GGGGTCAACGTTGAGGGGGG 3' (SEQ ID NO:12), in which the first two and
last five internucleotide linkages are phosphorothioate modified
caused an average 25.4 fold increase in mouse spleen cell
proliferation compared to an average 3.2 fold increase in
proliferation induced by ODN 1638, which has the same sequence as
ODN 1585 except that the 10 Gs at the two ends are replaced by 10
As. The effect of the G-rich ends is cis; addition of an ODN with
poly G ends but no CpG motif to cells along with 1638 gave no
increased proliferation. For nucleic acid molecules longer than 8
base pairs, non-palindromic motifs containing an unmethylated CpG
were found to be more immunostimulatory.
Other octamer ODN containing a 6 base palindrome with a TpC
dinucleotide at the 5' end were also active (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4b,
4c). Other dinucleotides at the 5' end gave reduced stimulation
(e.g. ODN 4f; all sixteen possible dinucleotides were tested). The
presence of a 3' dinucleotide was insufficient to compensate for
the lack of a 5' dinucleotide (e.g. Table 1, ODN 4g). Disruption of
the palindrome eliminated stimulation in octamer ODN (e.g. Table 1,
ODN 4h), but palindromes were not required in longer ODN.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 1 Oligonucleotide Stimulation of Mouse B Cells
Stimulation Index' IgM ODN Sequence (5' to 3').dagger. .sup.3H
Uridine Production 1 (SEQ ID NO: 13) GCTAGACGTTAGCGT 6.1 .+-. 0.8
17.9 .+-. 3.6 1a (SEQ ID NO: 4) ......T........ 1.2 .+-. 0.2 1.7
.+-. 0.5 1b (SEQ ID NO: 14) ......Z........ 1.2 .+-. 0.1 1.8 .+-.
0.0 1c (SEQ ID NO: 15) ............Z.. 10.3 .+-. 4.4 9.5 .+-. 1.8
1d (SEQ ID NO: 16) ..AT......GAGC. 13.0 .+-. 2.3 18.3 .+-. 7.5 2
(SEQ ID NO: 17) ATGGAAGGTCCAGCGTTCTC 2.9 .+-. 0.2 13.6 .+-. 2.0 2a
(SEQ ID NO: 18) ..C..CTC..G......... 7.7 .+-. 0.8 24.2 .+-. 3.2 2b
(SEQ ID NO: 19) ..Z..CTC.ZG..Z...... 1.6 .+-. 0.5 2.8 .+-. 2.2 2c
(SEQ ID NO: 20) ..Z..CTC..G......... 3.1 .+-. 0.6 7.3 .+-. 1.4 2d
(SEQ ID NO: 21) ..C..CTC..G......Z.. 7.4 .+-. 1.4 27.7 .+-. 5.4 2e
(SEQ ID NO: 22) ............A....... 5.6 .+-. 2.0 ND 3D (SEQ ID NO:
23) GAGAACGCTGGACCTTCCAT 4.9 .+-. 0.5 19.9 .+-. 3.6 3Da (SEQ ID NO:
24) .........C.......... 6.6 .+-. 1.5 33.9 .+-. 6.8 3Db (SEQ ID NO:
25) .........C.......G.. 10.1 .+-. 2.8 25.4 .+-. 0.8 3Dc (SEQ ID
NO: 26) ...C.A.............. 1.0 .+-. 0.1 1.2 .+-. 0.5 3Dd (SEQ ID
NO: 27) .....Z.............. 1.2 .+-. 0.2 1.0 .+-. 0.4 3De (SEQ ID
NO: 28) .............Z...... 4.4 .+-. 1.2 18.8 .+-. 4.4 3Df (SEQ ID
NO: 29) .......A............ 1.6 .+-. 0.1 7.7 .+-. 0.4 3Dg (SEQ ID
NO: 30) .........CC.G.ACTG.. 6.1 .+-. 1.5 18.6 .+-. 1.5 3M (SEQ ID
NO: 31) TCCATGTCGGTCCTGATGCT 4.1 .+-. 0.2 23.2 .+-. 4.9 3Ma (SEQ ID
NO: 32) ......CT............ 0.9 .+-. 0.1 1.8 .+-. 0.5 3Mb (SEQ ID
NO: 33) .......Z............ 1.3 .+-. 0.3 1.5 .+-. 0.6 3Mc (SEQ ID
NO: 34) ...........Z........ 5.4 .+-. 1.5 8.5 .+-. 2.6 3Md (SEQ ID
NO: 35) ......A..T.......... 17.2 .+-. 9.4 ND 3Me (SEQ ID NO: 36)
...............C..A. 3.6 .+-. 0.2 14.2 .+-. 5.2 4 TCAACGTT 6.1 .+-.
1.4 19.2 .+-. 5.2 4a ....GC.. 1.1 .+-. 0.2 1.5 .+-. 1.1 4b ...GCGC.
4.5 .+-. 0.2 9.6 .+-. 3.4 4c ...TCGA. 2.7 .+-. 1.0 ND 4d ..TT..AA
1.3 .+-. 0.2 ND 4e -....... 1.3 .+-. 0.2 1.1 .+-. 0.5 4f C.......
3.9 .+-. 1.4 ND 4g --......CT 1.4 .+-. 0.3 ND 4h .......C 1.2 .+-.
0.2 ND LPS 7.8 .+-. 2.5 4.8 .+-. 1.0 'Stimulation indexes are the
means and std. dev. derived from at least 3 separate experiments,
and are compared to wells cultured with no added ODN. ND = not
done. CpG dinucleotides are underlined. Dots indicate identity;
dashes indicate deletions. Z indicates 5 methyl cytosine.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 2 Identification of the optimal CpG motif for
Murine IL-6 production and B cell activation. IL-6 (pgl/l).sup.a
ODN SEQUENCE (5'-3') CHI2.LX SPLENIC B CELL SI.sup.b IgM
(ng/ml).sup.c 512 (SEQ ID NO: 37) TCCATGTCGCTCCTGATGCT 1300 .+-.
106 627 .+-. 43 5.8 .+-. 0.3 7315 .+-. 1324 1637 (SEQ ID NO: 38)
......C............. 136 .+-. 27 46 .+-. 6 1.7 .+-. 0.2 770 .+-. 72
1615 (SEQ ID NO: 39) ......G............. 1201 .+-. 155 850 .+-.
202 3.7 .+-. 0.3 3212 .+-. 617 1614 (SEQ ID NO: 40)
......A............. 1533 .+-. 321 1812 .+-. 103 10.8 .+-. 0.6 7558
.+-. 414 1636 (SEQ ID NO: 41) .........A.......... 1181 .+-. 76 947
.+-. 132 5.4 .+-. 0.4 3983 .+-. 485 1634 (SEQ ID NO: 42)
.........C.......... 1049 .+-. 223 1671 .+-. 175 9.2 .+-. 0.9 6256
.+-. 261 1619 (SEQ ID NO: 43) .........T.......... 1555 .+-. 304
2908 .+-. 129 12.5 .+-. 1.0 8243 .+-. 698 1618 (SEQ ID NO: 44)
......A..T.......... 2109 .+-. 291 2596 .+-. 166 12.9 .+-. 0.7
10425 .+-. 674 1639 (SEQ ID NO: 45) .....AA..T.......... 1827 .+-.
83 2012 .+-. 132 11.5 .+-. 0.4 9489 .+-. 103 1707 (SEQ ID NO: 46)
......A..TC......... ND 1147 .+-. 175 4.0 .+-. 0.2. 3534 .+-. 217
1708 (SEQ ID NO: 47) .....CA..TG......... ND 59 .+-. 3 1.5 .+-. 0.1
466 .+-. 109 Dots indicate identity; CpG dinucleotides are
underlined; ND = not done .sup.aThe experiment was done at least
three times with similar results. The level of IL-6 of unstimulated
control cultures of both CH12.LX and splenic B cells was .ltoreq.
10 pg/ml. The IgM level of unstimulated culture was 547 .+-. 82
ng/ml. CpG dinucleotides are underlined and dots indicate identity.
.sup.b[.sup.3H] Uridine uptake was indicated as a fold increase
(SI: stimulation index) from unstimulated control (2322.67 .+-.
213.68 cpm). Cells were stimulated with 20 .mu.M of various CpG
O-ODN. Data present the mean .+-. SD of triplicates .sup.cMeasured
by ELISA.
The kinetics of lymphocyte activation were investigated using mouse
spleen cells. When the cells were pulsed at the same time as ODN
addition and harvested just four hours later, there was already a
two-fold increase in .sup.3H uridine incorporation. Stimulation
peaked at 12-48 hours and then decreased. After 24 hours, no intact
ODN were detected, perhaps accounting for the subsequent fall in
stimulation when purified B cells with or without anti-IgM (at a
submitogenic dose) were cultured with CpG ODN, proliferation was
found to synergistically increase about 10-fold by the two mitogens
in combination after 48 hours. The magnitude of stimulation was
concentration dependent and consistently exceeded that of LPS under
optimal conditions for both. Oligonucleotides containing a nuclease
resistant phosphorothioate backbone were approximately two hundred
times more potent than unmodified oligonucleotides.
Cell cycle analysis was used to determine the proportion of B cells
activated by CpG-ODN. CpG-ODN induced cycling in more than 95% of B
cells. Splenic B lymphocytes sorted by flow cytometry into CD23-
(marginal zone) and CD23+ (follicular) subpopulations were equally
responsive to ODN-induced stimulation, as were both resting and
activated populations of B cells isolated by fractionation over
Percoll gradients. These studies demonstrated that CpG-ODN induce
essentially all B cells to enter the cell cycle.
Immunostimulatory Nucleic Acid Molecules Block Murine B Cell
Apoptosis
Certain B cell lines such as WEHI-231 are induced to undergo growth
arrest and/or apoptosis in response to crosslinking of their
antigen receptor by anti-IgM (Jakway, J. P. et al., "Growth
regulation of the B lymphoma cell line WEHI-231 by
anti-immunoglobulin, lipopolysaccharide and other bacterial
products" J. Immunol. 137: 2225 (1986); Tsubata, T., J. Wu and T.
Honjo: B-cell apoptosis induced by antigen receptor crosslinking is
blocked by a T-cell signal through CD40." Nature 364: 645 (1993)).
WEHI-231 cells are rescued from this growth arrest by certain
stimuli such as LPS and by the CD40 ligand. ODN containing the CpG
motif were also found to protect WEHI-231 from anti-IgM induced
growth arrest, indicating that accessory cell populations are not
required for the effect. Subsequent work indicates that CpG ODN
induce Bcl-x and myc expression, which may account for the
protection from apoptosis. Also, CpG nucleic acids have been found
to block apoptosis in human cells. This inhibition of apoptosis is
important, since it should enhance and prolong immune activation by
CpG DNA.
Induction of Murine Cytokine Secretion by CpG Motifs in Bacterial
DNA or Oligonucleotides.
As described in Example 9, the amount of IL-6 secreted by spleen
cells after CpG DNA stimulation was measured by ELISA. T cell
depleted spleen cell cultures rather than whole spleen cells were
used for in vitro studies following preliminary studies showing
that T cells contribute little or nothing to the IL-6 produced by
CpG DNA-stimulated spleen cells. As shown in Table 3, IL-6
production was markedly increased in cells cultured with E. coli
DNA but not in cells cultured with calf thymus DNA. To confirm that
the increased IL-6 production observed with E. coli DNA was not due
to contamination by other bacterial products, the DNA was digested
with DNAse prior to analysis. DNAse pretreatment abolished IL-6
production induced by E. coli DNA (Table 3). In addition, spleen
cells from LPS-nonresponseive C3H/HeJ mouse produced similar levels
of IL-6 in response to bacterial DNA. To analyze whether the IL-6
secretion induced by E. coli DNA was mediated by the unmethylated
CpG dinucleotides in bacterial DNA, methylated E. coli DNA and a
panel of synthetic ODN were examined. As shown in Table 3, CpG ODN
significantly induced IL-6 secretion (ODN 5a, 5b, 5c) while CpG
methylated E. coli DNA, or ODN containing methylated CpG (ODN 50 or
no CpG (ODN 5d) did not. Changes at sites other than CpG
dinucleotides (ODN 5b) or methylation of other cytosines (ODN 5g)
did not reduce the effect of CpG ODN. Methylation of a single CpG
in an ODN with three CpGs resulted in a partial reduction in the
stimulation (compare ODN 5c to 5e; Table 3).
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 3 Induction of Murine IL-6 secretion by CpG
motifs in bacterial DNA or oligonucleotides. Treatment IL-6 (pg/ml)
calf thymus DNA .ltoreq.10 calf thymus DNA + DNase .ltoreq.10 E.
coli DNA 1169.5 .+-. 94.1 E. coli DNA + DNase .ltoreq.10 CpG
methylated E. coli DNA .ltoreq.10 LPS 280.1 .+-. 17.1 Media (no
DNA) .ltoreq.10 ODN 5a SEQ ID NO: 59 ATGGACTCTCCAGCGTTCTC 1096.4
.+-. 372.0 5b SEQ ID NO: 22 .....AGG....A....... 1124.5 .+-. 126.2
5c SEQ ID NO: 18 ..C.......G......... 1783.0 .+-. 189.5 5d SEQ ID
NO: 1 .....AGG..C..T...... .ltoreq.10 5e SEQ ID NO: 60
..C.......G..Z...... 851.1 .+-. 114.4 5f SEQ ID NO: 19
..Z......ZG..Z...... .ltoreq.10 5g SEQ ID NO: 21
..C.......G......Z.. 1862.3 .+-. 87.26 T cell depleted spleen cells
from DBA/2 mice were stimulated with phosphodiester modified
oligonucleotides (O-ODN) (20 .mu.M), calf thymus DNA (50 .mu.g/ml)
or E. coli DNA (50 .mu.g/ml) with or without enzyme treatment, or
LPS (10 .mu.g/ml) for 24 hr. Data represent the mean (pg/ml) .+-.
SD of triplicates. CpG dinucleotides are underlined and dots
indicate identity. Z indicates 5-methylcytosine.
Identification of the Optimal CpG Motif for Induction of Murine
IL-6 and IgM Secretion and B Cell Proliferation.
To evaluate whether the optimal B cell stimulatory CpG motif was
identical with the optimal CpG motif for IL-6 secretion, a panel of
ODN in which the bases flanking the CpG dinucleotide were
progressively substituted was studied. This ODN panel was analyzed
for effects on B cell proliferation, Ig production, and IL-6
secretion, using both splenic B cells and CH12.LX cells. As shown
in Table 2, the optimal stimulatory motif is composed of an
unmethylated CpG flanked by two 5' purines and two 3' pyrimidines.
Generally a mutation of either 5' purine to pyrimidine or 3'
pyrimidine to purine significantly reduced its effects. Changes in
5' purines to C were especially deleterious, but changes in 5'
purines to T or 3' pyrimidines to purines had less marked effects.
Based on analyses of these and scores of other ODN, it was
determined that the optimal CpG motif for induction of IL-6
secretion is TGACGTT, which is identical with the optimal mitogenic
and IgM-inducing CpG motif (Table 2). This motif was more
stimulatory than any of the palindrome containing sequences studied
(1639, 1707 and 1708).
Titration of Induction of Murine IL-6 Secretion by CpG Motifs.
Bacterial DNA and CpG ODN induced IL-6 production in T cell
depleted murine spleen cells in a dose-dependent manner, but
vertebrate DNA and non-CpG ODN did not (FIG. 1). IL-6 production
plateaued at approximately 50 .mu.g/ml of bacterial DNA or 40 .mu.M
of CpG O-ODN. The maximum levels of IL-6 induced by bacterial DNA
and CpG ODN were 1-1.5 ng/ml and 2-4 ng/ml respectively. These
levels were significantly greater than those seen after stimulation
by LPS (0.35 ng/ml) (FIG. 1A). To evaluate whether CpG ODN with a
nuclease-resistant DNA backbone would also induce IL-6 production,
S-ODN were added to T cell depleted murine spleen cells. CpG S-ODN
also induced IL-6 production in a dose-dependent manner to
approximately the same level as CpG O-ODN while non-CpG S-ODN
failed to induce IL-6 (FIG. 1C). CpG S-ODN at a concentration of
0.05 .mu.M could induce maximal IL-6 production in these cells.
This result indicated that the nuclease-resistant DNA backbone
modification retains the sequence specific ability of CpG DNA to
induce IL-6 secretion and that CpG S-ODN are more than 80-fold more
potent than CpG O-ODN in this assay system.
Induction of Murine IL-6 Secretion by CpG DNA In Vivo.
To evaluate the ability of bacterial DNA and CpG S-ODN to induce
IL-6 secretion in vivo, BALB/c mice were injected iv. with 100
.mu.g of E. coli DNA, calf thymus DNA, or CpG or non-stimulatory
S-ODN and bled 2 hr after stimulation. The level of IL-6 in the
sera from the E. coli DNA injected group was approximately 13 ng/ml
while IL-6 was not detected in the sera from calf thymus DNA or PBS
injected groups (Table 4). CpG S-ODN also induced IL-6 secretion in
vivo. The IL-6 level in the sera from CpG S-ODN injected groups was
approximately 20 ng/ml. In contrast, IL-6 was not detected in the
sera from non-stimulatory S-ODN stimulated group (Table 4).
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 4 Secretion of Murine IL-6 induced by CpG DNA
stimulation in vivo. Stimulant IL-6 (pg/ml) PBS <50 E. coli DNA
13858 .+-. 3143 Calf Thymus DNA <50 CpG S-ODN 20715 .+-. 606
non-CpG S-ODN <50 Mice (2 mice/group) were i.v. injected with
100 .mu.l of PBS, 200 .mu.g of E. coli DNA or calf thymus DNA, or
500 .mu.g of CpG S-ODN or non-CpG control S-ODN. Mice were bled 2
hr after injection and 1:10 dilution of each serum was analyzed by
IL-6 ELISA. Sensitivity limit of IL-6 ELISA was 5 pg/ml. Sequences
of the CpG S-ODN is 5'GCATGACGTTGAGCT3'(SEQ ID NO: 48) and of the
non-stimulatory S-ODN is 5'GCTAGATGTTAGCGT3'(SEQ ID NO: 49). Note
that although there is a CpG in sequence 48, it is too close to the
3'end to effect stimulation, as explained herein. Data represent
mean .+-. SD of duplicates. The experiment was done at least twice
with similar results.
Kinetics of Murine IL-6 Secretion after Stimulation by CpG Motifs
In Vivo.
To evaluate the kinetics of induction of IL-6 secretion by CpG DNA
in vivo, BALB/c mice were injected iv. with CpG or control non-CpG
S-ODN. Serum IL-6 levels were significantly increased within 1 hr
and peaked at 2 hr to a level of approximately 9 ng/ml in the CpG
S-ODN injected group (FIG. 2). IL-6 protein in sera rapidly
decreased after 4 hr and returned to basal level by 12 hr after
stimulation. In contrast to CpG DNA stimulated groups, no
significant increase of IL-6 was observed in the sera from the
non-stimulatory S-ODN or PBS injected groups (FIG. 2).
Tissue Distribution and Kinetics of IL-6 mRNA Expression Induced by
CpG Motifs In Vivo.
As shown in FIG. 2, the level of serum IL-6 increased rapidly after
CpG DNA stimulation. To investigate the possible tissue origin of
this serum IL-6, and the kinetics of IL-6 gene expression in vivo
after CpG DNA stimulation, BALB/c mice were injected iv with CpG or
non-CpG S-ODN and RNA was extracted from liver, spleen, thymus, and
bone marrow at various time points after stimulation. As shown in
FIG. 3A, the level of IL-6 mRNA in liver, spleen, and thymus was
increased within 30 min. after injection of CpG S-ODN. The liver
IL-6 mRNA peaked at 2 hr post-injection and rapidly decreased and
reached basal level 8 hr after stimulation (FIG. 3A). Splenic IL-6
mRNA peaked at 2 hr after stimulation and then gradually decreased
(FIG. 3A). Thymus IL-6 mRNA peaked at 1 hr post-injection and then
gradually decreased (FIG. 3A). IL-6 mRNA was significantly
increased in bone marrow within 1 hr after CpG S-ODN injection but
then returned to basal level. In response to CpG S-ODN, liver,
spleen and thymus showed more substantial increases in IL-6 mRNA
expression than the bone marrow.
Patterns of Murine Cytokine Expression Induced by CpG DNA
In vivo or in whole spleen cells, no significant increase in the
protein levels of the following interleukins: IL-2, IL-3, IL-4,
IL-5, or IL-10 was detected within the first six hours (Klinman, D.
M. et al., (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:2879-2883).
However, the level of TNF-.alpha. is increased within 30 minutes
and the level of IL-6 increased strikingly within 2 hours in the
serum of mice injected with CpG ODN. Increased expression of IL-12
and interferon gamma (IFN-.gamma.) mRNA by spleen cells was also
detected within the first two hours.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 5 Induction of human PBMC cytokine secrtetion
by CpG oligos ODN Sequence (5'-3') IL-6.sup.1 TNF-.alpha..sup.1
IFN-.gamma..sup.1 GM-CSF IL-12 512 TCCATGTCGGTCCTGATGCT 500 140
15.6 70 250 SEQ ID NO: 37 1637 ......C............. 550 16 7.8 15.6
35 SEQ ID NO: 38 1615 ......G............. 600 145 7.8 45 250 SEQ
ID NO: 39 1614 ......A............. 550 31 0 50 250 SEQ ID NO: 40
1636 .........A.......... 325 250 35 40 0 SEQ ID NO: 41 1634
.........C.......... 300 400 40 85 200 SEQ ID NO: 42 1619
.........T.......... 275 450 200 80 >500 SEQ ID NO: 43 1618
......A..T.......... 300 60 15.6 15.6 62 SEQ ID NO: 44 1639
.....AA..T.......... 625 220 15.6 40 60 SEQ ID NO: 45 1707
......A..TC......... 300 70 17 0 0 SEQ ID NO: 46 1708
.....CA..TG......... 270 10 17 0 0 SEQ ID NO: 47 dots indicate
identity; CpG dinucleotides are underlined .sup.1measured by ELISA
using Quantikine kits from R&D Systems (pg/ml) Cells were
cultured in 10% autologous serum with the indicated
oligodeoxynucleotides (12 .mu.g/ml) for 4 hr in the case of
TNF-.alpha. or 24 hr for the other cytokines before supernatant
harvest and assay. Data are presented as the level of cytokine
above that in wells with no added oligodeoxynucleotide.
.sup.1measured by ELISA using Quantikine kits from R&D
SYSTEMS.RTM. (pg/ml) Cells were cultured in 10% autologous serum
with the indicated oligodeoxynucleotides (12 .mu.g/ml) for 4 hr in
the case of TNF-.alpha. or 24 hr for the other cytokines before
supernatant harvest and assay. Data are presented as the level of
cytokine above that in wells with no added
oligodeoxynucleotide.
CpG DNA Induces Cytokine Secretion by Human PBMC, Specifically
Monocytes
The same panels of ODN used for studying mouse cytokine expression
were used to determine whether human cells also are induced by CpG
motifs to express cytokine (or proliferate), and to identify the
CpG motif(s) responsible. Oligonucleotide 1619 (GTCGTT) was the
best inducer of TNF-.alpha. and IFN-.gamma. secretion, and was
closely followed by a nearly identical motif in oligonucleotide
1634 (GTCGCT) (Table 5). The motifs in oligodeoxynucleotides 1637
and 1614 (GCCGGT and GACGGT) led to strong IL-6 secretion with
relatively little induction of other cytokines. Thus, it appears
that human lymphocytes, like murine lymphocytes, secrete cytokines
differentially in response to CpG dinucleotides, depending on the
surrounding bases. Moreover, the motifs that stimulate murine cells
best differ from those that are most effective with human cells.
Certain CpG oligodeoxynucleotides are poor at activating human
cells (oligodeoxynucleotides 1707, 1708, which contain the
palindrome forming sequences GACGTC and CACGTG respectively).
The cells responding to the DNA appear to be monocytes, since the
cytokine secretion is abolished by treatment of the cells with
L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (L-LME), which is selectively toxic
to monocytes (but also to cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells),
and does not affect B cell Ig secretion (Table 6, and data not
shown). The cells surviving L-LME treatment had >95% viability
by trypan blue exclusion, indicating that the lack of a cytokine
response among these cells did not simply reflect a nonspecific
death all all cell types. Cytokine secretion in response to E. coli
(EC) DNA requires unmethylated CpG motifs, since it is abolished by
methylation of the EC DNA (next to the bottom row, Table 6). LPS
contamination of the DNA cannot explain the results since the level
of contamination was identical in the native and methylated DNA,
and since addition of twice the highest amount of contaminating LPS
had no effect (not shown).
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 6 CpG DNA induces cytokine secretion by human
PBMC TNF-.alpha. IL-6 IFN-.gamma. RANTES DNA (pg/ml).sup.1 (pg/ml)
(pg/ml) (pg/ml) EC DNA (50 .mu.g/ml) 900 12,000 700 1560 EC DNA (5
.mu.g/ml) 850 11,000 400 750 EC DNA (0.5 .mu.g/ml) 500 ND 200 0 EC
DNA (0.05 .mu.g/ml) 62.5 10,000 15.6 0 EC DNA (50 .mu.g/ml) + 0 ND
ND ND L-LME.sup.2 EC DNA (10 .mu.g/ml) 0 5 ND ND Methyl..sup.3 CT
DNA (50 .mu.g/ml) 0 600 0 0 .sup.1Levels of all cytokines were
determined by ELISA using Quantikine kits from R&D Systems as
described in the previous table. Results are representative using
PBMC from different donors. .sup.2Cells were pretreated for 15 min.
with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (M-LME) to determine whether
the cytokine production under these conditions was from monocytes
(or other L-LME-sensitive cells). .sup.3EC DNA was methylated using
2 U/.mu.g DNA of CpG methylase (New England Biolabs) according to
the manufacturer's directions, and methylation confirmed by
digestion with Hpa-II and Msp-I. As a negative control, samples
were included containing twice the maximal amount of LPS contained
in the highest concentration of EC DNA which failed to induce
detectable cytokine production under these experimental conditions.
ND = not done
.sup.1Levels of all cytokines were determined by ELISA using
Quantikine kits from R&D SYSTEMS.RTM. as described in the
previous table. Results are representative using PBMC from
different donors. .sup.3EC DNA was methylated using 2 U/.mu.g DNA
of CpG methylase (NEW ENGLAND BIOLABS.RTM. Inc.) according to the
manufacturer's directions, and methylation confirmed by digestion
with Hpa-II and Msp-I. As a negative control, samples were included
containing twice the maximal amount of LPS contained in the highest
concentration of EC DNA which failed to induce detectable cytokine
production under these experimental conditions. ND=not done
The loss of cytokine production in the PBMC treated with L-LME
suggested that monocytes may be responsible for cytokine production
in response to CpG DNA. To test this hypothesis more directly, the
effects of CpG DNA on highly purified human monocytes and
macrophages was tested. As hypothesized, CpG DNA directly activated
production of the cytokines IL-6, GM-CSF, and TNF-.alpha. by human
macrophages, whereas non-CpG DNA did not (Table 7).
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 7 CpG DNA induces cytokine expression in
purified human macrophages IL-6 GM-CSF TNF-.alpha. (pg/ml) (pg/ml)
(pg/ml) Cells alone 0 0 0 CT DNA (50 .mu.g/ml) 0 0 0 EC DNA (50
.mu.g/ml) 2000 15.6 1000
Biological Role of IL-6 in Inducing Murine IgM Production in
Response to CpG Motifs.
The kinetic studies described above revealed that induction of IL-6
secretion, which occurs within 1 hr post CpG stimulation, precedes
IgM secretion. Since the optimal CpG motif for ODN inducing
secretion of IL-6 is the same as that for IgM (Table 2), whether
the CpG motifs independently induce IgM and IL-6 production or
whether the IgM production is dependent on prior IL-6 secretion was
examined. The addition of neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibodies
inhibited in vitro IgM production mediated by CpG ODN in a
dose-dependent manner but a control antibody did not (FIG. 4A). In
contrast, anti-IL-6 addition did not affect either the basal level
or the CpG-induced B cell proliferation (FIG. 4B).
Increased Transcriptional Activity of the IL-6 Promoter in Response
to CpG DNA.
The increased level of IL-6 mRNA and protein after CpG DNA
stimulation could result from transcriptional or
post-transcriptional regulation. To determine if the
transcriptional activity of the IL-6 promoter was upregulated in B
cells cultured with CpG ODN, a murine B cell line, WEHI-231, which
produces IL-6 in response to CpG DNA, was transfected with an IL-6
promoter-CAT construct (pIL-6/CAT) (Pottratz, S. T. et al.,
17B-estradiol) inhibits expression of human
interleukin-6-promoter-reporter constructs by a receptor-dependent
mechanism. J. Clin. Invest. 93:944). CAT assays were performed
after stimulation with various concentrations of CpG or non-CpG
ODN. As shown in FIG. 5, CpG ODN induced increased CAT activity in
dose-dependent manner while non-CpG ODN failed to induce CAT
activity. This confirms that CpG induces the transcriptional
activity of the IL-6 promoter.
Dependence of B Cell Activation by CpG ODN on the Number of 5' and
3' Phosphorothioate Internucleotide Linkages.
To determine whether partial sulfur modification of the ODN
backbone would be sufficient to enhance B cell activation, the
effects of a series of ODN with the same sequence, but with
differing numbers of S internucleotide linkages at the 5' and 3'
ends were tested. Based on previous studies of nuclease degradation
of ODN, it was determined that at least two phosphorothioate
linkages at the 5' end of ODN were required to provide optimal
protection of the ODN from degradation by intracellular exo- and
endo-nucleases. Only chimeric ODN containing two 5'
phosphorothioate-modified linkages, and a variable number of 3'
modified linkages were therefore examined.
The lymphocyte stimulating effects of these ODN were tested at
three concentrations (3.3, 10, and 30 .mu.M) by measuring the total
levels of RNA synthesis (by .sup.3H uridine incorporation) or DNA
synthesis (by .sup.3H thymidine incorporation) in treated spleen
cell cultures (Example 10). O-ODN (0/0 phosphorothioate
modifications) bearing a CpG motif caused no spleen cell
stimulation unless added to the cultures at concentrations of at
least 10 .mu.M (Example 10). However, when this sequence was
modified with two S linkages at the 5' end and at least three S
linkages at the 3' end, significant stimulation was seen at a dose
of 3.3 .mu.M. At this low dose, the level of stimulation showed a
progressive increase as the number of 3' modified bases was
increased, until this reached or exceeded six, at which point the
stimulation index began to decline. In general, the optimal number
of 3' S linkages for spleen cell stimulation was five. At all three
concentrations tested in these experiments, the S-ODN was less
stimulatory than the optimal chimeric compounds.
Dependence of CpG-Mediated Lymphocyte Activation on the Type of
Backbone Modification.
Phosphorothioate modified ODN (S-ODN) are far more nuclease
resistant than phosphodiester modified ODN (O-ODN). Thus, the
increased immune stimulation caused by S-ODN and S-O-ODN (i.e.
chimeric phosphorothioate ODN in which the central linkages are
phosphodiester, but the two 5' and five 3' linkages are
phosphorothioate modified) compared to O-ODN may result from the
nuclease resistance of the former. To determine the role of ODN
nuclease resistance in immune stimulation by CpG ODN, the
stimulatory effects of chimeric ODN in which the 5' and 3' ends
were rendered nuclease resistant with either methylphosphonate
(MP-), methylphosphorothioate (MPS-), phosphorothioate (S-), or
phosphorodithioate (S.sub.2-) internucleotide linkages were tested
(Example 10). These studies showed that despite their nuclease
resistance, MP-O-ODN were actually less immune stimulatory than
O-ODN. However, combining the MP and S modifications by replacing
both nonbridging O molecules with 5' and 3' MPS internucleotide
linkages restored immune stimulation to a slightly higher level
than that triggered by O-ODN.
S-O-ODN were far more stimulatory than O-ODN, and were even more
stimulatory than S-ODN, at least at concentrations above 3.3 .mu.M.
At concentrations below 3 .mu.M, the S-ODN with the 3M sequence was
more potent than the corresponding S-O-ODN, while the S-ODN with
the 3D sequence was less potent than the corresponding S-O-ODN
(Example 10). In comparing the stimulatory CpG motifs of these two
sequences, it was noted that the 3D sequence is a perfect match for
the stimulatory motif in that the CpG is flanked by two 5' purines
and two 3' pyrimidines. However, the bases immediately flanking the
CpG in ODN 3D are not optimal; it has a 5' pyrimidine and a 3'
purine. Based on further testing, it was found that the sequence
requirement for immune stimulation is more stringent for S-ODN than
for S-O- or O-ODN. S-ODN with poor matches to the optimal CpG motif
cause little or no lymphocyte activation (e.g. Sequence 3D).
However, S-ODN with good matches to the motif, most critically at
the positions immediately flanking the CpG, are more potent than
the corresponding S-O-ODN (e.g. Sequence 3M, Sequences 4 and 6),
even though at higher concentrations (greater than 3 .mu.M) the
peak effect from the S-O-ODN is greater (Example 10).
S.sub.2-O-ODN were remarkably stimulatory, and caused substantially
greater lymphocyte activation than the corresponding S-ODN or
S-O-ODN at every tested concentration.
The increased B cell stimulation seen with CpG ODN bearing S or
S.sub.2 substitutions could result from any or all of the following
effects: nuclease resistance, increased cellular uptake, increased
protein binding, and altered intracellular localization. However,
nuclease resistance can not be the only explanation, since the
MP-O-ODN were actually less stimulatory than the O-ODN with CpG
motifs. Prior studies have shown that ODN uptake by lymphocytes is
markedly, affected by the backbone chemistry (Zhao et al., (1993)
Comparison of cellular binding and uptake of antisense
phosphodiester, phosphorothioate, and mixed phosphorothioate and
methylphosphonate oligonucleotides. (Antisense Research and
Development 3, 53-66; Zhao et al., (1994) Stage specific
oligonucleotide uptake in murine bone marrow B cell precursors.
Blood 84, 3660-3666.) The highest cell membrane binding and uptake
was seen with S-ODN, followed by S-O-ODN, O-ODN, and MP-ODN. This
differential uptake correlates well with the degree of immune
stimulation.
Unmethylated CpG Containing Oligos Have NK Cell Stimulatory
Activity
Experiments were conducted to determine whether CpG containing
oligonucleotides stimulated the activity of natural killer (NK)
cells in addition to B cells. As shown in Table 8, a marked
induction of NK activity among spleen cells cultured with CpG ODN 1
and 3Dd was observed. In contrast, there was relatively no
induction in effectors that had been treated with non-CpG control
ODN.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 8 Induction Of NK Activity By CpG
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) % YAC-1 Specific Lysis* % 2C11 Specific
Lysis Effector:Target Effector:Target ODN 50:1 100:1 50:1 100:1
None -1.1 -1.4 15.3 16.6 1 16.1 24.5 38.7 47.2 3Dd 17.1 27.0 37.0
40.0 non-CpG ODN -1.6 -1.7 14.8 15.4
Induction of NK Activity by DNA Containing CpG Motifs, but Not by
Non-CpG DNA.
Bacterial DNA cultured for 18 hrs. at 37.degree. C. and then
assayed for killing of K562 (human) or Yac-1 (mouse) target cells
induced NK lytic activity in both mouse spleen cells depleted of B
cells and human PBMC, but vertebrate DNA did not (Table 9). To
determine whether the stimulatory activity of bacterial DNA may be
a consequence of its increased level of unmethylated CpG
dinucleotides, the activating properties of more than 50 synthetic
ODN containing unmethylated, methylated, or no CpG dinucleotides
was tested. The results, summarized in Table 9, demonstrate that
synthetic ODN can stimulate significant NK activity, as long as
they contain at least one unmethylated CpG dinucleotide. No
difference was observed in the stimulatory effects of ODN in which
the CpG was within a palindrome (such as ODN 1585, which contains
the palindrome AACGTT) from those ODN without palindromes (such as
1613 or 1619), with the caveat that optimal stimulation was
generally seen with ODN in which the CpG was flanked by two 5'
purines or a 5' GpT dinucleotide and two 3' pyrimidines. Kinetic
experiments demonstrated that NK activity peaked around 18 hrs.
after addition of the ODN. The data indicates that the murine NK
response is dependent on the prior activation of monocytes by CpG
DNA, leading to the production of IL-12, TNF-.alpha., and
IFN-.alpha./.beta. (Example 11).
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 9 Induction of NK Activity by DNA Containing
CpG Motifs but not by Non-CpG DNA LU/10.sup.6 DNA or Cytokine Added
Mouse Cells Human Cells Expt. 1 None 0.00 0.00 IL-2 16.68 15.82 E.
coli DNA 7.23 5.05 Calf thymus DNA 0.00 0.00 Expt. 2 None 0.00 3.28
1585 gggGTCAACGTTGAgggggG (SEQ ID NO: 12) 7.38 17.98 1629
.......gtc.......... (SEQ ID NO: 50) 0.00 4.4 Expt. 3 None 0.00
1613 GCTAGACGTTAGTGT (SEQ ID NO: 51) 5.22 1769 .......z....... (SEQ
ID NO: 52) 0.02 ND 1619 TCCATGTCGTTCCTGATGCT (SEQ ID NO: 43) 3.35
1765 .......z............ (SEQ ID NO: 53) 0.11 CpG dinucleotides in
ODN sequences are indicated by underlying; Z indicates
methylcytosine. Lower case letters indicate nuclease resistant
phosphorothioate modified internucleotide linkages which, in
titration experiments, were more than 20 times as potent as
non-modified ODN, depending on the flanking bases. Poly G ends (g)
were used in some ODN, because they significantly increase the
level of ODN uptake.
From all of these studies, a more complete understanding of the
immune effects of CpG DNA has been developed, which is summarized
in FIG. 6.
Identification of B Cell and Monocyte/NK Cell-Specific
Oligonucleotides
As shown in FIG. 6, CpG DNA can directly activate highly purified B
cells and monocytic cells. There are many similarities in the
mechanism through which CpG DNA activates these cell types. For
example, both require NF.kappa.B activation as explained further
below.
In further studies of different immune effects of CpG DNA, it was
found that there is more than one type of CpG motif. Specifically,
oligo 1668, with the best mouse B cell motif, is a strong inducer
of both B cell and natural killer (NK) cell activation, while oligo
1758 is a weak B cell activator, but still induces excellent NK
responses (Table 10).
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 10 Different CpG motifs stimulate optimal
murine B cell and NK activation B cell NK ODN Sequence
activation.sup.1 activation.sup.2 1668 TCCATGACGTTCCTGATGCT 42,849
2.52 (SEQ ID NO: 54) 1758 TCTCCCAGCGTGCGCCAT 1,747 6.66 (SEQ ID NO:
55) NONE 367 0.00 CpG dinucleotides are underlined;
oligonucleotides were synthesized with phosphorothioate modified
backbones to improve their nuclease resistance. .sup.1Measured by
.sup.3H thymidine incorporation after 48 hr culture with
oligodeoxynucleotides at a 200 nM concentration as described in
Example 1. .sup.2Measured in lytic units.
Teleological Basis of Immunostimulatory, Nucleic Acids
Vertebrate DNA is highly methylated and CpG dinucleotides are
underrepresented. However, the stimulatory CpG motif is common in
microbial genomic DNA, but quite rare in vertebrate DNA. In
addition, bacterial DNA has been reported to induce B cell
proliferation and immunoglobulin (Ig) production, while mammalian
DNA does not (Messina, J. P. et al., J. Immunol. 147:1759 (1991)).
Experiments further described in Example 3, in which methylation of
bacterial DNA with CpG methylase was found to abolish mitogenicity,
demonstrates that the difference in CpG status is the cause of B
cell stimulation by bacterial DNA. This data supports the following
conclusion: that unmethylated CpG dinucleotides present within
bacterial DNA are responsible for the stimulatory effects of
bacterial DNA.
Teleologically, it appears likely that lymphocyte activation by the
CpG motif represents an immune defense mechanism that can thereby
distinguish bacterial from host DNA. Host DNA, which would commonly
be present in many anatomic regions and areas of inflammation due
to apoptosis (cell death), would generally induce little or no
lymphocyte activation due to CpG suppression and methylation.
However, the presence of bacterial DNA containing unmethylated CpG
motifs can cause lymphocyte activation precisely in infected
anatomic regions, where it is beneficial. This novel activation
pathway provides a rapid alternative to T cell dependent antigen
specific B cell activation. Since the CpG pathway synergizes with B
cell activation through the antigen receptor, B cells bearing
antigen receptor specific for bacterial antigens would receive one
activation signal through cell membrane Ig and a second signal from
bacterial DNA, and would therefore tend to be preferentially
activated. The interrelationship of this pathway with other
pathways of B cell activation provide a physiologic mechanism
employing a polyclonal antigen to induce antigen-specific
responses.
However, it is likely that B cell activation would not be totally
nonspecific. B cells bearing antigen receptors specific for
bacterial products could receive one activation signal through cell
membrane Ig, and a second from bacterial DNA, thereby more
vigorously triggering antigen specific immune responses. As with
other immune defense mechanisms, the response to bacterial DNA
could have undesirable consequences in some settings. For example,
autoimmune responses to self antigens would also tend to be
preferentially triggered by bacterial infections, since
autoantigens could also provide a second activation signal to
autoreactive B cells triggered by bacterial DNA. Indeed the
induction of autoimmunity by bacterial infections is a common
clinical observance. For example, the autoimmune disease systemic
lupus erythematosus, which is: i) characterized by the production
of anti-DNA antibodies; ii) induced by drugs which inhibit DNA
methyltransferase (Cornacchia, E. J. et al., J. Clin. Invest. 92:38
(1993)); and iii) associated with reduced DNA methylation
(Richardson, B. L. et al., Arth. Rheum 35:647 (1992)), is likely
triggered at least in part by activation of DNA-specific B cells
through stimulatory signals provided by CpG motifs, as well as by
binding of bacterial DNA to antigen receptors.
Further, sepsis, which is characterized by high morbidity and
mortality due to massive and nonspecific activation of the immune
system may be initiated by bacterial DNA and other products
released from dying bacteria that reach concentrations sufficient
to directly activate many lymphocytes. Further evidence of the role
of CpG DNA in the sepsis syndrome is described in Cowdery, J., et.
al., (1996) The Journal of Immunology 156:4570-4575.
Proposed Mechanisms of Action
Unlike antigens that trigger B cells through their surface Ig
receptor, CpG-ODN did not induce any detectable Ca.sup.2+ flux,
changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation, or IP 3 generation.
Flow cytometry with FITC-conjugated ODN with or without a CpG motif
was performed as described in Zhao, Q et al., (Antisense Research
and Development 3:53-66 (1993)), and showed equivalent membrane
binding, cellular uptake, efflux, and intracellular localization.
This suggests that there may not be cell membrane proteins specific
for CpG ODN. Rather than acting through the cell membrane, that
data suggests that unmethylated CpG containing oligonucleotides
require cell uptake for activity: ODN covalently linked to a solid
Teflon support were nonstimulatory, as were biotinylated ODN
immobilized on either avidin beads or avidin coated petri dishes.
CpG ODN conjugated to either FITC or biotin retained full mitogenic
properties, indicating no steric hindrance.
Recent data indicate the involvement of the transcription factor
NF.kappa.B as a direct or indirect mediator of the CpG effect. For
example, within 15 minutes of treating B cells or monocytes with
CpG DNA, the level of NF.kappa.B binding activity is increased
(FIG. 7). However, it is not increased by DNA that does not contain
CpG motifs. In addition, it was found that two different inhibitors
of NF.kappa.B activation, PDTC and gliotoxin, completely block the
lymphocyte stimulation by CpG DNA as measured by B cell
proliferation or monocytic cell cytokine secretion, suggesting that
NF.kappa.B activation is required for both cell types.
There are several possible mechanisms through which NF.kappa.B can
be activated. These include through activation of various protein
kinases, or through the generation of reactive oxygen species. No
evidence for protein kinase activation induced immediately after
CpG DNA treatment of B cells or monocytic cells have been found,
and inhibitors of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and protein
tyrosine kinases had no effects on the CpG induced activation.
However, CpG DNA causes a rapid induction of the production of
reactive oxygen species in both B cells and monocytic cells, as
detected by the sensitive fluorescent dye dihydrorhodamine 123 as
described in Royall, J. A., and Ischiropoulos, H. (Archives of
Biochemistry and Biophysics 302:348-355 (1993)). Moreover,
inhibitors of the generation of these reactive oxygen species
completely block the induction of NF.kappa.B and the later
induction of cell proliferation and cytokine secretion by CpG
DNA.
Working backwards, the next question was how CpG DNA leads to the
generation of reactive oxygen species so quickly. Previous studies
by the inventors demonstrated that oligonucleotides and plasmid or
bacterial DNA are taken up by cells into endosomes. These endosomes
rapidly become acidified inside the cell. To determine whether this
acidification step may be important in the mechanism through which
CpG DNA activates reactive oxygen species, the acidification step
was blocked with specific inhibitors of endosome acidification
including chloroquine, monensin, and bafilomycin, which work
through different mechanisms. FIG. 8A shows the results from a flow
cytometry study using mouse B cells with the dihydrorhodamine 123
dye to determine levels of reactive oxygen species. The dye only
sample in Panel A of the figure shows the background level of cells
positive for the dye at 28.6%. As expected, this level of reactive
oxygen species was greatly increased to 80% in the cells treated
for 20 minutes with PMA and ionomycin, a positive control (Panel
B). The cells treated with the CpG oligo also showed an increase in
the level of reactive oxygen species such that more than 50% of the
cells became positive (Panel D). However, cells treated with an
oligonucleotide with the identical sequence except that the CpG was
switched did not show this significant increase in the level of
reactive oxygen species (Panel E).
In the presence of chloroquine, the results are very different
(FIG. 8B). Chloroquine slightly lowers the background level of
reactive oxygen species in the cells such that the untreated cells
in Panel A have only 4.3% that are positive. Chloroquine completely
abolishes the induction of reactive oxygen species in the cells
treated with CpG DNA (Panel B) but does not reduce the level of
reactive oxygen species in the cells treated with PMA and ionomycin
(Panel E). This demonstrates that unlike the PMA plus ionomycin,
the generation of reactive oxygen species following treatment of B
cells with CpG DNA requires that the DNA undergo an acidification
step in the endosomes. This is a completely novel mechanism of
leukocyte activation. Chloroquine, monensin, and bafilomycin also
appear to block the activation of NF.kappa.B by CpG DNA as well as
the subsequent proliferation and induction of cytokine
secretion.
Presumably, there is a protein in or near the endosomes that
specifically recognizes DNA containing CpG motifs and leads to the
generation of reactive oxygen species. To detect any protein in the
cell cytoplasm that may specifically bind CpG DNA, we used
electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) with 5' radioactively
labeled oligonucleotides with or without CpG motifs. A band was
found that appears to represent a protein binding specifically to
single stranded oligonucleotides that have CpG motifs, but not to
oligonucleotides that lack CpG motifs or to oligonucleotides in
which the CpG motif has been methylated. This binding activity is
blocked if excess of oligonucleotides that contain the NF.kappa.B
binding site was added. This suggests that an NF.kappa.B or related
protein is a component of a protein or protein complex that binds
the stimulatory CpG oligonucleotides.
No activation of CREB/ATF proteins was found at time points where
NF.kappa.B was strongly activated. These data therefore do not
provide proof that NF.kappa.B proteins actually bind to the CpG
nucleic acids, but rather that the proteins are required in some
way for the CpG activity. It is possible that a CREB/ATF or related
protein may interact in some way with NF.kappa.B proteins or other
proteins thus explaining the remarkable similarity in the binding
motifs for CREB proteins and the optimal CpG motif. It remains
possible that the oligos bind to a CREB/ATF or related protein, and
that this leads to NF.kappa.B activation.
Alternatively, it is very possible that the CpG nucleic acids may
bind to one of the TRAF proteins that bind to the cytoplasmic
region of CD40 and mediate NF.kappa.B activation when CD40 is
cross-linked. Examples of such TRAF proteins include TRAF-2 and
TRAF-5.
Method for Making Immunostimulatory Nucleic Acids
For use in the instant invention, nucleic acids can be synthesized
de novo using any of a number of procedures well known in the art.
For example, the .beta.-cyanoethyl phosphoramidite method (S. L.
Beaucage and M. H. Caruthers, (1981) Tet. Let. 22:1859); nucleoside
H-phosphonate method (Garegg et al., (1986) Tet. Let. 27:
4051-4054; Froehler et al., (1986) Nucl. Acid. Res. 14: 5399-5407;
Garegg et al., (1986) Tet. Let. 27: 4055-4058, Gaffney et al.,
(1988) Tet. Let. 29:2619-2622). These chemistries can be performed
by a variety of automated oligonucleotide synthesizers available in
the market. Alternatively, oligonucleotides can be prepared from
existing nucleic acid sequences (e.g. genomic or cDNA) using known
techniques, such as those employing restriction enzymes,
exonucleases or endonucleases.
For use in vivo, nucleic acids are preferably relatively resistant
to degradation (e.g. via endo- and exo-nucleases). Secondary
structures, such as stem loops, can stabilize nucleic acids against
degradation. Alternatively, nucleic acid stabilization can be
accomplished via phosphate backbone modifications. A preferred
stabilized nucleic acid has at least a partial phosphorothioate
modified backbone. Phosphorothioates may be synthesized using
automated techniques employing either phosphoramidate or
H-phosphonate chemistries. Aryl- and alkyl-phosphonates can be made
e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863; and
alkylphosphotriesters (in which the charged oxygen moiety is
alkylated as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243 and European
Patent No. 092,574) can be prepared by automated solid phase
synthesis using commercially available reagents. Methods for making
other DNA backbone modifications and substitutions have been
described (Uhlmann, E. and Peyman, A. (1990) Chem. Rev. 90:544;
Goodchild, J. (1990) Bioconjugate Chem. 1:165). 2'-O-methyl nucleic
acids with CpG motifs also cause immune activation, as do
ethoxy-modified CpG nucleic acids. In fact, no backbone
modifications have been found that completely abolish the CpG
effect, although it is greatly reduced by replacing the C with a
5-methyl C.
For administration in vivo, nucleic acids may be associated with a
molecule that results in higher affinity binding to target cell
(e.g. B-cell, monocytic cell and natural killer (NK) cell) surfaces
and/or increased cellular uptake by target cells to form a "nucleic
acid delivery complex". Nucleic acids can be ionically, or
covalently associated with appropriate molecules using techniques
which are well known in the art. A variety of coupling or
crosslinking agents can be used e.g. protein A, carbodiimide, and
N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP). Nucleic acids
can alternatively be encapsulated in liposomes or virosomes using
well-known techniques.
Therapeutic Uses of Immunostimulatory Nucleic Acid Molecules
Based on their immunostimulatory properties, nucleic acid molecules
containing at least one unmethylated CpG dinucleotide can be
administered to a subject in vivo to treat an "immune system
deficiency". Alternatively, nucleic acid molecules containing at
least one unmethylated CpG dinucleotide can be contacted with
lymphocytes (e.g. B cells, monocytic cells or NK cells) obtained
from a subject having an immune system deficiency ex vivo and
activated lymphocytes can then be reimplanted in the subject.
As reported herein, in response to unmethylated CpG containing
nucleic acid molecules, an increased number of spleen cells secrete
IL-6, IL-12, IFN-.alpha., IFN-.beta., IL-1, IL-3, IL-10,
TNF-.alpha., TNF-.beta., GM-CSF, RANTES, and probably others. The
increased IL-6 expression was found to occur in B cells, CD4.sup.+
T cells and monocytic cells.
Immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecules can also be administered
to a subject in conjunction with a vaccine to boost a subject's
immune system and thereby effect a better response from the
vaccine. Preferably the immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule is
administered slightly before or at the same time as the vaccine. A
conventional adjuvant may optionally be administered in conjunction
with the vaccine, which is minimally comprised of an antigen, as
the conventional adjuvant may further improve the vaccination by
enhancing antigen absorption.
When the vaccine is a DNA vaccine at least two components determine
its efficacy. First, the antigen encoded by the vaccine determines
the specificity of the immune response. Second, if the backbone of
the plasmid contains CpG motifs, it functions as an adjuvant for
the vaccine. Thus, CpG DNA acts as an effective "danger signal" and
causes the immune system to respond vigorously to new antigens in
the area. This mode of action presumably results primarily from the
stimulatory local effects of CpG DNA on dendritic cells and other
"professional" antigen presenting cells, as well as from the
costimulatory effects on B cells.
Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides and unmethylated CpG containing
vaccines, which directly activate lymphocytes and co-stimulate an
antigen-specific response, are fundamentally different from
conventional adjuvants (e.g. aluminum precipitates), which are
inert when injected alone and are thought to work through absorbing
the antigen and thereby presenting it more effectively to immune
cells. Further, conventional adjuvants only work for certain
antigens, only induce an antibody (humoral) immune response (Th2),
and are very poor at inducing cellular immune responses (Th1). For
many pathogens, the humoral response contributes little to
protection, and can even be detrimental.
In addition, an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide can be
administered prior to, along with or after administration of a
chemotherapy or immunotherapy to increase the responsiveness of the
malignant cells to subsequent chemotherapy or immunotherapy or to
speed the recovery of the bone marrow through induction of
restorative cytokines such as GM-CSF. CpG nucleic acids also
increase natural killer cell lytic activity and antibody dependent
cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Induction of NK activity and ADCC may
likewise be beneficial in cancer immunotherapy, alone or in
conjunction with other treatments.
Another use of the described immunostimulatory nucleic acid
molecules is in desensitization therapy for allergies, which are
generally caused by IgE antibody generation against harmless
allergens. The cytokines that are induced by unmethylated CpG
nucleic acids are predominantly of a class called "Th1" which is
most marked by a cellular immune response and is associated with
IL-12 and IFN-.gamma.. The other major type of immune response is
termed a Th2 immune response, which is associated with more of an
antibody immune response and with the production of IL-4, IL-5 and
IL-10. In general, it appears that allergic diseases are mediated
by Th2 type immune responses and autoimmune diseases by Th1 immune
response. Based on the ability of the immunostimulatory nucleic
acid molecules to shift the immune response in a subject from a Th2
(which is associated with production of IgE antibodies and allergy)
to a Th1 response (which is protective against allergic reactions),
an effective dose of an immunostimulatory nucleic acid (or a vector
containing a nucleic acid) alone or in conjunction with an allergen
can be administered to a subject to treat or prevent an
allergy.
Nucleic acids containing unmethylated CpG motifs may also have
significant therapeutic utility in the treatment of asthma. Th2
cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-5 are elevated in the airways of
asthmatic subjects. These cytokines promote important aspects of
the asthmatic inflammatory response, including IgE isotype
switching, eosinophil chemotaxis and activation and mast cell
growth. Th1 cytokines, especially IFN-.gamma. and IL-12, can
suppress the formation of Th2 clones and production of Th2
cytokines.
As described in detail in the following Example 12,
oligonucleotides containing an unmethylated CpG motif (i.e.
TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT; SEQ ID NO: 10), but not a control
oligonucleotide (TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT; SEQ ID NO: 11) prevented the
development of an inflammatory cellular infiltrate and eosinophilia
in a murine model of asthma. Furthermore, the suppression of
eosinophilic inflammation was associated with a suppression of a
Th2 response and induction of a Th1 response.
For use in therapy, an effective amount of an appropriate
immunostimulatory nucleic acid molecule alone or formulated as a
delivery complex can be administered to a subject by any mode
allowing the oligonucleotide to be taken up by the appropriate
target cells (e.g., B-cells and monocytic cells). Preferred routes
of administration include oral and transdermal (e.g., via a patch).
Examples of other routes of administration include injection
(subcutaneous, intravenous, parenteral, intraperitoneal,
intrathecal, etc.). The injection can be in a bolus or a continuous
infusion.
A nucleic acid alone or as a nucleic acid delivery complex can be
administered in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier. As used herein, the phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier" is intended to include substances that can be
coadministered with a nucleic acid or a nucleic acid delivery
complex and allows the nucleic acid to perform its indicated
function. Examples of such carriers include solutions, solvents,
dispersion media, delay agents, emulsions and the like. The use of
such media for pharmaceutically active substances are well known in
the art. Any other conventional carrier suitable for use with the
nucleic acids falls within the scope of the instant invention.
The language "effective amount" of a nucleic acid molecule refers
to the amount necessary or sufficient to realize a desired biologic
effect. For example, an effective amount of a nucleic acid
containing at least one unmethylated CpG for treating an immune
system deficiency could be that amount necessary to eliminate a
tumor, cancer, or bacterial, viral or fungal infection. An
effective amount for use as a vaccine adjuvant could be that amount
useful for boosting a subjects immune response to a vaccine. An
"effective amount" for treating asthma can be that amount useful
for redirecting a Th2 type of immune response that is associated
with asthma to a Th1 type of response. The effective amount for any
particular application can vary depending on such factors as the
disease or condition being treated, the particular nucleic acid
being administered (e.g. the number of unmethylated CpG motifs or
their location in the nucleic acid), the size of the subject, or
the severity of the disease or condition. One of ordinary skill in
the art can empirically determine the effective amount of a
particular oligonucleotide without necessitating undue
experimentation.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following
Examples which in no way should be construed as further limiting.
The entire contents of all of the references (including literature
references, issued patents, published patent applications, and
co-pending patent applications) cited throughout this application
are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Effects of ODNs on B Cell Total RNA Synthesis and Cell Cycle
B cells were purified from spleens obtained from 6-12 wk old
specific pathogen free DBA/2 or BXSB mice (bred in the University
of Iowa animal care facility; no substantial strain differences
were noted) that were depleted of T cells with anti-Thy-1.2 and
complement and centrifugation over lympholyte M (CEDARLANE.RTM.
Laboratories Ltd., Hornby, Ontario, Canada) ("B cells"). B cells
contained fewer than 1% CD4.sup.+ or CD8.sup.+ cells.
8.times.10.sup.4 B cells were dispensed in triplicate into 96 well
microtiter plates in 100 .mu.l RPMI containing 10% FBS (heat
inactivated to 65.degree. C. for 30 min.), 50 .mu.M
2-mercaptoethanol, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 ug/ml streptomycin, and
2 mM L-glutamate. 20 .mu.M ODN were added at the start of culture
for 20 h at 37.degree. C., cells pulsed with 1 .mu.Ci of .sup.3H
uridine, and harvested and counted 4 hr later. Ig secreting B cells
were enumerated using the ELISA spot assay after culture of whole
spleen cells with ODN at 20 .mu.M for 48 hr. Data, reported in
Table 1, represent the stimulation index compared to cells cultured
without ODN. .sup.3H thymidine incorporation assays showed similar
results, but with some nonspecific inhibition by thymidine released
from degraded ODN (Matson. S and A. M. Krieg (1992) Nonspecific
suppression of .sup.3H-thymidine incorporation by control
oligonucleotides. Antisense Research and Development 2:325).
Example 2
Effects of ODN on Production of IgM from B Cells
Single cell suspensions from the spleens of freshly killed mice
were treated with anti-Thyl, anti-CD4, and anti-CD8 and complement
by the method of Leibson et al., J. Exp. Med. 154:1681 (1981)).
Resting B cells (<02% T cell contamination) were isolated from
the 63-70% band of a discontinuous Percoll gradient by the
procedure of DeFranco et al, J. Exp. Med. 155:1523 (1982). These
were cultured as described above in 30 .mu.M ODN or 20 .mu.g/ml LPS
for 48 hr. The number of B cells actively secreting IgM was maximal
at this time point, as determined by ELIspot assay (Klinman, D. M.
et al. J. Immunol. 144:506 (1990)). In that assay, B cells were
incubated for 6 hrs on anti-Ig coated microtiter plates. The Ig
they produced (>99% IgM) was detected using phosphatase-labelled
anti-Ig (SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, Ala.). The antibodies
produced by individual B cells were visualized by addition of BCIP
(SIGMA-ALDRICH.TM., St. Louis Mo.) which forms an insoluble blue
precipitate in the presence of phosphatase. The dilution of cells
producing 20-40 spots/well was used to determine the total number
of antibody-secreting B cells/sample. All assays were performed in
triplicate (data reported in Table 1). In some experiments, culture
supernatants were assayed for IgM by ELISA, and showed similar
increases in response to CpG-ODN.
Example 3
B Cell Stimulation by Bacterial DNA
DBA/2 B cells were cultured with no DNA or 50 .mu.g/ml of a)
Micrococcus lysodeikticus; b) NZB/N mouse spleen; and c) NFS/N
mouse spleen genomic DNAs for 48 hours, then pulsed with .sup.3H
thymidine for 4 hours prior to cell harvest. Duplicate DNA samples
were digested with DNAse I for 30 minutes at 37 C prior to addition
to cell cultures. E coli DNA also induced an 8.8 fold increase in
the number of IgM secreting B cells by 48 hours using the
ELISA-spot assay.
DBA/2 B cells were cultured with either no additive, 50 .mu.g/ml
LPS or the ODN 1; 1a; 4; or 4a at 20 uM. Cells were cultured and
harvested at 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours. BXSB cells were cultured as in
Example 1 with 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 .mu.M of ODN 1; 1a; 4; or 4a or
LPS. In this experiment, wells with no ODN had 3833 cpm. Each
experiment was performed at least three times with similar results.
Standard deviations of the triplicate wells were <5%.
Example 4
Effects of ODN on Natural Killer (NK) Activity
10.times.10.sup.6 C57BL/6 spleen cells were cultured in two ml RPMI
(supplemented as described for Example 1) with or without 40 .mu.M
CpG or non-CpG ODN for forty-eight hours. Cells were washed, and
then used as effector cells in a short term .sup.51Cr release assay
with YAC-1 and 2C11, two NK sensitive target cell lines (Ballas, Z.
K. et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 150:17). Effector cells were added at
various concentrations to 10.sup.4 51Cr-labeled target cells in
V-bottom microtiter plates in 0.2 ml, and incubated in 5% CO.sub.2
for 4 hr. at 37.degree. C. Plates were then centrifuged, and an
aliquot of the supernatant counted for radioactivity. Percent
specific lysis was determined by calculating the ratio of the
.sup.51Cr released in the presence of effector cells minus the
.sup.51Cr released when the target cells are cultured alone, over
the total counts released after cell lysis in 2% acetic acid minus
the .sup.51Cr cpm released when the cells are cultured alone.
Example 5
In Vivo Studies with CpG Phosphorothioate ODN
Mice were weighed and injected IP with 0.25 ml of sterile PBS or
the indicated phophorothioate ODN dissolved in PBS. Twenty four
hours later, spleen cells were harvested, washed, and stained for
flow cytometry using phycoerythrin conjugated 6B2 to gate on B
cells in conjunction with biotin conjugated anti Ly-6A/E or
anti-Ia.sup.d (Pharmingen, San Diego, Calif.) or anti-Bla-1 (Hardy,
R. R. et al., J. Exp. Med. 159:1169 (1984). Two mice were studied
for each condition and analyzed individually.
Example 6
Titration of Phosphorothioate ODN for B Cell Stimulation
B cells were cultured with phosphorothioate ODN with the sequence
of control ODN 1a or the CpG ODN 1d and 3Db and then either pulsed
after 20 hr with .sup.3H uridine or after 44 hr with .sup.3H
thymidine before harvesting and determining cpm.
Example 7
Rescue of B Cells from Apoptosis
WEHI-231 cells (5.times.10.sup.4/well) were cultured for 1 hr. at
37 C. in the presence or absence of LPS or the control ODN 1a or
the CpG ODN 1d and 3Db before addition of anti-IgM (1 .mu./ml).
Cells were cultured for a further 20 hr. before a 4 hr. pulse with
2 .mu.Ci/well .sup.3H thymidine. In this experiment, cells with no
ODN or anti-IgM gave 90.4.times.10.sup.3 cpm of .sup.3H thymidine
incorporation by addition of anti-IgM. The phosphodiester ODN shown
in Table 1 gave similar protection, though with some nonspecific
suppression due to ODN degradation. Each experiment was repeated at
least 3 times with similar results.
Example 8
In Vivo Induction of Murine IL-6
DBA/2 female mice (2 mos. old) were injected IP with 500 .mu.g CpG
or control phosphorothioate ODN. At various time points after
injection, the mice were bled. Two mice were studied for each time
point. IL-6 was measured by Elisa, and IL-6 concentration was
calculated by comparison to a standard curve generated using
recombinant IL-6. The sensitivity of the assay was 10 pg/ml. Levels
were undetectable after 8 hr.
Example 9
Systemic Induction of Murine IL-6 Transcription
Mice and cell lines. DBA/2, BALB/c, and C3H/HeJ mice at 5-10 wk of
age were used as a source of lymphocytes. All mice were obtained
from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.), and bred and
maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions in the
University of Iowa Animal Care Unit. The mouse B cell line CH12.LX
was kindly provided by Dr. G. Bishop (University of Iowa, Iowa
City).
Cell preparation. Mice were killed by cervical dislocation. Single
cell suspensions were prepared aseptically from the spleens from
mice. T cell depleted mouse splenocytes were prepared by using
anti-Thy-1.2 and complement and centrifugation over lympholyte M
(CEDARLANE.RTM. Laboratories Ltd., Hornby, Ontario, Canada) as
described (Krieg, A. M. et al., (1989) A role for endogenous
retroviral sequences in the regulation of lymphocyte activation. J.
Immunol. 143:2448).
ODN and DNA. Phosphodiester oligonucleotides (O-ODN) and the
backbone modified phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (S-ODN) were
obtained from the DNA Core facility at the University of Iowa or
from OPERON.RTM. Technologies (Alameda, Calif.). E. coli DNA
(Strain B) and calf thymus DNA were purchased from
SIGMA-ALDRICH.TM. (St. Louis, Mo.). All DNA and ODN were purified
by extraction with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1)
and/or ethanol precipitation. E. coli and calf thymus DNA were
single stranded prior to use by boiling for 10 min. followed by
cooling on ice for 5 min. For some experiments, E. coli and calf
thymus DNA were digested with DNAse I (2 U/.mu.g of DNA) at
37.degree. C. for 2 hr in 1.times.SSC with 5 mM MgCl.sub.2. To
methylate the cytosine in CpG dinucleotides in E. coli DNA, E. coli
DNA was treated with CpG methylase (M. SssI; 2 U/.mu.g of DNA) in
NEBuffer 2 supplemented with 160 .mu.M S-adenosyl methionine and
incubated overnight at 37.degree. C. Methylated DNA was purified as
above. Efficiency of methylation was confirmed by Hpa II digestion
followed by analysis by gel electrophoresis. All enzymes were
purchased from NEW ENGLAND BIOLABS.RTM. Inc. (Beverly, Mass.). LPS
level in ODN was less than 12.5 ng/mg and E. coli and calf thymus
DNA contained less than 2.5 ng of LPS/mg of DNA by Limulus
assay.
Cell Culture. All cells were cultured at 37.degree. C. in a 5%
CO.sub.2 humidified incubator maintained in RPMI-1640 supplemented
with 10% (v/v) heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS), 1.5 mM
L-glutamine, 50 .mu.g/ml), CpG or non-CpG phosphodiester ODN
(O-ODN) (20 .mu.M), phosphorothioate ODN (S-ODN) (0.5 .mu.M), or E.
coli or calf thymus DNA (50 .mu.g/ml) at 37.degree. C. for 24 hr.
(for IL-6 production) or 5 days (for IgM production).
Concentrations of stimulants were chosen based on preliminary
studies with titrations. In some cases, cells were treated with CpG
O-ODN along with various concentrations (1-10 .mu.g/ml) of
neutralizing rat IgG1 antibody against murine IL-6 (hybridoma
MP5-20F3) or control rat IgG1 mAb to E. coli .beta.-galactosidase
(hybridoma GL113; ATCC, Rockville, Md.) (20) for 5 days. At the end
of incubation, culture supernatant fractions were analyzed by ELISA
as below.
In vivo induction of IL-6 and IgM. BALB/c mice were injected
intravenously (iv) with PBS, calf thymus DNA (200 .mu.g/100 .mu.l
PBS/mouse), E. coli DNA (200 .mu.g/100 .mu.l PBS/mouse), or CpG or
non-CpG S-ODN (200 .mu.g/100 .mu.l PBS/mouse). Mice (two/group)
were bled by retroorbital puncture and sacrificed by cervical
dislocation at various time points. Liver, spleen, thymus, and bone
marrow were removed and RNA was prepared from those organs using
RNAzoI B (Tel-Test, Friendswood, Tex.) according to the
manufacturers protocol.
ELISA. Flat-bottomed Immun 1 plates (Dynatech Laboratories, Inc.,
Chantilly, Va.) were coated with 100 .mu.l/well of anti-mouse IL-6
mAb (MP5-20F3) (2 .mu.g/ml) or anti-mouse IgM .mu.-chain specific
(5 .mu.g/ml; SIGMA-ALDRICH.TM., St. Louis, Mo.) in
carbonate-bicarbonate, pH 9.6 buffer (15 nM Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, 35 mM
NaHCO.sub.3) overnight at 4.degree. C. The plates were then washed
with TPBS (0.5 mM MgCl.sub.2o6H.sub.20, 2.68 mM KCl, 1.47 mM
KH.sub.2P0.sub.4, 0.14 M NaCl, 6.6 mM K.sub.2HP0.sub.4, 0.5% Tween
20) and blocked with 10% FCS in TPBS for 2 hr at room temperature
and then washed again. Culture supernatants, mouse sera,
recombinant mouse IL-6 (PHARMINGEN.RTM., San Diego, Calif.) or
purified mouse IgM (CALBIOCHEM.RTM., San Diego, Calif.) were
appropriately diluted in 10% FCS and incubated in triplicate wells
for 6 hr at room temperature. The plates were washed and 100
.mu.l/well of biotinylated rat anti-mouse IL-6 monoclonal
antibodies (MP5-32C11, PHARMINGEN.RTM., San Diego, Calif.) (1
.mu.g/ml in 10% FCS) or biotinylated anti-mouse Ig
(SIGMA-ALDRICH.TM., St. Louis, Mo.) were added and incubated for 45
min. at room temperature following washes with TPBS. Horseradish
peroxidase (HRP) conjugated avidin (BIO-RAD.RTM. Laboratories,
Hercules, Calif.) at 1:4000 dilution in 10% FCS (100 .mu.l/well)
was added and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. The plates
were washed and developed with o-phenylendiamine dihydrochloride
(OPD; SIGMA-ALDRICH.TM., St. Louis Mo.) 0.05 M phosphate-citrate
buffer, pH 5.0, for 30 min. The reaction was stopped with 0.67 N
H.sub.2SO.sub.4 and plates were read on a microplate reader
(Cambridge Technology, Inc., Watertown, Mass.) at 490-600 nm. The
results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
RT-PCR. A sense primer, an antisense primer, and an internal
oligonucleotide probe for IL-6 were synthesized using published
sequences (Montgomery, R. A. and M. S. Dallman (1991), Analysis of
cytokine gene expression during fetal thymic ontogeny using the
polymerase chain reaction (J. Immunol.) 147:554). cDNA synthesis
and IL-6 PCR was done essentially as described by Montgomery and
Dallman (Montgomery, R. A. and M. S. Dallman (1991), Analysis of
cytokine gene expression during fetal thymic ontogeny using the
polymerase chain reaction (J. Immunol.) 147:554) using RT-PCR
reagents from PERKINELMER.RTM. (Hayward, Calif.). Samples were
analyzed after 30 cycles of amplification by gel electrophoresis
followed by unblot analysis (Stoye, J. P. et al., (1991) DNA
hybridization in dried gels with fragmented probes: an improvement
over blotting techniques, Techniques 3:123). Briefly, the gel was
hybridized at room temperature for 30 min. in denaturation buffer
(0.05 M NaOH, 1.5M NaCl) followed by incubation for 30 min. in
renaturation buffer (1.5 M NaCl, 1 M Tris, pH 8) and a 30 min. wash
in double distilled water. The gel was dried and prehybridized at
47.degree. C. for 2 hr. hybridization buffer (5.times.SSPE, 0.1%
SDS) containing 10 .mu.g/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. The gel was
hybridized with 2.times.10.sup.6 cpm/ml .gamma.-[.sup.32 P]ATP
end-labeled internal oligonucleotide probe for IL-6
(5'CATTTCCACGATTTCCCA3') SEQ ID NO:56) overnight at 47.degree. C.,
washed 4 times (2.times.SSC, 0.2% SDS) at room temperature and
autoradiographed. The results are shown in FIG. 3.
Cell Proliferation assay. DBA/2 mice spleen B cells
(5.times.10.sup.4 cells/100 .mu.l/well) were treated with media,
CpG or non-CpG S-ODN (0.5 .mu.M) or O-ODN (20 .mu.M) for 24 hr at
37.degree. C. Cells were pulsed for the last four hr. with either
[.sup.3H] Thymidine or [.sup.3H] Uridine (1 .mu.Ci/well). Amounts
of [.sup.3H] incorporated were measured using Liquid Scintillation
Analyzer (Packard Instrument Co., Downers Grove, Ill.).
Transfections and CAT assays. WEHI-231 cells (10.sup.7 cells) were
electroporated with 20 .mu.g of control or human IL-6 promoter-CAT
construct (kindly provided by S. Manolagas, Univ. of Arkansas)
(Pottratz, S. T. et al., (1994) 17B-estradiol inhibits expression
of human interleukin-6 promoter-reporter constructs by a
receptor-dependent mechanism. J. Clin. Invest. 93:944) at 250 mV
and 960 .mu.F. Cells were stimulated with various concentrations or
CpG or non-CpG ODN after electroporation. Chloramphenicol
acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was measured by a solution assay
(Seed, B. and J. Y. Sheen (1988) A single phase-extraction assay
for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity. Gene 76:271) 16
hr. after transfection. The results are presented in FIG. 5.
Example 10
Oligodeoxynucleotide Modifications Determine the Magnitude of B
Cell Stimulation by CpG Motifs
ODN were synthesized on an APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS.RTM. Inc. (Foster
City, Calif.) model 380A, 380B, or 394 DNA synthesizer using
standard procedures (Beacage and Caruthers (1981) Deoxynucleoside
phosphoramidites--A new class of key intermediates for
deoxypolynucleotide synthesis. Tetrahedron Letters 22, 1859-1862.).
Phosphodiester ODN were synthesized using standard beta-cyanoethyl
phosphoramidite chemistry. Phosphorothioate linkages were
introduced by oxidizing the phosphite linkage with elemental sulfur
instead of the standard iodine oxidation. The four common
nucleoside phosphoramidites were purchased from Applied Biosystems.
All phosphodiester and thioate containing ODN were deprotected by
treatment with concentrated ammonia at 55.degree. C. for 12 hours.
The ODN were purified by gel exclusion chromatography and
lyophilized to dryness prior to use. Phosphorodithioate linkages
were introduced by using deoxynucleoside
S-(b-benzoylmercaptoethyl)pyrrolidino thiophosphoramidites
(Wiesler, W. T. et al., (1993) In Methods in Molecular Biology:
Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs--Synthesis and
Properties, Agrawal, S. (ed.), Humana Press, 191-206.). Dithioate
containing ODN were deprotected by treatment with concentrated
ammonia at 55.degree. C. for 12 hours followed by reverse phase
HPLC purification.
In order to synthesize oligomers containing methylphosphonothioates
or methylphosphonates as well as phosphodiesters at any desired
internucleotide linkage, two different synthetic cycles were used.
The major synthetic differences in the two cycles are the coupling
reagent where dialkylaminomethylnucleoside phosphines are used and
the oxidation reagents in the case of methylphosphonothioates. In
order to synthesize either derivative, the condensation time has
been increased for the dialkylaminomethylnucleoside phosphines due
to the slower kinetics of coupling (Jager and Engels, (1984)
Synthesis of deoxynucleoside methylphosphonates via a
phosphonamidite approach. Tetrahedron Letters 24, 1437-1440). After
the coupling step has been completed, the methylphosphinodiester is
treated with the sulfurizing reagent (5% elemental sulfur, 100
millimolar N,N-diamethylaminopyridine in carbon
disulfide/pyridine/triethylamine), four consecutive times for 450
seconds each to produce methylphosphonothioates. To produce
methylphosphonate linkages, the methylphosphinodiester is treated
with standard oxidizing reagent (0.1 M iodine in
tetrahydrofuran/2,6-lutidine/water).
The silica gel bound oligomer was treated with distilled
pyridine/concentrated ammonia, 1:1, (v/v) for four days at 4
degrees centigrade. The supernatant was dried in vacuo, dissolved
in water and chromatographed on a G50/50 Sephadex column.
As used herein, O-ODN refers to ODN which are phosphodiester; S-ODN
are completely phosphorothioate modified; S-O-ODN are chimeric ODN
in which the central linkages are phosphodiester, but the two 5'
and five 3' linkages are phosphorothioate modified; S.sub.2-O-ODN
are chimeric ODN in which the central linkages are phosphodiester,
but the two 5' and five 3' linkages are phosphorodithioate
modified; and MP-O-ODN are chimeric ODN in which the central
linkages are phosphodiester, but the two 5' and five 3' linkages
are methylphosphonate modified. The ODN sequences studied (with CpG
dinucleotides indicated by underlining) include:
TABLE-US-00015 3D (5' GAGAACGCTGGACCTTCCAT),; (SEQ ID NO: 23) 3M
(5' TCCATGTCGGTCCTGATGCT),; (SEQ ID NO: 31) 5 (5'
GGCGTTATTCCTGACTCGCC),; (SEQ ID NO: 57) and 6 (5'
CCTACGTTGTATGCGCCCAGCT),. (SEQ ID NO: 58)
These sequences are representative of literally hundreds of CpG and
non-CpG ODN that have been tested in the course of these
studies.
Mice. DBA/2, or BXSB mice obtained from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar
Harbor, Me.), and maintained under specific pathogen-free
conditions were used as a source of lymphocytes at 5-10 wk of age
with essentially identical results.
Cell proliferation assay. For cell proliferation assays, mouse
spleen cells (5.times.10.sup.4 cells/100 .mu.l/well) were cultured
at 37.degree. C. in a 5% CO.sub.2 humidified incubator in RPMI-1640
supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat inactivated fetal calf serum
(heated to 65.degree. C. for experiments with O-ODN, or 56.degree.
C. for experiments using only modified ODN), 1.5 .mu.M L-glutamine,
50 .mu.M 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 .mu.g/ml
streptomycin for 24 hr or 48 hr as indicated. 1 .mu.Ci of .sup.3H
uridine or thymidine (as indicated) was added to each well, and the
cells harvested after an additional 4 hours of culture. Filters
were counted by scintillation counting. Standard deviations of the
triplicate wells were <5%. The results are presented in FIGS.
6-8.
Example 11
Induction of NK Activity
Phosphodiester ODN were purchased from OPERON.RTM. Technologies
(Alameda, Calif.). Phosphorothioate ODN were purchased from the DNA
core facility, University of Iowa, or from The Midland Certified
Reagent Company (Midland Tex.). E. coli (strain B) DNA and calf
thymus DNA were purchased from Sigma, SIGMA-ALDRICH.TM., (St.
Louis, Mo.). All DNA and ODN were purified by extraction with
phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and/or ethanol
precipitation. The LPS level in ODN was less than 12.5 ng/mg and E.
coli and calf thymus DNA contained less than 2.5 ng of LPS/mg of
DNA by Limulus assay.
Virus-free, 4-6 week old, DBA/2, C57BL/6 (B6) and congenitally
athymic BALB/C mice were obtained on contract through the Veterans
Affairs from the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, Md.). C57BL/6
SCID mice were bred in the SPF barrier facility at the University
of Iowa Animal Care Unit.
Human peripheral mononuclear blood leukocytes (PBMC) were obtained
as previously described (Ballas, Z. K. et al., (1990) J. Allergy
Clin. Immunol. 85:453; Ballas, Z. K. and W. Rasmussen (1990) J.
Immunol. 145:1039; Ballas, Z. K. and W. Rasmussen (1993) J.
Immunol. 150; 17). Human or murine cells were cultured at
5.times.10.sup.6/well, at 37.degree. C. in a 5% CO.sub.2 humidified
atmosphere in 24-well plates (Ballas, Z. K. et al., (1990) J.
Allergy Clin. Immunol. 85:453; Ballas, Z. K. and W. Rasmussen
(1990) J. Immunol 145:1039; and Ballas, Z. K. and W. Rasmussen
(1993) J. Immunol, 150:17), with medium alone or with CpG or
non-CpG ODN at the indicated concentrations, or with E. coli or
calf thymus (50 .mu.g/ml) at 37.degree. C. for 24 hr. All cultures
were harvested at 18 hr. and the cells were used as effectors in a
standard 4 hr. .sup.51Cr-release assay against K562 (human) or
YAC-1 (mouse) target cells as previously described. For calculation
of lytic units (LU), 1 LU was defined as the number of cells needed
to effect 30% specific lysis. Where indicated, neutralizing
antibodies against IFN-.beta. (Lee Biomolecular, San Diego, Calif.)
or IL-12 (C15.1, C15.6, C17.8, and C17.15; provided by Dr. Giorgio
Trinchieri, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa.) or their
isotype controls were added at the initiation of cultures to a
concentration of 10 .mu.g/ml. For anti-IL-12 addition, 10 .mu.g of
each of the 4 MAB (or isotype controls) were added simultaneously.
Recombinant human IL-2 was used at a concentration of 100 U/ml.
Example 12
Prevention of the Development of an Inflammatory Cellular
Infiltrate and Eosinophilia in a Murine Model of Asthma
6-8 week old C56BL/6 mice (from The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor,
Me.) were immunized with 5,000 Schistosoma mansoni eggs by
intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection on days 0 and 7. Schistosoma
mansoni eggs contain an antigen (Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen
(SEA)) that induces a Th2 immune response (e.g. production of IgE
antibody). IgE antibody production is known to be an important
cause of asthma.
The immunized mice were then treated with oligonucleotides (30
.mu.g in 200 .mu.l saline by i.p. injection), which either
contained an unmethylated CpG motif (i.e. TCCATGACGTTCCTGACGTT; SEQ
ID NO. 10) or did not (i.e. control, TCCATGAGCTTCCTGAGTCT; SEQ ID
NO. 11). Soluble SEA (10 .mu.g in 25 .mu.l of saline) was
administered by intranasal instillation on days 14 and 21. Saline
was used as a control.
Mice were sacrificed at various times after airway challenge. Whole
lung lavage was performed to harvest airway and alveolar
inflammatory cells. Cytokine levels were measured from lavage fluid
by ELISA. RNA was isolated from whole lung for Northern analysis
and RT-PCR studies using CsCl gradients. Lungs were inflated and
perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde for histologic examination.
FIG. 9 shows that when the mice are initially injected with the
eggs i.p., and then inhale the egg antigen (open circle), many
inflammatory cells are present in the lungs. However, when the mice
are initially given a nucleic acid containing an unmethylated CpG
motif along with the eggs, the inflammatory cells in the lung are
not increased by subsequent inhalation of the egg antigen (open
triangles).
FIG. 10 shows that the same results are obtained when only
eosinophils present in the lung lavage are measured. Eosinophils
are the type of inflammatory cell most closely associated with
asthma.
FIG. 11 shows that when the mice are treated with a control oligo
at the time of the initial exposure to the egg, there is little
effect on the subsequent influx of eosinophils into the lungs after
inhalation of SEA. Thus, when mice inhale the eggs on days 14 or
21, they develop an acute inflammatory response in the lungs.
However, giving a CpG oligo along with the eggs at the time of
initial antigen exposure on days 0 and 7 almost completely
abolishes the increase in eosinophils when the mice inhale the egg
antigen on day 14.
FIG. 12 shows that very low doses of oligonucleotide (<10 .mu.g)
can give this protection.
FIG. 13 shows that the resultant inflammatory response correlates
with the levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 in the lung.
FIG. 14 shows that administration of an oligonucleotide containing
an unmethylated CpG motif can actually redirect the cytokine
response of the lung to production of Il-12, indicating a Th1 type
of immune response.
FIG. 15 shows that administration of an oligonucleotide containing
an unmethylated CpG motif can also redirect the cytokine response
of the lung to production of IFN-.gamma., indicating a Th1 type of
immune response.
Example 13
CpG Oligonucleotides Induce Human PBMC to Secrete Cytokines
Human PBMC were prepared from whole blood by standard
centrifugation over ficoll hypaque. Cells (5.times.10.sup.5/ml)
were cultured in 10% autologous serum in 96 well microtiter plates
with CpG or control oligodeoxynucleotides (24 .mu.g/ml for
phosphodiester oligonucleotides; 6 .mu.g/ml for nuclease resistant
phosphorothioate oligonucleotides) for 4 hr in the case of
TNF-.alpha. or 24 hr. for the other cytokines before supernatant
harvest and assay, measured by ELISA using Quantikine kits or
reagents from R&D SYSTEMS.RTM. (pg/ml) or cytokine ELISA kits
from BIOSOURCE.TM. (for IL-12 assay). Assays were performed as per
the manufacturer's instructions. Data are presented in Table 6 as
the level of cytokine above that in wells with no added
oligodeoxynucleotide.
EQUIVALENTS
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain
using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents of the
specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such
equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following
claims.
SEQUENCE LISTINGS
1
60120DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 1atggaaggtc
cagtgttctc 20220DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
2atcgacctac gtgcgttctc 20320DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 3tccataacgt tcctgatgct 20415DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 4gctagatgtt agcgt
15519DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 5gagaacgtcg
accttcgat 19615DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
6gcatgacgtt gagct 15720DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 7tccatgacgt tcctgatgct 20820DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 8tccatgagct tcctgagtct
20920DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 9tccaagacgt
tcctgatgct 201020DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
10tccatgacgt tcctgacgtt 201121DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 11tccatgagct tcctgagtct 201220DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 12ggggtcaacg ttgagggggg
201315DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 13gctagacgtt
agcgt 151415DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
14gctagacgtt agcgt 151515DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 15gctagacgtt agcgt 151615DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 16gcatgacgtt gagct
151720DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 17atggaaggtc
cagcgttctc 201820DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
18atcgactctc gagcgttctc 201920DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 19atcgactctc gagcgttctc 202020DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 20atcgactctc gagcgttctc
202120DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 21atcgactctc
gagcgttctc 202220DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
22atggaaggtc caacgttctc 202320DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 23gagaacgctg gaccttccat 202420DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 24gagaacgctc gaccttccat
202520DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 25gagaacgctc
gaccttcgat 202620DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
26gagcaagctg gaccttccat 202720DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 27gagaacgctg gaccttccat 202820DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 28gagaacgctg gaccttccat
202920DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 29gagaacgatg
gaccttccat 203020DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
30gagaacgctc cagcactgat 203120DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 31tccatgtcgg tcctgatgct 203220DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 32tccatgctgg tcctgatgct
203320DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 33tccatgtcgg
tcctgatgct 203420DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
34tccatgtcgg tcctgatgct 203520DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 35tccatgacgt tcctgatgct 203620DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 36tccatgtcgg tcctgctgat
203720DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 37tccatgtcgg
tcctgatgct 203820DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
38tccatgccgg tcctgatgct 203920DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 39tccatggcgg tcctgatgct 204020DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 40tccatgacgg tcctgatgct
204120DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 41tccatgtcga
tcctgatgct 204220DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
42tccatgtcgc tcctgatgct 204320DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 43tccatgtcgt tcctgatgct 204420DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 44tccatgacgt tcctgatgct
204520DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 45tccataacgt
tcctgatgct 204620DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
46tccatgacgt ccctgatgct 204720DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 47tccatcacgt gcctgatgct 204815DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 48gcatgacgtt gagct
154915DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 49gctagatgtt
agcgt 155020DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
50ggggtcagtc ttgagggggg 205115DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 51gctagacgtt agtgt 155215DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 52gctagacctt agtgt
155320DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 53tccatgtcgt
tcctgatgct 205420DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
54tccatgacgt tcctgatgct 205518DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 55tctcccagcg tgcgccat 185618DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 56catttccacg atttccca
185720DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 57ggcgttattc
ctgactcgcc 205822DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide
58cctacgttgt atgcgcccag ct 225920DNAArtificial sequenceSynthetic
oligonucleotide 59atggactctc cagcgttctc 206020DNAArtificial
sequenceSynthetic oligonucleotide 60atcgactctc gagcgttctc 20
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References