U.S. patent application number 09/908455 was filed with the patent office on 2002-07-18 for method and system of automatic fluid dispensing for imprint lithography processes.
Invention is credited to Bailey, Todd, Choi, Byung J., Colburn, Matthew, Ekerdt, John, Sreenivasan, S. V., Willson, C. Grant.
Application Number | 20020094496 09/908455 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22816382 |
Filed Date | 2002-07-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20020094496 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Choi, Byung J. ; et
al. |
July 18, 2002 |
Method and system of automatic fluid dispensing for imprint
lithography processes
Abstract
Disclosed herein is an automatic fluid dispensing method and
system for dispensing fluid on the surface of a plate-like
material, or substrate, including a semiconductor wafer for imprint
lithography processes. The dispensing method uses fluid dispenser
and a substrate stage that may generate relative lateral motions
between a fluid dispenser tip a substrate. Also described herein
are methods and devices for creating a planar surface on a
substrate using a substantially unpatterned planar template.
Inventors: |
Choi, Byung J.; (Round Rock,
TX) ; Sreenivasan, S. V.; (Austin, TX) ;
Willson, C. Grant; (Austin, TX) ; Colburn,
Matthew; (Danbury, CT) ; Bailey, Todd;
(Austin, TX) ; Ekerdt, John; (Austin, TX) |
Correspondence
Address: |
ERIC B. MEYERTONS
CONLEY, ROSE & TAYON, P.C.
P.O. BOX 398
AUSTIN
TX
78767-0398
US
|
Family ID: |
22816382 |
Appl. No.: |
09/908455 |
Filed: |
February 12, 2002 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
60218754 |
Jul 17, 2000 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
430/322 ;
430/324 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03F 7/16 20130101; H01L
2224/29012 20130101; G03F 7/164 20130101; H01L 2224/3003 20130101;
B82Y 40/00 20130101; B82Y 10/00 20130101; H01L 2924/01067 20130101;
G03F 7/0002 20130101; H01L 2924/1461 20130101; H01L 2224/3016
20130101; H01L 2924/1461 20130101; H01L 2924/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
430/322 ;
430/324 |
International
Class: |
G03F 007/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of forming a pattern on a substrate using a patterned
template comprising: applying an activating light curable liquid to
a portion of the substrate, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the patterned template; positioning the patterned template and the
substrate in a spaced relation to each other so that a gap is
created between the patterned template and the substrate, wherein
the applied liquid substantially fills the gap when the patterned
template is placed in a spaced relation to the substrate; applying
activating light to the liquid, wherein the application of
activating light substantially cures the liquid, and wherein a
pattern of the patterned template is formed in the cured liquid;
and separating the patterned template from the cured liquid.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a fluid
dispenser.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a displacement based
fluid dispenser.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a micro-solenoid
fluid dispenser.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a piezoelectric
actuated dispenser.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a fluid dispenser,
and further comprising moving the substrate with respect to the
fluid dispenser while the liquid is being dispensed to create the
predetermined pattern.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a fluid dispenser,
and further comprising moving the fluid dispenser with respect to
the substrate while the liquid is being dispensed to create the
predetermined pattern.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern is a
pattern that is configured to inhibit the formation of air bubbles
in the liquid when the patterned template contacts the liquid as
the patterned template and substrate are oriented in a spaced
relation.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern is a
sinusoidal pattern.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern is an
X-shaped pattern.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern is
selected such that the liquid fills the gap in an area
substantially equal to the surface area of the patterned
template.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern is
selected such that the liquid fills the gap in a shape that is
substantially the same as a shape of the patterned template.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern is a
pattern that is configured to inhibit the formation of air bubbles
in the liquid when the patterned template contacts the liquid as
the patterned template and substrate are oriented in a spaced
relation, and wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a
plurality of discrete drops of the liquid.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern is a
pattern that is configured to inhibit the formation of air bubbles
in the liquid when the patterned template contacts the liquid as
the patterned template and substrate are oriented in a spaced
relation, and wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a
plurality of discrete drops of the liquid, and wherein one of the
discrete drops of the liquid is placed in the center of the portion
of the substrate over which the patterned template is oriented.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern
comprises a plurality of discrete of the liquid, and wherein the
drops comprise a predetermined volume and are spaced at a
predetermined distance such that the formation of air bubbles is
inhibited.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern
comprises a line of the liquid.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined pattern
comprises a plurality of discrete lines that are substantially
parallel.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a fluid dispenser,
and further comprising placing the fluid dispenser into a position
of less than about 500 microns from the substrate prior to applying
the liquid to the substrate.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein positioning the patterned
template and the substrate in a spaced relationship to each other
comprises: positioning the patterned template over the substrate;
and moving the patterned template toward the substrate until the
spaced relationship is achieved, wherein the liquid on the
substrate substantially fills the gap as the patterned template is
moved toward the substrate.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein positioning the patterned
template and the substrate in a spaced relationship to each other
comprises positioning the patterned template at a distance of less
than about 200 nm from the substrate.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein positioning the patterned
template and the substrate in a spaced relationship to each other
comprises positioning the patterned template in a substantially
parallel orientation to the substrate.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein separating the patterned
template from the cured liquid comprises: moving the template to a
substantially non-parallel orientation; and moving the patterned
template away from the substrate.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein the patterned template comprises
at least some features that are less than 250 nm in size.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein the cured liquid comprises at
least some features less than about 250 nm in size after the
patterned template is separated from the cured liquid.
25. The method of claim 1, wherein positioning the patterned
template and the substrate in a spaced relationship to each other
comprises: positioning the patterned template over the substrate,
wherein the patterned template is substantially non-parallel to the
substrate; moving the patterned template toward the substrate,
wherein the patterned template remains in a substantially
non-parallel orientation with respect to the substrate as the
template is moved toward the substrate, and positioning the
patterned template in a substantially parallel orientation to the
substrate, wherein the patterned template is in the spaced
relationship to the substrate.
26. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises silicon,
gallium, germanium, or indium.
27. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a
dielectric material.
28. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises quartz,
sapphire, silicon dioxide, or polysilicon.
29. The method of claim 1, wherein the patterned template comprises
quartz.
30. The method of claim 1, wherein the patterned template comprises
indium tin oxide.
31. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid comprises an
ultraviolet light curable composition.
32. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid composition comprises
a photoresist material.
33. The method of claim 1, further comprising: forming a transfer
layer on the substrate prior to applying the liquid to the
substrate; and etching the transfer layer after separating the
patterned template from the substrate, wherein etching the transfer
layer imparts the pattern to the transfer layer.
34. A device made by the method of claim 1.
35. A system for forming a pattern on a substrate using a patterned
template comprising: a top frame an orientation stage coupled to
the top frame, the orientation stage comprising: a first flexure
member, wherein the first flexure member is configured to pivot
about a first orientation axis during use; a second flexure member
coupled to the first flexure member, wherein the second flexure
member is configured to pivot about a second orientation axis
during use; and a support coupled to the second flexure member,
wherein the support is configured to hold the patterned template
during use; wherein the second flexure member is coupled to the
first flexure member such that the patterned template, when
disposed in the support, moves about a pivot point intersected by
the first and second orientation axis during use; a patterned
template disposed in the support; a fluid dispenser coupled to the
top frame; and a substrate stage configured to support the
substrate, wherein the stage is positioned below the orientation
stage, and wherein the substrate stage is configured to move the
substrate along a plane substantially parallel to the patterned
template; and wherein the fluid dispenser is configured to apply a
liquid to a substrate positioned on the substrate stage during
use.
36. The system of claim 35, wherein the first orientation axis is
substantially orthogonal to the second orientation axis.
37. The system of claim 35, wherein the first flexure member
comprises first and second arms, wherein the first arm comprises a
first set of flexure joints which are configured to provide pivotal
motion of the first flexure member about the first orientation
axis, and wherein the second arm comprises a second set of flexure
joints which are configured to provide pivotal motion of the first
flexure member about the first orientation axis.
38. The system of claim 35, wherein the second flexure member
comprises third and fourth arms, wherein the third arm comprises a
third set of flexure joints which are configured to provide pivotal
motion of the second flexure member about the second orientation
axis, and wherein the fourth arm comprises a fourth set of flexure
joints which are configured to provide pivotal motion of the second
flexure member about the second orientation axis.
39. The system of claim 35, wherein the first flexure member
comprises first and second arms, wherein the first arm comprises a
first set of flexure joints which are configured to provide pivotal
motion of the first flexure member about the first orientation
axis, and wherein the second arm comprises a second set of flexure
joints which are configured to provide pivotal motion of the first
flexure member about the first orientation axis, and wherein the
second flexure member comprises third and fourth arms, wherein the
third arm comprises a third set of flexure joints which are
configured to provide pivotal motion of the second flexure member
about the second orientation axis, and wherein the fourth arm
comprises a fourth set of flexure joints which are configured to
provide pivotal motion of the second flexure member about the
second orientation axis.
40. The system of claim 35, further comprising actuators coupled to
the first and second flexure members, wherein the actuators are
configured to cause pivoting of the first and second flexure
members about the first and second orientation axis, respectively,
during use.
41. The system of claim 35, further comprising actuators coupled to
the first and second flexure members, wherein the actuators are
configured to cause pivoting of the first and second flexure
members about the first and second orientation axis, respectively,
during use, wherein the actuators are piezoelectric actuators.
42. The system of claim 35, wherein the first flexure member
comprises a first opening, the second flexure member comprises a
second opening, and the support comprises a third opening, wherein
each of the first, second and third openings are configured to
allow activating light to be directed onto the template during use,
wherein the first, second and third openings are substantially
aligned when the first flexure member is coupled to the second
flexure member.
43. The system of claim 35, further comprising a precalibration
stage coupled to the orientation stage and the top frame, wherein
the precalibration stage is configured to move the orientation
stage toward and away from the substrate during use.
44. The system of claim 35, further comprising a precalibration
stage coupled to the orientation stage and the top frame, wherein
the precalibration stage is configured to move the orientation
stage toward and away from the substrate during use, wherein the
precalibration comprises at least one actuator coupled to the
orientation stage, wherein the actuator is configured to move the
orientation stage toward and away from the substrate.
45. The system of claim 35, further comprising a precalibration
stage coupled to the orientation stage and the top frame, wherein
the precalibration stage comprises first and second support members
and at least one actuator coupled to the top frame and the second
support member, the actuator extending through the first support
member, wherein the first support member is coupled to the top
frame, the second support member is coupled to the first support
member and the orientation stage, and wherein the actuator is
configured to move the orientation stage toward and away from the
substrate during use, and wherein the actuators are coupled to the
top frame and the second support member.
46. The system of claim 35, wherein the substrate stage comprises a
vacuum chuck, the vacuum chuck comprising a chuck body and a vacuum
flow system coupled to the chuck body, wherein the vacuum flow
system is configured to apply a suction force at the surface of the
chuck body during use.
47. The system of claim 35, wherein the fluid dispenser is a
displacement based fluid dispenser.
48. The system of claim 35, wherein the fluid dispenser is a
micro-solenoid fluid dispenser.
49. The system of claim 35, wherein the fluid dispenser is a
piezoelectric fluid dispenser.
50. The system of claim 35, further comprising a plurality of fluid
dispensers coupled to the top frame.
51. The system of claim 35, wherein the substrate stage is
configured to move with respect to the fluid dispenser as the fluid
dispenser dispenses a liquid.
52. The system of claim 35, wherein the fluid dispenser is
positioned at a distance of less than about 500 microns from the
substrate during use.
53. The system of claim 35, wherein the patterned template
comprises quartz.
54. The system of claim 35, wherein the patterned template
comprises Si.sub.2O.sub.3.
55. The system of claim 35, wherein the patterned template
comprises indium tin oxide.
56. A method of planarizing a surface of a substrate comprising:
applying an activating light curable liquid to at least a portion
of the substrate; positioning a substantially unpatterned planar
template and the substrate in a spaced relation to each other so
that a gap is created between the template and the substrate,
wherein the applied liquid substantially fills the gap when the
template is placed in a spaced relation to the substrate; adjusting
the template such that the template is substantially parallel to
substrate surface; applying activating light to the liquid, wherein
the application of activating light substantially cures the liquid;
and separating the template from the cured liquid.
57. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template.
58. The method of claim 56, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a fluid
dispenser.
59. The method of claim 56, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a displacement based
fluid dispenser.
60. The method of claim 56, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a micro-solenoid
fluid dispenser.
61. The method of claim 56, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a piezoelectric
actuated fluid dispenser.
62. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template, and wherein applying the liquid to the substrate
comprises dispensing the liquid with a fluid dispenser, and further
comprising moving the substrate with respect to the fluid dispenser
while the liquid is being dispensed to create the predetermined
pattern.
63. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template, and wherein applying the liquid to the substrate
comprises dispensing the liquid with a fluid dispenser, and further
comprising moving the fluid dispenser with respect to the substrate
while the liquid is being dispensed to create the predetermined
pattern.
64. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template, and wherein the predetermined pattern is a pattern
that is configured to inhibit the formation of air bubbles in the
liquid when the template contacts the liquid as the template and
substrate are oriented in a spaced relation.
65. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template, and wherein the predetermined pattern is a sinusoidal
pattern.
66. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template, and wherein the predetermined pattern is an X-shaped
pattern.
67. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, wherein the predetermined
pattern is selected such that the liquid fills the gap in a shape
that is substantially the same as a shape of the patterned
template.
68. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the
predetermined pattern is selected such that the liquid fills the
gap in an area substantially equal to the surface area of the
patterned template.
69. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template, and wherein the predetermined pattern is a pattern
that is configured to inhibit the formation of air bubbles in the
liquid when the template contacts the liquid as the template and
substrate are oriented in a spaced relation, and wherein the
predetermined pattern comprises a plurality of discrete drops of
the liquid.
70. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template, and wherein the predetermined pattern is a pattern
that is configured to inhibit the formation of air bubbles in the
liquid when the template contacts the liquid as the template and
substrate are oriented in a spaced relation, and wherein the
predetermined pattern comprises a plurality of discrete drops of
the liquid, and wherein one of the discrete drops of the liquid is
placed in the center of the portion of the substrate over which the
template is oriented.
71. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template, and wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a
line of the liquid.
72. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the surface
area of the liquid on the substrate is less than a surface area of
the template, and wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a
plurality of discrete lines that are parallel.
73. The method of claim 56, wherein applying the liquid to the
substrate comprises dispensing the liquid with a fluid dispenser,
and further comprising placing the fluid dispenser into a position
of less than about 500 microns from the substrate prior to applying
the liquid to the substrate.
74. The method of claim 56, wherein positioning the template and
the substrate in a spaced relationship to each other comprises:
positioning the template over the substrate; and moving the
template toward the substrate until the spaced relationship is
achieved, wherein the liquid on the substrate substantially fills
the gap as the template is moved toward the substrate.
75. The method of claim 56, wherein positioning the template and
the substrate in a spaced relationship to each other comprises
positioning the template at a distance of less than about 200 nm
from the substrate.
76. The method of claim 56, wherein positioning the template and
the substrate in a spaced relationship to each other comprises
positioning the template in a substantially parallel orientation to
the substrate.
77. The method of claim 56, wherein separating the template from
the cured liquid comprises: moving the template to a substantially
non-parallel orientation; and moving the template away from the
substrate.
78. The method of claim 56, wherein a surface of the cured liquid
has a planarity of less than about 500 nm after the template is
separated from the cured liquid.
79. The method of claim 56, wherein positioning the template and
the substrate in a spaced relationship to each other comprises:
positioning the template over the substrate, wherein the template
is substantially non-parallel to the substrate; moving the template
toward the substrate, wherein the template remains in a
substantially non-parallel orientation with respect to the
substrate as the template is moved toward the substrate, and
positioning the template in a substantially parallel orientation to
the substrate, wherein the template is in the spaced relationship
to the substrate.
80. The method of claim 56, wherein the substrate comprises
silicon, gallium, germanium, or indium.
81. The method of claim 56, wherein the substrate comprises a
dielectric material.
82. The method of claim 56, wherein the substrate comprises quartz,
sapphire, silicon dioxide, or polysilicon.
83. The method of claim 56, wherein the patterned template
comprises quartz.
84. The method of claim 56, wherein the patterned template
comprises indium tin oxide.
85. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid comprises an
ultraviolet light curable composition.
86. The method of claim 56, wherein the liquid composition
comprises a photoresist material.
87. The method of claim 56, wherein the cured liquid has a
planarity of less than about 250 nm.
88. The method of claim 56, wherein the template has a planarity of
less than about 250 nm.
89. The method of claim 56, wherein the surface area of the
template is at least equal to the surface area of the substrate,
and wherein the shape of the template is substantially the same as
the shape of the substrate, and wherein the entire surface of the
substrate has a planarization of less than about 500 nm.
90. A semiconductor device made by the method of claim 56.
91. A system for planarizing a substrate comprising: a top frame;
an orientation stage coupled to the top frame, the orientation
stage comprising: a first flexure member, wherein the first flexure
member is configured to pivot about a first orientation axis during
use; a second flexure member coupled to the first flexure member,
wherein the second flexure member is configured to pivot about a
second orientation axis during use; and a support coupled to the
second flexure member, wherein the support is configured to hold
the patterned template during use; wherein the second flexure
member is coupled to the first flexure member such that the
patterned template, when disposed in the support, moves about a
pivot point intersected by the first and second orientation axis
during use; a substantially planar unpatterned template disposed in
the support; and a substrate stage configured to support the
substrate, wherein the stage is positioned below the orientation
stage.
92. The system of claim 91, wherein the first orientation axis is
substantially orthogonal to the second orientation axis.
93. The system of claim 91, wherein the first flexure member
comprises first and second arms, wherein the first arm comprises a
first set of flexure joints which are configured to provide pivotal
motion of the first flexure member about the first orientation
axis, and wherein the second arm comprises a second set of flexure
joints which are configured to provide pivotal motion of the second
flexure member about the first orientation axis.
94. The system of claim 91, wherein the second flexure member
comprises third and fourth arms, wherein the third arm comprises a
third set of flexure joints which are configured to provide pivotal
motion of the second flexure member about the second orientation
axis, and wherein the fourth arm comprises a fourth set of flexure
joints which are configured to provide pivotal motion of the fourth
flexure member about the second orientation axis.
95. The system of claim 91, wherein the first flexure member
comprises first and second arms, wherein the first arm comprises a
first set of flexure joints which are configured to provide pivotal
motion of the first flexure member about the first orientation
axis, and wherein the second arm comprises a second set of flexure
joints which are configured to provide pivotal motion of the second
flexure member about the first orientation axis, and wherein the
second flexure member comprises third and fourth arms, wherein the
third arm comprises a third set of flexure joints which are
configured to provide pivotal motion of the second flexure member
about the second orientation axis, and wherein the fourth arm
comprises a fourth set of flexure joints which are configured to
provide pivotal motion of the fourth flexure member about the
second orientation axis.
96. The system of claim 91, further comprising actuators coupled to
the first and second flexure members, wherein the actuators are
configured to cause pivoting of the first and second flexure
members about the first and second orientation axis, respectively,
during use.
97. The system of claim 91, further comprising actuators coupled to
the first and second flexure members, wherein the actuators are
configured to cause pivoting of the first and second flexure
members about the first and second orientation axis, respectively,
during use, wherein the actuators are piezoelectric actuators.
98. The system of claim 91, wherein the first flexure member
comprises a first opening, the second flexure member comprises a
second opening, and the support comprises a third opening, wherein
each of the first, second and third openings are configured to
allow activating light to be directed onto the template during use,
wherein the first, second and third openings are substantially
aligned when the first flexure member is coupled to the second
flexure member.
99. The system of claim 91, further comprising a precalibration
stage coupled to the orientation stage and the top frame, wherein
the precalibration stage is configured to move the orientation
stage toward and away from the substrate during use.
100. The system of claim 91, further comprising a precalibration
stage coupled to the orientation stage and the top frame, wherein
the precalibration stage is configured to move the orientation
stage toward and away from the substrate during use, wherein the
precalibration comprises at least one actuator coupled to the
orientation stage, wherein the actuator is configured to move the
orientation stage toward and away from the substrate.
101. The system of claim 91, further comprising a pre-calibration
stage coupled to the orientation stage and the top frame, wherein
the precalibration stage comprises first and second support members
and at least one actuator coupled to the top frame and the second
support member, the actuator extending through the first support
member, wherein the first support member is coupled to the top
frame, the second support member is coupled to the first support
member and the orientation stage, and wherein the actuator is
configured to move the orientation stage toward and away from the
substrate during use, and wherein the actuators are coupled to the
top frame and the second support member.
102. The system of claim 91, wherein the substrate stage comprises
a vacuum chuck, the vacuum chuck comprising a chuck body and a
vacuum flow system coupled to the chuck body, wherein the vacuum
flow system is configured to apply a suction force at the surface
of the chuck body during use.
103. The system of claim 91, wherein the substrate stage is
configured to move with respect to the orientation stage.
104. The system of claim 91, wherein the orientation stage is
positionable such that the template is less than about 500 nm from
the substrate during use.
105. The system of claim 91, wherein the unpatterned template
comprises quartz.
106. The system of claim 91, wherein the unpatterned template
comprises indium tin oxide.
107. The system of claim 91, wherein the unpatterned template has a
planarity of less than about 500 nm.
108. The system of claim 91, further comprising a fluid dispenser
coupled to the top frame, the fluid dispenser configured to apply
an activating light curable composition to the substrate during
use.
109. The system of claim 91, wherein the surface area of the
template is substantially equal to the surface area of the
substrate, and wherein the shape of the template is substantially
the same as the shape of the substrate.
110. A system for forming a pattern on a substrate using a
patterned template comprising: a top frame; an orientation stage
coupled to the top frame, the orientation stage comprising: a first
flexure member, wherein the first flexure member is configured to
pivot about a first orientation axis in response to contact during
use with a fluid disposed on a substrate; a second flexure member
coupled to the first flexure member, wherein the second flexure
member is configured to pivot about a second orientation axis in
response to contact during use with a fluid disposed on a
substrate; and a support coupled to the second flexure member,
wherein the support is configured to hold the patterned template
during use; wherein the second flexure member is coupled to the
first flexure member such that the patterned template, when
disposed in the support, moves about a pivot point intersected by
the first and second orientation axis during use; a template
disposed in the support; and a substrate stage configured to
support the substrate, wherein the stage is positioned below the
orientation stage.
111. The system of claim 110, wherein the first orientation axis is
substantially orthogonal to the second orientation axis.
112. The system of claim 110, wherein the first flexure member
comprises first and second arms, wherein the first arm comprises a
first set of flexure joints which are configured to provide pivotal
motion of the first flexure member about the first orientation
axis, and wherein the second arm comprises a second set of flexure
joints which are configured to provide pivotal motion of the first
flexure member about the first orientation axis.
113. The system of claim 110, wherein the second flexure member
comprises third and fourth arms, wherein the third arm comprises a
third set of flexure joints which are configured to provide pivotal
motion of the second flexure member about the second orientation
axis, and wherein the fourth arm comprises a fourth set of flexure
joints which are configured to provide pivotal motion of the fourth
flexure member about the second orientation axis.
114. The system of claim 110, wherein the first flexure member
comprises first and second arms, wherein the first arm comprises a
first set of flexure joints which are configured to provide pivotal
motion of the first flexure member about the first orientation
axis, and wherein the second arm comprises a second set of flexure
joints which are configured to provide pivotal motion of the second
flexure member about the first orientation axis, and wherein the
second flexure member comprises third and fourth arms, wherein the
third arm comprises a third set of flexure joints which are
configured to provide pivotal motion of the second flexure member
about the second orientation axis, and wherein the fourth arm
comprises a fourth set of flexure joints which are configured to
provide pivotal motion of the fourth flexure member about the
second orientation axis.
115. The system of claim 110, further comprising actuators coupled
to the first and second flexure members, wherein the actuators are
configured to cause pivoting of the first and second flexure
members about the first and second orientation axis, respectively,
during use.
116. The system of claim 110, further comprising actuators coupled
to the first and second flexure members, wherein the actuators are
configured to cause pivoting of the first and second flexure
members about the first and second orientation axis, respectively,
during use, wherein the actuators are piezoelectric actuators.
117. The system of claim 110, wherein the first flexure member
comprises a first opening, the second flexure member comprises a
second opening, and the support comprises a third opening, wherein
each of the first, second and third openings are configured to
allow activating light to be directed onto the template during use,
wherein the first, second and third openings are substantially
aligned when the first flexure member is coupled to the second
flexure member.
118. The system of claim 110, further comprising a precalibration
stage coupled to the orientation stage and the top frame, wherein
the precalibration stage is configured to move the orientation
stage toward and away from the substrate during use.
119. The system of claim 110, further comprising a precalibration
stage coupled to the orientation stage and the top frame, wherein
the precalibration stage is configured to move the orientation
stage toward and away from the substrate during use, wherein the
precalibration comprises at least one actuator coupled to the
orientation stage, wherein the actuator is configured to move the
orientation stage toward and away from the substrate.
120. The system of claim 110, further comprising a precalibration
stage coupled to the orientation stage and the top frame, wherein
the precalibration stage comprises first and second support members
and at least one actuator coupled to the top frame and the second
support member, the actuator extending through the first support
member, wherein the first support member is coupled to the top
frame, the second support member is coupled to the first support
member and the orientation stage, and wherein the actuator is
configured to move the orientation stage toward and away from the
substrate during use, and wherein the actuators are coupled to the
top frame and the second support member.
121. The system of claim 110, wherein the substrate stage comprises
a vacuum chuck, the vacuum chuck comprising a chuck body and a
vacuum flow system coupled to the chuck body, wherein the vacuum
flow system is configured to apply a suction force at the surface
of the chuck body during use.
122. The system of claim 110, wherein the substrate stage is
configured to move with respect to the orientation stage.
123. The system of claim 110, wherein the orientation stage is
positionable such that the template is less than about 500 nm from
the substrate during use.
124. The system of claim 110, wherein the patterned template
comprises quartz.
125. The system of claim 110, wherein the patterned template
comprises indium tin oxide.
126. The system of claim 110, wherein the patterned template has a
planarity of less than about 500 nm.
127. The system of claim 110, further comprising a fluid dispenser
coupled to the top frame, the fluid dispenser configured to apply
an activating light curable composition to the substrate during
use.
128. The system of claim 110, wherein the surface area of the
template is substantially equal to the surface area of the
substrate, and wherein the shape of the template is substantially
the same as the shape of the substrate.
129. The system of claim 110, wherein the template comprises a
patterned template.
130. The system of claim 110, wherein the template comprises a
substantially planar unpatterned template.
131. A device comprising a feature layer disposed on a substrate,
wherein the feature layer comprises at least some predetermined
features that are less than about 250 nm in size.
132. The device of claim 131, wherein the substrate comprises
silicon.
133. The device of claim 131, wherein the substrate comprises
germanium.
134. The device of claim 131, wherein the substrate comprises
gallium.
135. The device of claim 131, wherein the substrate comprises
indium.
136. The device of claim 131, wherein the features are formed in
the substrate layer.
137. The device of claim 131, wherein at least some of the features
are less than about 100 nm in size.
138. The device of claim 131, wherein the substrate comprises a
dielectric material and wherein the features are formed in the
substrate.
139. The device of claim 131, wherein the substrate comprises
silicon, and wherein the device is a semiconductor device.
140. The device of claim 131, wherein the device is a
optoelectronic device.
141. The device of claim 131, wherein the device is a photonic
device.
142. The device of claim 131, wherein the device is a biological
device.
143. The device of claim 131, wherein the device is a MEMS
device.
144. The device of claim 131, wherein the device is a photonic
device.
145. The device of claim 131, wherein the device is a surface
acoustic wave device.
146. The device of claim 131, wherein the device is a microfluidic
device e.
147. The device of claim 131, wherein the device is a microoptic
device.
148. A method of forming a pattern on a substrate using a patterned
template that is substantially transparent to curing light
comprising: applying an activating light curable liquid to a
portion of the substrate, wherein the liquid is applied in a
predetermined pattern to the substrate, and wherein the light
curable liquid is curable in the presence of curing light;
positioning the patterned template and the substrate such that the
patterned template contacts at least a portion of the liquid
disposed on the substrate; adjusting the spacing between the
patterned template and substrate so that the applied liquid
substantially fills the gap between the patterned template and the
substrate, and wherein the gap is substantially uniform; applying
curing light through the template to the liquid, wherein the
application of curing light substantially cures the liquid.
149. A system for forming a pattern on a substrate using a
patterned template comprising: a top frame; an orientation stage,
the orientation stage comprising: an orientation substructure,
wherein the orientation substructure comprises a support configured
to hold the patterned template during use, and wherein the
orientation substructure is configured such that the patterned
template, when disposed in the orientation substructure, moves
about a pivot point at a surface of the patterned template; and a
fluid dispenser coupled to the top frame; a substrate stage
configured to support the substrate, wherein the stage is
positioned below the orientation stage, and wherein the substrate
stage is configured to move the substrate along a plane
substantially parallel to the patterned template.
Description
PRIORITY CLAIM
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 60/218,754 filed on Jul. 17, 2000 entitled "Method
and System of Automatic Fluid Dispensing for Imprint Lithography
Processes."
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention generally relates to fluid dispensing
systems and methods of dispensing that are applicable to imprint
lithography processes.
[0004] 2. Description of the Relevant Art
[0005] Imprint lithography is a technique that is capable of
printing features that are smaller than 50 nm in size on a
substrate. Imprint lithography may have the potential to replace
photolithography as the choice for semiconductor manufacturing in
the sub-100 nm regime. Several imprint lithography processes have
been introduced during 1990s. However, most of them have
limitations that preclude them from use as a practical substitute
for photolithography. The limitations of these prior techniques
include, for example, high temperature variations, the need for
high pressures and the usage of flexible templates.
[0006] Recently, imprint lithography processes may be used to
transfer high resolution patterns from a quartz template onto
substrate surfaces at room temperature and with the use of low
pressures. In the Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (SFIL)
process, a rigid quartz template is brought into indirect contact
with the substrate surface in the presence of light curable liquid
material. The liquid material is cured by the application of light
and the pattern of the template is imprinted into the cured
liquid.
[0007] Using a rigid and transparent template makes it possible to
implement high resolution overlay as part of the SFIL process. Also
the use of a low viscosity liquid material that can be processed by
light curing at low pressures and room temperatures lead to minimal
undesirable layer distortions. Such distortions can make overlay
alignment very difficult to implement.
[0008] Air bubbles and localized deformation may cause major
defects in the devices manufactured by imprint lithography. The
high imprinting pressure used in some imprinting processes may
cause distortions that may make overlay alignment extremely
difficult. The small areas and volumes of fluid used in imprint
lithography at the sub 100 nm level may make the application of
such volumes important for the success of the lithography.
[0009] Prior art process for adding thin layers of fluids to a
substrate involve the use of spin coating methods. Spin coating
methods rely on the application of a relatively high viscosity
(e.g., greater than about 20 centipoise(cps)) liquid to a
substrate. The use of high viscosity liquid allows the even
distribution of fluid on a substrate when using a spin coating
system without significant loss of fluid during the process. Low
viscosity fluids (e.g., viscosities less than about 20 cps), when
used in a spin coating system tend to disperse to quickly and may
give uneven coatings, coatings that are too thin, or coatings that
evaporate quickly. Thus, spin coating process may be undesirable
for the application of a low viscosity liquid to a substrate.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The embodiments described herein include methods and systems
that are applicable for applying fluids to a substrate in imprint
lithography processes.
[0011] In general, a method of forming a pattern on a substrate may
be accomplished by applying a light curable liquid to a substrate.
The light curable liquid may include any liquid curable by the
application of light. Typically light curable compositions are
compositions that may undergo a chemical change in the presence of
light. Light that may induce a chemical change includes ultraviolet
light (e.g., light having a wavelength between about 300 nm to
about 400 nm), actinic light, visible light, infrared light and
radiation sources such as electron beam and x-ray sources. Chemical
changes may be manifested in a number of forms. A chemical change
may include, but is not limited to, any chemical reaction that
causes a polymerization to take place. In some embodiments the
chemical change causes the formation of an initiator species within
the lens forming composition, the initiator species being capable
of initiating a chemical polymerization reaction.
[0012] In an embodiment, the light curable composition may be a
photoresist composition. Photoresist compositions include any
composition that is curable by exposure to UV light. A
characteristic of photoresist compositions is that only the portion
of the composition that is exposed to light (e.g., ultraviolet
light) may undergo a chemical reaction. Any of a variety of
photoresist materials commonly used in the semiconductor industry
may be used. In one embodiment, the light curable composition
includes an acrylate monomer.
[0013] In most photolithographic processes, photoresist materials
typically have a high viscosity (greater than about 20
centipoise(cps). In imprint lithography, the use of high viscosity
liquids may make it more difficult to produce sub 100 nm
structures. It has been found that low viscosity liquids produce
much more accurate reproduction of sub 100 nm structures. In one
embodiment, the light curable liquid may have a viscosity below
about 20 cps, preferably below about 10 cps, and more preferably
below about 5 cps.
[0014] After the light curable liquid is applied to the substrate,
the patterned template is oriented above the portion of the
substrate to which the light curable liquid was applied. In the
semiconductor processing, a plurality of semiconductor devices may
be formed on a single substrate. Each individual semiconductor
device may be formed of a plurality of layers. These layer may be
sequentially formed with each layer overlying the previously formed
layer. Because of the small feature size of the individual
components of semiconductor devices, the alignment of each layer
with respect to the other layers may be crucial to the proper
functioning of the semiconductor device. Prior to curing, the
template and the substrate may be properly aligned to ensure that
the newly formed layer matches the underlying layers.
[0015] After alignment of the template and the substrate, the
processing may be completed. Curing light may be applied to the
light curable liquid. The curing light causes the liquid to at
least partially cure. After the liquid is at least partially cured,
the template may be removed and the cured liquid may include
structures that are complementary to the pattern etched onto the
template.
[0016] The application of the light curable liquid to the substrate
may be accomplished by a variety of methods. In one embodiment, a
fluid dispenser may be coupled to a top frame of a imprint
lithographic device. The fluid dispenser may be configured to
dispense a light curable liquid onto the substrate. The fluid
dispenser may be configured to apply droplets or a continuous
stream of fluid to the substrate. Examples of fluid dispenser than
may be used include, but are not limited to, displacement based
fluid dispensers, micro-solenoid fluid dispensers, and
piezoelectric actuated fluid dispensers. The fluid may be applied
to the substrate by the fluid dispenser in a predetermined pattern.
The predetermined pattern may be a line, a plurality of lines or a
pattern of droplets.
[0017] In one embodiment, the fluid dispenser may be coupled to the
frame of an imprint lithography device. An orientation stage that
includes a template may also be coupled to the frame. The substrate
may be mounted on a substrate stage disposed below the orientation
stage. The substrate stage may be configured to controllably move
the substrate in a plane substantially parallel to the template.
The light curable liquid may be applied to the substrate by moving
the substrate with respect to the fluid dispenser and controlling
the amount of fluid added to the substrate. In this manner the
fluid may be added to the substrate in a variety of patterns. Such
patterns may be predetermined to minimize or eliminate the
formation of air bubbles or pockets between the template and the
substrate. During use, when a template is positioned proximate to a
substrate, the liquid may be dispersed to fill the gap between the
template and the substrate. As the gap is filled, air bubbles or
pockets may appear as the liquid fills the gap. Air bubbles or
pockets may form due to the pattern if the liquid forms a closed
loop before the gap is filled. In some embodiments, the pattern may
be predetermined such that a closed loop condition may be avoided.
Patterns that may be used to minimize air bubble and pocket
formation include sinusoidal patterns, X patterns, and patterns
that include a plurality of droplets of fluids.
[0018] The process of imprint lithography may also be used to
create a planar surface on a substrate. As used herein planarity is
defined as the variance in curvature over the surface of the
substrate. For example, a planarity of 1 .mu.m indicates that the
curvature of the surface varies by 1 .mu.m above and/or below a
center point which defines a planar surface. In an embodiment, an
unpatterned substantially planar template may be used to create a
planar cured layer on a substrate. The planar template may have a
plurality of less than about 500 nm. To planarize a surface, a
light curable liquid may be disposed on the surface. An
unpatterened substantially planar template may be brought into
contact with the liquid. By directing curing light toward the light
curable liquid, a planar cured liquid layer may be formed on the
substrate surface.
[0019] When either a patterned or unpatterned template contacts a
fluid disposed on the surface of a substrate, the liquid may apply
a deforming force to the template. The force may cause the template
to deform in a manner that may alter the features of the desired
imprint. This deformation force may be used, is some embodiments,
to self correct the positioning of the template with the substrate.
In most embodiments, it is desirable that the template be parallel
to the substrate. Because both the substrate and the template may
include a plurality of irregular features on their surface, a
"parallel orientation" as used herein is taken to mean that the
centerlines (i.e., the virtual lines drawn through a center of the
template or substrate) are parallel to each other. In some
embodiments, the device disclosed herein may be used to position
the template in a substantially parallel arrangement with respect
to the substrate. The device may include actuators and flexure
members that allow accurate positioning of the template with
respect to the surface.
[0020] In an alternate embodiment, a device for positioning the
template with respect to a substrate may include a predetermined
flexibility that is designed into the device. For example, the
flexure members may be configured to move in response to pressures
applied to the template. As the template is positioned near the
substrate, the pressure of the liquid against the template may
cause the flexure members to move. By controlling the pattern of
liquid and the amount of movement allowed by the flexure arms, the
template may "self-correct" to a substantially parallel
orientation. The force of the liquid against the template may cause
pivoting of the template about a pivot point defined by the
movement of the flexure members.
[0021] The techniques herein may be used for a number of devices.
For example, semiconductor devices may be produced. The
semiconductor devices may include at least some features that have
a lateral dimension of less than about 200 nm, preferably less than
about 100 nm. Such features may be formed by forming an imprinted
photoresist layer upon a semiconductor substrate and patterning the
semiconductor substrate using the imprinted photoresist layer as a
mask. Other devices having feature size of less than about 250 nm,
that may be formed from an imprint lithography process include
optoelectronic devices, biological devices, MEMS devices, photonic
devices, surface acoustic wave devices, microfluidic devices, and
microoptic devices.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] Other objects and advantages of the invention will become
apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon
reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0023] FIGS. 1A and 1B depict a cross-sectional view of the gap
between a template and a substrate;
[0024] FIGS. 2A-2E depict cross-sectional views of an imprint
lithography process;
[0025] FIG. 3 depicts a process flow chart showing the sequence of
steps of the imprint lithography process;
[0026] FIG. 4 depicts a bottom view of a patterned template;
[0027] FIG. 5 depicts a cross-sectional view of a template
positioned over a substrate;
[0028] FIG. 6 depicts a cross sectional view of an imprint
lithography process using a transfer layer;
[0029] FIG. 7 depicts a cross-sectional view of a process for
forming an imprint lithography template;
[0030] FIG. 8 depicts a cross-sectional views of patterned
templates;
[0031] FIG. 9 depicts a cross sectional view of alternate patterned
template designs;
[0032] FIG. 10 depicts a top view of a process for applying a
curable fluid to a substrate;
[0033] FIG. 11 depicts a schematic of an apparatus for dispensing a
fluid during an imprint lithographic process;
[0034] FIG. 12 depicts fluid dispensing patterns used in an imprint
lithographic process;
[0035] FIG. 13 depicts a fluid pattern that includes a plurality of
drops on a substrate;
[0036] FIG. 14 depicts a schematic of an alternate apparatus for
dispensing a fluid during an imprint lithographic process;
[0037] FIG. 15 depicts a fluid pattern that includes a plurality of
substantially parallel lines;
[0038] FIG. 16 depicts a projection view of a substrate support
system;
[0039] FIG. 17 depicts a projection view of an alternate substrate
support system;
[0040] FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of a 4-bar linkage
illustrating motion of the flexure joints;
[0041] FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a 4-bar linkage
illustrating alternate motion of the flexure joints;
[0042] FIG. 20 is a projection view of a magnetic linear servo
motor;
[0043] FIG. 21 is a process flow chart of global processing of
multiple imprints;
[0044] FIG. 22 is a process flow chart of local processing of
multiple imprints
[0045] FIG. 23 is a projection view of the axis of rotation of a
template with respect to a substrate;
[0046] FIG. 24 depicts a measuring device positioned over a
patterned template;
[0047] FIG. 25 depicts a schematic of an optical alignment
measuring device;
[0048] FIG. 26 depicts a scheme for determining the alignment of a
template with respect to a substrate using alignment marks;
[0049] FIG. 27 depicts a scheme for determining the alignment of a
template with respect to a substrate using alignment marks using
polarized filters;
[0050] FIG. 28 depicts a schematic view of a capacitive template
alignment measuring device;
[0051] FIG. 29 depicts a schematic view of a laser interferometer
alignment measuring device;
[0052] FIG. 30 depicts a scheme for determining alignment with a
gap between the template and substrate when the gap is partially
filled with fluid;
[0053] FIG. 31 depicts an alignment mark that includes a plurality
of etched lines;
[0054] FIG. 32 depicts a projection view of an orientation
stage;
[0055] FIG. 33 depicts an exploded view of the orientation
stage;
[0056] FIG. 34 depicts a process flow a gap measurement
technique;
[0057] FIG. 35 depicts a cross sectional view of a technique for
determining the gap between two materials
[0058] FIG. 36 depicts a graphical representation for determining
local minimum and maximum of a gap;
[0059] FIG. 37 depicts a template with gap measuring recesses;
[0060] FIG. 38 depicts a schematic for using an interferometer to
measure a gap between a template and interferometer;
[0061] FIG. 39 depicts a schematic for probing the gap between a
template and a substrate using a probe-prism combination;
[0062] FIG. 40 depicts a cross-sectional view of an imprint
lithographic process;
[0063] FIG. 41 depicts a schematic of a process for illuminating a
template;
[0064] FIG. 42 depicts a projection view of a flexure member;
[0065] FIG. 43 depicts a first and second flexure member assembled
for use;
[0066] FIG. 44 depicts a projection view of the bottom of an
orientation stage;
[0067] FIG. 45 depicts a schematic view of a flexure arm;
[0068] FIG. 46 depicts a cross-sectional view of a pair of flexure
arms;
[0069] FIG. 47 depicts a scheme for planarization of a
substrate;
[0070] FIG. 48 depicts various views of a vacuum chuck for holding
a substrate;
[0071] FIG. 49 depicts a scheme for removing a template from a
substrate after curing;
[0072] FIG. 50 depicts a cross-sectional view of a method for
removing a template from a substrate after curing;
[0073] FIG. 51 depicts a schematic view of a template support
system; and
[0074] FIG. 52 depicts a side view of a gap between a template and
a substrate;
[0075] While the invention is susceptible to various modifications
and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by
way of example in the drawing and will herein be described in
detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and
detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the
invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary,
the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and
alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present
invention as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0076] Embodiments presented herein generally relate to systems,
devices, and related processes of manufacturing small device
manufacturing. More specifically, embodiments presented herein
relate to systems, devices, and related processes of imprint
lithography. For example, these embodiments may have application to
imprinting very small features on a substrate, such as a
semiconductor wafer. It should be understood that these embodiments
may also have application to other tasks, for example, the
manufacture of cost-effective Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (or
MEMS). Embodiments may also have application to the manufacture of
other kinds of devices including, but not limited to: patterned
magnetic media for data storage, micro-optical devices, biological
and chemical devices, X-ray optical devices, etc.
[0077] With reference now to the figures, and specifically to FIGS.
1A and 1B, therein are shown arrangements of a template 12
predisposed with respect to a substrate 20 upon which desired
features are to be imprinted using imprint lithography.
Specifically, the template 12 may include a surface 14 that
fabricated to take on the shape of desired features which, in turn,
may be transferred to the substrate 20. In some embodiments, a
transfer layer 18 may be placed between the substrate 20 and the
template 12. Transfer layer 18 may receive the desired features
from the template 12 via imprinted layer 16. As is well known in
the art, transfer layer 18 may allow one to obtain high aspect
ratio structures (or features) from low aspect ratio imprinted
features.
[0078] For the purpose of imprint lithography, it is important to
maintain the template 12 and substrate 20 as close to each other as
possible and nearly parallel. For example, for features that are
about 100 nm wide and about 100 nm deep, an average gap of about
200 nm or less with a variation of less than about 50 nm across the
imprinting area of the substrate 20 may be required for the imprint
lithography process to be successful. Embodiments presented herein
provide a way of controlling the spacing between the template 12
and substrate 20 for successful imprint lithography given such
tight and precise gap requirements.
[0079] FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate two types of problems that may be
encountered in imprint lithography. In FIG. 1A, a wedge shaped
imprinted layer 16 results because that the template 12 is closer
to the substrate 20 at one end of the imprinted layer 16. FIG. 1A
illustrates the importance of maintaining template 12 and substrate
20 substantially parallel during pattern transfer. FIG. 1B shows
the imprinted layer 16 being too thick. Both of these conditions
may be highly undesirable. Embodiments presented herein provide
systems, processes and related devices which may eliminating the
conditions illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B as well as other
orientation problems associated with prior art lithography
techniques.
[0080] FIGS. 2A thru 2E illustrate an embodiment of an imprint
lithography process, denoted generally as 30. In FIG. 2A, template
12 may be orientated in spaced relation to the substrate 20 so that
a gap 31 is formed in the space separating template 12 and
substrate 20. Surface 14 of template 12 may be treated with a thin
layer 13 that lowers the template surface energy and assists in
separation of template 12 from substrate 20. The manner of
orientation and devices for controlling gap 31 between template 12
and substrate 20 are discussed below. Next, gap 31 may be filled
with a substance 40 that conforms to the shape of treated surface
14. Alternately, in an embodiment, substance 40 may be dispensed
upon substrate 20 prior to moving template 12 into a desired
position relative to substrate 20.
[0081] Substance 40 may form an imprinted layer such as imprinted
layer 16 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Preferably, substance 40 may be
a liquid so that it may fill the space of gap 31 rather easily
without the use of high temperatures and the gap can be closed
without requiring high pressures. Further details regarding
appropriate selections for substance 40 are discussed below.
[0082] A curing agent 32 may be applied to the template 12 causing
substance 40 to harden and assume the shape of the space defined by
gap 31. In this way, desired features 44 (FIG. 2D) from the
template 12 may be transferred to the upper surface of the
substrate 20. Transfer layer 18 may be provided directly on the
upper surface of substrate 20. Transfer layer 18 may facilitate the
amplification of features transferred from the template 12 to
generate high aspect ratio features.
[0083] As depicted in FIG. 2D, template 12 may be removed from
substrate 20 leaving the desired features 44 thereon. The
separation of template 12 from substrate 20 must be done so that
desired features 44 remain intact without shearing or tearing from
the surface of the substrate 20. Embodiments presented herein
provide a method and associated system for peeling and pulling
(referred to herein as the "peel-and-pull" method) template 12 from
substrate 20 following imprinting so that desired feature 44 remain
intact.
[0084] Finally, in FIG. 2E, features 44 transferred from template
12 to substance 40 may be amplified in vertical size by the action
of the transfer layer 18 as is known in the use of bilayer resist
processes. The resulting structure may be further processed to
complete the manufacturing process using well-known techniques.
FIG. 3 summarizes an embodiment of an imprint lithography process,
denoted generally as 50, in flow chart form. Initially, at step 52,
course orientation of a template and a substrate may be performed
so that a rough alignment of the template and substrate may be
achieved. An advantage of course orientation at step 52 may be that
it may allow pre-calibration in a manufacturing environment, where
numerous devices are to be manufactured, with efficiency and with
high production yields. For example, where the substrate includes
one of many die on a semiconductor wafer, course alignment (step
52) may be performed once on the first die and applied to all other
dies during a single production run. In this way, production cycle
times may be reduced and yields may be increased.
[0085] At step 54, a substance may be dispensed onto the substrate.
The substance may be a curable organosilicon solution or other
organic liquid that may become a solid when exposed to activating
light. The fact that a liquid is used may eliminate the need for
high temperatures and high pressures associated with prior art
lithography techniques. Next, at step 56, the spacing between the
template and substrate may be controlled so that a relatively
uniform gap may be created between the two layers permitting the
precise orientation required for successful imprinting. Embodiments
presented herein provide a device and system for achieving the
orientation (both course and fine) required at step 56.
[0086] At step 58, the gap may be closed with fine orientation of
the template about the substrate and the substance. The substance
may be cured (step 59) resulting in a hardening of the substance
into a form having the features of the template. Next, the template
may separated from the substrate, step 60, resulting in features
from the template being imprinted or transferred onto the
substrate. Finally, the structure may be etched, step 62, using a
preliminary etch to remove residual material and a well-known
oxygen etching technique to etch the transfer layer.
[0087] In various embodiments, a template may incorporate
unpatterned regions i) in a plane with the template surface, ii)
recessed in the template, iii) protrude from the template, or iv) a
combination of the above. A template may be manufactured with
protrusions, which may be rigid. Such protrusions may provide a
uniform spacer layer useful for particle tolerance and optical
devices such as gratings, holograms, etc. Alternately, a template
may be manufactured with protrusions that are compressible.
[0088] In general, a template may have a rigid body supporting it
via surface contact from: i) the sides, ii) the back, iii) the
front or iv) a combination of the above. The template support may
have the advantage of limiting template deformation or distortion
under applied pressure. In some embodiments, a template may be
coated in some regions with a reflective coating. In some such
embodiments, the template may incorporate holes in the reflective
coating such that light may pass into or through the template. Such
coatings may be useful in locating the template for overlay
corrections using interferometry. Such coatings may also allow
curing with a curing agent sources that illuminates through the
sides of the template rather than the top. This may allow
flexibility in the design of a template holder, of gap sensing
techniques, and of overlay mark detection systems, among other
things. Exposure of the template may be performed: i) at normal
incidences to the template, ii) at inclined angles to the template,
or iii) through a side surface of the template. In some
embodiments, a template that is rigid may be used in combination
with a flexible substrate.
[0089] The template may be manufactured using optical lithography,
electron beamlithography, ion-beam lithography, x-ray lithography,
extreme ultraviolet lithography, scanning probe lithography,
focused ion beam milling, interferometric lithography, epitaxial
growth, thin film deposition, chemical etch, plasma etch, ion
milling, reactive ion etch or a combination of the above. The
template may be formed on a substrate having a flat, parabolic,
spherical, or other surface topography. The template may be used
with a substrate having a flat, parabolic, spherical, or other
surface topography. The substrate may contain a previously
patterned topography and/or a film stack of multiple materials.
[0090] In an embodiment depicted in FIG. 4, a template may include
a patterning region 401, an entrainment channel 402, and an edge
403. Template edge 403 may be utilized for holding the template
within a template holder. Entrainment channel 402 may be configured
to entrain excess fluid thereby preventing its spread to adjacent
patterning areas, as discussed in more detail below. In some
embodiments, a patterned region of a template may be flat. Such
embodiments may be useful for planarizing a substrate.
[0091] In some embodiments, the template may be manufactured with a
multi-depth design. That is various features of the template may be
at different depths with relation to the surface of the template.
For example, entrainment channel 402 may have a depth greater than
patterning area 401. An advantage of such an embodiment may be that
accuracy in sensing the gap between the template and substrate may
be improved. Very small gaps (e.g., less than about 100 nm) may be
difficult to sense; therefore, adding a step of a known depth to
the template may enable more accurate gap sensing. An advantage of
a dual-depth design may be that such a design may enable using a
standardized template holder to hold an imprint template of a given
size which may include dies of various sizes. A third advantage of
a dual-depth design may enable using the peripheral region to hold
the template. In such a system, all portions of the template and
substrate interface having functional structures may be exposed to
the curing agent. As depicted in FIG. 5, a template 500 with the
depth of the peripheral region 501 properly designed may abut
adjacent imprints 502, 503. Additionally, the peripheral region 501
of imprint template 500 may remain a safe vertical distance away
from imprints 503.
[0092] A dual-depth imprint template, as described above, may be
fabricated using various methods. In an embodiment depicted in FIG.
6, a single, thick substrate 601 may be formed with both a
high-resolution, shallow-depth die pattern 602, and a
low-resolution, large-depth peripheral pattern 603. In an
embodiment, as depicted in FIG. 7, a thin substrate 702 (e.g.,
quartz wafer) may be formed having a high-resolution, shallow-depth
die pattern 701. Die pattern 701 may then be cut from substrate
702. Die pattern 701 may then be bonded to a thicker substrate 703,
which has been sized to fit into an imprint template holder on an
imprint machine. This bonding may be preferably achieved using an
adhesive 704 with an index of refraction of the curing agent (e.g.,
UV light) similar to that of the template material.
[0093] Additional imprint template designs are depicted in FIGS.
8A, 8B, and 8C and generally referenced by numerals 801, 802, and
803, respectively. Each of template designs 801, 802 and 803 may
include recessed regions which may be used for gap measurement and
or entrainment of excess fluid.
[0094] In an embodiment, a template may include a mechanism for
controlling fluid spread that is based on the physical properties
of the materials as well as geometry of the template. The amount of
excess fluid which may be tolerated without causing loss of
substrate area may limited by the surface energies of the various
materials, the fluid density and template geometry. Accordingly, a
relief structure may be used to entrain the excess fluid
encompassing a region surrounding the desired molding or patterning
area. This region may generally be referred to as the "kerf." The
relief structure in the kerf may be recessed into the template
surface using standard processing techniques used to construct the
pattern or mold relief structure, as discussed above.
[0095] In conventional photolithography, the use of optical
proximity corrections in the photomasks design is becoming the
standard to produce accurate patterns of the designed dimensions.
Similar concepts may be applied to micro- and nanomolding or
imprint lithography. A substantial difference in imprint
lithography processes may be that errors may not be due to
diffraction or optical interference but rather due to physical
property changes that may occur during processing. These changes
may determine the nature or the need for engineered relief
corrections in the geometry of the template. A template in which a
pattern relief structure is designed to accommodate material
changes (such as shrinkage or expansion) during imprinting, similar
in concept to optical proximity correction used in optical
lithography, may eliminate errors due to these changes in physical
properties. By accounting for changes in physical properties, such
as volumetric expansion or contraction, relief structure may be
adjusted to generate the exact desired replicated feature. For
example, FIG. 9 depicts an example of an imprint formed without
accounting for material property changes 901, and an imprint formed
accounting for changes in material properties 902. In certain
embodiments, a templete with features having a substutially
retangular profile 904, may be subject to deformations due to
material shrinkage during curing. To compensate for such material
shrinkage, template features may be provided with an angled profile
905.
[0096] With respect to imprint lithography processes, the
durability of the template and its release characteristics may be
of concern. A durable template may be formed of a silicon or
silicon dioxide substrate. Other suitable materials may include,
but are not limited to: silicon germanium carbon, gallium nitride,
silicon germanium, sapphire, gallium arsinide, epitaxial silicon,
poly-silicon, gate oxide, quartz or combinations thereof. Templates
may also include materials used to form detectable features, such
as alignment markings. For example, detectable features may be
formed of SiOx, where x is less than 2. In some embodiments x may
be about 1.5. It is believed that this material may be opaque to
visible light, but transparent to some activating light
wavelengths.
[0097] It has been found through experimentation that the
durablility of the template may be improved by treating the
template to form a thin layer on the surface of the template. For
example, an alkylsilane, a fluoroalkylsilane, or a
fluoroalkyltrichlorosilane layer may be formed on the surface, in
particular tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl trichlorosilane
(C.sub.5F.sub.13C.sub.2H.sub.4SiCl.sub.3) may be used. Such a
treatment may form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the surface
of the template.
[0098] A surface treatment process may be optimized to yield low
surface energy coatings. Such a coating may be used in preparing
imprint templates for imprint lithography. Treated templates may
have desirable release characteristics relative to untreated
templates. For example, newly-treated templates may posses surface
free energies, .lambda..sub.treated of about 14 dynes/cm. Untreated
template surfaces may posses surface free energies,
.lambda..sub.untreated about 65 dynes/cm. A treatment procedure
disclosed herein may yield films exhibiting a high level of
durability. Durability may be highly desirable since it may lead to
a template that may withstand numerous imprints in a manufacturing
setting.
[0099] A coatings for the template surface may be formed using
either a liquid-phase process or a vapor-phase process. In a
liquid-phase process, the substrate may be immersed in a solution
of precursor and solvent. In a vapor-phase process, a precursor may
be delivered via an inert carrier gas. It may be difficult to
obtain a purely anhydrous solvent for use in a liquid-phase
treatments. Water in the bulk phase during treatment may result in
clump deposition, which may adversely affect the final quality or
coverage of the coating. In an embodiment of a vapor-phase process,
the template may be placed in a vacuum chamber, after which the
chamber may be cycle-purged to remove excess water. Some adsorbed
water may remain on the surface of the template. A small amount of
water may be needed to complete a surface reaction which forms the
coating. It is believed that the reaction may be described by the
formula:
R--SiCl3+3H2O.fwdarw.R--Si(OH)3+3HCl
[0100] To facilitate the reaction, the template may be brought to a
desired reaction temperature via a temperature-controlled chuck.
The precursor may then be fed into the reaction chamber for a
prescribed time. Reaction parameters such as template temperature,
precursor concentration, flow geometries, etc. may be tailored to
the specific precursor and template substrate combination.
[0101] As previously mentioned, substance 40 may be a liquid so
that it may fill the space of gap 31. For example, substance 40 may
be a low viscosity liquid monomer solution. A suitable solution may
have a viscosity ranging from about 0.01 cps to about 100 cps
(measured at 25 degrees C.). Low viscosities are especially
desirable for high-resolution (e.g., sub-100 nm) structures. In
particular, in the sub-50 nm regime, the viscosity of the solution
should be at or below about 25 cps, or more preferably below about
5 cps (measured at 25 degrees C.). In an embodiment, a suitable
solution may include a mixture of 50% by weight n-butyl acrylate
and 50% SIA 0210.0 (3-acryoloxypropyltristrimethylsiloxa-
ne)silane. To this solution may be added a small percentage of a
polymerization initiator (e.g., a photoinitiator). For example, a
3% by weight solution of a 1:1 Irg 819 and Irg 184 and 5% of SIB
1402.0 may be suitable. The viscosity of this mixture is about 1
cps.
[0102] In an embodiment, an imprint lithography system may include
automatic fluid dispensing method and system for dispensing fluid
on the surface of a substrate (e.g., a semiconductor wafer). The
dispensing method may use a modular automated fluid dispenser with
one or more extended dispenser tips. The dispensing method may use
an X-Y stage to generate relative lateral motions between the
dispenser tip and the substrate. The method may eliminate several
problems with imprint lithography using low viscosity fluids. For
example, the method may eliminate air bubble trapping and localized
deformation of an imprinting area. Embodiments may also provide a
way of achieving low imprinting pressures while spreading the fluid
across the entire gap between the imprinting template and the
substrate, without unnecessary wastage of excess fluid.
[0103] In an embodiment, a dispensed volume may typically be less
than about 130 nl (nano-liter) for a 1 inch.sup.2 imprint area.
After dispensing, subsequent processes may involve exposing the
template and substrate assembly to a curing agent. Separation of
the template from the substrate may leave a transferred image on
top of the imprinted surface. The transferred image may lie on a
thin layer of remaining exposed material. The remaining layer may
be referred to as a "base layer." The base layer should be thin and
uniform for a manufacturable imprint.
[0104] Imprint processes may involve high pressures and/or high
temperatures applied at the template and substrate interface.
However, for the purpose of a manufacturable imprint lithography
process including high resolution overlay alignment, high pressures
and temperatures should be avoided. Embodiments disclosed herein
avoid the need for high temperature by using low viscosity
photo-curable fluids. Further, imprinting pressures may be
minimized by reducing squeezing force required to spread the fluid
across the entire imprinting area. Therefore, for the purpose of
fluid based imprint lithography, a fluid dispense process should
satisfy the following properties:
[0105] 1. No air bubble should be trapped between template and
substrate;
[0106] 2. Direct contact between the dispenser tip and substrate
should be avoided to minimize particle generation;
[0107] 3. Pressure required to fill the gap between template and
substrate should be minimized;
[0108] 4. Non-uniform fluid buildup and/or pressure gradients
should be minimized to reduce non-uniform localized deformation of
template-substrate interface; and
[0109] 5. Waste of the dispensed fluid should be minimized
[0110] In some embodiments, relative motion between a displacement
based fluid dispenser tip and a substrate may be used to form a
pattern with substantially continuous lines on an imprinting area.
Size of the cross section of the line and the shape of the line may
be controlled by balancing rates of dispensing and relative motion.
During the dispensing process, dispenser tips may be fixed near
(e.g., on the order of tens of microns) the substrate. Two methods
of forming a line pattern are depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B. The
pattern depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B is a sinusoidal pattern;
however, other patterns are possible. As depicted in FIGS. 10A and
10B continue line pattern may be drawn either using a single
dispenser tip 1001 or multiple dispenser tips 1002.
[0111] Dispensing rate, v.sub.d, and relative lateral velocity of a
substrate, v.sub.s, may be related as follows:
v.sub.d=V.sub.d/t.sub.d (dispensing volume/dispensing period),
(1)
v.sub.s=L/t.sub.d (line length/dispensing period), (2)
V.sub.d=aL (where `a` is the cross section area of line pattern),
(3)
[0112] Therefore,
v.sub.d=av.sub.S. (4)
[0113] The width of the initial line pattern may normally depend on
the tip size of a dispenser. The tip dispenser may be fixed. In an
embodiment, a fluid dispensing controller 1111 (as depicted in FIG.
11) may be used to control the volume of fluid dispensed (V.sub.d)
and the time taken to dispense the fluid (t.sub.d). If V.sub.d and
t.sub.d are fixed, increasing the length of the line leads to lower
height of the cross section of the line patterned. Increasing
pattern length may be achieved by increasing the spatial frequency
of the periodic patterns. Lower height of the pattern may lead to a
decrease in the amount of fluid to be displaced during imprint
processes. By using multiple tips connected to the same dispensing
line, line patterns with long lengths may be formed faster as
compared to the case of a single dispenser tip. In an embodiment, a
displacement based fluid delivery system may include: a fluid
container 1101, an inlet tube 1102, an inlet valve 1103, an outlet
valve 1104, a syringe 1105, a syringe actuator 1106, a dispenser
tip 1107, an X stage actuator 1109, a Y stage actuator 1110, a
dispenser controller 1111, an XY stage controller 1112, and a main
control computer 1113. A suitable displacement based dispispenser
may be available from the Hamilton Company
[0114] FIG. 12 illustrates several undesirable fluid patterns or
dispensing methods for low viscosity fluids. These dispensing
patterns may lead one or more problems, including: trapping air
bubbles, localized deformations, and waste of fluid. For example,
dispensing a single drop at the center of the imprinting area 1201,
or dispensing irregular lines 1205 may lead to localized
deformations of the template and/or substrate. Dispensing several
drops 1202, or lines 1206 in a circumfrential pattern may lead to
trapping of air bubbles. Other dispensing patterns with nearly
closed circumfrencial patterns 1204 may similarly lead to air
bubble trapping. Likewise, spraying or random placement of droplets
1203 may lead to trapping of air bubbles. Spin-coating a substrate
with a low viscosity fluid may cause a "dewetting" problem due to
the thin film instability. Dewetting may lead to formation of
numerous small drops of fluid on the substrate, instead of a thin
uniform layer of fluid.
[0115] In an embodiment, a fluid dispensing method may dispense
multiple small drops of liquid that may later be formed into a
continuous body as they expand. FIG. 13 depicts the case of using
five drops of liquid. Here, five drops are used only for the
purpose of illustration. Other "open" patterns, such as a
sinusoidal line, a `W`, or an `X` may be implemented using this
method. As the template-substrate gap decreases, circular drops
1301 may become thinner and wider causing neighboring drops to
merge together 1302. Therefore, even though the initial dispensing
may not include a continuous form, the expanding liquid may expel
air from the gap between the template and substrate. A pattern
effective for use in this method should be dispensed in such a way
that as droplets expand, they do not trap any air between the
template and substrate.
[0116] Small drops of liquid whose volume may be accurately
specified may be dispensed using micro-solenoid valves with a
pressure-supporting unit. Another type of the liquid dispensing
actuator may include a piezo-actuated dispenser. Advantages of a
system with a micro-soleniod valves dispenser as compared to a
displacement based fluid dispenser may include faster dispensing
time and more accurate volume control. These advantages may be
especially desirable for larger size imprints (e.g., several inches
across). An embodiment of a system including micro-solenoid valves
is depicted in FIG. 14. The system may include: fluid container
1401, an inlet tube 1402, an inlet valve 1403, a pump 1404, an
outlet valve 1405, a pump controller 1406, a micro-solenoid valve
1407, a micro-solenoid valve controller 1408, an X-Y stage 1409, an
X-Y stage controller 1410, and a main computer 1412. A substrate
1411 may be placed on X-Y stage 1409. A suitable micro-valve
dispenser system may be available from the Lee Company
[0117] A dispensing pattern that may be useful for large imprint
areas (e.g., greater than several inch.sup.2) is depicted in FIG.
15A. In such an embodiment, parallel lines of fluid 1503 may be
dispensed. Parallel lines of fluid 1503 may be expanded in such a
way that air may be expelled from the gap as template 1501 approach
substrate 1502. To facilitate expanding lines 1503 in the desired
manner, template 1501 may be close the gap in an intentionally
wedged configuration (as depicted in FIG. 15B). That is, the
template/substrate gap may be closed along lines 1503 (e.g., the
wedge angle may be parallel to the lines 1503).
[0118] An advantage of providing a well-distributed initial fluid
layer, the orientation error between the template and substrate may
be compensated for. This may be due to the hydraulic dynamics of
the thin layer of fluid and compliance of the orientation stage.
The lower portion of the template may contact the dispensed fluid
earlier than other portions of the template. As the gap between the
template and substrate gets smaller, the imbalance of reaction
forces between the lower and higher portions of the template
increases. This imbalance of forces may lead to a correcting motion
for the template and substrate, bring them into a substantialily
parallel relationship.
[0119] Successful imprint lithography may require precise alignment
and orientation of the template with respect to the substrate to
control the gap in between the template and substrate. Embodiments
presented herein may provide a system capable of achieving precise
alignment and gap control in a production fabrication process. In
an embodiment, the system may include a high resolution X-Y
translation stage. In an embodiment, the system may provide a
pre-calibration stage for performing a preliminary and course
alignment operation between the template and substrate surface to
bring the relative alignment to within the motion range of a fine
movement orientation stage. This pre-calibration stage may be
required only when a new template is installed into the apparatus
(also sometimes known as a stepper). The pre-calibration stage may
consist of a base plate, a flexure component, and a plurality of
micrometers or high resolution actuators coupling the base plate
and the flexure component.
[0120] FIG. 16 depicts an embodiment of an X-Y translation stage in
an assembled configuration, and generally referenced by numeral
1600. The overall footprint may be less than about 20 inches by 20
inches and the height may be about 6 inches (including a wafer
chuck). Such an embodiment may provide X and Y-axis translation
ranges of motion of about 12 inches.
[0121] A second embodiment of an X-Y translation stage is depicted
in FIG. 17, and generally referenced by numeral 1700. To provide a
similar range of motion to that of X-Y stage 1600, stage 1700 may
have a foot print of about 29 inches by 29 inches and a height of
about 9.5 inches (including a wafer chuck). Stages 1600 and 1700
differ mainly in that additional linkages 1701 are oriented
vertically, thereby providing additional load bearing support for
the translation stage.
[0122] Both X-Y stage 1600 and X-Y stage 1700 are flexure based
systems. Flexures are widely used in precision machines since they
may offer frictionless, particle-free and low maintenance
operation. Flexures may also provide extremely high resolution.
However, most flexure based systems may possess limited ranges of
motion (e.g., sub mm range of motion). Embodiments disclosed herein
may have a range of motion of more than 12 inches. It is believed
that such stages may be cost-effective for lithographic
applications, particularly in vacuum. Further, for imprint
lithography techniques, the presence of imprint forces may give
embodiments presented herein significant advantages.
[0123] In general, an X-Y stage may include two types of
components: actuation components and load-carrying components. Lead
screw assembly mechanisms have been widely used where the
positioning accuracy is not a very significant factor. For high
accuracy applications, ball screw assemblies have been used for
both the actuating and load-carrying components. Both of these
designs may be prone to problems of backlash and stiction. Further,
the need for lubrication may make these designs undesirable for use
in vacuum or in particle-sensitive applications (e.g., imprint
lithography).
[0124] Additionally, some designs may utilize air bearings. Air
bearings may substantially eliminate problems of stiction and
backlash. However, air bearings may provide limited load bearing
capacities. Additionally, air bearings may be unsuitable for use in
vacuum environments.
[0125] FIG. 18 shows a schematic of portion of a basic linkage
1800. Link 1 1804 and link 3 1805 may be of the same length. When a
moving body 1801 moves along the X axis, all of the joints in
linkage 1800 rotate by the same absolute angle. It should be noted
that the motion range may be independent of the length of link 2
1803. Due to kinematic constraints, link 2 1803 may remain parallel
to a line between joint 1 1806 and joint 4 1807. In linkage 1800,
the range of motion, l.sub.m, may be given as: 1 l m = 2 d 1 [ cos
( 0 - max / 2 ) - cos ( 0 + max / 2 ) ] = 4 d 1 sin ( 0 ) sin ( max
/ 2 ) , ( 5 )
[0126] where, .theta..sub.0 is the angle of joint 1 1806 when all
flexure joints are in their equilibrium conditions, .alpha..sub.max
is the maximum rotation range of the flexure pivots, and d.sub.1 is
the length of links 1 and 3, 1804 and 1805. As shown in Eqn. (5),
for given d.sub.1, the motion range is maximized when
.theta..sub.0=90 Degree. Therefore, the link length may be given
as:
d.sub.1=l.sub.m/[4 sin(.alpha..sub.max/2)] (6)
[0127] Therefore, using an .alpha..sub.max of 60.degree., the
minimum link length for a 12 inch motion range, is 6 inches.
[0128] FIG. 19 depicts an embodiment of a basic linkage similar to
linkage 1800, but with the addition of two cylindrical disks 1902.
A kinematic study shows that if joint 2 1904 and joint 3 1905 of
FIG. 19 rotate in opposite directions by the same angle, the stage
may generate a pure translational motion along the X axis. By
adding cylindrical disks 1902 at flexure joints 2 1904 and 3 1905,
the resulting rolling contact may rotate link 1 1908 and link 2
1906 in opposite directions. In an embodiment, no additional joints
or bearings may be required since cylindrical discs 1902 may be
coupled to links 1908 and 1906. In order to prevent discs 1902 from
slipping, an appropriate pre-load may be applied between the two
disks. Compared to conventional stages where direct driven
mechanisms or bearings may be used, the contact surface here may be
relatively small, and relatively easy to maintain. Note that
although disks 1902 are not depicted in relation to X-Y stages
1600, and 1700, disks 1902 may be present in some embodiments.
Links 1602 and 1601 in FIG. 16 may correspond to links 1908 and
1906 of FIG. 19. Thus disks 1902 may be present at location 1603
(as well as other locations not visible in the FIG. 16). Refering
to FIG. 17, disks 1902 may be present at location 1702 (as well as
other locations not visible in FIG. 17)
[0129] As the actuation system for either of stages 1600 or 1700,
two linear servo motors (as depicted in FIG. 20 and referenced by
numeral 2000) may be suitable. One linear servo motor may serve
each translation axis. Suitable linear servo motors may be
available from the Trilogy Systems Corporation. An advantage of
such linear servo motors may be the absence of frictional contact.
Another advantage of such linear servo motors may be the fact that
they may readily produces actuation forces greater than about 100
pounds. In X-Y stage EE0, load-bearing may be provided by
additional linkages 1701. Therefore, actuation components may
provide only translational motion control in the X and Y
directions. It should be noted that in some embodiments, the
actuator of the lower stage might need to be more powerful than the
actuator of the upper stage. In some embodiments, laser
interferometers may provide a feedback signal to control X and Y
positioning of the X-Y stage. It is believed that laser
interferometry may provide nm level positioning control.
[0130] Placement errors can be compensated using laser
interferometers and high resolution X-Y stages (such as X-Y stage
1700, depicted in FIG. 17). If the orientation alignments between
the template and substrate are independent from X-Y motions the
placement error may need to be compensated only once for an entire
substrate wafer (i.e., "global overlay"). If orientation alignments
between the template and substrate are coupled with X-Y motions
and/or excessive local orientation variations on substrate exist,
then X-Y position changes of the template relative to the substrate
may need to be compensated for (i.e., field-to-field overlay).
Overlay alignment issues are further discussed with regard the
overlay alignment section. FIGS. 21 and 22 provide global and
field-to-field overlay error compensation algorithms,
respectively.
[0131] In an embodiment, orientation of template and substrate may
be achieved by a pre-calibration stage (automatically, using
actuators or manual, using micrometers) and a fine orientation
stage, which may be active or passive. Either or both of these
stages may include other mechanisms, but flexure-based mechanisms
may be preferred in order to avoid particles. The calibration stage
may be mounted to a frame, and the fine orientation stage may be
mounted to the pre-calibration stage. Such an embodiment may
thereby form a serial mechanical arrangement.
[0132] A fine orientation stage may include one or more passive
compliant members. A "passive compliant member" may generally refer
to a member that gets its motion from compliance. That is, motion
may be activated by direct or indirect contact with the liquid. If
the fine orientation stage is passive, then it may be designed to
have the most dominant compliance about two orientation axes. The
two orientation axes may be orthogonal and may lie on the template
lower surface (as described with referenced to FIG. 43). The two
orthogonal torsional compliance values may typically be the same
for a square template. The fine orientation stage may be designed
such that when the template is non-parallel with respect to the
substrate, as it makes contact with the liquid, the resulting
uneven liquid pressure may rapidly correct the orientation error.
In an embodiment, the correction may be affected with minimal, or
no overshoot. Further, a fine orientation stage as described above
may hold the substantially parallel orientation between the
template and substrate for a sufficiently long period to allow
curing of the liquid.
[0133] In an embodiment, a fine orientation stage may include one
or more actuators. For example, piezo actuators (as described with
reference to FIG. 46) may be suitable. In such an embodiment, the
effective passive compliance of the fine orientation stage coupled
with the pre-calibration stage should still be substantially
tosional about the two orientation axes. The geometric and material
parameters of all the structural and active elements together may
contribute to this effective passive stiffness. For instance, piezo
actuators may also be compliant in tension and compression. The
geometric and material parameters may be synthesized to obtain the
desired torsional compliance about the two orthogonal orientation
axes. A simple approach to this synthesis may be to make the
compliance of the actuators along their actuation direction in the
fine orientation stage higher than the structural compliances in
the rest of the stage system. This may provide passive
self-correction capability when a non-parallel template comes into
contact with the liquid on the substrate. Further, this compliance
should be chosen to allow for rapid correct orientation errors,
with mininimal or no overshoot. The fine orientation stage may hold
the substantially parallel orientation between the template and
substrate for sufficiently long period to allow curing of the
liquid.
[0134] Overlay alignment schemes may include measurement of
alignment errors followed by compensation of these errors to
achieve accurate alignment of an imprint template, and a desired
imprint location on a substrate. The measurement techniques used in
proximity lithography, x-ray lithography, and photolithography
(e.g., laser interferometry, capacitance sensing, automated image
processing of overlay marks on the mask and substrate, etc) may be
adapted for the imprint lithography process with appropriate
modifications.
[0135] Types of overlay errors for lithography processes may
include placement error, theta error, magnification error, and mask
distortion error. An advantage of embodiments disclosed herein may
be that mask distortion errors may not be present because the
disclosed processes may operate at relatively low temperatures
(e.g., room temperature) and low pressures. Therefore, these
embodiments may not induce significant distortion. Further, these
embodiments may use templates that are made of a relatively thick
substrate. This may lead to much smaller mask (or template)
distortion errors as compared to other lithography processes where
masks are made of relatively thin substrates. Further, the entire
area of the templates for imprint lithography processes may be
transparent to the curing agent (e.g., UV light), which may
minimize heating due to absorption of energy from the curing agent.
The reduced heating may minimize the occurrence of heat-induced
distortions compared to photolithography processes where a
significant portion of the bottom surface of a mask may be opaque
due to the presence of a metallic coating.
[0136] Placement error may generally refer to X-Y positioning
errors between a template and substrate (that is, translation along
the X and/or Y-axis). Theta error may generally refer to the
relative orientation error about Z-axis (that is, rotation about
the Z-axis). Magnification error may generally refer to thermal or
material induced shrinkage or expansion of the imprinted area as
compared to the original patterned area on the template.
[0137] In imprint lithography processes, orientation alignment for
gap control purposes between a template and substrate corresponding
to the angles .alpha. and .beta. in FIG. 23 may need to be
performed frequently if excessive field-to-field surface variations
exist on the substrate. In generally, it is desirable for the
variation across an imprinting area to be smaller than about
one-half of the imprinted feature height. If orientation alignments
are coupled with the X-Y positioning of the template and substrate,
field-to-field placement error compensations may be necessary.
However, embodiments of orientation stages that may perform
orientation alignment without inducing placement errors are
presented herein.
[0138] Photolithography processes that use a focusing lens system
may position the mask and substrate such that it may be possible to
locate the images of two alignment marks (one on the mask and the
other on the substrate) onto the same focal plane. Alignment errors
may be induced by looking at the relative positioning of these
alignment marks. In imprint lithography processes, the template and
substrate maintain a relatively small gap (of the order of micro
meters or less) during the overlay error measurement. Therefore,
overlay error measurement tools may need to focus two overlay marks
from different planes onto the same focal plane. Such a requirement
may not be critical for devices with features that are relatively
large (e.g., about 0.5 .mu.m). However, for critical features in
the sub-100 nm region, the images of the two overlay marks should
to be captured on the same focal plane in order to achieve high
resolution overlay error measurements.
[0139] Accordingly, overlay error measurement and error
compensation methods for imprint lithography processes should to
satisfy the following requirements:
[0140] 1. Overlay error measurement tools should be able to focus
on two overlay marks that are not on the same plane;
[0141] 2. Overlay error correction tools should be able to move the
template and substrate relatively in X and Y in the presence of a
thin layer of fluid between the template and substrate;
[0142] 3. Overlay error correction tools should be able to
compensate for theta error in the presence of a thin layer of fluid
between the template and substrate; and
[0143] 4. Overlay error correction tools should be able to
compensate for magnification error.
[0144] The first requirement presented above can be satisfied by i)
moving an optical imaging tool up and down (as in U.S. Pat. No.
5,204,739) or ii) using illumination sources with two different
wavelengths. For both these approaches, knowledge of the gap
measurement between the template and the substrate is useful,
especially for the second method. The gap between the template and
substrate may be measured using one of existing non-contact film
thickness measurement tools including broad-band interferometry,
laser interferometry and capacitance sensors.
[0145] FIG. 24 illustrates the positions of template 2400,
substrate 2401, fluid 2403, gap 2405 and overlay error measurement
tools 2402. The height of a measuring tool may be adjusted 2406
according to the gap information to acquire two overlay marks on
the same imaging plane. In order to fulfill this approach an image
storing 2403 device may be required. Additionally, the positioning
devices of the template and wafer should vibrationally isolated
from the up and down motions of the measuring device 2402. Further,
when scanning motions in X-Y directions between the template and
substrate are needed for high resolution overlay alignment, this
approach may not produce continuous images of the overlay marks.
Therefore, this approach may be adapted for relatively
low-resolution overlay alignment schemes for the imprint
lithography process.
[0146] FIG. 25 illustrates an apparatus for focusing two alignment
marks from different planes onto a single focal plane. Apparatus
2500 may use the change of focal length resulting from light with
distinct wavelengths being used as the illumination sources.
Apparatus 2500 may include an image storage device 2503, and
illumination source (not shown), and a focusing device 2505 Light
with distinct wavelengths may be generated either by using
individual light sources or by using a single broad band light
source and inserting optical band-pass filters between the imaging
plane and the alignment marks. Depending on the gap between the
template 2501 and substrate 2502, a different set of two
wavelengths may be selected to adjust the focal lengths. Under each
illumination, each overlay mark may produce two images on the
imaging plane as depicted in FIG. 26. A first image 2601 may be a
clearly focused image. A second image 2602 may be an out-of-focus
image. In order to eliminate each out-of-focus image, several
methods may be used.
[0147] In a first method, under illumination with a first
wavelength of light, two images may be received by an imaging array
(e.g., a CCD array). Images which may be received are depicted in
FIG. 26 and generally referenced by numeral 2604. Image 2602 may
correspond to an overlay alignment mark on the substrate. Image
2601 may correspond to an overlay alignment mark on the template.
When image 2602 is focused, image 2601 may be out of focus, and
visa-versa. In an embodiment, an image processing technique may be
used to erase geometric data corresponding to pixels associated
with image 2602. Thus, the out of focus image of the substrate mark
may be eliminated, leaving image 2603. Using the same procedure and
a second wavelength of light, image 2605 and 2606 may be formed on
the imaging array. The procedure may eliminate out of focus image
2606. Thus image 2605 may remain. The two remaining focused images
2601 and 2605 may then be combined onto a single imaging plane 2603
for making overlay error measurements.
[0148] A second method may utilize two coplanar polarizing arrays,
as depicted in FIG. 27, and polarized illumination sources. FIG. 27
illustrates overlay marks 2701 and orthogonally polarized arrays
2702. Polarizing arrays 2702 may be made on the template surface or
may be placed above it. Under two polarized illumination sources,
only focused images 2703 (each corresponding to a distinct
wavelength and polarization) may appear on the imaging plane. Thus,
out of focus images may be filtered out by polarizing arrays 2702.
An advantage of this method may be that it may not require an image
processing technique to eliminate out-focused images.
[0149] It should be noted that, if the gap between the template and
substrate is too small during overlay measurement, error correction
may become difficult due to stiction or increased shear forces of
the thin fluid layer. Additionally, overlay errors may be caused by
the non-ideal vertical motion between the template and substrate if
the gap is too large. Therefore, an optimal gap between the
template and substrate should to be determined, where the overlay
error measurements and corrections may be performed.
[0150] Moire pattern based overlay measurement has been used for
optical lithography processes. For imprint lithography processes,
where two layers of Moire patterns are not on the same plane but
still overlapped in the imaging array, acquiring two individual
focused images may be difficult to achieve. However, carefully
controlling the gap between the template and substrate within the
depth of focus of the optical measurement tool and without direct
contact between the template and substrate may allow two layers of
Moire patterns to be simultaneously acquired with minimal focusing
problems. It is believed that other standard overlay schemes based
on the Moire patterns may be directly implemented to imprint
lithography process.
[0151] Placement errors may be compensated for using capacitance
sensors or laser interferometers, and high resolution X-Y stages.
In an embodiment where orientation alignments between the template
and substrate are independent from X-Y motions, placement error may
need to be compensated for only once for an entire substrate (e.g.,
a semiconductor wafer). Such a method may be referred to as a
"global overlay." If orientation alignments between the template
and substrate are coupled with X-Y motions and excessive local
orientation variations exist on the substrate, X-Y position change
of the template may be compensated for using capacitance sensors
and/or laser interferometers. Such a method may be referred to as a
"field-to-field overlay." FIGS. 28 and 29 depict suitable sensor
implementations. FIG. 28 depicts an embodiment of a capacitance
sencing system. A capacitance sensing system may include
capacitance sensors 2801, a conductive coating 2802, on a template
2803. Thus, by sensing differences in capacitance, the location of
template 2803 may be determined. Similarly, FIG. 29 depicts an
embodiment of a laser interferometer system including reflective
coating 2901, laser signal 2902, received 2903. Laser signals
received by receiver 2903 may be used to determine the location of
template 2904.
[0152] The magnification error, if any exists, may be compensated
for by carefully controlling the temperature of the substrate and
the template. Using the difference of the thermal expansion
properties of the substrate and template, the size of pre-existing
patterned areas on the substrate may be adjusted to that of a new
template. However, it is believed that the magnification error may
be much smaller in magnitude than placement error or theta error
when an imprint lithography process is conducted at room
temperature and low pressures.
[0153] The theta error may be compensated for using a theta stage
that has been widely used for photolithography processes. Theta
error may be compensated for by using two separate alignment marks
that are separated by a sufficiently large distance to provide a
high resolution theta error estimate. The theta error may be
compensated for when the template is positioned a few microns apart
from the substrate. Therefore, no shearing of existing patterns may
occur.
[0154] Another concern with overlay alignment for imprint
lithography processes that use UV curable liquid materials may be
the visibility of the alignment marks. For the overlay error
measurement, two overlay marks, one on the template and the other
on substrate may be used. However, since it may be desirable for
the template to be transparent to a curing agent, the template
overlay marks may typically not include opaque lines. Rather, the
template overlay marks may be topographical features of the
template surface. In some embodiment, the marks may be made of the
same material as the template. In addition, UV curable liquids may
tend to have refractive indices that are similar to those of the
template materials (e.g., quartz). Therefore, when the UV curable
liquid fills the gap between the template and the substrate,
template overlay marks may become very difficult to recognize. If
the template overlay marks are made with an opaque material (e.g.,
chromium), the UV curable liquid below the overlay marks may not be
properly exposed to the UV light, which is highly undesirable.
[0155] Two methods are disclosed to overcome the problem of
recognizing template overlay mark in the presence of the liquid. A
first method uses an accurate liquid dispensing system along with
high-resolution gap controlling stages. Suitable liquid dispensing
systems and the gap controlling stages are disclosed herein. For
the purpose of illustration, three steps of an overlay alignment
are depicted in FIG. 30. The locations of the overlay marks and the
patterns of the fluid depicted in FIG. 30 are only for the purpose
of illustration and should not be construed in a limiting sense.
Various other overlay marks, overlay mark locations, and/or liquid
dispense patterns are also possible. First, in step 3001, a liquid
3003 may be dispensed onto substrate 3002. Then, in step 3004,
using the high-resolution orientation stage, the gap between
template 3005 and substrate 3002 may be carefully controlled so
that the dispensed fluid 3003 does not fill the gap between the
template and substrate completely. It is believed that at step
3004, the gap may be only slightly larger than the final imprinting
gap. Since most of the gap is filled with the fluid, overlay
correction can be performed as if the gap were completely filled
with the fluid. Upon the completion of the overlay correction, the
gap may be closed to a final imprinting gap (step 3006). This may
enable spreading of the liquid into the remaining imprint area.
Since the gap change between steps 3004 and 3006 may be very small
(e.g., about 10 nm), the gap closing motion is unlikely to cause
any significant overlay error.
[0156] A second method may be to make special overlay marks on the
template that may be seen by the overlay measurement tool but may
not be opaque to the curing agent (e.g., UV light). An embodiment
of this approach is illustrated in FIG. 31. In FIG. 31, instead of
completely opaque lines, overlay marks 3102 on the template may be
formed of fine polarizing lines 3101. For example, suitable fine
polarizing lines may have a width about 1/2 to 1/4 of the
wavelength of activating light used as the curing agent. The line
width of polarizing lines 3101 should be small enough so that
activating light passing between two lines is diffracted
sufficiently to cause curing of all the liquid below the lines. In
such an embodiment, the activating light may be polarized according
to the polarization of overlay marks 3102. Polarizing the
activating light may provide a relatively uniform exposure to all
the template regions including regions having overlay marks 3102.
Light used to locate overlay marks 3102 on the template may be
broadband light or a specific wavelength that may not cure the
liquid material. This light need not be polarized. Polarized lines
3101 may be substantially opaque to the measuring light, thus
making the overlay marks visible using established overlay error
measuring tools. Fine polarized overlay marks may be fabricated on
the template using existing techniques, such as electron beam
lithography.
[0157] In a third embodiment, overlay marks may be formed of a
different material than the template. For example, a material
selected to form the template overlay marks may be substantially
opaque to visible light, but transparent to activating light used
as the curing agent (e.g., UV light). For example, SiOx where X is
less than 2 may form such a material. In particular, it is believed
that structures formed of SiOx where X is about 1.5 may be
substantially opaque to visible light, but transparent to UV
light.
[0158] FIG. 32, depicts an assembly of a system, denoted generally
as 100, for calibrating and orienting a template, such as template
12, about a substrate to be imprinted, such as substrate 20. System
100 may be utilized in a machine, such as a stepper, for mass
fabrication of devices in a production environment using imprint
lithography processes as described herein. As shown, system 100 may
be mounted to a top frame 110 which may provide support for a
housing 120. Housing 120 may contain the pre calibration stage for
course alignment of a template 150 about a substrate (not shown in
FIG. 32).
[0159] Housing 120 may be coupled to a middle frame 114 with guide
shafts 112a, 112b attached to middle frame 114 opposite housing
120. In one embodiment, three (3) guide shafts may be used (the
back guide shaft is not visible in FIG. 32) to provide a support
for housing 120 as it slides up and down during vertical
translation of template 150. Sliders 116a and 116b attached to
corresponding guide shafts 112a, 112b about middle frame 114 may
facilitate this up and down motion of housing 120.
[0160] System 100 may include a disk-shaped base plate 122 attached
to the bottom portion of housing 120. Base plate 122 may be coupled
to a disk-shaped flexure ring 124. Flexure ring 124 may support the
lower placed orientation stage included of first flexure member 126
and second flexure member 128. The operation and configuration of
the flexure members 126, 128 are discussed in detail below. As
depicted in FIG. 33, the second flexure member 128 may include a
template support 130, which may hold template 150 in place during
the imprinting process. Typically, template 150 may include a piece
of quartz with desired features imprinted on it. Template 150 may
also include other substances according to well-known methods.
[0161] As shown in FIG. 33, actuators 134a, 134b, 134c may be fixed
within housing 120 and operable coupled to base plate 122 and
flexure ring 124. In operation, actuators 134a, 134b, 134c may be
controlled such that motion of the flexure ring 124 is achieved.
Motion of the actuators may allow for coarse pre-calibration. In
some embodiments, actuators 134a, 134b, 134c may include high
resolution actuators. In such embodiments, the actuators may be
equally spaced around housing 120. Such an embodiment may permit
very precise translation of the ring 124 in the vertical direction
to control the gap accurately. Thus, the system 100 may be capable
of achieving coarse orientation alignment and precise gap control
of template 150 with respect to a substrate to be imprinted.
[0162] System 100 may include a mechanism that enables precise
control of template 150 so that precise orientation alignment may
be achieved and a uniform gap may be maintained by the template
with respect to a substrate surface. Additionally, system 100 may
provide a way of separating template 150 from the surface of the
substrate following imprinting without shearing of features from
the substrate surface. Precise alignment and gap control may be
facilitated by the configuration of the first and second flexure
members, 126 and 128, respectively.
[0163] In an embodiment, template 5102 may be held in place using a
separated, fixed supporting plate 5101 that is transparent to the
curing agent as depicted in FIG. 51. While supporting plate 5101
behind template 5102 may support the imprinting force, applying
vacuum between fixed supporting plate 5101 and template 5102 may
support the separation force. In order to support template 5102 for
lateral forces, piezo actuators 5103 may be used. The lateral
supporting forces may be carefully controlled by using piezo
actuators 5103. This design may also provide the magnification and
distortion correction capability for layer-to-layer alignment in
imprint lithography processes. Distortion correction may be very
important to overcome stitching and placement errors present in the
template structures made by electron beam lithography, and to
compensate for distortion in the previous structures present on the
substrate. Magnification correction may only require one piezo
actuator on each side of the template (i.e. total of 4 piezo
actuators for a four sided template). The actuators may be
connected to the template surface in such a way that a uniform
force may be applied on the entire surface. Distortion correction,
on the other hand, may require several independent piezo actuators
that may apply independently controlled forces on each side of the
template. Depending on the level of distortion control required,
the number of independent piezo actuators may be specified. More
piezo actuators may provide better control of distortion. The
magnification and distortion error correction should be completed
prior to the use of vacuum to constrain the top surface of the
template. This is because magnification and distortion correction
may be properly controlled only if both the top and bottom surfaces
of the template are unconstrained. In some embodiments, the
template holder system of FIG. 51 may have a mechanical design that
causes obstruction of the curing agent to a portion of the area
under template 5102. This may be undesirable because a portion of
the liquid below template 5102 may not cure. This liquid may stick
to the template causing problems with further use of the template.
This problem with the template holder may be avoided by
incorporating a set of mirrors into the template holder to divert
the obstructed curing agent in such a way that curing agent
directed to the region below one edge of template 5102 may be bent
to cure an obstructed portion below the other edge of template
5102.
[0164] In an embodiment, high resolution gap sensing may be
achieved by designing the template such that the minimum gap
between the substrate and template falls within a sensing
technique's usable range. The gap being measured may be manipulated
independently of the actual patterned surface. This may allow gap
control to be performed within the useful range of the sensing
technique. For example, if a spectral reflectivity analysis
technique with a useful sensing range of about 150 nm to 20 microns
is to be used to analyze the gap, then the template may have
feature patterned into the template with a depth of about 150 nm or
greater. This may ensure that the minimum gap that to be sensed is
greater than 150 nm.
[0165] As the template is lowered toward the substrate, the fluid
may be expelled from the gap between the substrate and the
template. The gap between the substrate and the template may
approach a lower practical limit when the viscous forces approach
equilibrium conditions with the applied compressive force. This may
occur when the surface of the template is in close proximity to the
substrate. For example, this regime may be at a gap height of about
100 nm for a 1 cP fluid when 14 kPa is applied for 1 sec to a
template with a radius of 1 cm. As a result, the gap may be
self-limiting provided a uniform and parallel gap is maintained.
Also, a fairly predictable amount of fluid may be expelled (or
entrained). The volume of fluid entrained may be predictable based
on careful fluid dynamic and surface phenomena calculations.
[0166] For production-scale imprint patterning, it may be desired
to control the inclination and gap of the template with respect to
a substrate. In order to accomplish the orientation and gap
control, a template manufactured with reticle fabrication
techniques may be used in combination with gap sensing technology
such as i) single wavelength interferometry, ii) multi-wavelength
interferometry, iii) ellipsometry, iv) capacitance sensors, or v)
pressure sensors.
[0167] In an embodiment, a method of detecting gap between template
and substrate may be used in computing thickness of films on the
substrate. A description of a technique based on Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) of reflective data obtained from a broad-band
spectrometer is disclosed herein. This technique may be used for
measuring the gap between the template and the substrate, as well
as for measing film thickness. For multi-layer films, the technique
may provide an average thickness of each thin film and its
thickness variations. Also, the average gap and orientation
information between two surfaces in close proximity, such as the
template-substrate for imprint lithography processes may be
acquired by measuring gaps at a minimum of three distinct points
through one of the surfaces.
[0168] In an embodiment, a gap measurement process may be based the
combination of the broad-band interferometry and Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT). Several applications in current industry utilized
various curve fitting techniques for the broad-band interferometry
to measure a single layer film thickness. However, it is expected
that such techniques may not provide real time gap measurements,
especially in the case of multi-layer films, for imprint
lithography processes. In order to overcome such problems, first
the reflective indexes may be digitized in wavenumber domain,
between 1/.lambda..sub.high and 1/.lambda..sub.low. Then, the
digitized data may be processed using a FFT algorithm. This novel
approach may yield a clear peak of the FFT signal that accurately
corresponds to the measured gap. For the case of two layers, the
FFT signal may yield to two clear peaks that are linearly related
to the thickness of each layer.
[0169] For optical thin films, the oscillations in the reflectivity
are periodic in wavenumber (w) not wavelength (.lambda.), such as
shown in the reflectivity of a single optical thin film by the
following equation, 2 R = 1 , 2 2 + 2 , 3 2 - 2 d - 2 1 , 2 2 , 3 -
d cos ( 4 n d / ) 1 - ( 1 , 2 2 , 3 ) 2 - 2 d + 2 1 , 2 2 , 3 - d
cos ( 4 n d / ) , ( 7 )
[0170] where .rho..sub.i,i+1 are the reflectivity coefficients at
the interface of the i-1 and i interface, n is the index of
refraction, d is the thickness to measure of the film (material 2
of FIG. 52), and .alpha. is the absorption coefficient of the film
(material 2 of FIG. 52). Here, w=1/.lambda.
[0171] Due to this characteristic, Fourier analysis may be a useful
technique to determine the period of the function R represented in
terms of w. It is noted that, for a single thin film, a clearly
defined single peak (p.sub.1) may result when a Fourier transform
of R(w) is obtained. The film thickness (d) may be a function of
the location of this peak such as, 3 d = p 1 / ( w 2 n ) , where w
= w f - w s ; w f = 1 / min and w s = 1 / max . ( 8 )
[0172] FFT is an established technique in which the frequency of a
discrete signal may be calculated in a computationally efficient
way. Thus, this technique may be useful for insitu analysis and
real-time applications. FIG. 34 depicts an embodiment of a process
flow of film thickness or gap, measurement via a FFT process of a
reflectivity signal. For multi-layer films with distinct reflective
indexes, locations of peaks in FFT process may correspond to linear
combinations of each film thickness. For example, a two-layer film
may lead to two distinct peak locations in a FFT analysis. FIG. 35
depicts a method of determining the thickness of two films based on
two peak locations.
[0173] Embodiments presented herein may enable measuring a gap or
film thickness even when the oscillation of the reflectivity data
includes less than one full period within the measuring wavenumber
range. In such a case, FFT may result in an inaccurate peak
location. In order to overcome such a problem and to extend the
lower limit of the measurable film thickness, a novel method is
disclosed herein. Instead of using a FFT algorithm to compute the
period of the oscillation, an algorithm to find a local minimum
(w.sub.1) or maximum point (w.sub.2) of the reflectivity between
w.sub.s and w.sub.f may be used to compute the period information:
dR/dw=0 at w.sub.1 and w.sub.2. The reflectivity R(w) of Equation 7
has its maximum at w=0. Further, the wavenumber range (.DELTA.w) of
typical spectrometers may be larger than w.sub.s. For a
spectrometer with 200 nm-800 nm wavelength range, .DELTA.w=3/800
whereas w.sub.s=1/800. Therefore, the oscillation length of the
reflectivity data between 0-w.sub.s may be smaller than that of
.DELTA.w. As depicted in FIG. 36, there may be two cases of the
locations of minimum and maximum in the .DELTA.w range, given that
w=0 is a maximum point of R(w). Therefore, the film thickness can
be computed as follows:
[0174] Case 1 WW0: a local minimum exists at w.sub.1. Therefore,
w.sub.1=one half of the periodic oscillation, and hence
d=0.5/(w.sub.1.times.2n).
[0175] Case 2 WW1: a local maximum exists at w.sub.2. Therefore,
w.sub.2=one period of the periodic oscillation, and hence
d=1/(w.sub.2.times.2n).
[0176] A practical configuration of the measurement tool may
include a broad-band light source, a spectrometer with fiber
optics, a data aquisistion board, and a processing computer.
Several existing signal processing techniques may improve the
sensitivity of the FFT data. For example, techniques including but
not limited to: filtering, magnification, increased number of data
points, different range of wavelengths, etc., may be utilized with
gap or film thickness measurement methods disclosed herein.
[0177] Embodiments disclosed herein include a high precision gap
and orientation measurement method between two flats (e.g., a
template and a substrate). Gap and orientation measurement methods
presented here include use of broad-band interferometry and fringe
based interferometry. In an embodiment, a method disclosed herein
which uses broad-band interferometry may overcome a disadvantage of
broad-band interferometer, namely its inability to accurately
measure gaps smaller than about 1/4 of the mean wavelength of the
broad-band signal. Interference fringe based interferometry may be
used for sensing errors in the orientation of the template soon
after it is installed.
[0178] Imprint lithography processes may be implemented to
manufacture single and multi layer devices. Single layer devices,
such as micron size optical mirrors, high resolution light filters,
light guides may be manufactured by forming a thin layer of
material in certain geometric shapes on substrates. The imprinted
layer thickness of some of these devices may be less than 1/4 of
the mean wavelength of a broad-band signal, and may be uniform
across an active area. A disadvantage of broad-band interferometer
may be that it may be unable to accurately measure gaps smaller
than about 1/4 of the mean wavelength of the broad-band signal
(e.g., about 180 nm). In an embodiment, micrometer size steps,
which may be measured accurately, may be etched into the surface of
the template. As depicted in FIG. 37, steps may be etched down in
the forms of continuous lines 3701 or multiple isolated dots 3702
where measurements may be made. Isolated dots 3702 may be
preferable from the point of view of maximizing the useful active
area on the template. When the patterned template surface is only a
few nanometers from the substrate, a broad-band interferometer may
measure the gap accurately without suffering from minimum gap
measurement problems.
[0179] FIG. 38 depicts a schematic of the gap measurement described
here. Probes 3801 may also be used in an inclined configuration,
such as depicted in FIG. 39. If more than three probes are used,
the gap measurement accuracy may be improved by using the redundant
information. For simplicity's sake, the ensuing description assumes
the use of three probes. The step size, h.sub.s AC2, is magnified
for the purpose of illustration. The average gap at the patterned
area, h.sub.p, may be given as:
h.sub.p=[(h.sub.1+h.sub.2+h.sub.3)/3]-h.sub.s, (9)
[0180] When the positions of the probes are known ((x.sub.i,
y.sub.i), where x and y axes are on the substrate surface), the
relative orientation of the template with respect to the substrate
may be expressed as an unit vector (n) that is normal to the
template surface with respect to a frame whose x-y axes lie on the
top surface of the substrate.
n=r/.parallel.r.parallel., (10)
[0181] where, r=[(x.sub.3, y.sub.3, h.sub.3)-(x.sub.1, y.sub.1,
h.sub.1)].times.[(x.sub.2, y.sub.2, h.sub.2)-(x.sub.1, y.sub.1,
h.sub.1)]. Perfect orientation alignment between two flats may be
achieved when n=(0 0 1).sup.T, or h.sub.1=h.sub.2=h.sub.3.
[0182] Measured gaps and orientations may be used as feedback
information to imprinting actuators. The size of the measuring
broad-band interferometric beam may be as small as about 75 .mu.m.
For a practical imprint lithography process, it may be desirable to
minimize the clear area used only to measure the gap since no
pattern can be etched into at the clear area. Further, blockage of
the curing agent due to the presense of measurement tool should to
be minimized.
[0183] FIG. 40 depicts a schematic of multi-layer materials on
substrates. For example, substrate 4001 has layers 4002, and 4003,
and fluid 4005 between substrate 4001 and template 4004. These
material layers may be used to transfer multiple patterns, one by
one vertically, onto the substrate surface. Each thickness may be
uniform at the clear area where a gap measurement may be made using
light beams 4006. It has been shown that using broad-band
interferometry, the thickness of a top layer may be measured
accurately in the presence of multi-layer films. When the optical
properties and thicknesses of lower layer films are known
accurately, the gap and orientation information between the
template and substrate surface (or metal deposited surfaces for
multi-layer devices) may be obtained by measuring the top layer
thickness. The thickness of each layer may be measured using the
same sensing measurement probes.
[0184] It may be necessary to perform orientation measurement and
corresponding calibration when a new template is installed or a
machine component is reconfigured. The orientation error between
the template 4102 and substrate 4103 may be measured via an
interference fringe pattern at the template and substrate interface
as depicted in FIG. 41. For two optical flats, the interference
fringe pattern may appear as parallel dark and light bands 4101.
Orientation calibration may be performed using a pre-calibration
stage as disclosed herein. Differential micrometers may be used to
adjust the relative orientation of the template with respect to the
substrate surface. Using this approach, if no interference fringe
band is present, the orientation error may be corrected to be less
than 1/4 of the wavelength of light source used.
[0185] With reference to FIGS. 42A and 42B, therein are depicted
embodiments of the first and second flexure members, 126 and 128,
respectively, in more detail. Specifically, the first flexure
member 126 may include a plurality of flexure joints 160 coupled to
corresponding rigid bodies 164, 166. Flexure joints 160 and rigid
bodies 164, and 166 may form part of arms 172, 174 extending from a
frame 170. Flexure frame 170 may have an opening 182, which may
permit the penetration of a curing agent (e.g., UV light) to reach
the template 150 when held in support 130. In some embodiments,
four (4) flexure joints 160 may provide motion of the flexure
member 126 about a first orientation axis 180. Frame 170 of first
flexure member 126 may provide a coupling mechanism for joining
with second flexure member 128 as illustrated in FIG. 43.
[0186] Likewise, second flexure member 128 may include a pair of
arms 202, 204 extending from a frame 206. Arms 202 and 204 may
include flexure joints 162 and corresponding rigid bodies 208, 210.
Rigid bodies 208 and 210 may be adapted to cause motion of flexure
member 128 about a second orientation axis 200. A template support
130 may be integrated with frame 206 of the second flexure member
128. Like frame 182, frame 206 may have an opening 212 permitting a
curing agent to reach template 150 which may be held by support
130.
[0187] In operation, first flexure member 126 and second flexure
member 128 may be joined as shown in FIG. 43 to form orientation
stage 250. Braces 220, 222 may be provided in order to facilitate
joining of the two pieces such that the first orientation axis 180
and second orientation axis 200 are substantially orthogonal to
each other. In such a configuration, first orientation axis 180 and
second orientation may intersect at a pivot point 252 at
approximately the template substrate interface 254. The fact that
first orientation axis 180 and second orientation axis 200 are
orthogonal and lie on interface 254 may provide fine alignment and
gap control. Specifically, with this arrangement, a decoupling of
orientation alignment from layer-to-layer overlay alignment may be
achieved. Furthermore, as explained below, the relative position of
first orientation axis 180 and second orientation axis 200 may
provide an orientation stage 250 that may be used to separate the
template 150 from a substrate without shearing of desired features.
Thus, features transferred from the template 150 may remain intact
on the substrate.
[0188] Referring to FIGS. 42A, 42B and 43, flexure joints 160 and
162 may be notched shaped to provide motion of rigid bodies 164,
166, 208, 210 about pivot axes that are located along the thinnest
cross section of the notches. This configuration may provide two
(2) flexure-based sub-systems for a fine decoupled orientation
stage 250 having decoupled compliant motion axes 180, 200. Flexure
members 126, 128 may be assembled via mating of surfaces such that
motion of template 150 may occur about pivot point 252
substantially eliminating "swinging" and other motions that could
shear imprinted features from the substrate. Thus, orientation
stage 250 may precisely move the template 150 about a pivot point
252; thereby, eliminates shearing of desired features from a
substrate following imprint lithography.
[0189] Referring to FIG. 44, during operation of system 100, a
Z-translation stage (not shown) may control the distance between
template 150 and the substrate without providing orientation
alignment. A pre-calibration stage 260 may perform a preliminary
alignment operation between template 150 and the substrate surfaces
to bring the relative alignment to within the motion range limits
of orientation stage 250. In certain embodiments, pre-calibration
may be required only when a new template is installed into the
machine.
[0190] With reference to FIG. 45, therein is depicted a flexure
model, denoted generally as 300, useful in understanding the
principles of operation of a fine decoupled orientation stage, such
as orientation stage 250. Flexure model 300 may include four (4)
parallel joints: joints 1, 2, 3 and 4, that provide a
four-bar-linkage system in its nominal and rotated configurations.
Line 310 may pass though joints 1 and 2. Line 312 may pass through
joints 3 and 4. Angles .alpha..sub.1 and .alpha..sub.2 may be
selected so that the compliant alignment (or orientation axis) axis
lies substantially on the template-wafer interface 254. For fine
orientation changes, rigid body 314 between Joints 2 and 3 may
rotate about an axis depicted by Point C. Rigid body 314 may be
representative of rigid bodies 170 and 206 of flexure members 126
and 128.
[0191] Mounting a second flexure component orthogonally onto the
first one (as depicted in FIG. 43) may provide a device with two
decoupled orientation axes that are orthogonal to each other and
lie on the template-substrate interface 254. The flexure components
may be adapted to have openings to allow a curing agent (e.g., UV
light) to pass through the template 150.
[0192] The orientation stage 250 may be capable of fine alignment
and precise motion of template 150 with respect to a substrate.
Ideally, the orientation adjustment may lead to negligible lateral
motion at the interface and negligible twisting motion about the
normal to the interface surface due to selectively constrained high
structural stiffness. Another advantage of flexure members 126, 128
with flexure joints 160, 162 may be that they may not generate
particles as frictional joints may. This may be an important factor
in the success of an imprint lithography process as particles may
be particularly harmful to such processes.
[0193] Due to the need for fine gap control, embodiments presented
herein may require the availability of a gap sensing method capable
of measuring small gaps of the order of 500 nm or less between the
template and substrate. Such a gap sensing method may require a
resolution of about 50 nanometers, or less. Ideally, such gap
sensing may be provided in real-time. Providing gap sensing in
real-time may allow the gap sensing to be used to generate a
feedback signal to actively control the actuators.
[0194] In an embodiment, an flexure member having active compliance
may be provided. For example, FIG. 46 depicts a flexure member,
denoted generally as 400, including piezo actuators. Flexure member
400 may be combined with a second flexure member to form an active
orientation stage. Flexure member 400 may generate pure tilting
motions with no lateral motions at the template-substrate
interface. Using such a flexure member, a single overlay alignment
step may allow the imprinting of a layer on an entire semiconductor
wafer. This is in contrast to overlay alignment with coupled
motions between the orientation and lateral motions. Such overlay
alignment steps may lead to disturbances in X-Y alignment, and
therefore may require a complicated field-to-field overlay control
loop to ensure proper alignment.
[0195] In an embodiment, flexure member 250 may possess high
stiffness in the directions where side motions or rotations are
undesirable and lower stiffness in directions where necessary
orientation motions are desirable. Such an embodiment may provide a
selectively compliant device. That is, flexure member 250 may
support relatively high loads while achieving proper orientation
kinematics between the template and the substrate.
[0196] With imprint lithography, it may be desireable to maintain a
uniform gap between two nearly flat surfaces (i.e., the template
and the substrate). Template 150 may be made from optical flat
glass using electron beam lithography to ensure that it is
substantially flat on the bottom. The substrate (e.g., a
semiconductor wafer), however, may exhibit a "potato chip" effect
resulting in micron-scale variations on its topography. Vacuum
chuck 478 (as shown in FIG. 47), may eliminate variations across a
surface of the substrate that may occur during imprinting.
[0197] Vacuum chuck 478 may serve two primary purposes. First,
vacuum chuck 478 may be utilized to hold the substrate in place
during imprinting and to ensure that the substrate stays flat
during the imprinting process. Additionally, vacuum chuck 478 may
ensure that no particles are present on the back of the substrate
during processing. This may be especially important to imprint
lithography, as particles may create problems that ruin the device
and decrease production yields. FIG. 48A and 48B illustrate
variations of a vacuum chuck suitable for these purposes according
to two embodiments.
[0198] In FIG. 48A, a pin-type vacuum chuck 450 is shown as having
a large number of pins 452. It is believed that vacuum chuck 450
may eliminate "potato chip" effects as well as other deflections on
the substrate during processing. A vacuum channel 454 may be
provided as a means of applying vacuum to the substrate to keep it
in place. The spacing between the pins 452 may be maintained such
that the substrate will not bow substantially from the force
applied through vacuum channel 454. At the same time, the tips of
pins 452 may be small enough to reduce the chance of particles
settling on top of them.
[0199] FIG. 48B depicts a groove-type vacuum chuck 460 with a
plurality of grooves 462 across its surface. Grooves 462 may
perform a similar function to pins 454 of the pin-type vacuum chuck
450. As shown, grooves 462 may take on either a wall shape 464 or a
smooth curved cross section 466. The cross section of grooves 462
for groove-type vacuum chuck 462 may be adjusted through an etching
process. Also, the space and size of each groove may be as small as
hundreds of microns. Vacuum flow to each of grooves 462 may be
provided through fine vacuum channels across multiple grooves that
run in parallel with respect to the chuck surface. The fine vacuum
channels may be formed along with grooves through an etching
process.
[0200] FIG. 47 illustrates the manufacturing process for both of
pin-type vacuum chuck 450 and groove-type vacuum chuck 460. Using
optical flat 470, no additional grinding and/or polishing steps may
be needed for this process. Drilling at determined locations on the
optical flat 470 may produce vacuum flow holes 472. Optical flat
470 may then be masked and patterned 474 before etching 476 to
produce the desired features (e.g., pins or grooves) on the upper
surface of the optical flat. The surface of optical flat 470 may
then be treated 479 using well-known methods.
[0201] As discussed above, separation of template 150 from the
imprinted layer may be a critical, final step in the imprint
lithography process. Since the template 150 and substrate may be
almost perfectly parallel, the assembly of the template, imprinted
layer, and substrate leads to a substantially uniform contact
between near optical flats. Such a system may usually require a
large separation force. In the case of a flexible template or
substrate, the separation may be merely a "peeling process."
However, a flexible template or substrate may be undesirable from
the point of view of high-resolution overlay alignment. In case of
quartz template and silicon substrate, the peeling process may not
be implemented easily. However, separation of the template from an
imprinted layer may be performed successfully by a "peel and pull"
process. A first peel and pull process is illustrated in FIGS. 49A,
49B, and 49C. A second peel and pull process is illustrated in
FIGS. 50A, 50B, and 50C. A process to separate the template from
the imprinted layer may include a combination of the first and
second peel and pull processes.
[0202] For clarity, reference numerals 12, 18, 20, and 40 are used
in referring to the template, transfer layer, substrate, and
curable substance, respectively, in accordance with FIGS. 1A and
1B. After curing of the substance 40, either the template 12 or
substrate 20 may be tilted to intentionally induce an angle 500
between the template 12 and substrate 20. Orientation stage 250 may
be used for this purpose. Substrate 20 is held in place by vacuum
chuck 478. The relative lateral motion between the template 12 and
substrate 20 may be insignificant during the tilting motion if the
tilting axis is located close to the template-substrate interface.
Once angle 500 between template 12 and substrate 20 is large
enough, template 12 may be separated from the substrate 20 using
only Z-axis motion (i.e. vertical motion). This peel and pull
method may result in desired features 44 being left intact on the
transfer layer 18 and substrate 20 without undesirable
shearing.
[0203] A second peel and pull method is illustrated in FIGS. 50A,
50B, 50C. In the second peel and pull method, one or more piezo
actuators 502 may be installed adjacent to the template. The one or
more piezo actuators 502 may be used to induce a relative tilt
between template 12 and substrate 20 (FIG. 50A). An end of piezo
actuator 502 may be in contact with substrate 20. Thus, if actuator
502 is enlarged (FIG. 50B), template 12 may be pushed away from
substrate 20; thus inducing an angle between them. A Z-axis motion
between the template 12 and substrate 20 (FIG. 50C), may then be
used to separate template 12 and substrate 20. An end of actuator
502 may be surface treated similar to the treatment of the lower
surface of template 12 in order to prevent the imprinted layer from
sticking to the surface of the actuator.
[0204] In summary, embodiments presented herein disclose systems,
processes and related devices for successful imprint lithography
without requiring the use of high temperatures or high pressures.
With certain embodiments, precise control of the gap between a
template and a substrate on which desired features from the
template are to be transferred may be achieved. Moreover,
separation of the template from the substrate (and the imprinted
layer) may be possible without destruction or shearing of desired
features. Embodiments herein also disclose a way, in the form of
suitable vacuum chucks, of holding a substrate in place during
imprint lithography. Further embodiments include, a high precision
X-Y translation stage suitable for use in an imprint lithography
system. Additionally, methods of forming and treating a suitable
imprint lithography template are provided.
[0205] While this invention has been described with references to
various illustrative embodiments, the description is not intended
to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and
combinations of the illustrative embodiments as well as other
embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled
in the art upon reference to the description. It is, therefore,
intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications
or embodiments.
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