U.S. patent application number 09/886514 was filed with the patent office on 2001-11-29 for thin film optical measurement system and method with calibrating ellipsometer.
Invention is credited to Aspnes, David E., Fanton, Jeffrey T., Opsal, Jon.
Application Number | 20010046049 09/886514 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 25397026 |
Filed Date | 2001-11-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20010046049 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Aspnes, David E. ; et
al. |
November 29, 2001 |
Thin film optical measurement system and method with calibrating
ellipsometer
Abstract
An optical measurement system for evaluating a reference sample
that has at least a partially known composition. The optical
measurement system includes a reference ellipsometer and at least
one non-contact optical measurement device. The reference
ellipsometer includes a light generator, an analyzer and a
detector. The light generator generates a beam of
quasi-monochromatic light having a known wavelength and a known
polarization for interacting with the reference sample. The beam is
directed at a non-normal angle of incidence relative to the
reference sample to interact with the reference sample. The
analyzer creates interference between the S and P polarized
components in the light beam after the light beam has interacted
with reference sample. The detector measures the intensity of the
light beam after it has passed through the analyzer. A processor
determines the polarization state of the light beam entering the
analyzer from the intensity measured by the detector, and
determines an optical property of the reference sample based upon
the determined polarization state, the known wavelength of light
from the light generator and the composition of the reference
sample. The processor also operates the optical measurement device
to measure an optical parameter of the reference sample. The
processor calibrates the optical measurement device by comparing
the measured optical parameter from the optical measurement device
to the determined optical property from the reference
ellipsometer.
Inventors: |
Aspnes, David E.; (Apex,
NC) ; Opsal, Jon; (Livermore, CA) ; Fanton,
Jeffrey T.; (Los Altos, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
STALLMAN & POLLOCK LLP
Suite 290
121 Spear Street
San Francisco
CA
94105
US
|
Family ID: |
25397026 |
Appl. No.: |
09/886514 |
Filed: |
June 21, 2001 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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09886514 |
Jun 21, 2001 |
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09247121 |
Feb 8, 1999 |
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09247121 |
Feb 8, 1999 |
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09098880 |
Jun 17, 1998 |
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5900939 |
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09098880 |
Jun 17, 1998 |
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08890697 |
Jul 11, 1997 |
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5798837 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
356/369 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01B 11/0641 20130101;
G01J 4/00 20130101; G01N 21/211 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
356/369 |
International
Class: |
G01J 004/00 |
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A reference ellipsometer for calibrating non-contact optical
measurement devices using a reference sample that has at least a
partially known composition, comprising: a light generator that
generates a quasi-monochromatic beam of light having a known
wavelength and a known polarization for interacting with the
reference sample, the beam directed at a non-normal angle of
incidence relative to the reference sample to interact with the
reference sample; an analyzer that creates interference between S
and P polarized components in the light beam after the light beam
has interacted with reference sample; and a detector that measures
the intensity of the light after the beam has passed through the
analyzer; and a processor that determines the polarization state of
the light beam entering the analyzer, from the intensity measured
by the detector, wherein the processor determines an optical
property of the reference sample based upon the determined
polarization state, the known wavelength of light from the light
generator and the at least partially known composition of the
reference sample; wherein the processor operates at least one other
non-contact optical measurement device that measures an optical
parameter of the reference sample, and the processor calibrates the
other optical measurement device by comparing the measured optical
parameter from the other non-contact optical measurement device to
the determined optical property from the reference
ellipsometer.
2. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, further comprising: a
retarder disposed in the path of the light beam to induce a phase
retardation of one polarization component in the light beam with
respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization component in the
light beam;
3. The reference ellipsometer of claim 2, wherein the retarder is
rotatable about an axis substantially parallel to the propagation
direction of the light beam, and wherein the detector measures the
intensity of light after interaction with the analyzer as a
function of a rotation angle of the retarder about the axis.
4. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, wherein the light
generator includes a light source and a polarizer.
5. The reference ellipsometer of claim 4, wherein at least one of
the polarizer and the analyzer is rotatable about an axis
substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the light
beam, and wherein the detector measures the intensity of light
after interaction with the analyzer as a function of a rotation
angle of the one of the polarizer and the analyzer.
6. The reference ellipsometer of claim 2, wherein the light
generator includes a light source and a polarizer, the polarizer
and the retarder and the analyzer are each aligned with an
azimuthal angle about the light beam to minimize the intensity of
light reaching the detector, and wherein the processor determines
the optical property of the reference sample based upon the known
wavelength of light from the light generator, the at least
partially known composition of the reference sample, and the
azimuthal angles of the polarizer, retarder and analyzer.
7. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, further comprising: a
first retarder disposed in the path of the light beam between the
light generator and the reference sample to induce a first phase
retardation of one polarization state in the light beam with
respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization state in the
light beam; and a second retarder disposed in the path of the light
beam between the reference sample and the analyzer to induce a
second phase retardation of one polarization state in the light
beam with respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization state
in the light beam.
8. The reference ellipsometer of claim 2, wherein the retarder is
one of an opto-electronic element and a photo-elastic element, such
that the retardation of the one polarization state is induced by an
external electric signal applied to the one of the opto-electronic
and photo-elastic elements.
9. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, wherein the light
generator includes a wavelength stable light source that produces
light having a stable known wavelength to within 1 percent.
10. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, wherein the light
generator includes a light source and a monochrometer that measures
the wavelength of the beam produced by the light source.
11. An optical measurement system for evaluating a reference sample
that has at least a partially known composition, comprising: at
least one non-contact optical measurement device that includes: a
first light generator that generates a first beam of light that is
directed to interact with the reference sample, a first detector
that measures the intensity of the first beam of light after the
interaction with the reference sample, and a processor that
determines an optical parameter of the reference sample from the
intensity measured by the first detector; and a reference
ellipsometer that includes: a second light generator that generates
a second beam of quasi-monochromatic light having a known
wavelength and a known polarization for interacting with the
reference sample, the second beam directed at a non-normal angle of
incidence relative to the reference sample to interact with the
reference sample; an analyzer that creates interference between S
and P polarized components in the second light beam after the
second light beam has interacted with reference sample; and a
second detector that measures the intensity of the second light
after the second beam has passed through the analyzer; and wherein
the processor determines the polarization state of the second light
beam entering the analyzer from the intensity measured by the
second detector, and determines an optical property of the
reference sample based upon the determined polarization state, the
known wavelength of light from the second light generator and the
at least partially known composition of the reference sample; and
wherein the processor calibrates the optical measurement device by
comparing the optical parameter of the reference sample determined
from the first detector to the optical property of the reference
sample determined from the second detector.
12. The optical measurement system of claim 11, further comprising:
a retarder disposed in the path of the second light beam to induce
a phase retardation of one polarization component in the second
light beam with respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization
component in the second light beam;
13. The optical measurement system of claim 12, wherein the
retarder is rotatable about an axis substantially parallel to the
propagation direction of the second light beam, and wherein the
second detector measures the intensity of second light beam after
interaction with the analyzer as a function of a rotation angle of
the retarder about the axis.
14. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the second
light generator includes a light source and a polarizer.
15. The optical measurement system of claim 14, wherein at least
one of the polarizer and the analyzer is rotatable about an axis
substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the second
light beam, and wherein the second detector measures the intensity
of the second light beam after interaction with the analyzer as a
function of a rotation angle of the one of the polarizer and the
analyzer.
16. The optical measurement system of claim 12, wherein the second
light generator includes a light source and a polarizer, the
polarizer and the retarder and the analyzer are each aligned with
an azimuthal angle about the second light beam to minimize the
intensity of light reaching the second detector, and wherein the
processor determines the optical property of the reference sample
based upon the known wavelength of light from the second light
generator, the at least partially known composition of the
reference sample, and the azimuthal angles of the polarizer,
retarder and analyzer.
17. The optical measurement system of claim 11, further comprising:
a first retarder disposed in the path of the second light beam
between the second light generator and the reference sample to
induce a first phase retardation of one polarization state in the
second light beam with respect to the phase of an orthogonal
polarization state in the second light beam; and a second retarder
disposed in the path of the second light beam between the reference
sample and the analyzer to induce a second phase retardation of one
polarization state in the second light beam with respect to the
phase of an orthogonal polarization state in the second light
beam.
18. The optical measurement system of claim 12, wherein the
retarder is one of an opto-electronic element and a photo-elastic
element, such that the retardation of the one polarization state is
induced by an external electric signal applied to the one of the
opto-electronic and photo-elastic elements.
19. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the second
light generator includes a wavelength stable light source that
produces light having a stable known wavelength to within 1
percent.
20. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the second
light generator includes a light source and a monochrometer that
measures the wavelength of the second light beam produced by the
light source.
21. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein: the one
non-contact optical measurement device is a beam profile
ellipsometer that includes a quarter wave plate and a polarizer,
the first detector is a quad-cell detector having four radially
disposed quadrants that each intercept about one quarter of the
first beam of light after interaction with the reference sample and
produce an output signal based upon the intensity of light incident
thereon, and the processor uses the difference between the sums of
the output signals of diametrically opposed quadrants to determine
the optical parameter of the reference sample.
22. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the one
non-contact optical measurement device is a beam profile
ellipsometer that includes: a lens for focusing the first beam
substantially normal onto the surface of the reference sample such
that various rays within the focused first beam create a spread of
angles of incidence with respect to the sample surface, a retarder
disposed in the path of the first light beam to induce a phase
retardation of one polarization state in the first light beam with
respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization state in the
first light beam; a second analyzer that creates interference
between S and P polarized components in the first light beam after
the first light beam has interacted with reference sample, wherein
the first detector measures the intensity of the first light beam
after the interaction with the retarder and second analyzer along
two orthogonal axes, the first detector generating an output that
integrates the intensity of various rays having different angles of
incidence, the output having two components corresponding to the
two orthogonal axes, and wherein the processor determines the
optical parameter of the reference sample based on the output of
the first detector.
23. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the one
non-contact optical measurement device is a beam profile
reflectometer that includes a lens for focusing the first beam
substantially normal onto the surface of the reference sample such
that various rays within the focused first beam create a spread of
angles of incidence with respect to the sample surface, the first
detector receives the first beam after it has been reflected from
the surface of the reference sample and measures the intensity of
various rays as a function of position within the reflected first
beam, with the position of the rays within the reflected first beam
corresponding to specific angles of incidence with respect to the
sample surface, and wherein the processor determines the optical
parameter of the reference sample based upon the angular dependent
intensity measurements made by the first detector.
24. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the one
non-contact optical measurement device is a broadband spectroscopic
measurement device that includes: a lens for focusing the first
beam substantially normal onto the surface of the reference sample
such that various rays within the focused first beam create a
spread of angles of incidence with respect to the sample surface,
and a dispersive element that angularly disperses the first beam as
a function of wavelength to individual detector elements contained
in the first detector; wherein the first light generator is a
polychromatic light source that generates the first beam having
multiple wavelengths of light therein, the first detector receives
the first beam after it has interacted with the sample and measures
the intensity of the first beam as function of wavelength, and
wherein the processor determines the optical parameter of the
reference sample based upon the wavelength dependent intensity
measurements made by the first detector.
25. The optical measurement system of claim 24, wherein the
dispersive element angularly disperses the first beam transmitted
by the second analyzer as a function of wavelength in one axis, and
as a function of radial position within the first beam in an
orthogonal axis to the one axis, and wherein the first detector
measures intensities of light in the first beam both as a function
of wavelength and as a function of angle of incidence.
26. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the one
non-contact optical measurement device is a broadband spectroscopic
ellipsometer that includes: the first light generator generating
the first beam having a range of wavelengths therein and having a
known polarization for interacting with the reference sample, a
retarder disposed in the path of the first light beam to induce a
range of phase retardations of a polarization state of the light
beam based upon the range of wavelengths generated by the first
light generator and the retarder material and thickness, the
retarder being rotatable about an axis substantially parallel to
the propagation direction of the first light beam; a second
analyzer that interacts with the first light beam after the first
light beam interacts with the reference sample; and the first
detector measures the intensity of the first light beam after the
interaction with the second analyzer as a function of wavelength
and of a rotation angle of the compensator about the axis, wherein
the intensities correspond to the polarization state of the first
light beam entering the second analyzer, and wherein the processor
determines the optical parameter of the reference sample based upon
the intensity measurements made by the first detector.
27. A method for calibrating an optical measurement device using a
reference sample having at least a partially known composition,
comprising the steps of: optically probing the reference sample
with an off-axis ellipsometer that includes: a light generator that
generates a quasi-monochromatic beam of light having a known
wavelength and a known polarization for interacting with the
reference sample, the beam directed at a non-normal angle of
incidence relative to the reference sample to interact with the
reference sample, an analyzer that creates interference between S
and P polarized components in the light beam after the light beam
has interacted with reference sample, and a detector that measures
the intensity of the light after the beam has passed through the
analyzer; determining an optical property of the reference sample
based upon the intensity measured by the detector, the known
wavelength of light from the light generator and the at least
partially known composition of the reference sample; measuring an
optical parameter of the reference sample using the optical
measurement device; and calibrating the optical measurement device
by comparing the optical parameter measured by the optical
measurement device to the determined optical property of the
reference sample.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to optical analyzers, and more
particularly to a thin film optical measurement system having a
calibrating ellipsometer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] There is considerable interest in developing systems for
accurately measuring the thickness and/or composition of thin
films. The need is particularly acute in the semiconductor
manufacturing industry where the thickness of these thin film oxide
layers on semiconductor substrates is measured. To be useful, the
measurement system must be able to determine the thickness and/or
composition of films with a high degree of accuracy. The preferred
measurement systems rely on non-contact, optical measurement
techniques, which can be performed during the semiconductor
manufacturing process without damaging the wafer sample. Such
optical measurement techniques include directing a probe beam to
the sample, and measuring one or more optical parameters of the
reflected probe beam.
[0003] In order to increase measurement accuracy and to gain
additional information about the target sample, multiple optical
measuring devices are incorporated into a single composite optical
measurement system. For example, the present assignee has marketed
a product called OPTI-PROBE, which incorporates several optical
measurement devices, including a Beam Profile Reflectometer (BPR),
a Beam Profile Ellipsometer (BPE), and a Broadband Reflective
Spectrometer (BRS). Each of these devices measures parameters of
optical beams reflected by, or transmitted through, the target
sample. The BPR and BPE devices utilize technology described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,999,014 and 5,181,080 respectively, which are
incorporated herein by reference.
[0004] The composite measurement system mentioned above combines
the measured results of each of the measurement devices to
precisely derive the thickness and composition of the thin film and
substrate of the target sample. However, the accuracy of the
measured results depends upon precise initial and periodic
calibration of the measurement devices in the optical measurement
system. Further, recently developed measurement devices have
increased sensitivity to more accurately measure thinner films and
provide additional information about film and substrate
composition. These newer systems require very accurate initial
calibration. Further, heat, contamination, optical damage,
alignment, etc., that can occur over time in optical measurement
devices, affect the accuracy of the measured results. Therefore,
periodic calibration is necessary to maintain the accuracy of the
composite optical measurement system.
[0005] It is known to calibrate optical measurement devices by
providing a reference sample having a known substrate, with a thin
film thereon having a known composition and thickness. The
reference sample is placed in the measurement system, and each
optical measurement device measures the optical parameters of the
reference sample, and is calibrated using the results from the
reference sample and comparing them to the known film thickness and
composition. A common reference sample is a "native oxide"
reference sample, which is a silicon substrate with an oxide layer
formed thereon having a known thickness (about 20 angstroms). After
fabrication, the reference sample is kept in a non-oxygen
environment to minimize any further oxidation and contamination
that changes the thickness of the reference sample film away from
the known thickness, and thus reduces the effectiveness of the
reference sample for accurate calibration. The same reference
sample can be reused to periodically calibrate the measurement
system. However, if and when the amount of oxidation or
contamination of the reference sample changes the film thickness
significantly from the known thickness, the reference sample must
be discarded.
[0006] For many optical measurement devices, reference samples with
known thicknesses have been effective for system calibration.
Oxidation and contamination that routinely occurs over time with
reference samples is tolerable because the film thickness change
resulting from the oxidation/contamination is relatively
insignificant compared to the overall thickness of the film (around
100 angstroms). However, new ultra-sensitive optical measurement
systems have been recently developed that can measure film layers
with thicknesses less than 10 angstroms. These systems require
reference samples having film thicknesses on the order of 20
angstroms for accurate calibration. For such thin film reference
samples, however, the changes in film layer thickness resulting
from even minimal oxidation or contamination are significant
compared to the overall "known" film layer thickness, and result in
significant calibration error. Therefore, it is extremely
difficult, if not impossible, to provide a native oxide reference
sample with a known thickness that is stable enough over time to be
used for periodic calibration of ultra-sensitive optical
measurement systems.
[0007] There is a need for a calibration method for ultra-sensitive
optical measurement devices that can utilize a reference sample
that does not have a stable or known film thickness.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention is a thin film optical measurement
system with a wavelength stable calibration ellipsometer that
precisely determines the thickness of a film on a reference sample.
The measured results from the calibration ellipsometer are used to
calibrate other optical measurement devices in the thin film
optical measurement system. By not having to supply a reference
sample with a predetermined known film thickness, a reference
sample having a film with a known composition can be repeatedly
used to calibrate ultra-sensitive optical measurement devices, even
if oxidation or contamination of the reference sample changes the
thickness of the film over time.
[0009] The calibration reference ellipsometer uses a reference
sample that has at least a partially known composition to calibrate
at least one other non-contact optical measurement device. The
reference ellipsometer includes a light generator that generates a
quasi-monochromatic beam of light having a known wavelength and a
known polarization for interacting with the reference sample. The
beam is directed at a non-normal angle of incidence relative to the
reference sample to interact with the reference sample. An analyzer
creates interference between S and P polarized components in the
light beam after the light beam has interacted with reference
sample. A detector measures the intensity of the light after the
beam has passed through the analyzer. A processor determines the
polarization state of the light beam entering the analyzer from the
intensity measured by the detector. The processor then determines
optical properties of the reference sample based upon the
determined polarization state, the known wavelength of light from
the light generator and the at least partially known composition of
the reference sample. Wherein the processor operates at least one
other non-contact optical measurement device that measures an
optical parameter of the reference sample. The processor calibrates
the other optical measurement device by comparing the measured
optical parameter from the other optical measurement device to the
determined optical property from the reference ellipsometer.
[0010] Other aspects and features of the present invention will
become apparent by a review of the specification, claims and
appended figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a composite optical measurement
system with the calibration ellipsometer of the present
invention.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of the reflective lens
used with the present invention.
[0013] FIG. 3 is a plan view of an alternate embodiment of the
light source for the calibration ellipsometer of the present
invention.
[0014] FIG. 4 is a plan view of the composite optical measurement
system with multiple compensators in the calibration ellipsometer
of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0015] The present invention is a composite thin film optical
measurement system 1 having a wavelength stable reference
ellipsometer 2 that is used, in conjunction with a reference sample
4 having a substrate 6 and thin film 8 with known compositions, to
calibrate non-contact optical measurement devices contained in the
composite thin film optical measurement system 1.
[0016] FIG. 1 illustrates the composite optical measurement system
1 that has been developed by the present assignees, which includes
five different non-contact optical measurement devices and the
reference ellipsometer 2 of the present invention.
[0017] Composite optical measurement system 1 includes a Beam
Profile Ellipsometer (BPE) 10, a Beam Profile Reflectometer (BPR)
12, a Broadband Reflective Spectrometer (BRS) 14, a Deep Ultra
Violet Reflective Spectrometer (DUV) 16, and a Broadband
Spectroscopic Ellipsometer (BSE) 18. These five optical measurement
devices utilize as few as two optical sources: laser 20 and white
light source 22. Laser 20 generates a probe beam 24, and white
light source 22 generates probe beam 26 (which is collimated by
lens 28 and directed along the same path as probe beam 24 by mirror
29). Laser 20 ideally is a solid state laser diode from Toshiba
Corp. which emits a linearly polarized 3 mW beam at 673 nm. White
light source 22 is ideally a deuterium-tungsten lamp that produces
a 200 mW polychromatic beam that covers a spectrum of 200 nm to 800
nm. The probe beams 24/26 are reflected by mirror 30, and pass
through mirror 42 to sample 4.
[0018] The probe beams 24/26 are focused onto the surface of the
sample with a lens 32 or lens 33. In the preferred embodiment, two
lenses 32/33 are mounted in a turret (not shown) and are
alternatively movable into the path of probe beams 24/26. Lens 32
is a spherical, microscope objective lens with a high numerical
aperture (on the order of 0.90 NA) to create a large spread of
angles of incidence with respect to the sample surface, and to
create a spot size of about one micron in diameter. Lens 33 is
illustrated in FIG. 2, and is a reflective lens having a lower
numerical aperture (on the order of 0.4 NA) and capable of focusing
deep UV light to a spot size of about 10-15 microns.
[0019] Beam profile ellipsometry (BPE) is discussed in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,181,080, issued Jan. 19, 1993, which is commonly owned by the
present assignee and is incorporated herein by reference. BPE 10
includes a quarter wave plate 34, polarizer 36, lens 38 and a quad
detector 40. In operation, linearly polarized probe beam 24 is
focused onto sample 4 by lens 32. Light reflected from the sample
surface passes up through lens 32, through mirrors 42, 30 and 44,
and directed into BPE 10 by mirror 46. The position of the rays
within the reflected probe beam correspond to specific angles of
incidence with respect to the sample's surface. Quarter-wave plate
34 retards the phase of one of the polarization states of the beam
by 90 degrees. Linear polarizer 36 causes the two polarization
states of the beam to interfere with each other. For maximum
signal, the axis of the polarizer 36 should be oriented at an angle
of 45 degrees with respect to the fast and slow axis of the
quarter-wave plate 34. Detector 40 is a quad-cell detector with
four radially disposed quadrants that each intercept one quarter of
the probe beam and generate a separate output signal proportional
to the power of the portion of the probe beam striking that
quadrant. The output signals from each quadrant are sent to a
processor 48. As discussed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,080, by
monitoring the change in the polarization state of the beam,
ellipsometric information, such as .psi. and .DELTA., can be
determined. To determine this information, the processor 48 takes
the difference between the sums of the output signals of
diametrically opposed quadrants, a value which varies linearly with
film thickness for very thin films.
[0020] Beam profile reflectometry (BPR) is discussed in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,999,014, issued on Mar. 12, 1991, which is commonly owned by
the present assignee and is incorporated herein by reference. BPR
12 includes a lens 50, beam splitter 52 and two linear detector
arrays 54 and 56 to measure the reflectance of the sample. In
operation, linearly polarized probe beam 24 is focused onto sample
4 by lens 32, with various rays within the beam striking the sample
surface at a range of angles of incidence. Light reflected from the
sample surface passes up through lens 32, through mirrors 42 and
30, and directed into BPR 12 by mirror 44. The position of the rays
within the reflected probe beam correspond to specific angles of
incidence with respect to the sample's surface. Lens 50 spatially
spreads the beam two-dimensionally. Beam splitter 52 separates the
S and P components of the beam, and detector arrays 54 and 56 are
oriented orthogonal to each other to isolate information about S
and P polarized light. The higher angles of incidence rays will
fall closer to the opposed ends of the arrays. The output from each
element in the diode arrays will correspond to different angles of
incidence. Detector arrays 54/56 measure the intensity across the
reflected probe beam as a function of the angle of incidence with
respect to the sample surface. The processor 48 receives the output
of the detector arrays 54/56, and derives the thickness and
refractive index of the thin film layer 8 based on these angular
dependent intensity measurements by utilizing various types of
modeling algorithms. Optimization routines which use iterative
processes such as least square fitting routines are typically
employed. One example of this type of optimization routine is
described in "Multiparameter Measurements of Thin Films Using
Beam-Profile Reflectivity," Fanton, et. al., Journal of Applied
Physics, Vol. 73, No. 11, p.7035, 1993.
[0021] Broadband reflective spectrometer (BRS) 14 simultaneously
probes the sample 4 with multiple wavelengths of light. BRS 14 uses
lens 32 and includes a broadband spectrometer 58 which can be of
any type commonly known and used in the prior art. The spectrometer
58 shown in FIG. 1 includes a lens 60, aperture 62, dispersive
element 64 and detector array 66. During operation, probe beam 26
from white light source 22 is focused onto sample 4 by lens 32.
Light reflected from the surface of the sample passes up through
lens 32, and is directed by mirror 42 (through mirror 84) to
spectrometer 58. The lens 60 focuses the probe beam through
aperture 62, which defines a spot in the field of view on the
sample surface to analyze. Dispersive element 64, such as a
diffraction grating, prism or holographic plate, angularly
disperses the beam as a function of wavelength to individual
detector elements contained in the detector array 66. The different
detector elements measure the optical intensities of the different
wavelengths of light contained in the probe beam, preferably
simultaneously. Alternately, detector 66 can be a CCD camera, or a
photomultiplier with suitably dispersive or otherwise wavelength
selective optics. It should be noted that a monochrometer could be
used to measure the different wavelengths serially (one wavelength
at a time) using a single detector element. Further, dispersive
element 64 can also be configured to disperse the light as a
function of wavelength in one direction, and as a function of the
angle of incidence with respect to the sample surface in an
orthogonal direction, so that simultaneous measurements as a
function of both wavelength and angle of incidence are possible.
Processor 48 processes the intensity information measured by the
detector array 66.
[0022] Deep ultra violet reflective spectrometry (DUV)
simultaneously probes the sample with multiple wavelengths of
ultra-violet light. DUV 16 uses the same spectrometer 58 to analyze
probe beam 26 as BRS 14, except that DUV 16 uses the reflective
lens 33 instead of focusing lens 32. To operate DUV 16, the turret
containing lenses 32/33 is rotated so that reflective lens 33 is
aligned in probe beam 26. The reflective lens 33 is necessary
because solid objective lenses cannot sufficiently focus the UV
light onto the sample.
[0023] Broadband spectroscopic ellipsometry (BSE) is discussed in
pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/685,606, filed on Jul.
24, 1996, which is commonly owned by the present assignee and is
incorporated herein by reference. BSE (18) includes a polarizer 70,
focusing mirror 72, collimating mirror 74, rotating compensator 76,
and analyzer 80. In operation, mirror 82 directs at least part of
probe beam 26 to polarizer 70, which creates a known polarization
state for the probe beam, preferably a linear polarization. Mirror
72 focuses the beam onto the sample surface at an oblique angle,
ideally on the order of 70 degrees to the normal of the sample
surface. Based upon well known ellipsometric principles, the
reflected beam will generally have a mixed linear and circular
polarization state after interacting with the sample, based upon
the composition and thickness of the sample's film 8 and substrate
6. The reflected beam is collimated by mirror 74, which directs the
beam to the rotating compensator 76. Compensator 76 introduces a
relative phase delay .delta. (phase retardation) between a pair of
mutually orthogonal polarized optical beam components. Compensator
8 is rotated at an angular velocity .omega. about an axis
substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the beam,
preferably by an electric motor 78. Analyzer 80, preferably another
linear polarizer, mixes the polarization states incident on it. By
measuring the light transmitted by analyzer 80, the polarization
state of the reflected probe beam can be determined. Mirror 84
directs the beam to spectrometer 58, which simultaneously measures
the intensities of the different wavelengths of light in the
reflected probe beam that pass through the compensator/analyzer
combination. Processor 48 receives the output of the detector 66,
and processes the intensity information measured by the detector 66
as a function of wavelength and as a function of the azimuth
(rotational) angle of the compensator 76 about its axis of
rotation, to solve the ellipsometric values .psi. and .DELTA. as
described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/685,606.
[0024] Detector/camera 86 is positioned above mirror 46, and can be
used to view reflected beams off of the sample 4 for alignment and
focus purposes.
[0025] In order to calibrate BPE 10, BPR 12, BRS 14, DUV 16, and
BSE 18, the composite optical measurement system 1 includes the
wavelength stable calibration reference ellipsometer 2 used in
conjunction with a reference sample 4. Ellipsometer 2 includes a
light source 90, polarizer 92, lenses 94 and 96, rotating
compensator 98, analyzer 102 and detector 104.
[0026] Light source 90 produces a quasi-monochromatic probe beam
106 having a known stable wavelength and stable intensity. This can
be done passively, where light source 90 generates a very stable
output wavelength which does not vary over time (i.e. varies less
than 1%). Examples of passively stable light sources are a
helium-neon laser, or other gas discharge laser systems.
Alternately, a non-passive system can be used as illustrated in
FIG. 3 where the light source 90 includes a light generator 91 that
produces light having a wavelength that is not precisely known or
stable over time, and a monochrometer 93 that precisely measures
the wavelength of light produced by light generator 91. Examples of
such light generators include laser diodes, or polychromatic light
sources used in conjunction with a color filter such as a grating.
In either case, the wavelength of beam 106, which is a known
constant or measured by monochrometer 93, is provided to processor
48 so that ellipsometer 2 can accurately calibrate the optical
measurement devices in system 1.
[0027] The beam 106 interacts with polarizer 92 to create a known
polarization state. In the preferred embodiment, polarizer 92 is a
linear polarizer made from a quartz Rochon prism, but in general
the polarization does not necessarily have to be linear, nor even
complete. Polarizer 92 can also be made from calcite. The azimuth
angle of polarizer 92 is oriented so that the plane of the electric
vector associated with the linearly polarized beam exiting from the
polarizer 92 is at a known angle with respect to the plane of
incidence (defined by the propagation direction of the beam 106 and
the normal to the surface of sample 4). The azimuth angle is
preferably selected to be on the order of 30 degrees because the
sensitivity is optimized when the reflected intensities of the P
and S polarized components are approximately balanced. It should be
noted that polarizer 92 can be omitted if the light source 90 emits
light with the desired known polarization state.
[0028] The beam 106 is focused onto the sample 4 by lens 94 at an
oblique angle. For calibration purposes, reference sample 4 ideally
consists of a thin oxide layer 8 having a thickness d, formed on a
silicon substrate 6. However, in general, the sample 4 can be any
appropriate substrate of known composition, including a bare
silicon wafer, and silicon wafer substrates having one or more thin
films thereon. The thickness d of the layer 8 need not be known, or
be consistent between periodic calibrations. The useful light from
probe beam 106 is the light reflected by the sample 4 symmetrically
to the incident beam about the normal to the sample surface. It is
noted however that the polarization state of nonspecularly
scattered radiation can be determined by the method of the present
invention as well. The beam 106 is ideally incident on sample 4 at
an angle on the order of 70 degrees to the normal of the sample
surface because sensitivity to sample properties is maximized in
the vicinity of the Brewster or pseudo-Brewster angle of a
material. Based upon well known ellipsometric principles, the
reflected beam will generally have a mixed linear and circular
polarization state after interacting with the sample, as compared
to the linear polarization state of the incoming beam. Lens 96
collimates beam 106 after its reflection off of the sample 4.
[0029] The beam 106 then passes through the rotating compensator
(retarder) 98, which introduces a relative phase delay .delta.
(phase retardation) between a pair of mutually orthogonal polarized
optical beam components. The amount of phase retardation is a
function of the wavelength, the dispersion characteristics of the
material used to form the compensator, and the thickness of the
compensator. Compensator 98 is rotated at an angular velocity
.omega. about an axis substantially parallel to the propagation
direction of beam 106, preferably by an electric motor 100.
Compensator 98 can be any conventional wave-plate compensator, for
example those made of crystal quartz. The thickness and material of
the compensator 98 are selected such that a desired phase
retardation of the beam is induced. In the preferred embodiment,
compensator 98 is a bi-plate compensator constructed of two
parallel plates of anisotropic (usually birefringent) material,
such as quartz crystals of opposite handedness, where the fast axes
of the two plates are perpendicular to each other and the
thicknesses are nearly equal, differing only by enough to realize a
net first-order retardation for the wavelength produced by the
light source 90.
[0030] Beam 106 then interacts with analyzer 102, which serves to
mix the polarization states incident on it. In this embodiment,
analyzer 102 is another linear polarizer, preferably oriented at an
azimuth angle of 45 degrees relative to the plane of incidence.
However, any optical device that serves to appropriately mix the
incoming polarization states can be used as an analyzer. The
analyzer 102 is preferably a quartz Rochon or Wollaston prism. The
rotating compensator 98 changes the polarization state of the beam
as it rotates such that the light transmitted by analyzer 102 is
characterized by:
I(t)=({fraction
(1/2)})[.vertline.E.sub.x.vertline..sup.2(1+cos.sup.2
(.delta./2)+.vertline.E.sub.y.vertline..sup.2 sin.sup.2
(.delta./2)]-Im(E.sub.xE.sub.y*) sin .delta. sin
(2.omega.t)+Re(E.sub.xE.- sub.y*) sin.sup.2 (.delta./2) sin
(4.omega.t)+({fraction
(1/2)})(.vertline.E.sub.x.vertline..sup.2-.vertline.E.sub.y.vertline..sup-
.2) sin.sup.2 (.delta./2) cos (4.omega.t) (1)
=a.sub.o+b.sub.2 sin (2.omega.t)+a.sub.4 cos (4.omega.t)+b.sub.4
sin (4.omega.t), (2)
[0031] where E.sub.x and E.sub.y are the projections of the
incident electric field vector parallel and perpendicular,
respectively, to the transmission axis of the analyzer, .delta. is
the phase retardation of the compensator, and .omega. is the
angular rotational frequency of the compensator.
[0032] For linearly polarized light reflected at non-normal
incidence from the specular sample, we have
E.sub.x=r.sub.p cos P (3a)
E.sub.y=r.sub.s sin P (3b)
[0033] where P is the azimuth angle of the incident light with
respect to the plane of incidence. The coefficients a.sub.o,
b.sub.2, a.sub.4, and b.sub.4 can be combined in various ways to
determine the complex reflectance ratio:
r.sub.p/r.sub.s=tan .psi.e.sup.i.DELTA.. (4)
[0034] It should be noted that the compensator 98 can be located
either between the sample 4 and the analyzer 102 (as shown in FIG.
1), or between the sample 4 and the polarizer 92, with appropriate
and well known minor changes to the equations. It should also be
noted that polarizer 70, lenses 94/96, compensator 98 and polarizer
102 are all optimized in their construction for the specific
wavelength of light produced by light source 90, which maximizes
the accuracy of ellipsometer 2.
[0035] Beam 106 then enters detector 104, which measures the
intensity of the beam passing through the compensator/analyzer
combination. The processor 48 processes the intensity information
measured by the detector 104 to determine the polarization state of
the light after interacting with the analyzer, and therefore the
ellipsometric parameters of the sample. This information processing
includes measuring beam intensity as a function of the azimuth
(rotational) angle of the compensator about its axis of rotation.
This measurement of intensity as a function of compensator
rotational angle is effectively a measurement of the intensity of
beam 106 as a function of time, since the compensator angular
velocity is usually known and a constant.
[0036] By knowing the composition of reference sample 4, and by
knowing the exact wavelength of light generated by light source 90,
the optical properties of reference sample 4, such as film
thickness d, refractive index and extinction coefficients, etc.,
can be determined by ellipsometer 2. If the film is very thin, such
as less than or equal to about 20 angstroms, the thickness d can be
found to first order in d/.lambda. by solving 1 - o o = 4 id cos s
( s - o ) ( o - s ) o ( s - a ) ( s cot 2 - a ) , ( 5 )
[0037] where 2 o = tan o o ( 6 ) = sin 2 - cos ( s / a - sin 2 ) 1
/ 2 sin 2 + cos ( s / a - sin 2 ) 1 / 2 ( 7 )
[0038] which is the value of .rho.=tan .psi.e.sup.i.DELTA. for d=0.
Here, .lambda.=wavelength of light; and .epsilon..sub.s,
.epsilon..sub.o and .epsilon..sub.a are the dielectric functions of
the substrate, thin oxide film, and ambient, respectively, and
.theta. is the angle of incidence.
[0039] If the film thickness d is not small, then it can be
obtained by solving the equations
.rho.=r.sub.p/r.sub.s, where (8) 3 r p = r p , oa + Zr p , so 1 +
Zr p , oa r p , so ( 9 ) 4 r s = r s , oa + Zr s , so 1 + Zr s , oa
r s , so ( 10 )
[0040] and where
Z=e.sup.2ik d, (11)
Ck.sub.o.perp./.omega.=n.sub.o.perp.=(.epsilon..sub.o/.epsilon..sub.a-sin.-
sup.2 .theta.).sup.1/2 (12) 5 r s , so = n o - n s n o + n s ( 13 )
6 r s , oa = n a - n o n a + n o ( 14 ) 7 r p , so = s n o - o n s
s n o + o n s ( 15 ) 8 r p , so = o n a - a n o o n a + a n o ( 16
)
[0041] and in general
n.sub.j.perp.=(.epsilon..sub.j-.epsilon..sub.a Sin.sup.2
.theta.).sup.1/2, (17)
[0042] where j is s or a. These equations generally have to be
solved numerically for d and n.sub.o simultaneously, using
.epsilon..sub.s, .epsilon..sub.a, .LAMBDA., and .theta., which are
known.
[0043] Once the thickness d of film 8 has been determined by
ellipsometer 2, then the same sample 4 is probed by the other
optical measurement devices BPE 10, BPR 12, BRS 14, DUV 16, and BSE
18 which measure various optical parameters of the sample 4.
Processor 48 then calibrates the processing variables used to
analyze the results from these optical measurement devices so that
they produce accurate results. For each of these measurement
devices, there are system variables that affect the measured data
and need to be accounted for before an accurate measurement of
other samples can be made. In the case of BPE 10, the most
significant variable system parameter is the phase shift that
occurs due to the optical elements along the BPE optical path.
Environmental changes to these optical elements result in an
overall drift in the ellipsometric parameter A, which then
translates into a sample thickness drift calculated by the
processor 48 from BPE 10. Using the measured optical parameters of
BPE 10 on reference sample 4, and using Equation 5 and the
thickness of film 8 as determined from calibration ellipsometer 2,
the processor 48 calibrates BPE 10 by deriving a phase offset which
is applied to measured results from BPE 10 for other samples,
thereby establishing an accurate BPE measurement. For BSE 18,
multiple phase offsets are derived for multiple wavelengths in the
measured spectrum.
[0044] For the remaining measurement devices, BPR 12, BRS 14 and
DUV 16, the measured reflectances can also be affected by
environmental changes to the optical elements in the beam paths.
Therefore, the reflectances R.sub.ref measured by BPR 12, BRS 14
and DUV 16 for the reference sample 4 are used, in combination with
the measurements by ellipsometer 2, to calibrate these systems.
Equations 9-17 are used to calculate the absolute reflectances
R.sup.c.sub.ref of reference sample 4 from the measured results of
ellipsometer 2. All measurements by the BPR/BRS/DUV devices of
reflectance (R.sub.s) for any other sample are then scaled by
processor 48 using the normalizing factor in equation 18 below to
result in accurate reflectances R derived from the BPR, BRS and DUV
devices:
R=R.sub.s(R.sup.c.sub.ref/R.sub.ref) (18)
[0045] In the above described calibration techniques, all system
variables affecting phase and intensity are determined and
compensated for using the phase offset and reflectance normalizing
factor discussed above, thus rendering the optical measurements
made by these calibrated optical measurement devices absolute.
[0046] The above described calibration techniques are based largely
upon calibration using the derived thickness d of the thin film.
However, calibration using ellipsometer 2 can be based upon any of
the optical properties of the reference sample that are measurable
or determinable by ellipsometer 2 and/or are otherwise known,
whether the sample has a single film thereon, has multiple films
thereon, or even has no film thereon (bare sample).
[0047] The advantage of the present invention is that a reference
sample having no thin film thereon, or having thin film thereon
with an unknown thickness which may even vary slowly over time, can
be repeatedly used to accurately calibrate ultra-sensitive optical
measurement devices.
[0048] The output of light source 90 can also be used to calibrate
the wavelength measurements made by spectrometer 58. The sample 4
can be tipped, or replaced by a tipped mirror, to direct beam 106
up to mirror 42 and to dispersion element 64. By knowing the exact
wavelength of light produced by light source 90, processor 48 can
calibrate the output of detector 66 by determining which pixel(s)
corresponds to that wavelength of light.
[0049] It should be noted that the calibrating ellipsometer 2 of
the present invention is not limited to the specific rotating
compensator ellipsometer configuration discussed above. The scope
of the present invention includes any ellipsometer configuration in
conjunction with the light source 90 (having a known wavelength)
that measures the polarization state of the beam after interaction
with the sample and provides the necessary information about sample
4 for calibrating non-contact optical measurement devices.
[0050] For example, another ellipsometric configuration is to
rotate polarizer 92 or analyzer 100 with motor 100, instead of
rotating the compensator 98. The above calculations for solving for
thickness d still apply.
[0051] In addition, null ellipsometry, which uses the same elements
as ellipsometer 2 of FIG. 1, can be used to determine the film
thickness d for calibration purposes. The ellipsometric information
is derived by aligning the azimuthal angles of these elements until
a null or minimum level intensity is measured by the detector 104.
In the preferred null ellipsometry embodiment, polarizers 92 and
102 are linear polarizers, and compensator 98 is a quarter-wave
plate. Compensator 98 is aligned so that its fast axis is at an
azimuthal angle of 45 degrees relative to the plane of incidence of
the sample 4. Polarizer 92 has a transmission axis that forms an
azimuthal angle P relative to the plane of incidence, and polarizer
102 has a transmission axis that forms an azimuthal angle A
relative to the plane of incidence. Polarizers 92 and 102 are
rotated about beam 106 such that the light is completely
extinguished (minimized) by the analyzer 102. In general, there are
two polarizer 92/102 orientations (P.sub.1, A.sub.1) and (P.sub.2,
A.sub.2) that satisfy this condition and extinguish the light. With
the compensator inducing a 90 degree phase shift and oriented with
an azimuthal angle at 45 degree relative to the plane of incidence,
we have:
P.sub.2=P.sub.1.+-..pi./2 (19)
A.sub.2=-A.sub.1 (20)
.psi.=A.sub.1.gtoreq.0 (21)
[0052] (where A.sub.1 is the condition for which A is
positive).
.DELTA.=2P.sub.1+.pi./2 (22)
[0053] which, when combined with equations 5-10, allows the
processor to solve for thickness d.
[0054] Null ellipsometry is very accurate because the results
depend entirely on the measurement of mechanical angles, and are
independent of intensity. Null ellipsometry is further discussed by
R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, in Ellipsometry and Polarized
Light (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977); and by D. E. Aspnes, in
Optical Properties of Solids: New Developments, ed. B. O. Seraphin
(North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1976), p. 799.
[0055] It is also conceivable to omit compensator 98 from
ellipsometer 2, and use motor 100 to rotate polarizer 92 or
analyzer 102. Either the polarizer 92 or the analyzer 102 is
rotated so that the detector signal can be used to accurately
measure the linear polarization component of the reflected beam.
Then, the circularly polarized component is inferred by assuming
that the beam is totally polarized, and what is not linearly
polarized must be circularly polarized. Such an ellipsometer,
commonly called a rotating-polarizer or rotating-analyzer
ellipsometer, is termed "an incomplete" polarimeter, because it is
insensitive to the handedness of the circularly polarized component
and exhibits poor performance when the light being analyzed is
either nearly completely linearly polarized or possesses a
depolarized component. However, using UV light from source 90, the
substrate of materials such as silicon contribute enough to the
overall phase shift of the light interacting with the sample that
accurate results can be obtained without the use of a compensator.
In such a case, the same formulas above can be used to derive
thickness d, where the phase shift induced by the compensator is
set to be zero.
[0056] It is to be understood that the present invention is not
limited to the embodiments described above and illustrated herein,
but encompasses any and all variations falling within the scope of
the appended claims. For example, beams 24, 26, and/or 106 can be
transmitted through the sample, where the beam properties
(including the beam polarization state) of the transmitted beam are
measured. Further, a second compensator can be added, where the
first compensator is located between the sample and the analyzer,
and the second compensator located between the sample and the light
source 90, as illustrated in FIG. 4. These compensators could be
static or rotating. In addition, to provide a static or varying
retardation between the polarization states, compensator 98 can be
replaced by a non-rotating opto-electronic element or photo-elastic
element, such as a piezo-electric cell retarder which are commonly
used in the art to induce a sinusoidal or static phase retardation
by applying a varying or static voltage to the cell.
* * * * *