U.S. patent number 5,798,837 [Application Number 08/890,697] was granted by the patent office on 1998-08-25 for thin film optical measurement system and method with calibrating ellipsometer.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Therma-Wave, Inc.. Invention is credited to David E. Aspnes, Jeffrey T. Fanton, Jon Opsal.
United States Patent |
5,798,837 |
Aspnes , et al. |
August 25, 1998 |
Thin film optical measurement system and method with calibrating
ellipsometer
Abstract
An optical measurement system for evaluating a reference sample
that has at least a partially known composition. The optical
measurement system includes a reference ellipsometer and at least
one non-contact optical measurement device. The reference
ellipsometer includes a light generator, an analyzer and a
detector. The light generator generates a beam of
quasi-monochromatic light having a known wavelength and a known
polarization for interacting with the reference sample. The beam is
directed at a non-normal angle of incidence relative to the
reference sample to interact with the reference sample. The
analyzer creates interference between the S and P polarized
components in the light beam after the light beam has interacted
with reference sample. The detector measures the intensity of the
light beam after it has passed through the analyzer. A processor
determines the polarization state of the light beam entering the
analyzer from the intensity measured by the detector, and
determines an optical property of the reference sample based upon
the determined polarization state, the known wavelength of light
from the light generator and the composition of the reference
sample. The processor also operates the optical measurement device
to measure an optical parameter of the reference sample. The
processor calibrates the optical measurement device by comparing
the measured optical parameter from the optical measurement device
to the determined optical property from the reference
ellipsometer.
Inventors: |
Aspnes; David E. (Apex, NC),
Opsal; Jon (Livermore, CA), Fanton; Jeffrey T. (Los
Altos, CA) |
Assignee: |
Therma-Wave, Inc. (Fremont,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
25397026 |
Appl.
No.: |
08/890,697 |
Filed: |
July 11, 1997 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
356/369; 356/491;
356/632 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01B
11/0641 (20130101); G01N 21/211 (20130101); G01J
4/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01N
21/21 (20060101); G01J 4/00 (20060101); G01J
004/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;356/364,365-369,381,382,351,355,357,361,243 ;250/225 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
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.
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.
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Engineering Technology, 5 pages, Mar., 1975. .
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Spectrophotopolarimeter", Applied Optics, vol. 4, No. 11, pp.
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Ellipsometry: In-Situ Characterization Of Gold Oxide", Surface
Science, vol. 233, pp. 341-350, 1990. .
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Thin-Film Aluminum: A Real-Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Study",
American Physical Society, Physical Review B, vol. 47, No. 7, pp.
3947-3965, Feb. 1993. .
W. Paik et al., "Exact Ellipsometric Measurement Of Thickness And
Optical Properties Of A Thin Light-Absorbing Film Without Auxiliary
Measurements", Surface Science, vol. 38, pp. 61-68, 1971. .
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Sky Light", Advances In Geophysics, vol. 3, pp. 43-104, 1956. .
Aspnes, D.E., "Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Of Solids", Optical
Properties Of Solids: New Developments, ed. by B.C. Seraphin, North
Holland, Amsterdam, 1976, pp. 800-846. .
Fanton, J.T. et al., "Multiparameter measurements Of Thin Films
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Light", North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977, pp. 166-255 &
364-411..
|
Primary Examiner: Pham; Hoa Q.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Limbach & Limbach L.L.P.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A reference ellipsometer for calibrating non-contact optical
measurement devices using a reference sample that has at least a
partially known composition, comprising:
a light generator that generates a quasi-monochromatic beam of
light having a known wavelength and a known polarization for
interacting with the reference sample, the beam directed at a
non-normal angle of incidence relative to the reference sample to
interact with the reference sample;
an analyzer that creates interference between S and P polarized
components in the light beam after the light beam has interacted
with reference sample; and
a detector that measures the intensity of the light after the beam
has passed through the analyzer; and
a processor that determines the polarization state of the light
beam entering the analyzer, from the intensity measured by the
detector, wherein the processor determines an optical property of
the reference sample based upon the determined polarization state,
the known wavelength of light from the light generator and the at
least partially known composition of the reference sample;
wherein the processor operates at least one other non-contact
optical measurement device that measures an optical parameter of
the reference sample, and the processor calibrates the other
optical measurement device by comparing the measured optical
parameter from the other non-contact optical measurement device to
the determined optical property from the reference
ellipsometer.
2. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, further comprising:
a retarder disposed in the path of the light beam to induce a phase
retardation of one polarization component in the light beam with
respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization component in the
light beam.
3. The reference ellipsometer of claim 2, wherein the retarder is
rotatable about an axis substantially parallel to the propagation
direction of the light beam, and wherein the detector measures the
intensity of light after interaction with the analyzer as a
function of a rotation angle of the retarder about the axis.
4. The reference ellipsometer of claim 2, wherein the light
generator includes a light source and a polarizer, the polarizer
and the retarder and the analyzer are each aligned with an
azimuthal angle about the light beam to minimize the intensity of
light reaching the detector, and wherein the processor determines
the optical property of the reference sample based upon the known
wavelength of light from the light generator, the at least
partially known composition of the reference sample, and the
azimuthal angles of the polarizer, retarder and analyzer.
5. The reference ellipsometer of claim 2, wherein the retarder is
one of an opto-electronic element and a photo-elastic element, such
that the retardation of the one polarization state is induced by an
external electric signal applied to the one of the opto-electronic
and photo-elastic elements.
6. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, wherein the light
generator includes a light source and a polarizer.
7. The reference ellipsometer of claim 6, wherein at least one of
the polarizer and the analyzer is rotatable about an axis
substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the light
beam, and wherein the detector measures the intensity of light
after interaction with the analyzer as a function of a rotation
angle of the one of the polarizer and the analyzer.
8. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, further comprising:
a first retarder disposed in the path of the light beam between the
light generator and the reference sample to induce a first phase
retardation of one polarization state in the light beam with
respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization state in the
light beam; and
a second retarder disposed in the path of the light beam between
the reference sample and the analyzer to induce a second phase
retardation of one polarization state in the light beam with
respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization state in the
light beam.
9. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, wherein the light
generator includes a wavelength stable light source that produces
light having a stable known wavelength to within 1 percent.
10. The reference ellipsometer of claim 1, wherein the light
generator includes a light source and a monochrometer that measures
the wavelength of the beam produced by the light source.
11. An optical measurement system for evaluating a reference sample
that has at least a partially known composition, comprising:
at least one non-contact optical measurement device that
includes:
a first light generator that generates a first beam of light that
is directed to interact with the reference sample,
a first detector that measures the intensity of the first beam of
light after the interaction with the reference sample, and
a processor that determines an optical parameter of the reference
sample from the intensity measured by the first detector; and
a reference ellipsometer that includes:
a second light generator that generates a second beam of
quasi-monochromatic light having a known wavelength and a known
polarization for interacting with the reference sample, the second
beam directed at a non-normal angle of incidence relative to the
reference sample to interact with the reference sample;
an analyzer that creates interference between S and P polarized
components in the second light beam after the second light beam has
interacted with reference sample; and
a second detector that measures the intensity of the second light
after the second beam has passed through the analyzer; and
wherein the processor determines the polarization state of the
second light beam entering the analyzer from the intensity measured
by the second detector, and determines an optical property of the
reference sample based upon the determined polarization state, the
known wavelength of light from the second light generator and the
at least partially known composition of the reference sample;
and
wherein the processor calibrates the optical measurement device by
comparing the optical parameter of the reference sample determined
from the first detector to the optical property of the reference
sample determined from the second detector.
12. The optical measurement system of claim 11, further
comprising:
a retarder disposed in the path of the second light beam to induce
a phase retardation of one polarization component in the second
light beam with respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization
component in the second light beam.
13. The optical measurement system of claim 12, wherein the
retarder is rotatable about an axis substantially parallel to the
propagation direction of the second light beam, and wherein the
second detector measures the intensity of second light beam after
interaction with the analyzer as a function of a rotation angle of
the retarder about the axis.
14. The optical measurement system of claim 12, wherein the second
light generator includes a light source and a polarizer, the
polarizer and the retarder and the analyzer are each aligned with
an azimuthal angle about the second light beam to minimize the
intensity of light reaching the second detector, and wherein the
processor determines the optical property of the reference sample
based upon the known wavelength of light from the second light
generator, the at least partially known composition of the
reference sample, and the azimuthal angles of the polarizer,
retarder and analyzer.
15. The optical measurement system of claim 12, wherein the
retarder is one of an opto-electronic element and a photo-elastic
element, such that the retardation of the one polarization state is
induced by an external electric signal applied to the one of the
opto-electronic and photo-elastic elements.
16. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the second
light generator includes a light source and a polarizer.
17. The optical measurement system of claim 16, wherein at least
one of the polarizer and the analyzer is rotatable about an axis
substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the second
light beam, and wherein the second detector measures the intensity
of the second light beam after interaction with the analyzer as a
function of a rotation angle of the one of the polarizer and the
analyzer.
18. The optical measurement system of claim 11, further
comprising:
a first retarder disposed in the path of the second light beam
between the second light generator and the reference sample to
induce a first phase retardation of one polarization state in the
second light beam with respect to the phase of an orthogonal
polarization state in the second light beam; and
a second retarder disposed in the path of the second light beam
between the reference sample and the analyzer to induce a second
phase retardation of one polarization state in the second light
beam with respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization state
in the second light beam.
19. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the second
light generator includes a wavelength stable light source that
produces light having a stable known wavelength to within 1
percent.
20. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the second
light generator includes a light source and a monochrometer that
measures the wavelength of the second light beam produced by the
light source.
21. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein:
the one non-contact optical measurement device is a beam profile
ellipsometer that includes a quarter wave plate and a
polarizer,
the first detector is a quad-cell detector having four radially
disposed quadrants that each intercept about one quarter of the
first beam of light after interaction with the reference sample and
produce an output signal based upon the intensity of light incident
thereon, and
the processor uses the difference between the sums of the output
signals of diametrically opposed quadrants to determine the optical
parameter of the reference sample.
22. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the one
non-contact optical measurement device is a beam profile
ellipsometer that includes:
a lens for focusing the first beam substantially normal onto the
surface of the reference sample such that various rays within the
focused first beam create a spread of angles of incidence with
respect to the sample surface,
a retarder disposed in the path of the first light beam to induce a
phase retardation of one polarization state in the first light beam
with respect to the phase of an orthogonal polarization state in
the first light beam;
a second analyzer that creates interference between S and P
polarized components in the first light beam after the first light
beam has interacted with reference sample,
wherein the first detector measures the intensity of the first
light beam after the interaction with the retarder and second
analyzer along two orthogonal axes, the first detector generating
an output that integrates the intensity of various rays having
different angles of incidence, the output having two components
corresponding to the two orthogonal axes, and wherein the processor
determines the optical parameter of the reference sample based on
the output of the first detector.
23. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the one
non-contact optical measurement device is a beam profile
reflectometer that includes a lens for focusing the first beam
substantially normal onto the surface of the reference sample such
that various rays within the focused first beam create a spread of
angles of incidence with respect to the sample surface, the first
detector receives the first beam after it has been reflected from
the surface of the reference sample and measures the intensity of
various rays as a function of position within the reflected first
beam, with the position of the rays within the reflected first beam
corresponding to specific angles of incidence with respect to the
sample surface, and wherein the processor determines the optical
parameter of the reference sample based upon the angular dependent
intensity measurements made by the first detector.
24. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the one
non-contact optical measurement device is a broadband spectroscopic
measurement device that includes:
a lens for focusing the first beam substantially normal onto the
surface of the reference sample such that various rays within the
focused first beam create a spread of angles of incidence with
respect to the sample surface, and
a dispersive element that angularly disperses the first beam as a
function of wavelength to individual detector elements contained in
the first detector;
wherein the first light generator is a polychromatic light source
that generates the first beam having multiple wavelengths of light
therein, the first detector receives the first beam after it has
interacted with the sample and measures the intensity of the first
beam as function of wavelength, and wherein the processor
determines the optical parameter of the reference sample based upon
the wavelength dependent intensity measurements made by the first
detector.
25. The optical measurement system of claim 24, wherein the
dispersive element angularly disperses the first beam transmitted
by the second analyzer as a function of wavelength in one axis, and
as a function of radial position within the first beam in an
orthogonal axis to the one axis, and wherein the first detector
measures intensities of light in the first beam both as a function
of wavelength and as a function of angle of incidence.
26. The optical measurement system of claim 11, wherein the one
non-contact optical measurement device is a broadband spectroscopic
ellipsometer that includes:
the first light generator generating the first beam having a range
of wavelengths therein and having a known polarization for
interacting with the reference sample,
a retarder disposed in the path of the first light beam to induce a
range of phase retardations of a polarization state of the light
beam based upon the range of wavelengths generated by the first
light generator and the retarder material and thickness,
the retarder being rotatable about an axis substantially parallel
to the propagation direction of the first light beam;
a second analyzer that interacts with the first light beam after
the first light beam interacts with the reference sample; and
the first detector measures the intensity of the first light beam
after the interaction with the second analyzer as a function of
wavelength and of a rotation angle of the compensator about the
axis, wherein the intensities correspond to the polarization state
of the first light beam entering the second analyzer, and wherein
the processor determines the optical parameter of the reference
sample based upon the intensity measurements made by the first
detector.
27. A method for calibrating an optical measurement device using a
reference sample having at least a partially known composition,
comprising the steps of:
optically probing the reference sample with an off-axis
ellipsometer that includes:
a light generator that generates a quasi-monochromatic beam of
light having a known wavelength and a known polarization for
interacting with the reference sample, the beam directed at a
non-normal angle of incidence relative to the reference sample to
interact with the reference sample,
an analyzer that creates interference between S and P polarized
components in the light beam after the light beam has interacted
with reference sample, and
a detector that measures the intensity of the light after the beam
has passed through the analyzer;
determining an optical property of the reference sample based upon
the intensity measured by the detector, the known wavelength of
light from the light generator and the at least partially known
composition of the reference sample;
measuring an optical parameter of the reference sample using the
optical measurement device; and
calibrating the optical measurement device by comparing the optical
parameter measured by the optical measurement device to the
determined optical property of the reference sample.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to optical analyzers, and more
particularly to a thin film optical measurement system having a
calibrating ellipsometer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There is considerable interest in developing systems for accurately
measuring the thickness and/or composition of thin films. The need
is particularly acute in the semiconductor manufacturing industry
where the thickness of these thin film oxide layers on
semiconductor substrates is measured. To be useful, the measurement
system must be able to determine the thickness and/or composition
of films with a high degree of accuracy. The preferred measurement
systems rely on non-contact, optical measurement techniques, which
can be performed during the semiconductor manufacturing process
without damaging the wafer sample. Such optical measurement
techniques include directing a probe beam to the sample, and
measuring one or more optical parameters of the reflected probe
beam.
In order to increase measurement accuracy and to gain additional
information about the target sample, multiple optical measuring
devices are incorporated into a single composite optical
measurement system. For example, the present assignee has marketed
a product called OPTI-PROBE, which incorporates several optical
measurement devices, including a Beam Profile Reflectometer (BPR),
a Beam Profile Ellipsometer (BPE), and a Broadband Reflective
Spectrometer (BRS). Each of these devices measures parameters of
optical beams reflected by, or transmitted through, the target
sample. The BPR and BPE devices utilize technology described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,999,014 and 5,181,080 respectively, which are
incorporated herein by reference.
The composite measurement system mentioned above combines the
measured results of each of the measurement devices to precisely
derive the thickness and composition of the thin film and substrate
of the target sample. However, the accuracy of the measured results
depends upon precise initial and periodic calibration of the
measurement devices in the optical measurement system. Further,
recently developed measurement devices have increased sensitivity
to more accurately measure thinner films and provide additional
information about film and substrate composition. These newer
systems require very accurate initial calibration. Further, heat,
contamination, optical damage, alignment, etc., that can occur over
time in optical measurement devices, affect the accuracy of the
measured results. Therefore, periodic calibration is necessary to
maintain the accuracy of the composite optical measurement
system.
It is known to calibrate optical measurement devices by providing a
reference sample having a known substrate, with a thin film thereon
having a known composition and thickness. The reference sample is
placed in the measurement system, and each optical measurement
device measures the optical parameters of the reference sample, and
is calibrated using the results from the reference sample and
comparing them to the known film thickness and composition. A
common reference sample is a "native oxide" reference sample, which
is a silicon substrate with an oxide layer formed thereon having a
known thickness (about 20 angstroms). After fabrication, the
reference sample is kept in a non-oxygen environment to minimize
any further oxidation and contamination that changes the thickness
of the reference sample film away from the known thickness, and
thus reduces the effectiveness of the reference sample for accurate
calibration. The same reference sample can be reused to
periodically calibrate the measurement system. However, if and when
the amount of oxidation or contamination of the reference sample
changes the film thickness significantly from the known thickness,
the reference sample must be discarded.
For many optical measurement devices, reference samples with known
thicknesses have been effective for system calibration. Oxidation
and contamination that routinely occurs over time with reference
samples is tolerable because the film thickness change resulting
from the oxidation/contamination is relatively insignificant
compared to the overall thickness of the film (around 100
angstroms). However, new ultra-sensitive optical measurement
systems have been recently developed that can measure film layers
with thicknesses less than 10 angstroms. These systems require
reference samples having film thicknesses on the order of 20
angstroms for accurate calibration. For such thin film reference
samples, however, the changes in film layer thickness resulting
from even minimal oxidation or contamination are significant
compared to the overall "known" film layer thickness, and result in
significant calibration error. Therefore, it is extremely
difficult, if not impossible, to provide a native oxide reference
sample with a known thickness that is stable enough over time to be
used for periodic calibration of ultra-sensitive optical
measurement systems.
There is a need for a calibration method for ultra-sensitive
optical measurement devices that can utilize a reference sample
that does not have a stable or known film thickness.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a thin film optical measurement system
with a wavelength stable calibration ellipsometer that precisely
determines the thickness of a film on a reference sample. The
measured results from the calibration ellipsometer are used to
calibrate other optical measurement devices in the thin film
optical measurement system. By not having to supply a reference
sample with a predetermined known film thickness, a reference
sample having a film with a known composition can be repeatedly
used to calibrate ultra-sensitive optical measurement devices, even
if oxidation or contamination of the reference sample changes the
thickness of the film over time.
The calibration reference ellipsometer uses a reference sample that
has at least a partially known composition to calibrate at least
one other non-contact optical measurement device. The reference
ellipsometer includes a light generator that generates a
quasi-monochromatic beam of light having a known wavelength and a
known polarization for interacting with the reference sample. The
beam is directed at a non-normal angle of incidence relative to the
reference sample to interact with the reference sample. An analyzer
creates interference between S and P polarized components in the
light beam after the light beam has interacted with reference
sample. A detector measures the intensity of the light after the
beam has passed through the analyzer. A processor determines the
polarization state of the light beam entering the analyzer from the
intensity measured by the detector. The processor then determines
optical properties of the reference sample based upon the
determined polarization state, the known wavelength of light from
the light generator and the at least partially known composition of
the reference sample. Wherein the processor operates at least one
other non-contact optical measurement device that measures an
optical parameter of the reference sample. The processor calibrates
the other optical measurement device by comparing the measured
optical parameter from the other optical measurement device to the
determined optical property from the reference ellipsometer.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will become
apparent by a review of the specification, claims and appended
figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a composite optical measurement system
with the calibration ellipsometer of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of the reflective lens used
with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of an alternate embodiment of the light
source for the calibration ellipsometer of the present
invention.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of the composite optical measurement system
with multiple compensators in the calibration ellipsometer of the
present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention is a composite thin film optical measurement
system 1 having a wavelength stable reference ellipsometer 2 that
is used, in conjunction with a reference sample 4 having a
substrate 6 and thin film 8 with known compositions, to calibrate
non-contact optical measurement devices contained in the composite
thin film optical measurement system 1.
FIG. 1 illustrates the composite optical measurement system 1 that
has been developed by the present assignees, which includes five
different non-contact optical measurement devices and the reference
ellipsometer 2 of the present invention.
Composite optical measurement system 1 includes a Beam Profile
Ellipsometer (BPE) 10, a Beam Profile Reflectometer (BPR) 12, a
Broadband Reflective Spectrometer (BRS) 14, a Deep Ultra Violet
Reflective Spectrometer (DUV) 16, and a Broadband Spectroscopic
Ellipsometer (BSE) 18. These five optical measurement devices
utilize as few as two optical sources: laser 20 and white light
source 22. Laser 20 generates a probe beam 24, and white light
source 22 generates probe beam 26 (which is collimated by lens 28
and directed along the same path as probe beam 24 by mirror 29).
Laser 20 ideally is a solid state laser diode from Toshiba Corp.
which emits a linearly polarized 3 mW beam at 673 nm. White light
source 22 is ideally a deuterium-tungsten lamp that produces a 200
mW polychromatic beam that covers a spectrum of 200 nm to 800 nm.
The probe beams 24/26 are reflected by mirror 30, and pass through
mirror 42 to sample 4.
The probe beams 24/26 are focused onto the surface of the sample
with a lens 32 or lens 33. In the preferred embodiment, two lenses
32/33 are mounted in a turret (not shown) and are alternatively
movable into the path of probe beams 24/26. Lens 32 is a spherical,
microscope objective lens with a high numerical aperture (on the
order of 0.90 NA) to create a large spread of angles of incidence
with respect to the sample surface, and to create a spot size of
about one micron in diameter. Lens 33 is illustrated in FIG. 2, and
is a reflective lens having a lower numerical aperture (on the
order of 0.4 NA) and capable of focusing deep UV light to a spot
size of about 10-15 microns. Beam profile ellipsometry (BPE) is
discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,080, issued Jan. 19, 1993, which
is commonly owned by the present assignee and is incorporated
herein by reference. BPE 10 includes a quarter wave plate 34,
polarizer 36, lens 38 and a quad detector 40. In operation,
linearly polarized probe beam 24 is focused onto sample 4 by lens
32. Light reflected from the sample surface passes up through lens
32, through mirrors 42, 30 and 44, and directed into BPE 10 by
mirror 46. The position of the rays within the reflected probe beam
correspond to specific angles of incidence with respect to the
sample's surface. Quarter-wave plate 34 retards the phase of one of
the polarization states of the beam by 90 degrees. Linear polarizer
36 causes the two polarization states of the beam to interfere with
each other. For maximum signal, the axis of the polarizer 36 should
be oriented at an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the fast and
slow axis of the quarter-wave plate 34. Detector 40 is a quad-cell
detector with four radially disposed quadrants that each intercept
one quarter of the probe beam and generate a separate output signal
proportional to the power of the portion of the probe beam striking
that quadrant. The output signals from each quadrant are sent to a
processor 48. As discussed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,080 patent,
by monitoring the change in the polarization state of the beam,
ellipsometric information, such as .psi. and .DELTA., can be
determined. To determine this information, the processor 48 takes
the difference between the sums of the output signals of
diametrically opposed quadrants, a value which varies linearly with
film thickness for very thin films.
Beam profile reflectometry (BPR) is discussed in U.S. Pat. No.
4,999,014, issued on Mar. 12, 1991, which is commonly owned by the
present assignee and is incorporated herein by reference. BPR 12
includes a lens 50, beam splitter 52 and two linear detector arrays
54 and 56 to measure the reflectance of the sample. In operation,
linearly polarized probe beam 24 is focused onto sample 4 by lens
32, with various rays within the beam striking the sample surface
at a range of angles of incidence. Light reflected from the sample
surface passes up through lens 32, through mirrors 42 and 30, and
directed into BPR 12 by mirror 44. The position of the rays within
the reflected probe beam correspond to specific angles of incidence
with respect to the sample's surface. Lens 50 spatially spreads the
beam two-dimensionally. Beam splitter 52 separates the S and P
components of the beam, and detector arrays 54 and 56 are oriented
orthogonal to each other to isolate information about S and P
polarized light. The higher angles of incidence rays will fall
closer to the opposed ends of the arrays. The output from each
element in the diode arrays will correspond to different angles of
incidence. Detector arrays 54/56 measure the intensity across the
reflected probe beam as a function of the angle of incidence with
respect to the sample surface. The processor 48 receives the output
of the detector arrays 54/56, and derives the thickness and
refractive index of the thin film layer 8 based on these angular
dependent intensity measurements by utilizing various types of
modeling algorithms. Optimization routines which use iterative
processes such as least square fitting routines are typically
employed. One example of this type of optimization routine is
described in "Multiparameter Measurements of Thin Films Using
Beam-Profile Reflectivity," Fanton, et. al., Journal of Applied
Physics, Vol. 73, No. 11, p.7035, 1993.
Broadband reflective spectrometer (BRS) 14 simultaneously probes
the sample 4 with multiple wavelengths of light. BRS 14 uses lens
32 and includes a broadband spectrometer 58 which can be of any
type commonly known and used in the prior art. The spectrometer 58
shown in FIG. 1 includes a lens 60, aperture 62, dispersive element
64 and detector array 66. During operation, probe beam 26 from
white light source 22 is focused onto sample 4 by lens 32. Light
reflected from the surface of the sample passes up through lens 32,
and is directed by mirror 42 (through mirror 84) to spectrometer
58. The lens 60 focuses the probe beam through aperture 62, which
defines a spot in the field of view on the sample surface to
analyze. Dispersive element 64, such as a diffraction grating,
prism or holographic plate, angularly disperses the beam as a
function of wavelength to individual detector elements contained in
the detector array 66. The different detector elements measure the
optical intensities of the different wavelengths of light contained
in the probe beam, preferably simultaneously. Alternately, detector
66 can be a CCD camera, or a photomultiplier with suitably
dispersive or otherwise wavelength selective optics. It should be
noted that a monochrometer could be used to measure the different
wavelengths serially (one wavelength at a time) using a single
detector element. Further, dispersive element 64 can also be
configured to disperse the light as a function of wavelength in one
direction, and as a function of the angle of incidence with respect
to the sample surface in an orthogonal direction, so that
simultaneous measurements as a function of both wavelength and
angle of incidence are possible. Processor 48 processes the
intensity information measured by the detector array 66.
Deep ultra violet reflective spectrometry (DUV) simultaneously
probes the sample with multiple wavelengths of ultra-violet light.
DUV 16 uses the same spectrometer 58 to analyze probe beam 26 as
BRS 14, except that DUV 16 uses the reflective lens 33 instead of
focusing lens 32. To operate DUV 16, the turret containing lenses
32/33 is rotated so that reflective lens 33 is aligned in probe
beam 26. The reflective lens 33 is necessary because solid
objective lenses cannot sufficiently focus the UV light onto the
sample.
Broadband spectroscopic ellipsometry (BSE) is discussed in pending
U.S. patent application 08/685,606, filed on Jul. 24, 1996, which
is commonly owned by the present assignee and is incorporated
herein by reference. BSE (18) includes a polarizer 70, focusing
mirror 72, collimating mirror 74, rotating compensator 76, and
analyzer 80. In operation, mirror 82 directs at least part of probe
beam 26 to polarizer 70, which creates a known polarization state
for the probe beam, preferably a linear polarization. Mirror 72
focuses the beam onto the sample surface at an oblique angle,
ideally on the order of 70 degrees to the normal of the sample
surface. Based upon well known ellipsometric principles, the
reflected beam will generally have a mixed linear and circular
polarization state after interacting with the sample, based upon
the composition and thickness of the sample's film 8 and substrate
6. The reflected beam is collimated by mirror 74, which directs the
beam to the rotating compensator 76. Compensator 76 introduces a
relative phase delay 6 (phase retardation) between a pair of
mutually orthogonal polarized optical beam components. Compensator
76 is rotated at an angular velocity .omega. about an axis
substantially parallel to the propagation direction of the beam,
preferably by an electric motor 78. Analyzer 80, preferably another
linear polarizer, mixes the polarization states incident on it. By
measuring the light transmitted by analyzer 80, the polarization
state of the reflected probe beam can be determined. Mirror 84
directs the beam to spectrometer 58, which simultaneously measures
the intensities of the different wavelengths of light in the
reflected probe beam that pass through the compensator/analyzer
combination. Processor 48 receives the output of the detector 66,
and processes the intensity information measured by the detector 66
as a function of wavelength and as a function of the azimuth
(rotational) angle of the compensator 76 about its axis of
rotation, to solve the ellipsometric values .psi. and .DELTA. as
described in U.S. patent application 08/685,606.
Detector/camera 86 is positioned above mirror 46, and can be used
to view reflected beams off of the sample 4 for alignment and focus
purposes.
In order to calibrate BPE 10, BPR 12, BRS 14, DUV 16, and BSE 18,
the composite optical measurement system 1 includes the wavelength
stable calibration reference ellipsometer 2 used in conjunction
with a reference sample 4. Ellipsometer 2 includes a light source
90, polarizer 92, lenses 94 and 96, rotating compensator 98,
analyzer 102 and detector 104.
Light source 90 produces a quasi-monochromatic probe beam 106
having a known stable wavelength and stable intensity. This can be
done passively, where light source 90 generates a very stable
output wavelength which does not vary over time (i.e. varies less
than 1%). Examples of passively stable light sources are a
helium-neon laser, or other gas discharge laser systems.
Alternately, a non-passive system can be used as illustrated in
FIG. 3 where the light source 90 includes a light generator 91 that
produces light having a wavelength that is not precisely known or
stable over time, and a monochrometer 93 that precisely measures
the wavelength of light produced by light generator 91. Examples of
such light generators include laser diodes, or polychromatic light
sources used in conjunction with a color filter such as a grating.
In either case, the wavelength of beam 106, which is a known
constant or measured by monochrometer 93, is provided to processor
48 so that ellipsometer 2 can accurately calibrate the optical
measurement devices in system 1.
The beam 106 interacts with polarizer 92 to create a known
polarization state. In the preferred embodiment, polarizer 92 is a
linear polarizer made from a quartz Rochon prism, but in general
the polarization does not necessarily have to be linear, nor even
complete. Polarizer 92 can also be made from calcite. The azimuth
angle of polarizer 92 is oriented so that the plane of the electric
vector associated with the linearly polarized beam exiting from the
polarizer 92 is at a known angle with respect to the plane of
incidence (defined by the propagation direction of the beam 106 and
the normal to the surface of sample 4). The azimuth angle is
preferably selected to be on the order of 30 degrees because the
sensitivity is optimized when the reflected intensities of the P
and S polarized components are approximately balanced. It should be
noted that polarizer 92 can be omitted if the light source 90 emits
light with the desired known polarization state.
The beam 106 is focused onto the sample 4 by lens 94 at an oblique
angle. For calibration purposes, reference sample 4 ideally
consists of a thin oxide layer 8 having a thickness d, formed on a
silicon substrate 6. However, in general, the sample 4 can be any
appropriate substrate of known composition, including a bare
silicon wafer, and silicon wafer substrates having one or more thin
films thereon. The thickness d of the layer 8 need not be known, or
be consistent between periodic calibrations. The useful light from
probe beam 106 is the light reflected by the sample 4 symmetrically
to the incident beam about the normal to the sample surface. It is
noted however that the polarization state of nonspecularly
scattered radiation can be determined by the method of the present
invention as well. The beam 106 is ideally incident on sample 4 at
an angle on the order of 70 degrees to the normal of the sample
surface because sensitivity to sample properties is maximized in
the vicinity of the Brewster or pseudo-Brewster angle of a
material. Based upon well known ellipsometric principles, the
reflected beam will generally have a mixed linear and circular
polarization state after interacting with the sample, as compared
to the linear polarization state of the incoming beam. Lens 96
collimates beam 106 after its reflection off of the sample 4.
The beam 106 then passes through the rotating compensator
(retarder) 98, which introduces a relative phase delay 6 (phase
retardation) between a pair of mutually orthogonal polarized
optical beam components. The amount of phase retardation is a
function of the wavelength, the dispersion characteristics of the
material used to form the compensator, and the thickness of the
compensator. Compensator 98 is rotated at an angular velocity
.omega. about an axis substantially parallel to the propagation
direction of beam 106, preferably by an electric motor 100.
Compensator 98 can be any conventional wave-plate compensator, for
example those made of crystal quartz. The thickness and material of
the compensator 98 are selected such that a desired phase
retardation of the beam is induced. In the preferred embodiment,
compensator 98 is a bi-plate compensator constructed of two
parallel plates of anisotropic (usually birefringent) material,
such as quartz crystals of opposite handedness, where the fast axes
of the two plates are perpendicular to each other and the
thicknesses are nearly equal, differing only by enough to realize a
net first-order retardation for the wavelength produced by the
light source 90.
Beam 106 then interacts with analyzer 102, which serves to mix the
polarization states incident on it. In this embodiment, analyzer
102 is another linear polarizer, preferably oriented at an azimuth
angle of 45 degrees relative to the plane of incidence. However,
any optical device that serves to appropriately mix the incoming
polarization states can be used as an analyzer. The analyzer 102 is
preferably a quartz Rochon or Wollaston prism. The rotating
compensator 98 changes the polarization state of the beam as it
rotates such that the light transmitted by analyzer 102 is
characterized by: ##EQU1## where E.sub.x and E.sub.y are the
projections of the incident electric field vector parallel and
perpendicular, respectively, to the transmission axis of the
analyzer, .delta. is the phase retardation of the compensator, and
.omega. is the angular rotational frequency of the compensator.
For linearly polarized light reflected at non-normal incidence from
the specular sample, we have
where P is the azimuth angle of the incident light with respect to
the plane of incidence. The coefficients a.sub.0, b.sub.2, a.sub.4,
and b.sub.4 can be combined in various ways to determine the
complex reflectance ratio:
It should be noted that the compensator 98 can be located either
between the sample 4 and the analyzer 102 (as shown in FIG. 1), or
between the sample 4 and the polarizer 92, with appropriate and
well known minor changes to the equations. It should also be noted
that polarizer 70, lenses 94/96, compensator 98 and polarizer 102
are all optimized in their construction for the specific wavelength
of light produced by light source 90, which maximizes the accuracy
of ellipsometer 2.
Beam 106 then enters detector 104, which measures the intensity of
the beam passing through the compensator/analyzer combination. The
processor 48 processes the intensity information measured by the
detector 104 to determine the polarization state of the light after
interacting with the analyzer, and therefore the ellipsometric
parameters of the sample. This information processing includes
measuring beam intensity as a function of the azimuth (rotational)
angle of the compensator about its axis of rotation. This
measurement of intensity as a function of compensator rotational
angle is effectively a measurement of the intensity of beam 106 as
a function of time, since the compensator angular velocity is
usually known and a constant.
By knowing the composition of reference sample 4, and by knowing
the exact wavelength of light generated by light source 90, the
optical properties of reference sample 4, such as film thickness d,
refractive index and extinction coefficients, etc., can be
determined by ellipsometer 2. If the film is very thin, such as
less than or equal to about 20 angstroms, the thickness d can be
found to first order in d/.lambda. by solving ##EQU2## which is the
value of .rho.=tan.PSI.e.sup.i.DELTA. for d=0. Here,
.lambda.=wavelength of light; and .epsilon..sub.s, .epsilon..sub.0
and .epsilon..sub.a are the dielectric functions of the substrate,
thin oxide film, and ambient, respectively, and .theta. is the
angle of incidence.
If the film thickness d is not small, then it can be obtained by
solving the equations
where j is s or a. These equations generally have to be solved
numerically for d and n.sub.0 simultaneously, using
.epsilon..sub.S, .epsilon..sub.a, .lambda., and .theta., which are
known.
Once the thickness d of film 8 has been determined by ellipsometer
2, then the same sample 4 is probed by the other optical
measurement devices BPE 10, BPR 12, BRS 14, DUV 16, and BSE 18
which measure various optical parameters of the sample 4. Processor
48 then calibrates the processing variables used to analyze the
results from these optical measurement devices so that they produce
accurate results. For each of these measurement devices, there are
system variables that affect the measured data and need to be
accounted for before an accurate measurement of other samples can
be made. In the case of BPE 10, the most significant variable
system parameter is the phase shift that occurs due to the optical
elements along the BPE optical path. Environmental changes to these
optical elements result in an overall drift in the ellipsometric
parameter .DELTA., which then translates into a sample thickness
drift calculated by the processor 48 from BPE 10. Using the
measured optical parameters of BPE 10 on reference sample 4, and
using Equation 5 and the thickness of film 8 as determined from
calibration ellipsometer 2, the processor 48 calibrates BPE 10 by
deriving a phase offset which is applied to measured results from
BPE 10 for other samples, thereby establishing an accurate BPE
measurement. For BSE 18, multiple phase offsets are derived for
multiple wavelengths in the measured spectrum.
For the remaining measurement devices, BPR 12, BRS 14 and DUV 16,
the measured reflectances can also be affected by environmental
changes to the optical elements in the beam paths. Therefore, the
reflectances R.sub.ref measured by BPR 12, BRS 14 and DUV 16 for
the reference sample 4 are used, in combination with the
measurements by ellipsometer 2, to calibrate these systems.
Equations 9-17 are used to calculate the absolute reflectances
R.sup.c.sub.ref of reference sample 4 from the measured results of
ellipsometer 2. All measurements by the BPR/BRS/DUV devices of
reflectance (R.sub.s) for any other sample are then scaled by
processor 48 using the normalizing factor in equation 18 below to
result in accurate reflectances R derived from the BPR, BRS and DUV
devices:
In the above described calibration techniques, all system variables
affecting phase and intensity are determined and compensated for
using the phase offset and reflectance normalizing factor discussed
above, thus rendering the optical measurements made by these
calibrated optical measurement devices absolute.
The above described calibration techniques are based largely upon
calibration using the derived thickness d of the thin film.
However, calibration using ellipsometer 2 can be based upon any of
the optical properties of the reference sample that are measurable
or determinable by ellipsometer 2 and/or are otherwise known,
whether the sample has a single film thereon, has multiple films
thereon, or even has no film thereon (bare sample).
The advantage of the present invention is that a reference sample
having no thin film thereon, or having thin film thereon with an
unknown thickness which may even vary slowly over time, can be
repeatedly used to accurately calibrate ultra-sensitive optical
measurement devices.
The output of light source 90 can also be used to calibrate the
wavelength measurements made by spectrometer 58. The sample 4 can
be tipped, or replaced by a tipped mirror, to direct beam 106 up to
mirror 42 and to dispersion element 64. By knowing the exact
wavelength of light produced by light source 90, processor 48 can
calibrate the output of detector 66 by determining which pixel(s)
corresponds to that wavelength of light.
It should be noted that the calibrating ellipsometer 2 of the
present invention is not limited to the specific rotating
compensator ellipsometer configuration discussed above. The scope
of the present invention includes any ellipsometer configuration in
conjunction with the light source 90 (having a known wavelength)
that measures the polarization state of the beam after interaction
with the sample and provides the necessary information about sample
4 for calibrating non-contact optical measurement devices.
For example, another ellipsometric configuration is to rotate
polarizer 92 or analyzer 102 with motor 100, instead of rotating
the compensator 98. The above calculations for solving for
thickness d still apply.
In addition, null ellipsometry, which uses the same elements as
ellipsometer 2 of FIG. 1, can be used to determine the film
thickness d for calibration purposes. The ellipsometric information
is derived by aligning the azimuthal angles of these elements until
a null or minimum level intensity is measured by the detector 104.
In the preferred null ellipsometry embodiment, polarizers 92 and
102 are linear polarizers, and compensator 98 is a quarter-wave
plate. Compensator 98 is aligned so that its fast axis is at an
azimuthal angle of 45 degrees relative to the plane of incidence of
the sample 4. Polarizer 92 has a transmission axis that forms an
azimuthal angle P relative to the plane of incidence, and polarizer
102 has a transmission axis that forms an azimuthal angle A
relative to the plane of incidence. Polarizers 92 and 102 are
rotated about beam 106 such that the light is completely
extinguished (minimized) by the analyzer 102. In general, there are
two polarizer 92/102 orientations (P.sub.1, A.sub.1) and (P.sub.2,
A.sub.2) that satisfy this condition and extinguish the light. With
the compensator inducing a 90 degree phase shift and oriented with
an azimuthal angle at 45 degree relative to the plane of incidence,
we have:
(where A.sub.1 is the condition for which A is positive).
which, when combined with equations 5-10, allows the processor to
solve for thickness d.
Null ellipsometry is very accurate because the results depend
entirely on the measurement of mechanical angles, and are
independent of intensity. Null ellipsometry is further discussed by
R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, in Ellipsometry and Polarized
Light (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1977); and by D. E. Aspnes, in
Optical Properties of Solids: New Developments, ed. B. O. Seraphin
(North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1976), p. 799.
It is also conceivable to omit compensator 98 from ellipsometer 2,
and use motor 100 to rotate polarizer 92 or analyzer 102. Either
the polarizer 92 or the analyzer 102 is rotated so that the
detector signal can be used to accurately measure the linear
polarization component of the reflected beam. Then, the circularly
polarized component is inferred by assuming that the beam is
totally polarized, and what is not linearly polarized must be
circularly polarized. Such an ellipsometer, commonly called a
rotating-polarizer or rotating-analyzer ellipsometer, is termed "an
incomplete" polarimeter, because it is insensitive to the
handedness of the circularly polarized component and exhibits poor
performance when the light being analyzed is either nearly
completely linearly polarized or possesses a depolarized component.
However, using UV light from source 90, the substrate of materials
such as silicon contribute enough to the overall phase shift of the
light interacting with the sample that accurate results can be
obtained without the use of a compensator. In such a case, the same
formulas above can be used to derive thickness d, where the phase
shift induced by the compensator is set to be zero.
It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to
the embodiments described above and illustrated herein, but
encompasses any and all variations falling within the scope of the
appended claims. For example, beams 24, 26, and/or 106 can be
transmitted through the sample, where the beam properties
(including the beam polarization state) of the transmitted beam are
measured. Further, a second compensator can be added, where the
first compensator is located between the sample and the analyzer,
and the second compensator located between the sample and the light
source 90, as illustrated in FIG. 4. These compensators could be
static or rotating. In addition, to provide a static or varying
retardation between the polarization states, compensator 98 can be
replaced by a non-rotating opto-electronic element or photo-elastic
element, such as a piezo-electric cell retarder which are commonly
used in the art to induce a sinusoidal or static phase retardation
by applying a varying or static voltage to the cell.
* * * * *