U.S. patent application number 10/647061 was filed with the patent office on 2004-12-30 for method for making semiconductor device including band-engineered superlattice.
This patent application is currently assigned to RJ Mears LLC.. Invention is credited to Dukovski, Ilija, Fook Yiptong, Jean Augustin Chan Sow, Hytha, Marek, Kreps, Scott A., Mears, Robert J..
Application Number | 20040266045 10/647061 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 33493657 |
Filed Date | 2004-12-30 |
United States Patent
Application |
20040266045 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Mears, Robert J. ; et
al. |
December 30, 2004 |
METHOD FOR MAKING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE INCLUDING BAND-ENGINEERED
SUPERLATTICE
Abstract
A method is for making a semiconductor device by forming a
superlattice that, in turn, includes a plurality of stacked groups
of layers. The method may also include forming regions for causing
transport of charge carriers through the superlattice in a parallel
direction relative to the stacked groups of layers. Each group of
the superlattice may include a plurality of stacked base
semiconductor monolayers defining a base semiconductor portion and
an energy band-modifying layer thereon. The energy-band modifying
layer may include at least one non-semiconductor monolayer
constrained within a crystal lattice of adjacent base semiconductor
portions so that the superlattice may have a higher charge carrier
mobility in the parallel direction than would otherwise occur. The
superlattice may also have a common energy band structure
therein.
Inventors: |
Mears, Robert J.;
(Wellesley, MA) ; Fook Yiptong, Jean Augustin Chan
Sow; (Waltham, MA) ; Hytha, Marek; (Brookline,
MA) ; Kreps, Scott A.; (Southborough, MA) ;
Dukovski, Ilija; (Newton, MA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
ALLEN, DYER, DOPPELT, MILBRATH & GILCHRIST P.A.
1401 CITRUS CENTER 255 SOUTH ORANGE AVENUE
P.O. BOX 3791
ORLANDO
FL
32802-3791
US
|
Assignee: |
RJ Mears LLC.
Waltham
MA
|
Family ID: |
33493657 |
Appl. No.: |
10/647061 |
Filed: |
August 22, 2003 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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10647061 |
Aug 22, 2003 |
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10603621 |
Jun 26, 2003 |
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10647061 |
Aug 22, 2003 |
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10603696 |
Jun 26, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
438/47 ;
257/E21.633; 257/E29.056; 257/E29.078; 257/E29.266 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 29/7833 20130101;
H01L 29/155 20130101; B82Y 10/00 20130101; H01L 21/823807 20130101;
H01L 29/152 20130101; H01L 29/1054 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
438/047 |
International
Class: |
H01L 021/00 |
Claims
That which is claimed is:
1. A method for making a semiconductor device comprising: forming a
superlattice comprising a plurality of stacked groups of layers;
and forming regions for causing transport of charge carriers
through the superlattice in a parallel direction relative to the
stacked groups of layers; each group of layers of the superlattice
comprising a plurality of stacked base semiconductor monolayers
defining a base semiconductor portion and an energy band-modifying
layer thereon; the energy-band modifying layer comprising at least
one non-semiconductor monolayer constrained within a crystal
lattice of adjacent base semiconductor portions so that the
superlattice has a higher charge carrier mobility in the parallel
direction than would otherwise be present.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the superlattice also has
a common energy band structure therein.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the charge carriers having
the higher mobility comprise at least one of electrons and
holes.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein each base semiconductor
portion comprises silicon.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein each energy band-modifying
layer comprises oxygen.
6. A method according to claim 1 wherein each energy band-modifying
layer is a single monolayer thick.
7. A method according to claim 1 wherein each base semiconductor
portion is less than eight monolayers thick.
8. A method according to claim 1 wherein each base semiconductor
portion is two to six monolayers thick.
9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the superlattice further
has a substantially direct energy bandgap.
10. A method according to claim 1 wherein the superlattice further
comprises a base semiconductor cap layer on an uppermost group of
layers.
11. A method according to claim 1 wherein all of the base
semiconductor portions are a same number of monolayers thick.
12. A method according to claim 1 wherein at least some of the base
semiconductor portions are a different number of monolayers
thick.
13. A method according to claim 1 wherein all of the base
semiconductor portions are a different number of monolayers
thick.
14. A method according to claim 1 wherein each non-semiconductor
monolayer is thermally stable through deposition of a next
layer.
15. A method according to claim 1 wherein each base semiconductor
portion comprises a base semiconductor selected from the group
consisting of Group IV semiconductors, Group III-V semiconductors,
and Group II-VI semiconductors.
16. A method according to claim 1 wherein each energy
band-modifying layer comprises a non-semiconductor selected from
the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, and
carbon-oxygen.
17. A method according to claim 1 wherein forming the superlattice
comprises forming the superlattice on a substrate.
18. A method according to claim 1 wherein the higher charge carrier
mobility results from a lower conductivity effective mass for
charge carriers in the parallel direction than would otherwise be
present.
19. A method according to claim 18 wherein the lower conductivity
effective mass is less than two-thirds the conductivity effective
mass that would otherwise occur.
20. A method according to claim 1 further comprising doping the
superlattice with at least one type of conductivity dopant
therein.
21. A method according to claim 1 wherein the superlattice defines
a channel for the semiconductor device and wherein forming the
regions comprises: forming source and drain regions laterally
adjacent the superlattice channel; and forming a gate overlying the
superlattice channel.
22. A method for making a semiconductor device comprising: forming
a superlattice comprising a plurality of stacked groups of layers;
and forming regions for causing transport of charge carriers
through the superlattice in a parallel direction relative to the
stacked groups of layers; each group of layers of the superlattice
comprising a plurality of stacked silicon atomic layers defining a
silicon portion and an energy band-modifying layer thereon; the
energy-band modifying layer comprising at least one oxygen atomic
layer constrained within a crystal lattice of adjacent silicon
portions so that the superlattice has a higher charge carrier
mobility in the parallel direction than would otherwise be
present.
23. A method according to claim 22 wherein the superlattice has a
common energy band structure therein.
24. A method according to claim 22 wherein the charge carriers
having the higher mobility comprise at least one of electrons and
holes.
25. A method according to claim 22 wherein each energy
band-modifying layer is a single atomic layer thick.
26. A method according to claim 22 wherein each silicon portion is
less than eight atomic layers thick.
27. A method according to claim 22 wherein each silicon portion is
two to six atomic layers thick.
28. A method according to claim 22 wherein the superlattice further
has a substantially direct energy bandgap.
29. A method according to claim 22 wherein the superlattice further
comprises a silicon cap layer on an uppermost group of layers.
30. A method according to claim 22 wherein all of the silicon
portions are a same number of atomic layers thick.
31. A method according to claim 22 wherein at least some of the
silicon portions are a different number of atomic layers thick.
32. A method according to claim 22 wherein all of the silicon
portions are a different number of atomic layers thick.
33. A method according to claim 22 wherein forming the superlattice
comprises forming the superlattice on a substrate.
34. A method according to claim 22 wherein the higher charge
carrier mobility results from a lower conductivity effective mass
for charge carriers in the parallel direction than would otherwise
be present.
35. A method according to claim 22 further comprising doping the
superlattice with at least one type of conductivity dopant
therein.
36. A method according to claim 22 wherein the superlattice defines
a channel for the semiconductor device and wherein forming the
regions comprises: forming source and drain regions laterally
adjacent the superlattice channel; and forming a gate overlying the
superlattice channel.
37. A method for making a semiconductor device comprising: forming
a superlattice comprising a plurality of stacked groups of layers;
and forming regions adjacent the superlattice for causing transport
of charge carriers through the superlattice in a parallel direction
relative to the stacked groups of layers; each group of layers of
the superlattice comprising less than eight stacked base
semiconductor monolayers defining a base semiconductor portion and
an energy band-modifying layer thereon; the energy-band modifying
layer comprising a single non-semiconductor monolayer constrained
within a crystal lattice of adjacent base semiconductor portions so
that the superlattice has a higher charge carrier mobility in the
parallel direction than would otherwise be present.
38. A method according to claim 37 wherein the superlattice has a
common energy band structure therein.
39. A method according to claim 37 wherein the charge carriers
having the higher mobility comprise at least one of electrons and
holes.
40. A method according to claim 37 wherein the superlattice further
has a substantially direct energy bandgap.
41. A method according to claim 37 wherein the superlattice further
comprises a base semiconductor cap layer on an uppermost group of
layers.
42. A method according to claim 37 wherein all of the base
semiconductor portions are a same number of monolayers thick.
43. A method according to claim 37 wherein at least some of the
base semiconductor portions are a different number of monolayers
thick.
44. A method according to claim 37 wherein all of the base
semiconductor portions are a different number of monolayers
thick.
45. A method according to claim 37 wherein forming the superlattice
comprises forming the superlattice on a substrate.
46. A method according to claim 37 wherein the higher charge
carrier mobility results from a lower conductivity effective mass
for charge carriers in the parallel direction than would otherwise
be present.
47. A method according to claim 37 further comprising doping the
superlattice with at least one type of conductivity dopant
therein.
48. A method according to claim 37 wherein the superlattice defines
a channel for the semiconductor device and wherein forming the
regions comprises: forming source and drain regions laterally
adjacent the superlattice channel; and forming a gate overlying the
superlattice channel.
49. A method for making a semiconductor device comprising: forming
a superlattice comprising a plurality of stacked groups of layers;
and forming regions for causing transport of charge carriers
through the superlattice in a parallel direction relative to the
stacked groups of layers; each group of layers of the superlattice
comprising less than eight stacked silicon atomic layers defining a
silicon portion and an energy band-modifying layer thereon; the
energy-band modifying layer comprising a single oxygen atomic layer
constrained within a crystal lattice of adjacent silicon
portions.
50. A method according to claim 49 wherein the superlattice further
comprises a base semiconductor cap layer on an uppermost group of
layers.
51. A method according to claim 49 wherein all of the base
semiconductor portions are a same number of atomic layers
thick.
52. A method according to claim 49 wherein at least some of the
base semiconductor portions are a different number of atomic layers
thick.
53. A method according to claim 49 wherein all of the base
semiconductor portions are a different number of monolayers
thick.
54. A method according to claim 49 wherein forming the superlattice
comprises forming the superlattice on a substrate.
55. A method according to claim 49 further comprising doping the
superlattice with at least one type of conductivity dopant
therein.
56. A method according to claim 49 wherein the superlattice defines
a channel for the semiconductor device and wherein forming the
regions comprises: forming source and drain regions laterally
adjacent the superlattice channel; and forming a gate overlying the
superlattice channel.
57. A method for making a semiconductor device comprising: forming
a superlattice comprising a plurality of stacked groups of layers;
and forming regions for causing transport of charge carriers
through the superlattice in a parallel direction relative to the
stacked groups of layers; each group of layers of the superlattice
comprising a plurality of stacked base semiconductor monolayers
defining a base semiconductor portion and an energy band-modifying
layer thereon; the energy-band modifying layer comprising at least
one non-semiconductor monolayer constrained within a crystal
lattice of adjacent base semiconductor portions so that the
superlattice has a lower conductivity effective mass for charge
carriers in the parallel direction than would otherwise be
present.
58. A method according to claim 57 wherein the superlattice also
has a common energy band structure therein.
59. A method according to claim 57 wherein the charge carriers
having the lower conductivity effective mass comprise at least one
of electrons and holes.
60. A method according to claim 57 wherein each base semiconductor
portion comprises silicon.
61. A method according to claim 57 wherein each energy
band-modifying layer comprises oxygen.
62. A method according to claim 57 wherein each energy
band-modifying layer is a single monolayer thick.
63. A method according to claim 57 wherein each base semiconductor
portion is less than eight monolayers thick.
64. A method according to claim 57 wherein each base semiconductor
portion is two to six monolayers thick.
65. A method according to claim 57 wherein the superlattice further
has a substantially direct energy bandgap.
66. A method according to claim 57 wherein the superlattice further
comprises a base semiconductor cap layer on an uppermost group of
layers.
67. A method according to claim 57 wherein all of the base
semiconductor portions are a same number of monolayers thick.
68. A method according to claim 57 wherein at least some of the
base semiconductor portions are a different number of monolayers
thick.
69. A method according to claim 57 wherein all of the base
semiconductor portions are a different number of monolayers
thick.
70. A method according to claim 57 wherein each non-semiconductor
monolayer is thermally stable through deposition of a next
layer.
71. A method according to claim 57 wherein each base semiconductor
portion comprises a base semiconductor selected from the group
consisting of Group IV semiconductors, Group III-V semiconductors,
and Group II-VI semiconductors.
72. A method according to claim 57 wherein each energy
band-modifying layer comprises a non-semiconductor selected from
the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, and
carbon-oxygen.
73. A method according to claim 57 wherein forming the superlattice
comprises forming the superlattice on a substrate.
74. A method according to claim 57 wherein the lower conductivity
effective mass is less than two-thirds the conductivity effective
mass that would otherwise occur.
75. A method according to claim 57 further comprising doping the
superlattice with at least one type of conductivity dopant
therein.
76. A method according to claim 57 wherein the superlattice defines
a channel for the semiconductor device and wherein forming the
regions comprises: forming source and drain regions laterally
adjacent the superlattice channel; and forming a gate overlying the
superlattice channel.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
applications Ser. Nos. ______ and ______ filed on Jun. 26, 2003,
entitled "Semiconductor Structures Having Improved Conductivity
Effective Mass" attorney work docket 0002-0001, and "Methods of
Fabricating Semiconductor Structures Having Improved Conductivity
Effective Mass" attorney work docket no. 0002-0002, the entire
disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to the field of
semiconductors, and, more particularly, to semiconductors having
enhanced properties based upon energy band engineering and
associated methods.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Structures and techniques have been proposed to enhance the
performance of semiconductor devices, such as by enhancing the
mobility of the charge carriers. For example, U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 2003/0057416 to Currie et al. discloses
strained material layers of silicon, silicon-germanium, and relaxed
silicon and also including impurity-free zones that would otherwise
cause performance degradation. The resulting biaxial strain in the
upper silicon layer alters the carrier mobilities enabling higher
speed and/or lower power devices. Published U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 2003/0034529 to Fitzgerald et al. discloses a CMOS
inverter also based upon similar strained silicon technology.
[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 6,472,685 B2 to Takagi discloses a
semiconductor device including a silicon and carbon layer
sandwiched between silicon layers so that the conduction band and
valence band of the second silicon layer receive a tensile strain.
Electrons having a smaller effective mass, and which have been
induced by an electric field applied to the gate electrode, are
confined in the second silicon layer, thus, an n-channel MOSFET is
asserted to have a higher mobility.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,204 to Ishibashi et al. discloses a
superlattice in which a plurality of layers, less than eight
monolayers, and containing a fraction or a binary compound
semiconductor layers, are alternately and epitaxially grown. The
direction of main current flow is perpendicular to the layers of
the superlattice.
[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 5,357,119 to Wang et al. discloses a Si--Ge
short period superlattice with higher mobility achieved by reducing
alloy scattering in the superlattice. Along these lines, U.S. Pat.
No. 5,683,934 to Candelaria discloses an enhanced mobility MOSFET
including a channel layer comprising an alloy of silicon and a
second material substitutionally present in the silicon lattice at
a percentage that places the channel layer under tensile
stress.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,262 to Tsu discloses a quantum well
structure comprising two barrier regions and a thin epitaxially
grown semiconductor layer sandwiched between the barriers. Each
barrier region consists of alternate layers of SiO.sub.2/Si with a
thickness generally in a range of two to six monolayers. A much
thicker section of silicon is sandwiched between the barriers.
[0008] An article entitled "Phenomena in silicon nanostructure
devices" also to Tsu and published online Sep. 6, 2000 by Applied
Physics and Materials Science & Processing, pp. 391-402
discloses a semiconductor-atomic superlattice (SAS) of silicon and
oxygen. The Si/O superlattice is disclosed as useful in a silicon
quantum and light-emitting devices. In particular, a green
electromuminescence diode structure was constructed and tested.
Current flow in the diode structure is vertical, that is,
perpendicular to the layers of the SAS. The disclosed SAS may
include semiconductor layers separated by adsorbed species such as
oxygen atoms, and CO molecules. The silicon growth beyond the
adsorbed monolayer of oxygen is described as epitaxial with a
fairly low defect density. One SAS structure included a 1.1 nm
thick silicon portion that is about eight atomic layers of silicon,
and another structure had twice this thickness of silicon. An
article to Luo et al. entitled "Chemical Design of Direct-Gap
Light-Emitting Silicon" published in Physical Review Letters, Vol.
89, No. 7 (Aug. 12, 2002) further discusses the light emitting SAS
structures of Tsu.
[0009] Published International Application WO 02/103,767 Al to
Wang, Tsu and Lofgren, discloses a barrier building block of thin
silicon and oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, antimony,
arsenic or hydrogen to thereby reduce current flowing vertically
through the lattice more than four orders of magnitude. The
insulating layer/barrier layer allows for low defect epitaxial
silicon to be deposited next to the insulating layer.
[0010] Published Great Britain Patent Application 2,347,520 to
Mears et al. discloses that principles of Aperiodic Photonic
Band-Gap (APBG) structures may be adapted for electronic bandgap
engineering. In particular, the application discloses that material
parameters, for example, the location of band minima, effective
mass, etc, can be tailored to yield new aperiodic materials with
desirable band-structure characteristics. Other parameters, such as
electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and dielectric
permittivity or magnetic permeability are disclosed as also
possible to be designed into the material.
[0011] Despite considerable efforts at materials engineering to
increase the mobility of charge carriers in semiconductor devices,
there is still a need for greater improvements. Greater mobility
may increase device speed and/or reduce device power consumption.
With greater mobility, device performance can also be maintained
despite the continued shift to smaller device features.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] In view of the foregoing background, it is therefore an
object of the present invention to provide a method for making a
semiconductor device having a higher charge carrier mobility, for
example.
[0013] This and other objects, features and advantages in
accordance with the invention are provided by a method including
forming a superlattice including a plurality of stacked groups of
layers, and forming regions for causing transport of charge
carriers through the superlattice in a parallel direction relative
to the stacked groups of layers. Each group of layers of the
superlattice may comprise a plurality of stacked base semiconductor
monolayers defining a base semiconductor portion and an energy
band-modifying layer thereon. Moreover, the energy-band modifying
layer may comprise at least one non-semiconductor monolayer
constrained within a crystal lattice of adjacent base semiconductor
portions so that the superlattice and has a higher charge carrier
mobility in the parallel direction than would otherwise be present.
The superlattice may also have a common energy band structure
therein.
[0014] The charge carriers may comprise at least one of electrons
and holes. In some preferred embodiments, each base semiconductor
portion may comprise silicon, and each energy band-modifying layer
may comprise oxygen. Each energy band-modifying layer may be a
single monolayer thick, and each base semiconductor portion may be
less than eight monolayers thick, such as two to four layers thick,
for example, in some embodiments.
[0015] As a result of the band engineering achieved by the present
invention, the superlattice may further have a substantially direct
energy bandgap. The superlattice may further comprise a base
semiconductor cap layer on an uppermost group of layers.
[0016] In some embodiments, all of the base semiconductor portions
may be a same number of monolayers thick. In other embodiments, at
least some of the base semiconductor portions may be a different
number of monolayers thick. In still other embodiments, all of the
base semiconductor portions may be a different number of monolayers
thick.
[0017] Each non-semiconductor monolayer is desirably thermally
stable through deposition of a next layer to thereby facilitate
manufacturing. Each base semiconductor portion may comprise a base
semiconductor selected from the group consisting of Group IV
semiconductors, Group III-V semiconductors, and Group II-VI
semiconductors. In addition, each energy band-modifying layer may
comprise a non-semiconductor selected from the group consisting of
oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, and carbon-oxygen.
[0018] The higher charge carrier mobility may result from a lower
conductivity effective mass for the charge carriers in the parallel
direction than would otherwise be present. The conductivity
effective mass may be less than two-thirds the conductivity
effective mass that would otherwise occur. Of course, the
superlattice may further comprise at least one type of conductivity
dopant therein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a
semiconductor device in accordance with the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 2 is a greatly enlarged schematic cross-sectional view
of the superlattice as shown in FIG. 1.
[0021] FIG. 3 is a perspective schematic atomic diagram of a
portion of the superlattice shown in FIG. 1.
[0022] FIG. 4 is a greatly enlarged schematic cross-sectional view
of another embodiment of a superlattice that may be used in the
device of FIG. 1.
[0023] FIG. 5A is a graph of the calculated band structure from the
gamma point (G) for both bulk silicon as in the prior art, and for
the 4/1 Si/O superlattice as shown in FIGS. 1-3.
[0024] FIG. 5B is a graph of the calculated band structure from the
Z point for both bulk silicon as in the prior art, and for the 4/1
Si/O superlattice as shown in FIGS. 1-3.
[0025] FIG. 5C is a graph of the calculated band structure from
both the gamma and Z points for both bulk silicon as in the prior
art, and for the 5/1/3/1 Si/O superlattice as shown in FIG. 4.
[0026] FIGS. 6A-6H are schematic cross-sectional views of a portion
of another semiconductor device in accordance with the present
invention during the making thereof.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0027] The present invention will now be described more fully
hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which
preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention
may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be
construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather,
these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be
thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the
invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like
elements throughout and prime notation is used to indicate similar
elements in alternate embodiments.
[0028] The present invention relates to controlling the properties
of semiconductor materials at the atomic or molecular level to
achieve improved performance within semiconductor devices. Further,
the invention relates to the identification, creation, and use of
improved materials for use in the conduction paths of semiconductor
devices.
[0029] Applicants theorize, without wishing to be bound thereto,
that certain superlattices as described herein reduce the effective
mass of charge carriers and that this thereby leads to higher
charge carrier mobility. Effective mass is described with various
definitions in the literature. As a measure of the improvement in
effective mass Applicants use a "conductivity reciprocal effective
mass tensor", M.sub.e.sup.-1 and M.sub.h.sup.-1 for electrons and
holes respectively, defined as: 1 M e , ij - 1 ( E F , T ) = E >
E F B . Z . ( k E ( k , n ) ) i ( k E ( k , n ) ) j f ( E ( k , n )
, E F , T ) E 3 k E > E F B . Z . f ( E ( k , n ) , E F , T ) 3
k
[0030] for electrons and: 2 M h , ij - 1 ( E F , T ) = - E < E F
B . Z . ( k E ( k , n ) ) i ( k E ( k , n ) ) j f ( E ( k , n ) , E
F , T ) E 3 k E < E F B . Z . ( 1 - f ( E ( k , n ) , E F , T )
) 3 k
[0031] for holes, where f is the Fermi-Dirac distribution, E.sub.F
is the Fermi energy, T is the temperature, E(k,n) is the energy of
an electron in the state corresponding to wave vector k and the
n.sup.th energy band, the indices i and j refer to Cartesian
coordinates x, y and z, the integrals are taken over the Brillouin
zone (B.Z.), and the summations are taken over bands with energies
above and below the Fermi energy for electrons and holes
respectively.
[0032] Applicants' definition of the conductivity reciprocal
effective mass tensor is such that a tensorial component of the
conductivity of the material is greater for greater values of the
corresponding component of the conductivity reciprocal effective
mass tensor. Again Applicants theorize without wishing to be bound
thereto that the superlattices described herein set the values of
the conductivity reciprocal effective mass tensor so as to enhance
the conductive properties of the material, such as typically for a
preferred direction of charge carrier transport. The inverse of the
appropriate tensor element is referred to as the conductivity
effective mass. In other words, to characterize semiconductor
material structures, the conductivity effective mass for
electrons/holes as described above and calculated in the direction
of intended carrier transport is used to distinguish improved
materials.
[0033] Using the above-described measures, one can select materials
having improved band structures for specific purposes. One such
example would be a superlattice 25 material for a channel region in
a CMOS device. A planar MOSFET 20 including the superlattice 25 in
accordance with the invention is now first described with reference
to FIG. 1. One skilled in the art, however, will appreciate that
the materials identified herein could be used in many different
types of semiconductor devices, such as discrete devices and/or
integrated circuits.
[0034] The illustrated MOSFET 20 includes a substrate 21,
source/drain regions 22, 23, source/drain extensions 26, 27, and a
channel region therebetween provided by the superlattice 25.
Source/drain silicide layers 30, 31 and source/drain contacts 32,
33 overlie the source/drain regions as will be appreciated by those
skilled in the art. Regions indicated by dashed lines 34, 35 are
optional vestigial portions formed originally with the
superlattice, but thereafter heavily doped. In other embodiments,
these vestigial superlattice regions 34, 35 may not be present as
will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art. A gate 35
illustratively includes a gate insulating layer 37 adjacent the
channel provided by the superlattice 25, and a gate electrode layer
36 on the gate insulating layer. Sidewall spacers 40, 41 are also
provided in the illustrated MOSFET 20.
[0035] Applicants have identified improved materials or structures
for the channel region of the MOSFET 20. More specifically, the
Applicants have identified materials or structures having energy
band structures for which the appropriate conductivity effective
masses for electrons and/or holes are substantially less than the
corresponding values for silicon.
[0036] Referring now additionally to FIGS. 2 and 3, the materials
or structures are in the form of a superlattice 25 whose structure
is controlled at the atomic or molecular level and may be formed
using known techniques of atomic or molecular layer deposition. The
superlattice 25 includes a plurality of layer groups 45a-45n
arranged in stacked relation as perhaps best understood with
specific reference to the schematic cross-sectional view of FIG.
2.
[0037] Each group of layers 45a-45n of the superlattice 25
illustratively includes a plurality of stacked base semiconductor
monolayers 46 defining a respective base semiconductor portion
46a-46n and an energy band-modifying layer 50 thereon. The energy
band-modifying layers 50 are indicated by stippling in FIG. 2 for
clarity of explanation.
[0038] The energy-band modifying layer 50 illustratively comprises
one non-semiconductor monolayer constrained within a crystal
lattice of adjacent base semiconductor portions. In other
embodiments, more than one such monolayer may be possible.
Applicants theorize without wishing to be bound thereto that energy
band-modifying layers 50 and adjacent base semiconductor portions
46a-46n cause the superlattice 25 to have a lower appropriate
conductivity effective mass for the charge carriers in the parallel
layer direction than would otherwise be present. Considered another
way, this parallel direction is orthogonal to the stacking
direction. The band modifying layers 50 may also cause the
superlattice 25 to have a common energy band structure. It is also
theorized that the semiconductor device, such as the illustrated
MOSFET 20, enjoys a higher charge carrier mobility based upon the
lower conductivity effective mass than would otherwise be present.
In some embodiments, and as a result of the band engineering
achieved by the present invention, the superlattice 25 may further
have a substantially direct energy bandgap that may be particularly
advantageous for opto-electronic devices, for example, as described
in further detail below.
[0039] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the
source/drain regions 22, 23 and gate 35 of the MOSFET 20 may be
considered as regions for causing the transport of charge carriers
through the superlattice in a parallel direction relative to the
layers of the stacked groups 45a-45n. Other such regions are also
contemplated by the present invention.
[0040] The superlattice 25 also illustratively includes a cap layer
52 on an upper layer group 45n. The cap layer 52 may comprise a
plurality of base semiconductor monolayers 46. The cap layer 52 may
have between 2 to 100 monolayers of the base semiconductor, and,
more preferably between 10 to 50 monolayers.
[0041] Each base semiconductor portion 46a-46n may comprise a base
semiconductor selected from the group consisting of Group IV
semiconductors, Group III-V semiconductors, and Group II-VI
semiconductors. Of course, the term Group IV semiconductors also
includes Group IV-IV semiconductors as will be appreciated by those
skilled in the art.
[0042] Each energy band-modifying layer 50 may comprise a
non-semiconductor selected from the group consisting of oxygen,
nitrogen, fluorine, and carbon-oxygen, for example. The
non-semiconductor is also desirably thermally stable through
deposition of a next layer to thereby facilitate manufacturing. In
other embodiments, the non-semiconductor may be another inorganic
or organic element or compound that is compatible with the given
semiconductor processing as will be appreciated by those skilled in
the art.
[0043] It should be noted that the term monolayer is meant to
include a single atomic layer and also a single molecular layer. It
is also noted that the energy band-modifying layer 50 provided by a
single monolayer is also meant to include a monolayer wherein not
all of the possible sites are occupied. For example, with
particular reference to the atomic diagram of FIG. 3, a 4/1
repeating structure is illustrated for silicon as the base
semiconductor material, and oxygen as the energy band-modifying
material. Only half of the possible sites for oxygen are occupied.
In other embodiments and/or with different materials this one half
occupation would not necessarily be the case as will be appreciated
by those skilled in the art. Indeed it can be seen even in this
schematic diagram, that individual atoms of oxygen in a given
monolayer are not precisely aligned along a flat plane as will also
be appreciated by those of skill in the art of atomic
deposition.
[0044] Silicon and oxygen are currently widely used in conventional
semiconductor processing, and, hence, manufacturers will be readily
able to use these materials as described herein. Atomic or
monolayer deposition is also now widely used. Accordingly,
semiconductor devices incorporating the superlattice 25 in
accordance with the invention may be readily adopted and
implemented as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
[0045] It is theorized without Applicants wishing to be bound
thereto, that for a superlattice, such as the Si/O superlattice,
for example, that the number of silicon monolayers should desirably
be seven or less so that the energy band of the superlattice is
common or relatively uniform throughout to achieve the desired
advantages. The 4/1 repeating structure shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, for
Si/O has been modeled to indicate an enhanced mobility for
electrons and holes in the X direction. For example, the calculated
conductivity effective mass for electrons (isotropic for bulk
silicon) is 0.26 and for the 4/1 SiO superlattice in the X
direction it is 0.12 resulting in a ratio of 0.46. Similarly, the
calculation for holes yields values of 0.36 for bulk silicon and
0.16 for the 4/1 Si/O superlattice resulting in a ratio of
0.44.
[0046] While such a directionally preferential feature may be
desired in certain semiconductor devices, other devices may benefit
from a more uniform increase in mobility in any direction parallel
to the groups of layers. It may also be beneficial to have an
increased mobility for both electrons or holes, or just one of
these types of charge carriers as will be appreciated by those
skilled in the art.
[0047] The lower conductivity effective mass for the 4/1 Si/O
embodiment of the superlattice 25 may be less than two-thirds the
conductivity effective mass than would otherwise occur, and this
applies for both electrons and holes. Of course, the superlattice
25 may further comprise at least one type of conductivity dopant
therein as will also be appreciated by those skilled in the
art.
[0048] Indeed, referring now additionally to FIG. 4 another
embodiment of a superlattice 25' in accordance with the invention
having different properties is now described. In this embodiment, a
repeating pattern of 3/1/5/1 is illustrated. More particularly, the
lowest base semiconductor portion 46a' has three monolayers, and
the second lowest base semiconductor portion 46b' has five
monolayers. This pattern repeats throughout the superlattice 25'
The energy band-modifying layers 50' may each include a single
monolayer. For such a superlattice 25' including Si/O, the
enhancement of charge carrier mobility is independent of
orientation in the plane of the layers. Those other elements of
FIG. 4 not specifically mentioned are similar to those discussed
above with reference to FIG. 2 and need no further discussion
herein.
[0049] In some device embodiments, all of the base semiconductor
portions of a superlattice may be a same number of monolayers
thick. In other embodiments, at least some of the base
semiconductor portions may be a different number of monolayers
thick. In still other embodiments, all of the base semiconductor
portions may be a different number of monolayers thick.
[0050] In FIGS. 5A-5C band structures calculated using Density
Functional Theory (DFT) are presented. It is well known in the art
that DFT underestimates the absolute value of the bandgap. Hence
all bands above the gap may be shifted by an appropriate "scissors
correction". However the shape of the band is known to be much more
reliable. The vertical energy axes should be interpreted in this
light.
[0051] FIG. 5A shows the calculated band structure from the gamma
point (G) for both bulk silicon (represented by continuous lines)
and for the 4/1 Si/O superlattice 25 as shown in FIGS. 1-3
(represented by dotted lines). The directions refer to the unit
cell of the 4/1 Si/O structure and not to the conventional unit
cell of Si, although the (001) direction in the figure does
correspond to the (001) direction of the conventional unit cell of
Si, and, hence, shows the expected location of the Si conduction
band minimum. The (100) and (010) directions in the figure
correspond to the (110) and (-110) directions of the conventional
Si unit cell. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the
bands of Si on the figure are folded to represent them on the
appropriate reciprocal lattice directions for the 4/1 Si/O
structure.
[0052] It can be seen that the conduction band minimum for the 4/1
Si/O structure is located at the gamma point in contrast to bulk
silicon (Si), whereas the valence band minimum occurs at the edge
of the Brillouin zone in the (001) direction which we refer to as
the Z point. One may also note the greater curvature of the
conduction band minimum for the 4/1 Si/O structure compared to the
curvature of the conduction band minimum for Si owing to the band
splitting due to the perturbation introduced by the additional
oxygen layer.
[0053] FIG. 5B shows the calculated band structure from the Z point
for both bulk silicon (continuous lines) and for the 4/1 Si/O
superlattice 25 (dotted lines). This figure illustrates the
enhanced curvature of the valence band in the (100) direction.
[0054] FIG. 5C shows the calculated band structure from the both
the gamma and Z point for both bulk silicon (continuous lines) and
for the 5/1/3/1 Si/O structure of the superlattice 25' of FIG. 4
(dotted lines). Due to the symmetry of the 5/1/3/1 Si/O structure,
the calculated band structures in the (100) and (010) directions
are equivalent. Thus the conductivity effective mass and mobility
are expected to be isotropic in the plane parallel to the layers,
i.e. perpendicular to the (001) stacking direction. Note that in
the 5/1/3/1 Si/O example the conduction band minimum and the
valence band maximum are both at or close to the Z point. Although
increased curvature is an indication of reduced effective mass, the
appropriate comparison and discrimination may be made via the
conductivity reciprocal effective mass tensor calculation. This
leads Applicants to further theorize that the 5/1/3/1 superlattice
25' should be substantially direct bandgap. As will be understood
by those skilled in the art, the appropriate matrix element for
optical transition is another indicator of the distinction between
direct and indirect bandgap behavior.
[0055] Referring now additionally to FIGS. 6A-6H, a discussion is
provided of the formation of a channel region provided by the
above-described superlattice 25 in a simplified CMOS fabrication
process for manufacturing PMOS and NMOS transistors. The example
process begins with an eight-inch wafer of lightly doped P-type or
N-type single crystal silicon with <100> orientation 402. In
the example, the formation of two transistors, one NMOS and one
PMOS will be shown. In FIG. 6A, a deep N-well 404 is implanted in
the substrate 402 for isolation. In FIG. 6B, N-well and P-well
regions 406, 408, respectively, are formed using an
SiO.sub.2/Si.sub.3N.sub.4 mask prepared using known techniques.
This could entail, for example, steps of n-well and p-well
implantation, strip, drive-in, clean, and re-growth. The strip step
refers to removing the mask (in this case, photoresist and silicon
nitride). The drive-in step is used to locate the dopants at the
appropriate depth, assuming the implantation is lower energy (i.e.
80 keV) rather than higher energy (200-300 keV). A typical drive-in
condition would be approximately 9-10 hrs. at 1100-1150.degree. C.
The drive-in step also anneals out implantation damage. If the
implant is of sufficient energy to put the ions at the correct
depth then an anneal step follows, which is lower temperature and
shorter. A clean step comes before an oxidation step so as to avoid
contaminating the furnaces with organics, metals, etc. Other known
ways or processes for reaching this point may be used as well.
[0056] In FIGS. 6C-6H, an NMOS device will be shown in one side 200
and a PMOS device will be shown in the other side 400. FIG. 6C
depicts shallow trench isolation in which the wafer is patterned,
the trenches 410 are etched (0.3-0.8 um), a thin oxide is grown,
the trenches are filled with SiO.sub.2, and then the surface is
planarized. FIG. 6D depicts the definition and deposition of the
superlattice of the present invention as the channel regions 412,
414. An SiO.sub.2 mask (not shown) is formed, a superlattice of the
present invention is deposited using atomic layer deposition, an
epitaxial silicon cap layer is formed, and the surface is
planarized to arrive at the structure of FIG. 6D.
[0057] The epitaxial silicon cap layer may have a preferred
thickness to prevent superlattice consumption during gate oxide
growth, or any other subsequent oxidations, while at the same time
reducing or minimizing the thickness of the silicon cap layer to
reduce any parallel path of conduction with the superlattice.
According to the well known relationship of consuming approximately
45% of the underlying silicon for a given oxide grown, the silicon
cap layer may be greater than 45% of the grown gate oxide thickness
plus a small incremental amount to account for manufacturing
tolerances known to those skilled in the art. For the present
example, and assuming growth of a 25 angstrom gate, one may use
approximately 13-15 angstroms of silicon cap thickness.
[0058] FIG. 6E depicts the devices after the gate oxide layers and
the gates are formed. To form these layers, a thin gate oxide is
deposited, and steps of poly deposition, patterning, and etching
are performed. Poly deposition refers to low pressure chemical
vapor deposition (LPCVD) of silicon onto an oxide (hence it forms a
polycrystalline material). The step includes doping with P+ or As-
to make it conducting and the layer is around 250 nm thick.
[0059] This step depends on the exact process, so the 250 nm
thickness is only an example. The pattern step is made up of
spinning photoresist, baking it, exposing it to light
(photolithography step), and developing the resist. Usually, the
pattern is then transferred to another layer (oxide or nitride)
which acts as an etch mask during the etch step. The etch step
typically is a plasma etch (anisotropic, dry etch) that is material
selective (e.g. etches silicon 10 times faster than oxide) and
transfers the lithography pattern into the material of
interest.
[0060] In FIG. 6F, lowly doped source and drain regions 420, 422
are formed. These regions are formed using n-type and p-type LDD
implantation, annealing, and cleaning. "LDD" refers to n-type lowly
doped drain, or on the source side, p-type lowly doped source. This
is a low energy/low dose implant that is the same ion type as the
source/drain. An anneal step may be used after the LDD
implantation, but depending on the specific process, it may be
omitted. The clean step is a chemical etch to remove metals and
organics prior to depositing an oxide layer.
[0061] FIG. 6G shows the spacer formation and the source and drain
implants. An SiO.sub.2 mask is deposited and etched back. N-type
and p-type ion implantation is used to form the source and drain
regions 430, 432, 434, and 436. Then the structure is annealed and
cleaned. FIG. 6H depicts the self-aligned silicides formation, also
known as salicidation. The salicidation process includes metal
deposition (e.g. Ti), nitrogen annealing, metal etching, and a
second annealing. This, of course, is just one example of a process
and device in which the present invention may be used, and those of
skill in the art will understand its application and use in many
other processes and devices. In other processes and devices the
structures of the present invention may be formed on a portion of a
wafer or across substantially all of a wafer. In other processes
and devices the structures of the present invention may be formed
on a portion of a wafer or across substantially all of a wafer.
[0062] In accordance with another manufacturing process in
accordance with the invention, selective deposition is not used.
Instead, a blanket layer may be formed and a masking step may be
used to remove material between devices, such as using the STI
areas as an etch stop. This may use a controlled deposition over a
patterned oxide/Si wafer. The use of an atomic layer deposition
tool may also not be needed in some embodiments. For example, the
monolayers may be formed using a CVD tool with process conditions
compatible with control of monolayers as will be appreciated by
those skilled in the art. Although planarization is discussed
above, it may not be needed in some process embodiments. The
superlattice structure may also formed prior to formation of the
STI regions to thereby eliminate a masking step. Moreover, in yet
other variations, the superlattice structure could be formed prior
to formation of the wells, for example.
[0063] Considered in different terms, the method in accordance with
the present invention may include forming a superlattice 25
including a plurality of stacked groups of layers 45a-45n. The
method may also include forming regions for causing transport of
charge carriers through the superlattice in a parallel direction
relative to the stacked groups of layers. Each group of layers of
the superlattice may comprise a plurality of stacked base
semiconductor monolayers defining a base semiconductor portion and
an energy band-modifying layer thereon. As described herein, the
energy-band modifying layer may comprise at least one
non-semiconductor monolayer constrained within a crystal lattice of
adjacent base semiconductor portions so that the superlattice has a
common energy band structure therein, and has a higher charge
carrier mobility than would otherwise be present.
[0064] Other aspects relating to the present invention are
disclosed in copending patent applications entitled "SEMICONDUCTOR
DEVICE INCLUDING MOSFET HAVING BAND-ENGINEERED SUPERLATTICE", and
"SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE INCLUDING BAND-ENGINEERED SUPERLATTICE",
filed concurrently herein, and having respective attorney work
docket nos. 62602, and 62601, the entire disclosures of which are
incorporated herein by reference. In addition, many modifications
and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of one
skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in
the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore,
it is understood that the invention is not to be limited to the
specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and
embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the
appended claims.
* * * * *