U.S. patent number RE41,170 [Application Number 11/655,817] was granted by the patent office on 2010-03-30 for voltage regulation of a utility power network.
This patent grant is currently assigned to American Superconductor Corporation. Invention is credited to Warren Elliott Buckles, Douglas C. Folts, Thomas Gregory Hubert.
United States Patent |
RE41,170 |
Hubert , et al. |
March 30, 2010 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Voltage regulation of a utility power network
Abstract
Power compensation is provided from a power compensation device
to a utility power network carrying a nominal voltage. The power
compensation device has a steady-state power delivery
characteristic. The power compensation is providing by detecting a
change of a predetermined magnitude in the nominal voltage on the
utility power network and controlling the power compensation device
to deliver, for a first period of time and in response to the
detected change in the nominal voltage, reactive power to the
utility power network. The power compensation device is controlled
to deliver, for a second period of time following the first period
of time, reactive power to the utility power network at a level
that is a factor N(N>1) greater than the steady-state power
delivery characteristic of the power compensation device.
Inventors: |
Hubert; Thomas Gregory
(Necedah, WI), Folts; Douglas C. (Baraboo, WI), Buckles;
Warren Elliott (Madison, WI) |
Assignee: |
American Superconductor
Corporation (Devens, MA)
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Family
ID: |
22607129 |
Appl.
No.: |
11/655,817 |
Filed: |
January 19, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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11150603 |
Jun 10, 2005 |
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10002847 |
Nov 14, 2001 |
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09718672 |
Nov 22, 2000 |
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60167377 |
Nov 24, 1999 |
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Reissue of: |
10196707 |
Jul 15, 2002 |
06577108 |
Jun 10, 2003 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
323/207; 363/37;
323/205 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H02J
3/1842 (20130101); Y02E 40/20 (20130101); Y02E
40/22 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G05F
1/70 (20060101); G05F 3/30 (20060101); H02M
5/45 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;323/205,207,208
;363/34,35,37,39,40 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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0181575 |
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May 1986 |
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EP |
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59052809 |
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Mar 1984 |
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JP |
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5921870 |
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Dec 1984 |
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JP |
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01019929 |
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Jan 1989 |
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JP |
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05268727 |
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Oct 1993 |
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JP |
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PCT/US00/31925 |
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Nov 2000 |
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WO |
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Other References
Rahim et al., IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, US, IEEE
Inc., 11:175-180, 1996. cited by other .
"Voltage and Discharge and Magnet and Superconductor", Nerac, Inc.,
1999, 5-40. cited by other .
C. Schauder, et al., "Development of a 100MVAR Static Condenser for
Voltage Control of Transmission Systems. IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery", vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996. cited by other .
A.E. Hammad, "Comparing the Voltage Control Capabilities of Present
and Future VAr Compensating Techniques in Transmission Systems,"
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996.
cited by other.
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Primary Examiner: Berhane; Adolf
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Occhiuti Rohlicek & Tsao
LLP
Parent Case Text
CLAIM TO PRIORITY
.[.This.]. .Iadd.More than one reissue application has been filed
for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 6,577,108. The present reissue
application Ser. No. 11/655,817 is a divisional of reissue
application 11/150,603 (now abandoned), which is a reissue of U.S.
application Ser. No. 10/196,707, which .Iaddend.application is a
continuation (and claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC 120)
of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/002,847, filed Nov. 14, 2001, now
abandoned.Iadd., .Iaddend.of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/718,672,
filed Nov. 22, 2000 now abandoned.Iadd., .Iaddend.and .Iadd.of
.Iaddend.U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/167,377, filed
Nov. 24, 1999. The disclosures of the prior applications are
considered part of (and are incorporated by reference in) the
disclosure of this application.Iadd...Iaddend.
Claims
What is claimed is:
.[.1. A system for use with a reactive power compensation device
connected to a utility power network carrying a nominal voltage,
the system comprising: a controller which controls the reactive
power compensation device to deliver, for a first period of time
and in response to a detected change in the nominal voltage,
reactive power, real power, or both real and reactive power to the
utility power network; wherein, in a second period of time
following the first period of time, the controller controls the
reactive power compensation device to provide reactive power to the
utility power network at a level that is a factor N (N>1)
greater than a maximum power capability characteristic of the
reactive power compensation device..].
.[.2. The system of claim 1, wherein, during the second period of
time, the relative power compensation device provides real power to
the utility power network..].
.[.3. The system of claim 2, wherein the controller controls the
reactive power compensation device to non-discontinuously decrease
the reactive power to a steady-state power delivery characteristic
after the second period of time..].
.[.4. The system of claim 3, wherein a slope of the
non-discontinuously decreasing reactive power is determined on the
basis of a characteristic impedance of the utility power
network..].
.[.5. The system of claim 1, wherein the factor N is determined on
the basis of a transient thermal capacity characteristic of the
reactive power compensation device..].
.[.6. The system of claim 5, wherein the transient thermal capacity
characteristic is represented by an I.sup.2t rating of the reactive
power compensation device..].
.[.7. The system of claim 1, wherein a sum of the first period of
time and the second period of time is determined on the basis of
the ability of the reactive power compensation device to absorb
thermal energy..].
.[.8. A method of providing power compensation from a power
compensation device to a utility power network carrying a nominal
voltage, the power compensation device having a steady-state power
delivery characteristic, the method comprising: detecting a change
of a predetermined magnitude in the nominal voltage on the utility
power network; controlling the power compensation device to
deliver, for a first period of time and in response to the detected
change in the nominal voltage, reactive power, real power, or both
real and reactive power to the utility power network; and
controlling the power compensation device to deliver, for a second
period of time following the first period of time, reactive power
to the utility power network at a level that is a factor N (N>1)
greater than the steady-state power delivery characteristic of the
power compensation device..].
.[.9. The method of claim 8, wherein, during the second period of
time the power compensation device provides real power to the
utility power network..].
.[.10. The method of claim 9, further comprising, after the second
period of time, non-discontinuously decreasing the reactive power
from the power compensation device to the steady-state power
delivery characteristic..].
.[.11. The method of claim 10, further comprising determining a
slope of the nondiscontinuously decreasing reactive power on the
basis of a characteristic impedance of the utility power
network..].
.[.12. The method of claim 11, wherein the characteristic impedance
of the utility power network is determined on the basis of known
characteristics of the utility power network..].
.[.13. The method of claim 11, further comprising determining the
characteristic impedance of the utility power network by applying a
stimulus to the network and measuring a response to the
stimulus..].
.[.14. The method of claim 8, wherein the factor N is determined on
the basis of a transient thermal capacity characteristic of the
power compensation device..].
.[.15. The method of claim 14, wherein the transient thermal
capacity characteristic is represented by an I.sup.2t rating of the
power compensation device..].
.[.16. The method of claim 8, wherein the second period of time is
determined on the basis of the ability of the power compensation
device to absorb thermal energy..].
.Iadd.17. A system for providing power to a utility power network,
the system comprising: a power compensation device having a maximum
non-overload steady-state power capability characteristic; and a
controller which controls the power compensation device to deliver
power to the utility power network at a first overload level
greater than the maximum non-overload steady-state power capability
characteristic and then to continuously decrease the power from the
first overload level to a second level lower than the first
overload level, the controller determining a time period of the
continuously decreasing power on the basis of a transient thermal
capacity characteristic of the power compensation
device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.18. The system of claim 17 wherein the second level is less
than or approximately equal to the maximum non-overload
steady-state power capability characteristic..Iaddend.
.Iadd.19. The system of claim 17 wherein the power compensation
device has a maximum overload power delivery characteristic greater
than the maximum non-overload steady-state power capability
characteristic and the controller is configured to control the
power compensation device to deliver power at the maximum overload
power level to the utility power network prior to continuously
decreasing the power to the second level..Iaddend.
.Iadd.20. The system of claim 19 wherein the controller determines
the maximum overload power delivery characteristic using a
transient thermal capacity characteristic of the power compensation
device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.21. The system of claim 19 wherein the controller determines
the maximum overload power delivery characteristic using the
maximum current characteristic of the power compensation
device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.22. The system of claim 17 wherein the controller is
configured to determine an accumulation of energy dissipated in the
power compensation device during a first period of time, and to
determine a starting time for starting to decrease the delivery of
power from the power compensation device based on the accumulation
of energy dissipated in the power compensation device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.23. The system of claim 22 wherein the controller is
configured to determine the starting time based on a transient
thermal capacity characteristic of the power compensation
device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.24. The system of claim 23 wherein the controller uses the
accumulation of energy dissipated in the power compensation device
to estimate when the transient thermal capacity characteristic of
the power compensation device will be exhausted..Iaddend.
.Iadd.25. The system of claim 22 wherein the controller repeatedly
calculates the accumulation of energy dissipated in the power
compensation device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.26. The system of claim 25 wherein the controller calculates
the accumulation of energy dissipated in the power compensation
device once every line cycle..Iaddend.
.Iadd.27. The system of claim 17 wherein a rate of decrease of the
continuously decreasing power is computed by the controller on the
basis of a characteristic impedance of the utility power
network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.28. The system of claim 17 wherein the controller is
configured to decrease the power as a linear function of
time..Iaddend.
.Iadd.29. The system of claim 23 wherein the transient thermal
capacity characteristic is an I.sup.2t rating of the power
compensation device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.30. The system of claim 17 wherein the controller determines
a slope and a time period of the continuously decreasing power on
the basis of the ability of the power compensation device to absorb
thermal energy..Iaddend.
.Iadd.31. The system of claim 17 wherein the controller controls
the power compensation device to deliver power to the utility power
network at a level greater than the maximum non-overload
steady-state power capability characteristic in response to a
change in the condition of the utility power network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.32. The system of claim 31 wherein the change in the
condition of the utility power network comprises a change in a
nominal voltage carried on the utility power network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.33. The system of claim 17 wherein the power compensation
device is configured to deliver reactive power, real power or a
combination of reactive power and real power..Iaddend.
.Iadd.34. The system of claim 17 wherein the power compensation
device comprises a reactive power compensation device and the
controller is configured to control the reactive power compensation
device to deliver reactive power to the utility power
network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.35. The system of claim 34 wherein the power compensation
device comprises a real power compensation device and the
controller is configured to control the real power compensation
device to deliver real power to the utility power
network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.36. The system of claim 17 wherein the power compensation
device comprises a real power compensation device and the
controller is configured to control the real power compensation
device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.37. The system of claim 36 wherein the controller is
configured to control the real power compensation device to
initially deliver a maximum level of real power to the utility
power network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.38. The system of claim 36 wherein the real power
compensation device comprises a superconducting magnetic energy
storage device (SMES)..Iaddend.
.Iadd.39. The system of claim 38 wherein the real power
compensation device comprises a distributed SMES
(D-SMES)..Iaddend.
.Iadd.40. The system of claim 37 wherein the real power
compensation device comprises a capacitor bank..Iaddend.
.Iadd.41. The system of claim 17 wherein the controller controls
the power compensation device to deliver power to the utility power
network at a level greater than the maximum non-overload
steady-state power capability characteristic during a first time
period, and to continuously decrease the power to the second level
during a second time period..Iaddend.
.Iadd.42. The system of claim 41 wherein the second time period
follows the first time period..Iaddend.
.Iadd.43. The system of claim 17 wherein power compensation device
comprises one or more inverters..Iaddend.
.Iadd.44. The system of claim 17 wherein the controller controls
the power compensation device to immediately deliver, in response
to a detected change in the nominal voltage, power to the utility
power network at a level greater than the maximum non-overload
steady-state power capability characteristic..Iaddend.
.Iadd.45. A method for controlling a system connected to a utility
power network, the method comprising: controlling a power
compensation device to deliver power to the utility power network
at a first overload level greater than a maximum non-overload,
steady-state power capability characteristic, and controlling the
power compensation device to continuously decrease from the first
overload level the power to a second level less than the first
overload level, a time period of the continuously decreasing power
being determined on the basis of a transient thermal capacity
characteristic of the power compensation device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.46. The method of claim 45 wherein the second level is less
than or approximately equal to the maximum non-overload
steady-state power capability characteristic..Iaddend.
.Iadd.47. The method of claim 45 wherein the power compensation
device has a maximum overload power delivery characteristic greater
than the maximum non-overload steady-state power capability
characteristic, the method further comprising controlling the power
compensation device to deliver the power at the maximum overload
power level to the utility power network prior to continuously
decreasing the power to the second level..Iaddend.
.Iadd.48. The method of claim 47 further comprising determining the
maximum overload power delivery characteristic as a function of a
transient thermal capacity characteristic of the power compensation
device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.49. The method of claim 47 further comprising determining the
maximum overload power delivery characteristic as a function of a
maximum current characteristic of the power compensation
device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.50. The method of claim 45 further comprising determining an
accumulation of energy dissipated in the power compensation device
during a first period of time, and determining a starting time for
decreasing the delivery of power from the power compensation device
on the basis of the accumulation of energy dissipated by the power
compensation device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.51. The method of claim 50 further comprising determining the
starting time on the basis of a transient thermal capacity
characteristic of the power compensation device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.52. The method of claim 45 further comprising determining the
starting time based on an estimate of the accumulation of energy
dissipated by the power compensation device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.53. The method of claim 50 further comprising using the
accumulation of energy to estimate when the transient thermal
capacity characteristic of the power compensation device will be
exhausted..Iaddend.
.Iadd.54. The method of claim 50 further comprising repeatedly
determining the accumulation of energy..Iaddend.
.Iadd.55. The method of claim 54 further comprising determining the
accumulation of energy once every line cycle..Iaddend.
.Iadd.56. The method of claim 45 further comprising determining a
rate of decrease of the continuously decreasing power on the basis
of a characteristic impedance of the utility power
network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.57. The method of claim 45 further comprising decreasing the
power as a linear function of time..Iaddend.
.Iadd.58. The method of claim 51 wherein the transient thermal
capacity characteristic is an I2t rating of the power compensation
device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.59. The method of claim 45 further comprising determining a
slope and a time period of the continuously decreasing power on the
basis of the ability of the power compensation device to absorb
thermal energy..Iaddend.
.Iadd.60. The method of claim 45 comprising controlling the system
to deliver power to the utility power network at a level greater
than the maximum non-overload steady-state power capability
characteristic in response to a change in the condition of the
utility power network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.61. The method of claim 60 wherein the change in the
condition of the utility power network comprises a change in a
nominal voltage carried on the utility power network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.62. The method of claim 46 wherein the power comprises
reactive power, real power or a combination of real and reactive
power..Iaddend.
.Iadd.63. The method of claim 45 wherein the system comprises a
reactive power compensation device and the controller is configured
to control the reactive power compensation device to deliver
reactive power to the utility power network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.64. The method of claim 62 wherein the system comprises a
real power compensation device and the controller is configured to
control the real power compensation device to deliver real power to
the utility power network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.65. The method of claim 45 wherein the system comprises a
real power compensation device, the method further comprising
controlling the real power compensation device to initially deliver
a maximum level of real power to the utility power
network..Iaddend.
.Iadd.66. The method of claim 65 wherein the real power
compensation device comprises a superconducting magnetic energy
storage device (SMES)..Iaddend.
.Iadd.67. The method of claim 66 wherein the real power
compensation device comprises a distributed SMES
(D-SMES)..Iaddend.
.Iadd.68. The method of claim 65 wherein the real power
compensation device comprises a capacitor bank..Iaddend.
.Iadd.69. The method of claim 46 wherein the power compensation
device comprises one or more inverters..Iaddend.
.Iadd.70. The method of claim 46 further comprising immediately
delivering power to the utility power network at a level greater
than the maximum non-overload steady-state power capability
characteristic during the first time period..Iaddend.
.Iadd.71. The method of claim 46 comprising controlling the power
compensation device to deliver power to the utility power networks
at a level greater than the maximum non-overload steady-state power
capability characteristic during a first time period, and to
continuously decrease the power to the second level during a second
time period..Iaddend.
.Iadd.72. The method of claim 71 wherein the second time period
follows the first time period..Iaddend.
.Iadd.73. A system for providing power to a utility power network,
the system comprising: a power compensation device having a maximum
non-overload steady-state power capability characteristic; and a
controller which controls the power compensation device to deliver
power to the utility power network at a first overload level
greater than the maximum non-overload steady-state power capability
characteristic, calculates at least one rate of continuous decrease
of power from the first overload level to a second level lower than
the first overload level on the basis of a transient thermal
capacity characteristic of the power compensation device, and then
controls the power compensation device to continuously decrease
power from the first overload level to the second level according
to one of said calculated rates..Iaddend.
.Iadd.74. The system of claim 73 wherein the power compensation
device comprises an inverter and the controller controls the
inverter to continuously decrease the power from the first overload
level to a second level lower than the first overload level
according to the at least one of said calculated
rates..Iaddend.
.Iadd.75. The system of claim 73 wherein the second level is lower
than the maximum non-overload steady-state power capability
characteristic..Iaddend.
Description
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
The following applications are hereby incorporated by reference
into this application as if set forth herein in full: (1) U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 09/240,751, entitled "Electric Utility
Network With Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage" and filed on
Jan. 29, 1999; (2) U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/117,784,
entitled "Electric Utility Network With Superconducting Magnetic
Energy Storage" and filed on Jan. 29, 1999; (3) U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/449,505, entitled "Method and Apparatus for
Discharging a Superconducting Magnet" and filed on Nov. 24, 1999;
(4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/449,436, entitled "Method
and Apparatus for Controlling a Phase Angle" and filed on Nov. 24,
1999; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/449,378, entitled
"Capacitor Switching" and filed on Nov. 24, 1999; (6) U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/449,375, entitled "Method and Apparatus for
Providing Power to a Utility Network" and filed on Nov. 24, 1999;
(7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/449,435, entitled "Electric
Utility System with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage" and
filed on Nov. 24, 1999; and (8) U.S. Provisional Application No.
60/167,377, entitled "Voltage Regulation of a Utility Power
Network" and filed on Nov. 24, 1999.
BACKGROUND
This invention relates to electric power utility networks including
generating systems, transmission systems, and distribution systems
serving loads. In particular, the invention relates to controlling
the transfer of energy to and from a utility power network. Energy
storage devices, including capacitor banks and superconducting
magnetic energy storage devices (SMES), are used to provide power
to a utility power network in order to compensate for power
shortfalls or voltage instability problems on the network. For
example, in the event of a fault or outage on the network, power
may be transferred from an energy storage device to the network to
ensure that the amount of power on the network remains within
acceptable limits.
SUMMARY
The invention features a system for controlling a power
compensation device, such as an inverter connected to a utility
power network, to operate in an "overload" mode. Operating in an
overload mode means operating the power compensation device in
excess of its maximum steady-state power delivery characteristic
(e.g., power delivery rating). This reduces the cost of heat
dissipation elements in the compensating device and reduces the
number of solid state switching devices required therein.
In one aspect, the invention is a system that includes a controller
which controls a reactive power compensation device to deliver, for
a first period of time and in response to a detected change in a
nominal voltage, reactive power to the utility power network. In a
second period of time following the first period of time, the
controller controls the reactive power compensation device to
provide reactive power to the utility power network at a level that
is a factor N(N>1) greater than a maximum power capability
characteristic of the reactive power compensation device.
In another aspect, the invention is directed to providing power
compensation from a power compensation device to a utility power
network carrying a nominal voltage, the power compensation device
having a steady-state power delivery characteristic. This aspect
features detecting a change of a predetermined magnitude in the
nominal voltage on the utility power network, and controlling the
power compensation device to deliver, for a first period of time
and in response to the detected change in the nominal voltage,
reactive power to the utility power network. The power compensation
device is controlled to deliver, for a second period of time
following the first period of time, reactive power to the utility
power network at a level that is a factor N(N>1) greater than
the steady-state power delivery characteristic of the power
compensation device.
Having detected and reacted to a change of a predetermined
magnitude in the nominal voltage on the utility power network by
increasing injected power to a level that is as much as N times
higher than the maximum steady-state power delivery characteristic
of the compensation device, power injection of the compensating
device can be purposefully and gradually reduced to the maximum
steady-state value so as not to include a transient response by the
network that could result in voltage instability and/or other
undesirable events.
Among other advantages, these aspects of the invention provide an
approach for operating a reactive power compensation device in an
overload mode for a maximum period of time without incurring an
abrupt, step-like change in inverter current at the time the
overload capability of the compensating device has been expended,
thereby forcing the compensating device's current to be at or below
a specified level. Thus, as noted, the invention reduces the
possibility of undesirable transients (e.g., ringing oscillations)
in the utility power network. Furthermore, a substantially optimum
ramp down profile can be determined on the basis of the
characteristic impedance of the network.
Embodiments of the foregoing aspects of the invention may include
one or more of the following features. During the first period of
time, the compensation device provides real power and reactive
power to the utility power network. After the second period of
time, the reactive power from the compensation device is
non-discontinuously decreased to the steady-state power delivery
characteristic. The factor N is generally determined on the basis
of a transient thermal capacity characteristic (e.g., a 1% rating)
of the compensation device. The second period of time is determined
on the basis of the ability of the compensation device to absorb
thermal energy. The ramp down profile may be determined on the
basis of the characteristic impedance of the network. The
characteristic impedance of the network may be determined using
known characteristics of the network. Alternatively, the reactive
power compensation device can apply a stimulus to the network and a
response measured.
These and other features and advantages of the invention will be
apparent from the following description, drawings and claims.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a reactive power compensation
device, here an inverter, and an energy storage unit connected to a
utility power network through the inverter.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the inverter and energy storage unit
of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating operation of the inverter of
FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating real and reactive output power
characteristics of the inverter as a function of time.
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the thermal capacity characteristic
of the inverter as a function of time for the output power
characteristic.
FIG. 6 is a graph modeling the thermal capacity characteristic of
the inverter during a ramp-down process.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIG. 1, a power compensation system 30 is shown
connected in shunt with a distribution line 20 of a utility power
network. Distribution line 20 is connected to a transmission line
18 on a transmission line network through a first transformer 22a,
which steps-down a relatively high voltage (e.g., greater than 24.9
kV carried on transmission line 18) to a lower voltage, here .[.6
kV.]. .Iadd.24.9 kv.Iaddend.. A second transformer 22b steps-down
the .[.6 kV.]. .Iadd.24.9 kv .Iaddend.voltage to a voltage suitable
for a load 24, here 480 V.
Power compensation system 30 includes an energy storage unit 32, an
inverter system 44, and a controller 60. Energy storage unit 32 may
be a part of a D-SMES (Distributed SMES) module which, together
with inverter system 44, is capable of delivering both real and
reactive power, separately or in combination, to distribution line
20. In this embodiment, the DSMES module is sized a 3.0 MVA and is
capable of delivering an average of 2 MWatts for periods as long as
400 milliseconds, 7.5 MVA for a full second, and 3.0 MVAR of
reactive power for an indefinite period of time. As described
below, inverter 44, under the intelligent control of controller 60,
transfers reactive power to and from the utility power network.
Referring to FIG. 2, inverter 44 converts DC voltage from energy
storage unit 32 to AC voltage and, in this embodiment, includes
four inverter units 46. Inverter 44 can act as a source for leading
and lagging reactive power. In general, inverter 44 can only source
real power from energy storage unit 32 for as long as real power is
available. However, inverter 44 can source reactive power
indefinitely assuming it is operating at its nominally rated
capacity. Thus, inverter 44 can provide reactive power without
utilizing power from energy storage unit 32. One example of an
inverter that may be used in conjunction with the processes
described herein may be obtained from Integrated Electronics, a
division of American Superconductor Corp. (Part No. A0016701CH).
However, the invention is not limited to use with this type of
inverter and any other type of inverter may instead be used.
Further details regarding the arrangement and operation of the
D-SMES module and inverter 44 can be found in co-pending U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 09/449,435, which was incorporated
herein by reference above.
Each of the four inverter units 46 is capable of providing 750 KVA
continuously and 1.875 MVA in overload mode for one second. The
outputs of each inverter unit 46 are combined on the medium-voltage
side of the power transformers to yield system ratings in
accordance with the following table.
TABLE-US-00001 Power Flow Value Duration MVA delivered, leading or
3.0 Continuously lagging MVA delivered, leading or 7.5 1-2 seconds
in event of lagging, overload condition transmission or
distribution fault detection Average MW delivered to utility 2.0
0.4 seconds in event of (for an exemplary D-SMES transmission or
distribution fault module). detection
Each inverter unit 46 includes three parallel inverter modules (not
shown). Because inverter units 46 are modular in form, a degree of
versatility is provided to accommodate other system ratings with
standard, field-proven inverter modules. A level of fault tolerance
is also possible with this modular approach, although system
capability may be reduced. Each inverter module 46 is equipped with
a local slave controller (not shown) that manages local functions,
such as device protection, current regulation, thermal protection,
power balance among modules, and diagnostics, among others. The
inverter units and modules are mounted in racks with integral power
distribution and cooling systems.
Inverter 44 is coupled to distribution line 20 through one or more
step-down power transformers 50 and one or more switchgear units 52
(see also FIG. 1). Each power transformer 50 is a 24.9 kV/480 V
three-phase oil-filled pad mount transformer having a nominal
impedance of 5.75% on its own base rating. The power transformers
are mounted outdoors adjacent to the system enclosure with power
cabling protected within an enclosed conduit (not shown). As is
shown in FIG. 1, a fuse 53 is connected between step-down power
transformer 50 and distribution line 20.
Referring back to FIG. 2, each switchgear unit 52 provides
over-current protection between power transformers 50 and inverter
units 46. Each of the four main inverter outputs feeds a circuit
breaker rated at 480 V, 900 A RMS continuous per phase with 45 kA
interruption capacity. Switchgear units 52 also serve as the
primary disconnect means for safety and maintenance purposes. The
switchgear units are generally mounted adjacent to the inverter
unit enclosures.
Referring again to FIG. 1, system controller 60 is a
multiprocessor-driven system, which utilizes adaptive control
processes. System controller 60 operates as a multi-state machine
for processing inputs from distribution line 20 via line 42 and
inverter units 46 of inverter system 44. System controller 60, as a
function of unit inputs and predetermined internal control rules,
dynamically determines the phase and magnitude of inverter units 46
as well as the real power output of D-SMES module 30. System
controller 60, in operation, passes real-time voltage and current
waveform data to the data acquisition system for processing and
transmission to monitoring sites. System controller 60 also
supports local user interfaces and safety interlocks. Controller 60
necessarily has a response time sufficient to ensure that the
transfer of power to or from energy storage unit 32 occurs at a
speed to address a fault or contingency on the utility system.
With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the operation of controller 60 and
inverter 44 is described in conjunction with an exemplary
contingency occurring on the utility power network. At the outset,
the nominal voltage of the utility power network is monitored. For
example, the nominal voltage on distribution line 20 is sensed
either directly or from a remote device. When the nominal voltage
has dropped below a predetermined threshold value (e.g., 90%), a
request is made to operate inverter 44 in overload mode (200) and,
in response, controller 60 transmits a trigger signal to cause
inverter 44 to increase its output current above its steady-state
rating (202). This steady-state rating is referred to in the
figures as .[.InvtrIRefMax/I.sub.max.].
.Iadd.InvtrIRefMax(I.sub.max).Iaddend..
Referring to FIG. 4, inverter system 44 is activated to provide
capacitive reactive power and real power from energy storage unit
32. In the example depicted in FIG. 4, the energy storage unit
delivers 3 MWatts of real power and about 6.8 MVARs of capacitive
reactive power. After inverter 44 is activated, the real power is
decreased in a period 70, here the decrease is linear, to about 2
MWatts as the magnet discharges. During period 70 (e.g., 600
milliseconds) in which the real power is decreased, the capacitive
reactive power is increased from 6.8 MVARs to about 7.2 MVARs. When
energy storage unit 32 reaches its cut-off current level,
controller 60 provides a signal to inverter 44 to stop delivery of
real power. The cut-off current level of the energy storage unit 32
represents a power level of the energy storage unit that should be
maintained for reasons relating to the reliability of the energy
storage unit. That is, the energy storage unit 32 is generally not
allowed to drop below this cut-off current level. At this point
(point 72 of FIG. 4), capacitive reactive power is increased to
comprise the entire maximum overload value for a period 74 (e.g.,
400 milliseconds).
Referring to FIG. 5, the thermal heat capacity of inverter 44 is
shown as a function of time. The inverter's ability to dissipate
energy is referred to in the figures as InvtrCapacityLimit, which,
if exceeded, will lead to destruction of the inverter. At point 80
(FIG. 4), controller 60 controls inverter 44 to begin decreasing
its output current, since the inverter has reached its maximum
thermal heat capacity.
As can be seen from FIGS. 4 and 5, although the output current of
the inverter rises sharply from the non-overloaded, steady-state
mode to the overload mode, the heat energy rises gradually over a
period 76 (FIG. 5). Thus, this period of time can be used to
provide a substantially greater amount of power to the utility
power network than is normally available in the steady-state mode.
During this time period, controller 60 controls inverter 44 so that
the thermal limit of the inverter is not exceeded.
Referring again to FIG. 4, to ensure precise control of inverter
44, upon increasing the output current level of inverter 44,
controller 60 begins to compute the accumulation of energy being
dissipated in inverter 44 (204). This calculation is performed once
every line cycle. To calculate the accumulation of energy
dissipation (i.e., power dissipation per unit time) in the
inverter, it is recognized that dominant loss mechanisms are
proportional to I.sup.2 (inverter current squared). To obtain the
accumulated energy, the power being dissipated over time is
integrated over all samples. The sampled data equivalent of a
continuous time system is a summation of samples of the power
quantity, which is multiplied by the sample time interval as
follows: .times. .times. ##EQU00001## where 1/f,=t.sub.S, the
sample period and I.sub.n is the sampled instantaneous inverter
current.
To obtain a value that is proportional to the energy that is
dissipated above the rated, steady-state dissipation capability of
the inverter (i.e., a value related to the transient thermal
capacity limit), a ratio of the instantaneous inverter current
(I.sub.n) to the steady state limit (I.sub.max=InvtrIRefMax) is
obtained as follows: .times..times. ##EQU00002##
This expression represents the accumulated thermal energy of the
inverter, a static variable that is updated every AC line cycle.
Calculation of the accumulation of energy continues, as shown by
the dotted line of FIG. 3.
Referring again to FIG. 4, once the period of time 74 has expired,
the capacitive reactive power is decreased in ramp-like
fashion--here, linearly--to a steady-state value (e.g., 3 MVARs).
The capacitive reactive power is decreased in this manner to avoid
an abrupt, step-like change in the reactive power transfer to the
utility power network. A step-like abrupt change in the inverter
current from, for example, 2.5 times the steady-state maximum to
the steady-state maximum, can generate undesirable transients
(e.g., ringing oscillations) on the utility power network, which
can cause false switching and possible damage to equipment on the
utility power network. Thus, the current is steadily decreased in
accordance with the ramp-like profile (210). The ramp-down process
is initiated at a time that ensures that when the inverter current
reaches the steady-state maximum value (InvtrIRefMax), the thermal
capacity limit of the inverter is exhausted. Selecting the
ramp-down profile in this manner provides maximum power delivery to
the load and reduces the probability of line voltage collapse,
while also guarding against initiating undesirable transients on
the network.
The ramp-down profile is typically a function of the characteristic
impedance of the utility network to which it is connected. However,
the characteristic impedance of a network changes unpredictably
over time. In one approach, a suitable characteristic impedance
value of the network can be derived from knowledge of the types of
loads, conductors, reactive devices and transformers connected to
the network. Alternatively, the characteristic impedance of the
network can be determined by periodically applying a stimulus
(e.g., a step function load) to the network and measuring the
response of the network. In particular, inverter 44 can be used to
apply the step function load, while controller 60 measures the
response. Of course, the step function load would be of
sufficiently low magnitude to prevent stimulation of undesirable
oscillations. The characteristic impedance is then used to
determine the ramp-down profile.
The summation of each cycle of inverter heat energy being
accumulated must be calculated for each AC line cycle beginning
with the initiation of the overload current above the steady-state
maximum value. This summation is mathematically simple. But, the
accumulation must also be dynamically estimated for each remaining
cycle of the ramp-down process in order to be able to determine
when to initiate the processes, as well as to ensure that ramp-down
is proceeding such that the inverter's heat capacity limit will not
be exceeded. Because the value of inverter current is controlled
and predictable for each cycle of the process, a conceptually
straightforward summation of each of the heat contributions during
each of these cycles can be performed, but not without significant
mathematical overhead, in practice. However, this mathematically
intensive calculation can be simplified dramatically using the
closed form approach described below. Simplifying this calculation
permits the use of a less costly controller and/or significantly
conserves the controller's bandwidth for other tasks.
Referring to FIG. 6, parabolic curve 100 represents the I.sup.2
value of inverter 44, as a function of time. The area under
parabolic curve 100 bounded by points abcga represents the energy
dissipated as the inverter current ramps from the value of I to
zero along ramp profile 102. However, of interest is the area
bounded by points abega, which represents the energy dissipated as
the inverter current decreases from the value of I to I.sub.max. To
obtain the area bounded by points abega, the area bounded by points
gecg is first obtained by recognizing that this area is exactly 1/3
the area of rectangle bounded by the points gecfg. The area bounded
by the points abega is then obtained by subtracting the area
bounded by points gecg from the area bounded by the points abcga.
The closed form expression is represented as: ##EQU00003## where I
is the inverter current, InvtrIRefMax(=I.sub.max) is as defined
above, and AmpsPerCycle is the slope of the ramp-down of the
current. The foregoing expression represents the thermal capacity
predictor for determining when the inverter must begin or continue
the ramp-down of overcurrent toward the maximum steady-state
value.
The final expression for limiting the overcurrent period of
inverter 44 is the sum of equations (1) and (2), as follows:
.times. ##EQU00004##
Note that the slope of the thermal energy content (heat content) of
the inverter gradually declines during the ramp-down period in
which the capacitive reactance from inverter 44 is reduced, and the
slope becomes negative only after the inverter current reaches its
maximum steady-state rating.
At this point, the process has computed the accumulation of energy
being dissipated in the inverter through regions 74 and 82. Region
74 refers to that part that has actually accumulated, while region
82 represents the estimated accumulation that will occur from the
current sample until the inverter current reaches the steady-state
level. Samples are accumulated once per cycle for both regions 74
and 82, although the accumulation in region 82 is for estimation
purposes. Moreover, inverter 44 generally cannot dissipate its heat
at the same rate that the power delivered to the utility network is
reduced. Thus, controller 60 must have sufficient intelligence to
recognize that, in the event of a subsequent contingency, the
thermal energy content of the inverter may not have decreased back
to a level corresponding to the steady-state current level.
When the inverter current declines to the InvtrIRefMax level (212)
(FIG. 3), the inverter will begin to cool. To reflect the cooling
process, the accumulation procedure must be modified. In
particular, although accumulation of heat energy is still computed,
what is accumulated is a recovered capacity rather than an extended
capacity. To do this, controller 60 begins the process by selecting
(214) an incrementally higher value of estimated inverter current
than the level of InvtrIRefMax (the maximum steady-state value) and
using this value as if it were the actual inverter current. By
using this value in the heat accumulation estimation process
described above, controller 60 can verify whether the estimated
current can be successfully reduced to InvtrIRefMax quickly enough
so as not to exceed the thermal capacity limit of the inverter (in
the event that a subsequent request for an over-current is
required). In particular, controller 60 determines whether the
inverter thermal capacity limit will be exceeded if the ramp-down
process were to be initiated at the incrementally-larger estimated
current level previously mentioned. If it is not exceeded, a
constant value is subtracted from the accumulation of heat energy
(216) and the value of the current is incremented by the value
depicting the slope of the ramp-down process, called AmpsPerCycle.
The estimate is again performed at the next sample period. The
constant value represents the inverter's thermal recovery
increment, a value that essentially gauges the state of recovery of
the inverter from the overload. If the estimated current results in
a prediction that exceeds the inverter's heat capacity limit, the
thermal recovery increment is still decremented by the constant
value, provided that the inverter current is actually at or below
InvtrIRefMax, but the inverter current estimate remains unchanged,
as it is used to constrain the peak current if a new overload
current is requested. The process continues and, eventually, the
full overload thermal capability of the inverter is restored and
the overload current reaches its limit of N times the steady-state
rating.
Thus, controller 60 controls inverter 44 to provide a maximum
amount of inverter current should another contingency occur.
Controller 60 does so without exceeding the capability the inverter
and by providing a ramping-down to the steady state InvtrIRefMax
level, while ensuring that the thermal capacity of the inverter is
not exceeded by the time that the current declines to the
InvtrIRefMax level.
For example, as shown in FIG. 4, a second follow-on contingency
(point 86) may occur while the thermal capacity is still elevated.
In this case, when inverter 44 is controlled to provide additional
reactive power to the utility power network, the inverter current
cannot be increased to the previous 750 MVAR level because the
pre-established slope of the ramp down would result in the thermal
capacity of the inverter being exceeded before reaching
InvtrIRefMax. Thus, the inverter current is limited to, in this
example, approximately 600 MVARs (point 86). At this peak inverter
current, the inverter current can still decrease at the ramp down
rate to InvtrIRefMax without, as shown in FIG. 5, exceeding the
thermal limit of the inverter.
Other embodiments not explicitly described herein are also within
the scope of the claims. For example, in the embodiment described
above in conjunction with FIG. 1, an energy storage unit 32 was
used to provide real power during period 70. However, in certain
applications, inverter 44 may be used without an energy storage
unit in order to solely provide reactive power compensation.
* * * * *