U.S. patent number 9,232,013 [Application Number 14/608,662] was granted by the patent office on 2016-01-05 for method and system for enabling data usage accounting.
This patent grant is currently assigned to OpenPeak Inc.. The grantee listed for this patent is OPENPEAK INC.. Invention is credited to James Asnis.
United States Patent |
9,232,013 |
Asnis |
January 5, 2016 |
Method and system for enabling data usage accounting
Abstract
A method and system for enabling data usage accounting are
described herein. As an example, the method can be practiced on a
computing device that has secure applications and unsecure
applications installed thereon. Initially, a request for a data
session can be received through a secure application. The request
for the data session can be intercepted, and the request for the
data session can be modified to cause the request to be re-directed
back to the secure application. In addition, a connection can be
initiated to enable retrieval of data in response to the request
and to enable an accounting of the data session. In one
arrangement, this process of modifying the request for a data
session may be restricted to secure applications such that data
usage of the secure applications is tabulated separately from data
usage associated with the unsecure applications.
Inventors: |
Asnis; James (Santa Cruz,
CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
OPENPEAK INC. |
Boca Raton |
FL |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
OpenPeak Inc. (Boca Raton,
FL)
|
Family
ID: |
54939375 |
Appl.
No.: |
14/608,662 |
Filed: |
January 29, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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14573601 |
Dec 17, 2014 |
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14478066 |
Jan 20, 2015 |
8938547 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04W
12/08 (20130101); H04L 63/0281 (20130101); H04L
67/22 (20130101); H04L 63/0272 (20130101); H04L
67/141 (20130101); H04L 67/289 (20130101); H04L
67/2814 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G06F
15/16 (20060101); H04L 29/08 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;709/229 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
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Primary Examiner: Zhang; Shirley
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 14/573,601, filed on Dec. 17, 2014, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/478,066, filed
on Sep. 5, 2014, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,938,547 on Jan. 20,
2015, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for enabling data usage accounting, comprising: on a
computing device that has secure applications and unsecure
applications installed thereon, receiving through a secure
application a request for a data session, wherein the secure
application includes an encapsulated target application in which
system calls of the target application are selectively overridden;
wherein the secure application performs or facilitates the
following: intercepting the request for the data session; modifying
the request for the data session to cause the request to be
re-directed back to the secure application; initiating a connection
to enable retrieval of data in response to the request and to
enable an accounting of the data session; creating a listening
socket and wherein modifying the request for the data session
comprises re-writing the addressing information of the request for
the data session to point to the listening socket; determining that
the computing device is connected to a Wi-Fi connection; and
activating a setting that prevents intercepting the request for the
data session and modifying the request for the data session from
occurring.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein initiating the
connection comprises initiating the connection between the secure
application and an external entity.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein initiating the
connection comprises initiating the connection between a hub
application and an external entity.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the intercepted request
is a call to the operating system from the secure application or
from a system framework and the call includes addressing
information for an external entity.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein intercepting the
request and modifying the request are performed transparently such
that the secure application generates the request for the data
session in a native fashion.
6. A computing device, comprising: a display that is configured to
display both secure and unsecure applications that are installed on
the computing device, wherein a secure application includes an
encapsulated target application in which system calls of the target
application are selectively overridden; a processor that is
communicatively coupled to the display, wherein the processor is
configured to cause the secure application to perform or facilitate
the following: receive a data access request through one of the
secure applications; transparently redirect the data access request
back to the secure application by intercepting the data access
request and modifying the data access request to cause the data
access request to be re-directed back to the secure application;
initiate a connection of the secure application to enable an
accounting of data associated with the data access request such
that data usage of the secure application is tabulated separately
from data usage associated with the unsecure applications; create a
listening socket and modify the data access request by re-writing
addressing information of the data access request to point to the
listening socket; determine that the computing device is connected
to a Wi-Fi connection; and activate a setting that prevents the
interception of the data access request and the modification of the
data access request from occurring.
7. The computing device according to claim 6, further comprising a
calculation unit that is communicatively coupled to the processor
and that is configured to perform the accounting of the data
associated with the data access request.
8. The computing device according to claim 7, wherein the processor
is further configured to report to an external entity predetermined
threshold counts that are based on the accounting performed by the
calculation unit.
Description
FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
The present description relates to methods and systems for data
usage accounting and more particularly, to methods and systems for
data usage accounting in computing devices with secure enterprise
applications and personal applications.
BACKGROUND
In an effort to increase productivity, many employers allow their
workers to conduct business related to the employer on their
personal mobile devices. In some cases, employers also provide some
of their employees with company-issued mobile devices. In either
arrangement, an employer understands that a single device may
include sensitive data related to that employer in addition to data
that is personal to the employee. Several advances have been made
in an effort to protect an employer's data in these circumstances.
For example, OpenPeak Inc. of Boca Raton, Fla. has developed
solutions that enable a mobile device to include both enterprise
and personal data but that isolate the enterprise data from the
personal data. As part of these solutions, an employee may download
secure applications that may be used to conduct transactions
related to the enterprise.
Because the employee's device may include both personal and secure
applications, it may be desirable to bifurcate the process of data
usage accounting. In particular, the employer may wish to receive
an accounting of the data usage associated with the secure
applications that have been installed on the employee's device on
behalf of the employer. This accounting, however, needs to be
separate from data accounting that may be attributable to unsecure
applications that the employee may have installed for personal
use.
SUMMARY
A method of data usage accounting is described herein. This method
may be particularly applicable in a setting that includes both
secure applications and unsecure applications, although it is not
limited to such a configuration. Via one of the secure
applications, a request to access data can be received in which the
request is intended for a content provider via a system service.
The request that is intended for the content provider via the
system service can be intercepted and modified to cause the system
service to direct the request back to the secure application
instead of the content provider. Further, a connection can be
established with the content provider for the request through the
secure application to enable data usage accounting of data that is
returned by the content provider. An amount of data that is carried
over the established connection and that is associated with the
secure application can be determined. As an example, the amount of
data that is determined in relation to the secure application can
be separate from an amount of data that is determined on behalf of
one or more unsecure applications.
Establishing the connection with the content provider can include
establishing a secure connection with the content provider through
the secure application. As an example, the secure connection with
the content provider can be a virtual private network (VPN)
connection that is individual to the secure application. The method
can also include the steps of receiving content from the content
provider at the secure application and forwarding the received
content from the content provider to the system service for
processing. As another example, modifying the intercepted request
can include modifying an original uniform resource identifier (URI)
of the request by changing the URI associated with the content
provider.
In another embodiment, the method can also include the steps of
receiving data from the content provider over the established
connection and reading the data to determine whether a redirect
from the content provider is present. If (or when) a redirect from
the content provider is detected, the redirect from the content
provider can be modified to ensure that the system service will
direct the redirect to the secure application. Receiving data from
the content provider may include receiving from the content
provider a playlist that includes a plurality of original URIs, and
modifying the redirect can include modifying at least some of the
URIs of the playlist. In one non-limiting example, the system
service can be a media playback service, and the media playback
service is a system application that is also an unsecure
application.
Another method of data usage accounting in a computing device that
has one or more secure applications installed thereon is presented
herein. This method can include the steps of receiving an original
URI request through one of the secure applications, intercepting
the original URI request and modifying the original URI request
such that the modified original URI request is to be directed back
to the secure application once the modified original URI request
has been initially processed by a system service. The method can
also include the step of tracking data usage associated with the
modified original URI request.
In one embodiment, the modified original URI request can be
converted back to the original URI request and a connection can be
established between the secure application and a content provider
for the original URI request. The computing device can also have
one or more unsecure applications installed thereon. Tracking data
usage associated with the modified original URI can include
tracking data usage associated with the modified original URI
through the secure application. The method can also include the
step of segregating the data usage tracking associated with the
modified original URI from data usage tracking associated with the
unsecure applications. Moreover, establishing the connection
between the secure application and the content provider can include
establishing a secure connection between the secure application and
the content provider. As an example, the secure connection can be
individual to the secure application.
Yet another method of data usage accounting on a computing device
is described herein. On a computing device that has secure
applications and unsecure applications installed thereon, multiple
sessions of the secure applications can be conducted. An amount of
data that is consumed during the sessions of the secure
applications can be determined. A data usage total can be tallied
for the secure application sessions such that the data usage total
for the secure applications is separate from a data usage total
associated with the unsecure applications.
A computing device is also described herein. The computing device
can include a display that is configured to display both secure and
unsecure applications that are installed on the computing device.
The device can also include a processing unit that is
communicatively coupled to the display. The processing unit can be
configured to receive a data access request through one of the
secure applications in which the data request is supported by an
unsecure application that is a system service of the computing
device. The processing unit can also be configured to cause the
data access request to be intercepted prior to processing by the
unsecure application and to cause the data access request to be
modified. Such a modification can cause the unsecure application to
direct the data access request to the secure application instead of
an intended location of the data access request. The processing
unit can also be configured to cause a connection between the
secure application and the intended location of the data access
request to be established. The computing device may also include a
calculation unit communicatively coupled to the processing unit.
The calculation unit can be configured to determine an amount of
data that is associated with the data access request through the
secure application.
As an example, the connection between the secure application and
the intended location of the data access request can be a VPN
connection that is individual to the secure application. As another
example, the data access request can be a uniform resource locator
(URL) based on hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) or hypertext
transfer secure protocol secure (HTTPS). The computing device can
also include memory that can be associated with the secure
application and can be configured to store the data access request
for mapping the data access request to the modified data access
request. In one embodiment, the processing unit can be further
configured to convert the modified data access request back to its
original form to establish the connection between the secure
application and the intended location.
Another method for enabling data usage accounting is described
herein. This method may be practiced on a computing device that has
secure applications and unsecure applications installed thereon. A
request for a data session can be received through a secure
application. The request for the data session can be intercepted
and modified to cause the request to be re-directed back to the
secure application. In addition, a connection can be initiated to
enable retrieval of data in response to the request and to enable
an accounting of the data session.
As an example, initiating the connection can include initiating the
connection between the secure application and an external network
entity. As another example, initiating the connection can include
establishing the connection between a hub application and an
external network entity.
In one arrangement, the intercepted request may be a call to the
operating system from the secure application or from a system
framework, and the call may include addressing information for an
external entity. In another arrangement, intercepting the request
and modifying the request may be performed transparently such that
the secure application generates the request for the data session
in a native fashion. As another example, a listening socket can be
created and modifying the request for the data session may include
re-writing the addressing information of the request for the data
session to point to the listening socket.
In some cases, it can be determined that the computing device is
connected to a Wi-Fi connection. If so, a setting can be activated
that may prevent the interception and modification of the request
for the data session from occurring.
Another method of enabling segregated data usage accounting on a
computing device is described herein. In particular, a secure
application that is installed on the device can be launched, and
the device may have unsecure applications installed thereon in
addition to the secure application. Through the secure application,
content from a content provider can be requested. The content
request can be natively redirected back to the secure application.
In addition, a connection can be established to enable retrieval of
the requested content and to enable an accounting of data of the
retrieved content. The native redirection of the content request
may only occur for the secure application and not for the unsecure
applications.
Natively redirecting the content request back to the secure
application may include intercepting the content request from the
secure application or a system framework and modifying the content
request from the secure application or the system framework to
cause the redirection of the content request to the secure
application. As an example, modifying the content request may
include changing addressing information associated with the
requested content. As another example, a listening socket can be
created to receive the content request redirected back to the
secure application in which changing the addressing information can
include re-writing with addressing information associated with the
listening socket. The listening socket can be torn down once the
connection to enable retrieval of the requested content and to
enable the accounting of data is initiated or established.
In one arrangement, addressing information for a final destination
of the content request can be retrieved, and the final destination
addressing information can be used to establish the connection to
enable retrieval of the requested content and to enable an
accounting of data of the retrieved content. Moreover, the content
request may be natively redirected back to the secure application
and the connection to enable retrieval of the requested content and
to enable the accounting of data of the retrieved content may be
established only when the computing device is connected to a
predetermined cellular network.
A computing device is also described herein. The computing device
can include a display that is configured to display both secure and
unsecure applications that are installed on the computing device
and a processing unit that is communicatively coupled to the
display. The processing unit may be configured to receive a data
access request through one of the secure applications and to cause
a transparent redirection of the data access request back to the
secure application. The processing unit may also be configured to
cause a connection of the secure application to be established to
enable an accounting of data associated with the data access
request such that data usage of the secure applications is
tabulated separately from data usage associated with the unsecure
applications.
The computing device may also include a calculation unit that is
communicatively coupled to the processing unit and that is
configured to perform the accounting of the data associated with
the data access request. As an example, the processing unit can be
further configured to report to an external entity predetermined
threshold counts that are based on the accounting performed by the
calculation unit.
In another arrangement, the processing unit can be configured to
cause the data access request to be transparently redirected by
causing the data access request to be intercepted and causing the
data access request to be modified to enable the transparent
redirection of the data access request back to the secure
application. The processing unit may be further configured to cause
the data access request to be intercepted from the secure
application or a system framework.
The computing device may also include a Wi-Fi communications stack.
Further, the processing unit can be further configured to cause the
transparent redirection of the data access request to be
deactivated when the computing device is connected to a Wi-Fi
network through the Wi-Fi communications stack. The processing unit
can be further configured to cause a temporary listening socket to
be generated to enable the transparent redirection of the data
access request.
Another computing device is described herein. The computing device
can include a display that is configured to display both secure and
unsecure applications that are installed on the computing device
and a processing unit that is communicatively coupled to the
display. The processing unit can be configured to receive a data
access request through one of the secure applications and cause a
transparent redirection of the data access request from an
operating system of the computing device back to the secure
application. The processing unit can also be configured to cause a
connection of the secure application to be established to enable an
accounting of data associated with the data access request such
that data usage of the secure applications is tabulated separately
from data usage associated with the unsecure applications.
In one arrangement, the processing unit can be configured to cause
the transparent redirection of the data access request from the
system by the modification of a uniform resource locator (URL)
associated with the data access request or by re-writing addressing
information associated with the data access request. In another
arrangement, the processing unit can be configured to cause the
transparent redirection of the data access request by intercepting
the data access request from the secure application or from a
system framework of the computing device. The processing unit can
be further configured to cause a listening socket to be created to
enable the transparent redirection of the data access request from
the system service or the operating system.
Further features and advantage, as well as the structure and
operation of various embodiments, are described in detail below
with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that this
description is not limited to the specific embodiments presented
herein. Such embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes
only. Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in
the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form
part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the subject
matter described herein and, together with the description, further
serve to explain the principles of such subject matter and to
enable a person skilled in the relevant art(s) to make and use the
subject matter.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a block diagram of the system
architecture of a computing device that is configured to practice
the subject matter described herein.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a system that shows the computing
device of FIG. 1 in communication with one or more remote
servers.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a method for data usage
accounting.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an interaction between a secure
application, a remote server and a system service.
FIG. 5 illustrates another example of a method for enabling data
usage accounting.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example of an interaction between a secure
application and a system server.
The features and advantages of the embodiments herein will become
more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when
taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference
characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the
drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical,
functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following detailed description refers to the accompanying
drawings that illustrate exemplary embodiments; however, the scope
of the present claims is not limited to these embodiments. Thus,
embodiments beyond those shown in the accompanying drawings, such
as modified versions of the illustrated embodiments, may
nevertheless be encompassed by the present claims.
References in the specification to "one embodiment," "an
embodiment," "an example embodiment," "one arrangement," "an
arrangement" or the like, indicate that the embodiment or
arrangement described may include a particular feature, structure,
or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include
the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover,
such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment
or arrangement. Furthermore, when a particular feature, structure,
or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment or
arrangement, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one
skilled in the art to implement such feature, structure, or
characteristic in connection with other embodiments or arrangements
whether or not explicitly described. The word "among," as it is
used throughout this description, should not necessarily be
interpreted as requiring exchanges or interaction among three or
more applications, irrespective of grammar rules. The word "a" is
not necessarily limited to a singular instance of something, as it
may mean one or more.
Several definitions that apply throughout this document will now be
presented. The term "exemplary" as used herein is defined as an
example or an instance of an object, apparatus, system, entity,
composition, method, step or process. The term "communicatively
coupled" is defined as a state in which two or more components are
connected such that communication signals are able to be exchanged
(directly or indirectly) between the components on a unidirectional
or bidirectional (or multi-directional) manner, either wirelessly,
through a wired connection or a combination of both. A "computing
device" is defined as a component that is configured to perform
some process or function for a user and includes both mobile and
non-mobile devices. The term "computer readable storage medium" is
defined as one or more components that are configured to store
instructions that are to be executed by one or more processing
units.
An "application" is defined as a program or programs that perform
one or more particular tasks on a computing device. Examples of an
application include programs that may present a user interface for
interaction with a user or that may run in the background of an
operating environment that may not present a user interface while
in the background. The term "operating system" is defined as a
collection of software components that directs a computing device's
operations, including controlling and scheduling the execution of
other programs and managing storage, input/output and communication
resources. A "processing unit" or "processor" is defined as one or
more components that execute sets of instructions, and the
components may be disparate parts or part of a whole unit and may
not necessarily be located in the same physical location.
The terms "memory," "memory element" or "repository" are defined as
one or more components that are configured to store data, either on
a temporary or persistent basis. The term "shared memory" is
memory, a memory element or a repository that is accessible
(directly or indirectly) by two or more applications or other
processes. An "interface" is defined as a component or a group of
components that enable(s) a device to communicate with one or more
different devices, whether through hard-wired connections, wireless
connections or a combination of both. An "input/output device" is
defined as a device that is configured to at least receive input
from a user or a machine that is intended to cause some action or
other effect on a component with which the input device is
associated. A "display" is defined as an apparatus that presents
information in visual form and may or may not receive input through
a touch screen.
The term "file system" is defined as an abstraction that is used to
organize, store and retrieve data. The term "secure application" is
defined as an application that has been modified from its original
form to restrict communications between the application and
unauthorized programs, applications or devices and to restrict
operation of the application based on policy or to alter, augment
or add features associated with the operation of the application
(or any combination thereof) or--in the case of the application not
being modified--an application that is part of a secure workspace
that is protected from data exchanges with applications that are
part of a personal or an unsecure workspace. A "target application"
is defined as an application that has been selected for conversion
into a secure application. An "unsecure application" is defined as
an application that has not undergone the modification required to
convert the application into a secure application and, as such, is
unable to obtain data from a secure application in view of an
obfuscation scheme employed by that secure application or is an
application that is not part of a secure workspace and is
restricted from accessing data from the secure workspace. A "hub
application" is defined as an application that receives input from
one or more secure applications and establishes connections with
external entities on behalf of the secure applications that provide
such input. A "virtual machine" is defined as a
platform-independent execution environment that emulates a physical
machine.
The term "personal workspace" is defined as a workspace, profile or
partition that is configured to contain the personal content and
unsecure applications or other unsecure programs associated with a
user of a computing device on which the personal workspace sits.
The term "secure workspace" is defined as a workspace, profile or
partition that is configured to contain secure content, secure
applications and other secure programs and requires some form of
authentication to be accessed.
The term "content provider" is defined as a site that offers data
for consumption by a computing device. The term "system service" is
defined as an application or a set of applications on a computing
device that offer one or more features for access by an unsecure
application or a secure application. A "secure connection" is
defined as a connection in which at least some portion of the data
that is exchanged over the connection is encrypted or otherwise
obfuscated from unauthorized parties, entities or processes. To
"consume data" means to receive data from a source, transmit data
to a recipient or both. An "external network entity" means an
entity--such as a component or a service--that is part of a network
that is external to or located remotely from a computing device. An
"external entity" is defined as an entity to which an application
wishes to establish a connection.
As explained earlier, solutions have been developed that enable a
mobile device to include both personal and enterprise data.
Accordingly, it may be useful to segregate data usage accounting
associated with the enterprise side from usage associated with the
personal space. This process can enable an enterprise to determine
how much data that is consumed by the mobile device is the
responsibility of the enterprise.
In view of this need, a method and system for enabling data usage
accounting are described herein. As an example, the method can be
practiced on a computing device that has secure applications and
unsecure applications installed thereon. Initially, a request for a
data session can be received through a secure application. The
request for the data session can be intercepted and modified to
cause the request to be re-directed back to the secure application.
Subsequently, a connection can be initiated to enable retrieval of
data in response to the request and to enable an accounting of the
data session. This connection, for example, can be initiated by the
secure application. Moreover, this technique can be limited to the
secure applications on the computing device, meaning the unsecure
applications are unaffected.
Through this arrangement, data tracking can be conducted for
virtually any secure application or otherwise any application
associated with an enterprise. This tracking can also be kept apart
from any accounting performed for a user's personal usage.
Accordingly, an enterprise can accurately determine its
accountability for data usage by a computing device that includes
both enterprise and personal data.
Referring to FIG. 1, an example of a block diagram 10 of the system
architecture of a computing device 15 is shown. In this
arrangement, the computing device 15 can include a hardware layer
20, a kernel layer 25 and a libraries layer 30, which may include a
plurality of native libraries. This architecture may also include a
runtime environment 35, a system server 40, a secure framework 45
and an application layer 50.
In one arrangement, the hardware layer 20 may include any number
and type of hardware components, such as one or more displays 55,
one or more input/output (I/O) devices 60, one or more processing
units 65 and any suitable type and number of memory devices 70 and
interfaces 75. Examples of the I/O devices 60 include speakers,
microphones, physical keypads, etc. In addition, the display 55 can
serve as an I/O device 60 in the form of a touch-screen display.
The interface 75 can be configured to support various types of
communications, including wired or wireless and through any
suitable type of standards and protocols. As an example, the
interface 75 can include one or more cellular communication stacks
and one or more Wi-Fi communication stacks to enable the computing
device 15 to conduct bidirectional communications with one or more
cellular networks and one or more Wi-Fi networks, respectively. In
one arrangement, the hardware layer 20 may also include a
calculation unit 77, which can be configured to calculate or
determine (or at least assist in the determination or calculation
of) data usage totals associated with any type of session conducted
on the computing device 15, including those originating from the
application layer 50. The calculation unit 77 may be a separate
component or may be part of the processing unit 65. In another
arrangement, the calculation unit 77 may be remotely located such
that it is external to the computing device 15. In such a case,
information regarding the sessions may be sent to a remote location
that supports the calculation unit 77, and the unit 77 can perform
its calculation functions once it receives the information.
In addition, the runtime environment 35 can support any suitable
number of virtual machines 80 and core libraries 85, although a
virtual machine may not be needed in other arrangements, such as
where native code is employed. The system server 40 can serve as an
abstraction for the underlying layers for the applications in the
application layer 50 and can provide numerous system services for
the applications. As is known in the art, a system framework, which
may be part of an application's process, can be employed to enable
interaction with the system server 40 or other components. In this
example, the application layer 50 may include any number of
unsecure applications 90 and any number of secure applications 95,
one of which may be a core secure application 100. The secure
framework 45 can function in a manner similar to that of a
conventional framework, but the secure framework 45 can facilitate
the encapsulation of a number of secure applications 95 to
selectively restrict their data exchanges with the unsecure
applications 90. In particular, the secure framework 45 can be
configured to intercept and modify certain calls from the secure
applications 95, prior to passing them to the system server 40. In
one arrangement, these calls may be from the secure applications 95
or the system framework.
In many cases, the unsecure applications 90 are associated with the
personal data of a user of the computing device 15. In contrast,
the secure applications 95 are typically associated with
confidential or otherwise sensitive information that belongs to or
is associated with an enterprise or some other organization, and
the user of the device 15 may work for such an entity. In one
arrangement, a virtual partition or workspace may be created on the
computing device 15 in which the secure applications 95 (and the
core secure application 100) are part of a secure workspace 105,
and the unsecure applications 90 are part of a personal workspace
110. In certain cases, a user may be required to provide
authentication information, such as a password, PIN or biometric
data, to gain access to the secure workspace 105 or to any
individual or group of secure applications 95.
In some cases, some of the unsecure applications 90 may be system
services 115 that provide features or functionality that is
associated with the type of operating system that is installed on
the computing device 15. In some cases, the system service 115 may
be an application or a set of applications that live in the
background and support different tasks associated with the
operating system of the device 15. System services 115 may
facilitate the exposure of low-level functions of the hardware
layer 20 and the kernel layer 25 to the higher-level application
layer 50. Many system services 115 may operate with elevated
privileges, in comparison to other applications. For example, a
common system service 115 that is typically found on computing
devices 15 is a media player, which processes and presents media
data for a user. Another example of a system service 115 may be a
photo viewer, which presents digital images for the user. As those
skilled in the art will appreciate, the examples listed here are
not meant to be limiting, and there are other system services 115
that may be available on the computing device 15.
In another embodiment, the system services 115 may be trusted
unsecure applications 90 that secure applications 95 are permitted
to share or otherwise exchange data with. An example of a trusted
unsecure application 90 may be an unsecure application 90 that is
by default installed on the computing device 15, such as by the
manufacturer of the device 15 or a wireless carrier or other entity
that provides services to the device 15. Another example of a
trusted unsecure application 90 may be an unsecure application 90
that is listed on an application whitelist for one or more secure
applications 95. By being part of the application whitelist, the
trusted unsecure application 90 may be preapproved for data
exchange with the relevant secure application(s) 95. Additional
information on application whitelisting can be found in U.S. patent
application No. 61/973,898, filed on Apr. 2, 2014, which is
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
As noted above, the secure applications 95 and the system
architecture may be configured to enable at least some of the calls
to the system server 40 to be intercepted. There are several
processes available for such a process. For example, U.S. patent
application No. 62/033,142, which was filed on Aug. 5, 2014 and is
herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes a
method and system in which some of the system classes are
overridden by classes associated with the core secure application
100, which can allow runtime hooks to be applied against certain
system calls. Based on this technique, some of the calls that the
secure applications 95 (or a system framework) make to the system
services 115 can be intercepted and modified, a process that will
described below.
As another example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/205,661,
which was filed on Mar. 12, 2014, and U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 14/205,686, which was also filed on Mar. 12, 2014, each of
which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, present
methods and systems by which target applications are encapsulated
as secure applications for distribution. Once installed and
initiated on a computing device 15, the encapsulated application
described in these references is loaded into memory, and runtime
hooks are set to enable application programming interface (API)
calls from the secure application to be intercepted. Similar to the
description above, at least some of the calls to the system
services 115 from the secure applications 95 (or a system
framework) can be modified once they are intercepted. Other
information on the process of intercepting certain functions of
secure applications can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,695,060, issued
on Apr. 8, 2014, which is also herein incorporated by reference in
its entirety.
As described in these incorporated references, a secure application
95 can be configured to provide additional features that may not
have been otherwise available prior to it being converted into a
secure application 95. As an example, a secure application 95 can
be arranged to track the amount of data that it uses for a
particular session. This process enables an administrator to
determine data usage on a per-application basis. Of course, secure
applications 95 may be managed in accordance with many other
policies or configurations, as is known in the art.
While many applications (or target applications) are able to be
converted into secure applications 95, there are some applications
that may not be so modified. For example, many system services 115
are default applications that are provided as part of the base
configuration of the computing device 15. The developer of the
operating system that provides these system services 115 may not
permit the system services 115 to be converted into secure
applications 95. As such, many system services 115 may remain as
unsecure applications 90 on the computing device 15. Accordingly,
the operation of a system service 115 may not be amenable to being
controlled or managed, as is the case with secure applications 95.
The relevance of this condition will be explained below.
In one embodiment, a hub application 120 may be part of the
application layer 50. The hub application 120 may serve as a
connection point for any number of secure applications 95 to enable
the secure applications 95 to connect to any suitable external
entity, including various network components. In particular, if a
secure application 95 requires a connection with an external
entity, the secure application 95 can request the hub application
120 to facilitate the communication. The hub application 120 can
accept such requests from any of the secure applications 95,
including from a single secure application 95 at a time or from
multiple secure applications simultaneously. In accordance with the
description herein, such a technique can facilitate the accounting
of data usage associated with secure applications 95. In one
example, the hub application 120 can be a daemon or some other
process that runs in the background. Because the hub application
120 accepts requests from the secure applications 95, it may be
considered as part of the secure workspace 105 and may not be
permitted to accept requests from the unsecure applications 90. As
an option, a similar arrangement can be made for the unsecure
applications 90, or, alternatively, the hub application 120 can be
configured to accept requests from both secure applications 95 and
unsecure applications 90.
Referring to FIG. 2, a system 200 that shows the computing device
15 in communication with one or more remote servers 205 is shown.
One or more communication networks 210 may facilitate the
communications between the computing devices 15 and the remote
servers 205. In this example, the computing device 15 may be a
mobile computing device, although the principles described herein
may apply to desktop computers or other fixed equipment. In
addition, a mobile computing device may be, for example, a
smartphone, laptop, tablet or other devices that may be carried by
an individual. The network(s) 210 may be composed of various types
of components to support wireless or wired communications
(including both). The network(s) 210 may also be configured to
support local or wide area communications (or both). The remote
servers 205 may host any number of web sites that offer content
that may be retrieved by the computing device 15 and may also be
configured to accept data from the computing device 15. Because the
servers 205 offer content, they may also be referred to as content
providers, although the term "content provider" is certainly not
limited to this particular example.
When operating the computing device 15, a user may wish to access
data from any one of the remote servers 205. In some cases, the
data access request may originate from an unsecure application 90.
In the standard flow, the unsecure application 90 may sometimes
forward the request to a relevant system service 115. For example,
if a user wishes to view a video associated with one of the remote
servers 205 through an unsecure application 90, the unsecure
application 90 passes the request to a media player of the
computing device 15. The media player then retrieves the data from
the appropriate server 205 and presents such data to the user.
In the case of a secure application 95, a similar request would
normally be passed to the media player, as well. In addition, the
media player would conventionally establish a connection with the
relevant remote server 205 and would present the requested data to
the user. But because the system services 115 are typically not
permitted to be converted into secure applications 95, implementing
the feature of data accounting in them, as can be done with secure
applications 95, may not be possible. In this instance,
difficulties are presented in determining the percentage of data
usage that is associated with secure applications 95 in comparison
to the consumption of data by unsecure applications 90.
A solution is described here, however, that enables such an
accounting to take place. In particular, the initial data request
from the secure application 95 can be intercepted and modified
prior to being passed to the media player. In view of the
modification, the media player (or other system service 115) can
direct the request back to the secure application 95, and a
connection can be established between the secure application 95 and
the appropriate remote server 205 to facilitate the exchange of
data between the secure application 95 and the remote server 205.
This redirection of the request through the secure application 95
can enable an accounting of the amount of data that is associated
with this particular session, a feature that can be incorporated
into secure applications 95. Accordingly, an accurate accounting of
data usage associated with at least some or all secure applications
95 on the computing device 15 is now possible. As previously
mentioned, the counting of the data associated with a secure
application 95 is not limited to being performed by the secure
application 95 or even the computing device 15, as the calculation
can be performed remotely.
This arrangement can enable an entity to determine the percentage
of data usage that is attributable to it and to the user on a
personal basis. Because data usage may be segregated between
enterprise use and personal use, the enterprise may be able to
craft more accurate data plans with wireless carriers or other
similar entities. Moreover, the user, who may own the computing
device 15, would understand that the user would not be charged for
data usage associated with that user's work or business and that
the user would only be paying for personal data consumption.
Referring to FIG. 3, a method 300 of data usage accounting is
shown. The method 300, however, may include additional or even
fewer steps or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in
FIG. 3. Moreover, the method 300 is not necessarily limited to the
chronological order that is shown in FIG. 3. In describing the
method 300, reference may be made to FIGS. 1, 2 and 4, although it
is understood that the method 300 may be practiced with any other
suitable systems and components and may take advantage of other
suitable processes.
At step 305, in a setting that includes both secure applications
and unsecure applications, a request to access data can be received
via one of the secure applications in which the request is intended
for a content provider via a system service. The request intended
for the content provider via the system service can be intercepted,
as shown at step 310. At step 315, the intercepted request can be
modified, which can cause the system service to direct the request
back to the secure application instead of the content provider. A
connection can be established with the content provider for the
request through the secure application to enable data usage
accounting of data that is returned by the content provider, as
shown at step 320. Additionally, at step 325, content from the
content provider can be received at the secure application, and the
received content from the content provider can be forwarded to the
system service for processing, as shown at step 330. An amount of
data that is carried over the established connection associated
with the secure application can be determined, as shown at step
335.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a user may wish to access data through,
for example, a secure application 95 that is installed on the
computing device 15. As an example, the user may desire to retrieve
some type of content, such as video, through the secure application
95. The content may need to be retrieved from one of the remote
servers 205. Conventionally, the data access request would be
passed to the relevant system service 115 and the system service
115 would fetch the content from the remote server 205. Here,
however, the data access request may be intercepted prior to being
handled by the operating system and can be modified to direct the
request back to the secure application 95 instead of the remote
server 205. Reference will be made to FIG. 4 to help explain this
process.
In FIG. 4, an example of an interaction 400 between the secure
application 95, the system service 115 and the remote server 205 is
shown. In the initial step, the data access request is received and
is intercepted and modified. In this example, the data access
request is for video that is stored at one of the remote servers
205 that is associated with a website or some other form of digital
content, and the system service 115 is a media playback
application. As such, in accordance with earlier discussion, the
API that is associated with the media playback service can be
hooked.
Based on conventional techniques, the uniform resource indicator
(URI) related to this data request may be a uniform resource
locator (URL) with the associated content available via the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) or the hypertext transfer
protocol secure (HTTPS). As part of the modification process, the
URL may be changed prior to being passed to the system service 115.
The modification of the URL, in one embodiment, may be based on a
port number that is provided by the operating system. For example,
the secure application 95 may create a listening socket on a
loopback interface by requesting a socket and port number from the
operating system. As is known in the art, the loopback interface
can support inter-process or inter-app communications on the
computing device 15. The requested port may be a predetermined
value or may be simply a request to the operating system to provide
an available port number. Continuing with the example, the URL may
be converted into a local-host URL that includes the assigned port
number and the rest of the information from the original URL. The
modified URL may then be passed across to the system service 115,
in this case, the media player. As will be explained later,
multiple listening sockets and ports may be requested from the
operating system as part of this process.
Consider the following specific but non-limiting example. A user
may select a link through a secure application 95, which may have
the following exemplary URL associated with it:
http:www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWHRqspFke0
As noted earlier, the secure application 95 may request a socket
and port value from the operating system, and the port value can
factor into the modified URL. In this example, the original URL may
be transformed into the following local-host URL:
http:localhost:4444?t=www.youtube.com&p=watch&r=uRqspFke0
Here, the port value "4444" is now part of the URL string, which
can cause the system service 115 to point back to this port created
by the secure application 95. In addition, as can be seen, the
original hostname can be encoded in the "t=" parameter, the
original path can be encoded in the "p=" parameter and the original
parameters can be encoded in the "r=" parameter. Thus, the modified
URL can include the port value, and the remote information can be
added as parameters in the modified URL. A similar example for an
HTTPS request will be presented below.
In some arrangements, as part of this process, the secure
application 95 can create a proxy when the data is initially
requested through the secure application 95. The proxy can act as
the intermediary between the system service 115 and the remote
server 205. In doing so, the proxy may listen in on any sockets
that were created for the overall modification of the data access
request. As an example, each secure application 95 can be
individually configured to generate the proxy for relevant data
requests that it receives.
In another arrangement, the secure application 95 may record a copy
of the information associated with the original data request and
can map that information to the redirect address that has been
created. For example, in the example above, the secure application
95 may record the information associated with the original URL in
any suitable database, such as the memory 70 of FIG. 1, and can map
this information to the port that was assigned to the modified URL.
This way, the secure application 95 can easily determine the
original remote server 205 when it receives the modified URL. In an
alternative embodiment, the information of the original data
request may not need to be stored and mapped to the redirect
address. In the URL example, the original information from the URL
can simply be obtained from the modified URL because the original
information may be part of the modified information.
Moving back to FIG. 4, in the second step, the modified data access
request can cause the system service 115 to direct the request back
to the secure application 95, instead of the original remote server
205. That is, the system service 115 will establish a connection
with the secure application 95 via the port that the secure
application 95 created. In view of the mapping process described
above, the secure application 95 is able to determine the original
data access request and can establish a connection with the
relevant content provider, such as an appropriate remote server
205. In particular, based on the example above, the secure
application 95 can determine the original URL request and can open
a connection with the location specified by the original URL. This
process is reflected in the third step of FIG. 4. At this point,
the secure application 95 can fetch the content from the remote
server 205 and can return this content to the system service 115
for processing, as shown in the fourth step. The user may then
consume the requested data similar to a normal session. As will be
explained below, there may be scenarios where a similar re-routing
process can be performed to enable data usage tracking but without
the invocation of a system service 115.
As previously noted, the secure application 95 may be configured to
track data usage. In this case, the secure application 95 can
determine an amount of data that is carried over the connection
that is established with the remote server 205. This can include
both incoming (i.e., from remote server 205 to secure application
95) and outgoing (i.e., from secure application 95 to remote server
205) content. For example, the calculation unit 77 of FIG. 1 can
work with the secure application 95 to tally the amount of data
consumed by this particular session. In addition, because each
session associated with this particular secure application 95 can
be tracked, a cumulative amount of data usage for the secure
application 95 over a certain time period can be determined. This
process may also be conducted for all or at least some of the other
secure applications 95 that are installed on the computing device
15. As previously mentioned, the data usage associated with the
secure applications 95 may also be counted at a location that is
remote to the computing device 15.
If the secure applications 95 are associated with an enterprise,
the enterprise can determine the amount of data usage that is tied
to each of its secure applications 95. This feature can enable the
enterprise to determine data usage on the device 15 that is solely
attributable to it. As a result, data usage tracking associated
with the secure applications can be segregated from data usage that
originates from the unsecure applications.
In one embodiment, the connection that is established between the
secure application 95 and the remote server 205 can be a secure
connection. For example, as is known in the art, the secure
application 95 can be configured to establish virtual private
network (VPN) connections with remote locations. Such a VPN
connection is individual to the secure application 95 and is
different from a system-level VPN. If desired, however, the
connection between the secure application 95 and the remote server
205 is not required to be a secure connection. In addition, in
another embodiment, the secure application 95 may use a
system-level VPN.
The description above may apply to other protocols that facilitate
the exchange of data. For example, HTTPS traffic may also be
tracked in accordance with the procedures presented herein. In one
embodiment, additional steps can be taken when dealing with HTTPS
traffic to ensure accurate and complete accounting. For example, if
a user is accessing an HTTPS link through the secure application
95, the original URL may be modified similar to the HTTP examples
above, but the connection between the system service 115 and the
secure application 95 may be left in the open.
Consider the following example. If an HTTPS request is generated,
the secure application 95 can convert the HTTPS request to an HTTP
request when the secure application 95 modifies the URL for
purposes of directing the system service 115 back to the secure
application 95. That is, the secure application 95 can change the
connection type of the data request from a secure connection to an
open connection when the data request is modified. Referring back
to the URL example above, the following HTTPS URL may be
received:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWHRqspFke0
The secure application 95 can determine that this is an HTTPS
request and can modify the URL. An exemplary conversion is
presented here:
http://localhost:4444?s=www.youtube.com&p=watch&r=v=uWHRqsFke0
As reflected in the string, the HTTPS request is converted to an
HTTP request. As a result, the connection between the system
service 115 and the secure application 95 can be out in the open.
As will be explained below, this feature can enable the secure
application 95 to handle re-directs from the remote server 205.
As can also be seen in the string, the "s=" parameter can provide
an indication that the original URL was an HTTPS request.
Accordingly, when the secure application 95 establishes the
connection between it and the remote server 205, an HTTPS
connection can be created. In other words, the system service 115
may not be responsible for establishing the HTTPS connection, and
the secure application 95 may be in control of any security-related
handshaking and getting the encryption keys in place. The session
between the secure application 95 and the remote server 205 can be
a transport layer security (TLS) connection, which can terminate at
the secure application 95.
As explained earlier, the secure application 95 may be configured
to arrange VPN connections in an individual manner. Such an
application-level VPN can support any type of traffic that is
exchanged between the secure application 95 and the remote server
205, including both HTTP and HTTPS streams. In other words, the
ability of the secure application 95 to provide an
application-level VPN does not impede the ability of the secure
application 95 to modify data access requests and then convert them
back to their original form, as described above. Further, these
techniques can be practiced if the secure application 95 is using a
system-level VPN or is not relying on a VPN connection at all.
As is known in the art, some initial data access requests are
answered with a re-direct, which instructs the requesting source to
another destination to retrieve the desired content. For example,
in the case of an HTTP request, the requesting device may receive
an HTTP re-direct from the server, which causes the device to
generate another HTTP request based on the re-direct destination.
In addition, in some cases, a URL playlist may be sent from the
server, which may include a plurality of URLs. This particular
feature may support HTTP live-streaming, a protocol that enables a
client to select from a number of different alternate streams
containing the same material encoded at a variety of data rates,
which can allow the streaming session to adapt to the available
data rate.
In one arrangement, the secure application 95 may be configured to
account for these re-directs. For example, if the initial data
request is an HTTP request and the remote server 205 returns an
HTTP re-direct, the secure application 95 may transform that HTTP
re-direct in accordance with the modification process described
above. By doing so, the secure application 95 can ensure that the
system service 115 establishes the new re-direct connection with
the secure application 95. As such, when the secure application 95
detects a re-direct, the secure application 95 can request another
socket and port from the operating system to account for the new
destination that originates from the re-direct. The secure
application 95 can then open a connection between itself and the
new (and appropriate) remote server 205. This process can be
expanded to account for re-direct playlists, such that socket/port
pairs are generated when needed for the URLs that make up the
playlists.
As can be gleaned from this example, the secure application 95 may
be required to detect the re-directs in the incoming streams. If
the original data access request is not based on a secure protocol,
like HTTPS, then the secure application 95 is easily able to detect
the re-directs. If the original request is based on a secure
protocol, however, complications may arise because the traffic
being streamed to the system service 115 may be encrypted. As noted
above, when dealing with a secure protocol, the termination point
for the secure connection can be placed at the secure application
95, not the system service 115. As a result, the secure application
95 can decrypt the incoming traffic and can detect the re-directs,
similar to how it would for an unsecure protocol. Thus, as an
example, re-directs can be handled for both HTTP and HTTPS.
In some cases, other components may assist in the calculation of
data for purposes of usage accounting. For example, some system
services 115 may offer notifications based on certain events that
may be related to data usage. In one particular example, the secure
applications 95 can register for certain callbacks from the system
services 115 that are equipped to provide such notifications. As an
example, if a data session is initiated through a secure
application 95, the system service 115 can provide one or more
notifications that inform the secure application 95 of the start of
the session and its eventual ending. Statistics related to the
amount of data that was consumed during the session can be
incorporated into the notifications, which the secure application
95 can use to track its data usage. The overall total usage related
to all or at least some of the secure applications 95 can be
determined, which can allow the segregation of data consumption
between secure and personal profiles, as described earlier. In this
case, however, the modification of the data access requests is not
required, and the system service may fetch data in its conventional
manner. When available with the system services 115, this feature
may be useful for data accounting, particularly when
application-level VPNs are not incorporated into the secure
applications 95.
The description herein has been presented primarily in terms of a
secure application 95 handling the modification of data requests
and the data usage tracking. The description, however, is not so
limited. In particular, these features can be implemented into an
unsecure application such that data usage can be tracked for these
types of applications on an individual basis. Similarly, the system
service that is involved in this process is not limited to a media
player. In fact, any system service that is involved in the
exchange of data with a remote location may be applicable to the
description provided herein. For example, other system services
that apply here may include a texting application, a dialer or any
other application that facilitates or otherwise supports voice
communications, a video or camera application, or a map application
or other application that supports mapping features. In fact, the
description herein may apply to any type of application, whether
secure or unsecure, that may involve the consumption of content or
the use of services in which it may be necessary to distinguish
between personal use of such content and services and secure or
workspace or enterprise use of the content and services.
In some cases, it may not be necessary to invoke the system service
115 to handle a request for a data session. That is, the request
for the data session may not require the launching of a separate
application to handle the request. For example, the secure
application 95 may be a secure web browser, through which a user
may attempt to retrieve some data. As is known in the art, in prior
art cases, an application may work with the operating system of a
computing device to establish a connection to an external entity,
such as a web server. In a typical mobile device setting, the
application may be configured to generate calls for an application
programming interface (API) defined by the portable operating
system interface (POSIX). In response, the operating system can
establish a connection to the external entity on behalf of the
application.
Similar to the description above, techniques can be implemented
that enable secure applications 95 to have such calls natively
redirected back to them for the purpose of establishing a
connection with the appropriate external entity and for enabling an
accounting of the data session. This process can also make possible
a scheme in which data usage for secure applications 95 is counted
separately from that associated with unsecure applications 90.
Referring to FIG. 5, a method 500 for enabling data usage
accounting is shown. The method 500, however, may include
additional or even fewer steps or processes in comparison to what
is illustrated in FIG. 5. Moreover, the method 500 is not
necessarily limited to the chronological order that is shown in
FIG. 5. In describing the method 500, reference may be made to the
drawings attached hereto, although it is understood that the method
500 may be practiced with any other suitable systems and components
and may take advantage of other suitable processes.
At step 505, a request for a data session can be received through a
secure application, and at step 510, in response, a listening
socket can be created. The request for the data session can be
intercepted, as shown at step 515, and the request for the data
session can be modified to cause the request to be re-directed back
to the secure application, as shown at step 520. At step 525, a
connection can be initiated to enable retrieval of the data in
response to the request and an accounting of the data session. At
step 530, the listening socket can be torn down. In addition, at
decision block 535, it can be determined whether a connection with
a Wi-Fi network is in place. If no, the method 500 can resume at
decision block 535. If yes, a setting can be activated that
prevents the request for the data session from being intercepted
and modified, as shown at step 540.
To help explain the method 500, reference will be made to FIG. 6,
which presents an example of an interaction 600 between a secure
application 95 and the system server 40 with the secure framework
45 facilitating the operation. Although the secure framework 45 may
be considered part of and can work in conjunction with the secure
application 95 to carry out the operations described herein,
reference may in some cases be made solely to the secure
application 95 when explaining this interaction 600 for purposes of
convenience. Initially, a user may be interacting with the secure
application 95, and the user may wish to retrieve some content
from, for example, an external entity. As noted earlier, the
computing device 15 may have both secure applications 95 and
unsecure applications 90 installed thereon.
In response to the user interaction, the secure application 95 may
generate a request for a data session. As an example, the request
may be a POSIX connect call, although the principles outlined
herein are not limited to such an arrangement. This request may
include addressing information that is intended to be used to
establish the connection with the external entity. Examples of
addressing information include the following arguments: socket
(specifies the file descriptor associated with the socket); address
(points to a sockaddr structure containing the peer address); and
address_len (specifies the length of the sockaddr structure pointed
to by the address argument. Other exemplary arguments and
parameters may also be applicable here. In addition, the term
"addressing information" is defined as data that is configured to
facilitate or enable a connection with one or more destinations.
This request may be from the secure application 95 or the system
framework associated with the secure application 95. In either
case, in response, the secure application 95 can generate a
listening socket on the loopback interface--similar to the
procedures previously described. In one arrangement, the listening
socket can be a temporary socket in that it can be torn down once
it serves its purpose of establishing a connection through the
secure application 95.
Once the listening socket is created, the secure application 95 can
intercept the request for the data session. This interception can
occur because the secure framework 45 can be shimmed between the
system framework and the operating system and can be configured to
recognize predetermined calls for modification or other processing,
while allowing others to pass unfettered. In any event, the data
session request can be modified by re-writing portions of the
request based on the newly-created listening socket. For example,
the addressing information of the connect call may be re-written
with the addressing information associated with the listening
socket. As shown in FIG. 6, the modified data session request can
then be passed to the system server 40. This modified call may
still be in the native format, or in the form that is normally used
by the secure application 95 and other applications on the
computing device 15 to make calls to the operating system. That is,
the native version of the relevant function can be called at this
stage, where it is modified to include the new addressing
information for the listening socket.
As part of the modification process, the original addressing
information (or at least some portion of it) can be stored and
assigned to the listening socket. The original addressing
information includes the final destination address and can be used
to establish the intended connection, as will be explained below.
As another part of this process, a return can be generated to
inform the system framework or the secure application 95 that the
requested connect is in progress.
When the operating system receives the data session request, the
operating system can redirect the data session request back to the
secure application 95, as opposed to the intended final destination
address. In particular, the data session request is returned to the
listening socket based on the re-written addressing information
that replaced the original addressing information. In this case,
the operating system can wire up a connection between the relevant
socket of the secure application 95 and the listening socket
through the loopback interface. Once the redirected connection is
established on the listening socket, the secure application 95 can
retrieve the original addressing information and can initiate and
establish the connection with the external entity, using the
original addressing information. Specifically, a connect socket can
be generated, and this connect socket can be used to establish a
connection with the appropriate socket of the external entity.
Further, once the connection with the intended external entity has
been initiated (or completed), the secure application 95 can tear
down the listening socket to return system resources.
In this case, similar to the process associated with the system
service redirection described above, the redirection here can be
transparent to the secure application 95 or the system framework.
That is, no changes are required to be made to the secure
application 95 or the system framework to enable the interception
and modification of the data session request. These objects can
continue to make their native calls when seeking to exchange data
with an external entity, and they are unaware that their calls are
being manipulated in this manner. The terms "transparent
redirection of a request" or "transparently redirecting a request"
are defined as a redirection of a request in which the source of
the request is unaware of its redirection, and examples of a
request include a call, command or function. The terms "native
redirection of a request" or "natively redirecting a request" are
defined as a redirection of a request in which the source of the
request maintains its reliance on native or pre-existing protocols
or structure to generate or to facilitate the request.
The connection between the secure application 95 and the external
entity may support various types of formats or protocols. In some
cases, the connection to the external entity may be through an
application-level virtual private network (VPN), as the secure
application 95 may be configured to provide such a feature. The
connection may also utilize a system-level VPN, if desired. In this
case, the socket of the external entity can be the appropriate
socket of the VPN, as opposed to a native socket for the back-end
location. Moreover, the connection with the external entity is not
necessarily limited to being a secure connection, as unsecure
connections may be used.
As noted earlier, the computing device 15 in which the previously
described techniques may be practiced may include a Wi-Fi
communications stack. The Wi-Fi stack can enable the device 15 to
exchange data with external entities over a Wi-Fi network using any
of the protocols within that family for which the device 15 is
configured. In some cases, it may not be necessary to track data
usage associated with secure applications 95 (or even unsecure
applications 90) when the device 15 is camped on a Wi-Fi network.
In fact, it may not be necessary to do so when the device 15 is
operating on any non-cellular network or other networks that do not
bill users for access. In this instance, when the device 15 is
using a Wi-Fi network or other non-billable or free network for
data access, a setting in the device may be activated to prevent
the process of redirecting data access requests. That is, because
users are typically permitted to access Wi-Fi networks for free, it
may not be necessary to track data usage when the device 15 is
using such a network, thereby obviating the need to intercept and
modify the data access requests in accordance with the processes
described above. When the computing device 15 leaves the Wi-Fi
network and returns to the billing network, the setting can be
deactivated, and the process of data usage counting can begin
again.
In another arrangement, the tracking of data usage may be limited
to a particular network, such as a predefined cellular network.
Thus, the processes described herein may only be executed on this
predetermined network. When the computing device 15 is operating on
any other network, the redirection process may not be carried out.
For example, if the computing device 15 is roaming on a network, or
operating on a network that is not its home network, the setting
that prevents the redirection process may be activated, even though
use of the roaming network may cause the user to incur data usage
charges. Nonetheless, if desired, data usage tracking based on the
techniques described herein may be conducted on roaming networks or
Wi-Fi or other free-access networks.
While various embodiments have been described above, it should be
understood that they have been presented by way of example only,
and not limitation. It will be understood by those skilled in the
relevant art(s) that various changes in form and details may be
made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the
subject matter as defined in the appended claims. Accordingly, the
breadth and scope of the present subject matter should not be
limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but
should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and
their equivalents.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the
architecture, functionality, and operation of possible
implementations of systems, methods and computer program products
according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block in the
flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or
portion of code, which comprises one or more executable
instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It
should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the
functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in
the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in
fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may
sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the
functionality involved.
* * * * *
References