U.S. patent number 4,946,617 [Application Number 07/271,320] was granted by the patent office on 1990-08-07 for substantially dry cleaning wipe capable of rendering a cleaned surface static free.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Nordico, Inc.. Invention is credited to John A. Amann, Christopher H. Sheridan.
United States Patent |
4,946,617 |
Sheridan , et al. |
August 7, 1990 |
Substantially dry cleaning wipe capable of rendering a cleaned
surface static free
Abstract
A substantially flexible dry wipe capable of cleaning a surface
by removing dust and/or organic film and rendering the surface
substantially static-free comprising a matrix comprising natural or
synthetic, woven, non-woven or knitted fibers, or a flexible foam
material, said matrix having been uniformly coated with an amount
of treatment solution sufficient to allow said matrix to retain its
substantially dry characteristics, said solution comprising between
about 25% and 75% of at least one glycol compound, between about
0.2% and 60% of a cationic surfactant, and optionally up to about
45% of a nonionic surfactant may be added to the treatment
solution. When removing organic film, the wipe is contacted with
water and used to wash the surface, and can then be wrung out and
used to wipe the surface dry.
Inventors: |
Sheridan; Christopher H.
(Cresskill, NJ), Amann; John A. (Mount Vernon, NY) |
Assignee: |
Nordico, Inc. (New York,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23035094 |
Appl.
No.: |
07/271,320 |
Filed: |
November 15, 1988 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
15/104.93;
252/88.2; 510/394; 510/413; 510/504; 510/505 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A47L
13/16 (20130101); C11D 1/62 (20130101); C11D
3/3707 (20130101); C11D 17/049 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A47L
13/16 (20060101); C11D 1/38 (20060101); C11D
1/62 (20060101); C11D 17/04 (20060101); C11D
3/37 (20060101); C11D 001/62 (); C11D 001/835 ();
C11D 017/00 (); C11D 017/06 () |
Field of
Search: |
;252/90,91,DIG.10,174,547,153 ;15/29R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Paul
Assistant Examiner: Beadles-Hay; A.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Beck; Thomas A.
Claims
What we claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent is:
1. A substantially flexible dry wipe to which no water has been
added other than that naturally present therein, said dry wipe
being capable of removing dust, organic film or both from a surface
and rendering said surface substantially static free comprising: a
matrix comprising (a) natural of synthetic, woven, non-woven or
knitted fibers, or (b) a flexible foam material, or combinations
thereof, said matrix having been uniformly coated with an amount of
a non-aqueous treatment solution sufficient to allow said matrix to
retain its substantially flexible, dry characteristics, said
solution comprising by weight between about 25% and 75% of at least
one glycol compound and between about 0.2% an 60% of a cationic
surfactant.
2. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 1, wherein
said matrix has been coated with between about 1% and 99% of said
treatment solution calculated on the basis weight of said
matrix.
3. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 2 wherein
said matrix has been coated with between about 3% and 25% of said
treatment solution calculated on the basis weight of said
matrix.
4. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 which
contains effective amounts of at least one fragrance.
5. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 4 wherein
said treatment solution contains between about 0.1 % and 5%
fragrance.
6. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises a polyolefin.
7. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises a polyester.
8. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises nylon.
9. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises a cellulosic.
10. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises a cotton.
11. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises rayon.
12. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises hemp.
13. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises polyester foam.
14. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises a polyurethane foam.
15. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix comprises polypropylene fibers coated with between
about 3% and 12% of said treatment solution which comprises
approximately 40 to 60% propylene glycol and, correspondingly,
approximately 40 to 60% of a cationic surfactant.
16. The substantially dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein said
matrix comprises polypropylene and rayon fibers coated with between
about 3% and 12% of said treatment solution comprising
approximately 40 to 60% propylene glycol and correspondingly
approximately 40 to 60% of a cationic surfactant.
17. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said matrix is polypropylene, and said treatment solution comprises
about 49% propylene glycol and about 49% of a cationic
surfactant.
18. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 3 wherein
said cationic surfactant compound is selected from the group
consisting of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds and
polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds of the general formula:
##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are selected from an alkyl
group, an alkyl ether group and a hydroxyalkyl group each
containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 is an alkyl group
containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and R.sub.4 is selected from
an alkyl group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group
wherein alkyl contains 1 to 2 carbon atoms and heterocyclic
radicals, and X.sup.- is a suitable anion such as halide, e.g.,
chloride, bromide and iodide or nitrate, methosulfate or
acetate.
19. The substantially dry wipe defined in claim 18 wherein said
matrix is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene,
polyester, nylon, cotton, hemp, rayon fibers and polyurethane foam,
polyether foam and polyester foam.
20. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 19 wherein
said quaternary amonium compound has the general formula C.sub.8-18
alkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides and mixtures thereof.
21. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 19 wherein
the matrix is polypropylene and said treatment solution is between
about 40% and 60% of a quaternary ammonium compound having the
general formula: ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl
groups having 1-3 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is an alkyl benzyl group
where the alkyl group has 6-22 carbon atoms; R.sub.4 is
polypropylene oxide; and about 5% to 20% of an alkyl phenyl
ethoxylate nonionic surfactant.
22. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 19 wherein
the matrix is rayon and said treatment solution is between about
40% and 60% of a quaternary ammonium compound having the general
formula: ##STR4## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl groups
having 1-3 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is an alkyl benzyl group where the
alkyl group has 6-22 carbon atoms; R.sub.4 is polypropylene oxide;
and about 5% to 20% of an alkyl phenyl ethoxylate nonionic
surfactant.
23. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 19 wherein
the matrix is cellulosic and said treatment solution is between
about 40% and 60% of a quaternary ammonium compound having the
general formula: ##STR5## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl
groups having 1-3 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is an alkyl benzyl group
where the alkyl group has 6-22 carbon atoms; R.sub.4 is
polypropylene oxide; and about 5% to 20% of an alkyl phenyl
ethoxylate nonionic surfactant.
24. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 19 wherein
the matrix is comprised of a layer of cellulose fibers sandwiched
between layers of polypropylene fibers and said treatment solution
is between about 40% and 60% of a quaternary ammonium compound
having the general formula ##STR6## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are
alkyl groups having 1-3 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is an alkyl benzyl
group where the alkyl group has 6-22 carbon atoms; R.sub.4 is
polypropylene oxide; and about 5% to 20% of an alkyl phenyl
ethoxylate nonionic surfactant.
25. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 1 which
contains up to 45% of a nonionic surfactant selected from the group
consisting of:
(a) the polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl and dialkyl
phenols, having a straight or branched alkyl group of from about 6
to about 12 carbon atoms, with ethylene oxide, wherein the amount
of ethylene oxide present is from about 3 to about 25 moles per
mole of alkyl phenol;
(b) the condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with ethylene
oxide of the formula RO(C.sub.2 H.sub.4 O).sub.n H and/or propylene
oxide of the formula RO(C.sub.3 H.sub.6 O).sub.n H: wherein in
either or both cases R is a straight or branched alkyl group having
from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, and n is 3 to 40; and
(c) polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymers.
26. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 25,
wherein said matrix has been coated with between about 1% and 99%
of said treatment solution calculated on the basis weight of said
matrix.
27. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 25 wherein
said matrix has been coated with between about 3% and 25% of said
treatment solution calculated on the basis weight of said
matrix.
28. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 which
contains effective amounts of at least one fragrance.
29. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said treatment solution contains between about 0.1 % and 5%
fragrance.
30. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises a polyolefin.
31. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises a polyester.
32. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises nylon.
33. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises a cellulosic.
34. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises a cotton.
35. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises rayon.
36. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises hemp.
37. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises polyester foam.
38. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises a polyurethane foam.
39. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix comprises polypropylene fibers coated with between
about 3% and 12% of said treatment solution which comprises
approximately 40 to 60% propylene glycol and, correspondingly,
approximately 40 to 60% of a cationic surfactant.
40. The substantially dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein said
matrix comprises polypropylene and rayon fibers coated with between
about 3% and 12% of said treatment solution comprising
approximately 40 to 60% propylene glycol and correspondingly
approximately 40 to 60% of a cationic surfactant.
41. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said matrix is polypropylene, and said treatment solution comprises
about 49% propylene glycol and about 49% of a cationic
surfactant.
42. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 27 wherein
said cationic surfactant compound is selected from the group
consisting of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds and
polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds of the general formula:
##STR7## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are selected from an alkyl
group, an alkyl ether group and a hydroxyalkyl group each
containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 is an alkyl group
containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and R.sub.4 is selected from
an alkyl group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group
wherein alkyl contains 1 to 2 carbon atoms and heterocyclic
radicals, and X.sup.- is a suitable anion such as halide, e.g.,
chloride, bromide and iodide or nitrate, methosulfate or
acetate.
43. The substantially dry wipe defined in claim 42 wherein said
matrix is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene,
polyester, nylon, cotton, hemp, rayon fibers and polyurethane foam,
polyether foam and polyester foam.
44. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 43 wherein
said quaternary amonium compound has the general formula C.sub.8-18
alkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides and mixtures thereof.
45. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 43 wherein
the matrix is polypropylene and said treatment solution is between
about 40% and 60% of a quaternary ammonium compound having the
general formula: ##STR8## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl
groups having 1-3 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is an alkyl benzyl group
where the alkyl group has 6-22 carbon atoms; R.sub.4 is
polypropylene oxide; and about 5% to 20% of an alkyl phenyl
ethoxylate nonionic surfactant.
46. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 43 wherein
the matrix is rayon and said treatment solution is between about
40% and 60% of a quaternary ammonium compound having the general
formula: ##STR9## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl groups
having 1-3 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is an alkyl benzyl group where the
alkyl group has 6-22 carbon atoms; R.sub.4 is polypropylene oxide;
and about 5% to 20% of an alkyl phenyl ethoxylate nonionic
surfactant.
47. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 43 wherein
the matrix is cellulosic and said treatment solution is between
about 40% and 60% of a quaternary ammonium compound having the
general formula: ##STR10## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl
groups having 1-3 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is an alkyl benzyl group
where the alkyl group has 6-22 carbon atoms; R.sub.4 is
polypropylene oxide; and about 5% to 20% of an alkyl phenyl
ethoxylate nonionic surfactant.
48. The substantially flexible dry wipe defined in claim 43 wherein
the matrix is comprised of a layer of cellulose fibers sandwiched
between layers of polypropylene fibers and said treatment solution
is between about 40% and 60% of a quaternary ammonium compound
having the general formula ##STR11## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2
are alkyl groups having 1-3 carbon atoms; R.sub.3 is an alkyl
benzyl group where the alkyl group has 6-22 carbon atoms; R.sub.4
is polypropylene oxide; and about 5% to 20% of an alkyl phenyl
ethoxylate nonionic surfactant.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a substantially dry wipe which has
incorporated therein a mixture comprising at least one glycol
compound and a cationic surfactant and optionally a nonionic
surfactant. The dry wipe of the present invention can be used for a
variety of different applications. For example, it can be used as a
dust cloth to pick up and remove dust, fibers and other particulate
matter while concurrently rendering the surface clean and
substantially static free; in addition, the aforementioned wipe if
immersed in water, acts as a hard surface cleaning wiper while
concurrently rendering the cleaned surface substantially static
free.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
One of the cleaning systems for "hard surfaces" (i.e., as
exemplified by formica countertops and table tops, computer
screens, kitchen appliances, porcelain bathroom surfaces) have used
solid or liquid soap, and currently preferably used detergents,
which were applied to the surface with or without some scrubbing
means.
In the past, liquid cleaners generally contained an active
surfactant in addition to water, buffers, preservatives,
thickeners, etc. Some of these liquid cleaners are designed to be
diluted at the time of use with the dilution factors often being in
the range of from 50 to 1 to 100 to 1.
Liquid cleaners were eventually modified to be used in the form of
an aerosol or non-aerosol foam. The foams did not require dilution
and therefore delivered more active cleaning chemicals to the
surface to be cleaned. The action of the foam itself purportedly
obviated the need to "scrub" the surface, however, these foams have
not always worked as intended.
Another of the systems for cleaning hard surfaces comprised the use
of scrubbing powders, such as sodium bicarbonate, as a carrier for
the liquid surfactants used. These powders were diluted with
fillers and various abrasive compounds. With the addition of a
powdered bleaching agent to the abrasive powders, they gained a
reputation of heavy duty hard surface cleaning.
The difficulty experienced in the prior art with the
above-mentioned liquids, foams and powders to achieve a hard
surface cleaning was to get the active ingredient to the specific
are of the surface to be cleaned in full strength.
Obviously, the aforementioned systems were all liquid systems and
would not be efficient for instances where it is desired merely to
remove dust from the hard surface. The removal of dust from a hard
surface depends upon an entirely different type of system, usually
a system wherein, for example, a cloth is impregnated with oil or
some other dust removing agent. These dust removing agents, while
demonstrating a capacity to remove dust, are invariably
incompatible with water so that the wet-dry systems mentioned above
are mutually exclusive with respect to their use.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a hard
surface cleaning system wipe which can be used dry to pick up and
remove dust while rendering that surface static free and
alternatively, with the addition of water to the wipe, to provide a
cleaning system which can remove surface films which are
predominately organic in nature.
It is another object of the invention to provide a cleaning system
which is totally compatible with water while retaining its fully
active properties regardless of whether the application is to
remove dirt (dry system) or organic film (wet system).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a substantially flexible dry wipe
capable of cleaning a hard surface by removing dust, organic film
or both and rendering it substantially static free, comprising a
substrate, referred to herein as the "matrix", made up of natural
or synthetic fibers, processed into woven, nonwoven or knitted
forms, a flexible foam material, or any combinations thereof, which
is uniformly coated with a treatment solution in an amount
sufficient to obtain the benefits of the invention and yet still
feel dry to the touch. With the aforementioned criteria in mind,
the treatment solution can range between about 1 and 99%,
preferably between about 3% and 25%, of basis weight of the matrix,
said solution comprising between about 25% and 75% of at least one
glycol compound, between 0.2% and 60% of a cationic surfactant, and
optionally between about 5% and 45% of a nonionic surfactant. When
the wipe is used to remove organic film, it must be first contacted
with water by immersion or any other means irrespective of whether
only the cationic surfactant or the cationic and nonionic
surfactants are present in the wipe. Further, the solution may also
optionally contain effective amounts of one or more fragrances,
preferably between about 0.1% and 5 fragrance.
Such prior art references as U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,227,614, 3,283,357,
4,257,924, 4,692,374 and Australian Pat. No. 72440/87 disclose
systems of diluting active disinfectants and cleaning agents in a
carrier, applying the surplus of the carrier containing the active
ingredients onto a specific applicator material and subsequently
drying the material with the carrier and active ingredient. These
methods were used in the prior art because it was a convenient way
to evenly disperse a specific amount of active ingredient on an
applicator material.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,227,614 uses a mineral oil as a
carrier and adds an excess of detergent to counteract and emulsify
the oily properties of the mineral oil carrier. The other
references noted above use water, alcohol or combinations thereof,
all followed by a drying step.
The product and method of the present invention is simpler, less
expensive and applicable to a broader variety of matrix webs.
Unexpectedly, the article of the present invention is safer than
prior art products since it is practically non-irritating to the
eyes, skin, etc.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
For the purpose of this specification, the term "substantially dry
wipe" as used herein refers to a wipe to which no water has been
added other than the water naturally present in the matrix as
manufacturered. The term further encompasses a wipe which has been
treated with a nonaqueous 100% active solution containing the
components described hereinafter which are applied to the matrix or
web in such a way as to result in a product which feels dry to the
touch.
As noted above, the matrix comprising the substantially dry wipe of
the present invention contains natural or synthetic fibers,
processed into woven, nonwoven or knitted form, a flexible foam, or
combinations thereof, in a basis weight range generally of 5 to 200
grams per square yard preferably 15 to 100 grams per square yard. A
suitable matrix of the present invention is comprised of woven or
nonwoven thermoplastic filaments or fibers, more preferably
polypropylene, in a basis weight range of 5 to 100 grams per square
yard, preferably 15 to 40 grams per square yard, wherein the same
filaments or fibers have a diameter preferably less than 4 microns.
The tensile strength of the matrix of the present invention is of
sufficient magnitude so as to enable the wipe to be used wet
without shredding or disintegrating. It can be generally
characterized by a tensile strength of between about 0.5 and 1.5
pounds per inch of width, although obviously lesser or greater
values can be utilized. Such matrix can consist of a single layer
of the filaments or fibers described above or a foam layer, or it
can consist of a plurality of layers of the same said filaments or
fibers and/or foam which have been adhered using any suitable
method, such as sonic, thermal or mechanical bonding, etc. The
aforementioned blends of the same or different types of fibers may
be incorporated into the matrix depending upon the desired end use
of the product. Selection of the matrix used pursuant to the
present invention is dependent upon the cleaning efficiency and the
type of application desired. Some factors to be considered with
respect to the application to which the matrix will be put are the
abrasive characteristics, absorbability characteristics, the
porosity of the matrix and, obviously, the cost. In instances where
a substantial capacity to hold liquid while in use in accordance
with the present invention is desired, a flexible foamed material
having high absorptive properties may be used, alone or in
combination with the other materials noted above, as the
matrix.
Of particular interest for use in the matrix are the following: (a)
fibers: polypropylene, polyester, nylon and cellulosics, such as
cellulose, cotton, rayon, hemp, etc.; (b) foams: polyurethane,
polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyethers, etc.
The cationic surfactant compound employed in the present invention
can be selected from any of the well-known classes of water-soluble
quaternary ammonium compounds. Such classes include the quaternary
heteronium compounds such as cetyl pyridinium chloride and
polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds of the general formula:
##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are selected from an alkyl
group, an alkyl ether group and a hydroxyalkyl group each
containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 is an alkyl group
containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and R.sub.4 is selected from
an alkyl group containing 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group
wherein alkyl contains 1 to 2 carbon atoms and heterocyclic
radicals, and X.sup.- is a suitable anion such as halide, e.g.,
chloride, bromide and iodide or nitrate, methosulfate or
acetate.
A particularly useful compound having the general formula listed
above is one wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are alkyl groups having
1-3 carbon atoms, R.sub.3 is an alkyl benzyl group such as a
dodecylbenzyl, R.sub.4 is polypropylene oxide, and X is
chloride.
Particularly useful quaternary ammonium compounds of the
above-indicated general formula are the C.sub.8-18 alkyl dimethyl
ammonium chlorides and mixtures thereof.
The effective amount of cationic surfactant compound to be employed
in accordance with the present invention ranges between about 0.20%
and 60%, preferably between 40% and 60% of the treatment solution.
The specific amounts of any particular cationic surfactant compound
which may be employed within this range will depend on such factors
relating to the intended end use of the wipe as can be readily
determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
The treating solution embodiments disclosed herein all require the
presence of the glycol compounds specified hereinafter, which when
moistened, exhibit nonionic surfactant properties. In addition,
however, depending upon the specific end use to which the wipe of
the present invention is to be put, the treating solution may also
optionally contain up to 45% of a water-soluble nonionic surfactant
in addition to the glycols specified herein.
Any of the well known classes of water-soluble nonionic surfactants
may be employed in the invention.
Suitable nonionic surfactants include those selected from:
(a) the polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl and dialkyl
phenols, having a straight or branched alkyl group of from about 6
to about 12 carbon atoms, with ethylene oxide, wherein the amount
of ethylene oxide present is from about 3 to about 25 moles per
mole of alkyl phenol;
(b) the condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with ethylene
oxide of the formula RO(C.sub.3 H.sub.4 O).sub.n H and/or propylene
oxide of the formula RO(C.sub.3 H.sub.6 O).sub.n H: wherein in
either or both cases R is a straight or branched alkyl group having
from about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, and n is 3 to 40; and
(c) polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene block polymers.
Examples of nonionic surfactants of type (a) above are marketed by
GAF Corporation under the trademark Igepal .RTM., e.g., Igepal
.RTM. CA-420, an octylphenol condensed with an average of 3 moles
of ethylene oxide; or by Rohm and Haas under the trademark Triton
.RTM., e.g., Triton .RTM. X-100, an octylphenol condensed with an
average of 9 moles of ethylene oxide.
Examples of nonionic surfactants of type (b) above are marketed by
Shell Chemical Company under the trademark Neodol .RTM., e.g.,
Neodol .RTM. 25-12, the condensation product of C.sub.12-15 linear
primary alcohol with an average of 12 moles of ethylene oxide, by
Union Carbide Corporation under the trademark Tergitol .RTM., e.g.,
Tergitol .RTM.24L60, a polyethylene glycol ether of a mixture of
synthetic C.sub.12-14 fatty alcohols with an average of nine moles
of ethylene oxide.
Examples of nonionic surfactants of type (c) above are marketed by
BASF Wyandotte Corporation under the trademark Pluronic .RTM. and
Plurafac .RTM., e.g., Pluronic .RTM. 10 R5 which conforms to the
formula HO(CHCH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 O).sub.x (CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O).sub.y
(CHCH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 O).sub.z H in which the average values of x, y
and z are respectively 7, 22 and 7; and Plurafac .RTM. B25-5, a
linear straight chain primary alkoxylated alcohol.
When employed in accordance with the present invention, emulsifying
effective amounts of nonionic surfactants are used; accordingly,
the nonionic surfactants will be present up to about 45% of the
treatment solution. The specific amount of the particular nonionic
surfactant which is employed within this range will depend upon the
detergent activity desired as can be readily determined by one of
ordinary skill in the art; i.e., in applications requiring heavy
duty cleaning power, higher amounts of nonionic surfactants in the
treating solution would be used; and vice versa.
The dry wipe, optionally, but preferably may contain one or more
fragrances for imparting a pleasant odor to the cleaned surface. As
used herein, the term "fragrance" includes chemicals which can mask
malodors and/or destroy malodors. When employed, the fragrance is
present in the dry wipe in amounts up to 5% of the treatment
solution.
The glycol, used in accordance with the present invention, is
preferably propylene glycol, USP.
Any glycol, such as the propylene glycol USP disclosed above, which
is safe and nontoxic and possesses the ability to coat fibers
uniformly may be used. The glycols used must impart softness to the
dry nonwoven web and, when diluted with water, increase the
cleaning efficiency of the dry wipe by means of the water.
An illustration of a method used in the formation of a matrix
capable of being utilized in the present invention comprises
combining cellulosic wood pulp fibers, and synthetic fibers, such
as a linear polyester. Such a matrix is formed by mixing the
aforementioned fibers in water to form a slurry containing 1% to 5%
by weight of the fibers. This slurry is discharged through a
metering slot onto a continuously moving fine wire screen (commonly
referred to as a Fourdrinier screen). The moving screen is
continuously shaken in a lateral fashion, normal to its direction
of movement, causing the fibers thereon to become mechanically
entangled, and also causing a large portion of the water to be
drained therefrom with the result that a moist, cohesive, weblike
matrix is formed at the end of said wire screen. The resultant
moist, weblike matrix is then dried and wound into rolls suitable
for subsequent treatment.
The method described above for preparing the matrix permits
flexibility because the basis weight of the matrix is easily varied
by way of controlling the slurry discharge metering device.
Furthermore, the use of slurries makes it easy to incorporate a
wide variety of fibers therein.
Another method for preparing the matrix is by laminating a
plurality of web layers, comprised of specified natural and/or
synthetic fibers of the same or varying basis weights, by any of
the commercially or commonly practiced methods used in the trade,
such as for example, through the use of adhesives, heat bonding,
flame bonding, sonic bonding or mechanical or hydraulic
entanglement. These methods permit the use of a variety of layers
in constructing the matrix.
Commercially manufactured matrices, as for example, "Sontara," a
registered trademark of E.I. DuPont consisting of a mixture of
cellulosic and synthetic fibers, normally supplied in a basis
weight of 62 grams per square yard, are also suitable for the
cleaning wipe of this invention.
The matrix, prepared in accordance with one of the methods
described above, from which the cleansing wipe of the present
invention is obtained, is coated and impregnated using a process
wherein continuous rolls of said matrix are passed between an
engraved roll and a smooth rubber roll under pressured nip contact.
The engraved roll is constructed of steel or other suitable
material whose surface has been engraved with a plurality of cells
or cavities that are defined by specific shape and dimensions. Said
shape and dimensions determine the volume of liquid picked up and
held in the said cavities when in use.
During operation, the engraved roll is partially submerged in the
cleaning solution described previously and rotates therethrough,
causing said solution to fill the cavities of the engraved portions
of said engraved roll. Excess solution accumulating above the plane
of the engraving is removed by a doctor blade. The solution
remaining in the cells of the engraved roll is caused to transfer
by way of pressure absorption and surface tension into the matrix
as it passes under pressure between said engraved roll and rubber
roll.
Thereafter, the treated matrix, containing the measured volume of
cleaning solution (which is capable of rendering the surface static
free), is wound onto rolls and subsequently converted into the
desired sheet or roll sizes and packed for distribution.
An important requirement of this method for treating said matrix
with the wipe cleansing solution is that the lineal speed of the
matrix passing through the nip formed by the engraved roll and
rubber roll must equal the surface speed of the engraved roll.
Furthermore, the rotation of the rolls must be in the same
direction as the movement of the matrix.
Other methods of impregnating the matrix with measured amounts of
wipe cleaning solution, such as by spraying, dipping, extrusion or
by reverse roll, may also be used.
The coating/impregnation method described above enables a uniform
and accurate application of all active ingredients to the woven or
nonwoven matrix of natural and/or synthetic fibers or foam without
the use of carriers and without the need for a separate step to dry
the residual diluted solutions from the matrix.
Evaluation and testing of the wipe of the present invention, as
detailed in the examples included hereinafter, clearly establishes
that the invention wipe differs from products found in the prior
art in a number of ways. The formulation described and claimed
herein consists of active ingredients only and no fillers, buffers
or diluents are used. The particular active ingredients noted are
dissolved in a nonaqueous component, thereby obviating the need for
buffers, stabilizers and preservatives which are generally used in
aqueous solutions for the purpose here described. The constituents
comprising the solution present in the wipes of the instant
invention are readily soluble in water when immersed therein.
An additional benefit not found in the prior art in using the
article of the present invention, in the case of a wipe containing
cellulosic fibers, allows one to rinse the wipe and squeeze out the
excess water therefrom after its use as a dust wipe, and thereafter
wipe the surface with the dampened wipe so that a "wiped dry"
effect can be achieved on the hard surface.
More specifically, the benefit of the present invention resides in
the use of a single wipe which is capable of being used in a
variety of applications. As noted above, if one desires to dust and
wash a hard surface, it is possible, using the article of the
present invention, to dust the surface, then moisten the wipe with
water, remove any surface film from the surface, followed by
rinsing the wipe, removing the excess water and then using the wipe
to dry the surface.
An additional characteristic is that the cleaning chemical and
abrasive means, found separately in the prior art, as detailed
above, are in this instance blended into a single article, i.e.,
the wipe. This wipe enables one to economically use specific
surfactants, disinfectants and antistatic agents in combination, in
the selected amounts desired, thereby surpassing any of the prior
art products in either liquid or dry form.
EXAMPLE I
A matrix, comprising three sonically-bonded layers of a
commercially available nonwoven web of polypropylene fibers wherein
the polypropylene fibers in each layer are thermally bound together
and possess a basis weight of 10 to 15 grams per square yard and
was prepared so that the resultant bonded matrix had a basis weight
of between 30 and 45 grams per square yard, was wound on a three
inch core which was placed on an unwind stand and directed through
an impregnating station consisting of an engraved printing roll
having a pattern capable of applying the desired amount of treating
solution to the matrix. The engraved roll partially immersed in the
treating solution such that, as the roll turned, it picked up
treating solution from the pan containing same and transferred the
solution to the nonwoven matrix. To assure proper transfer to the
nonwoven matrix, a pressure roll was mounted above the engraved
roll. The process described which was used above is commonly called
a "printing" process.
The treating solution which was impregnated into the matrix
comprised a mixture of the following constituents:
______________________________________ Propylene glycol U.S.P. 49%
A mixture of a cationic 49% surfactant including a propoxylated
quaternary ammonium salt having the formula R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3
R.sub.4 N.sup.+ X.sup.- where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are methyl,
R.sub.3 is dodecylbenzyl and R.sub.4 is a polypropylene oxide group
and X is chlorine plus an alkyl phenylethoxylate (nonionic
surfactant) Fragrance 2% Total: 100%
______________________________________
The nonwoven matrix was run through the printing process and picked
up 3 to 4% of the treating solution, based on the basis weight of
the matrix.
For the purpose of this example, after treatment the roll of
treated nonwoven matrix was run through a Hudson-Sharp automatic
folding machine which yielded wipes which were quarter folded. The
resultant wipes were capable of being used as dust cloths which
upon immersion into water, activated the surfactants contained
therein to become wet cleaning cloths.
An experimental test was run which compared the wipe prepared as
set forth above with three commercially available dust cloths to
determine dust removal ability, residue left after dusting and
ability to clean in the presence of water.
The tests run to evaluate these characteristics were based upon
visual observations, and reflected actual situations found in real
life. The dust removal test was conducted on an 18".times.18" black
glass surface. An incident light source was positioned at
45.degree. to the glass surface to observe the amount of dust
collected and, subsequently, to observe the amount of residue left
after dusting. The results are set forth in Table 1.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Dust Removal Residue
Left ______________________________________ A. Present invention
yes none B. Silicone treated yes light smear commercial cloth C.
Lemon oil treated yes heavy smear commercial cloth D. Stretchable,
extensible yes heavy smear treated commercial cloth
______________________________________
The data shown in Table I indicates that the commercially available
products such as silicon and/or oils such as mineral and lemon oils
act as a "glue" by catching and holding the dust on the surface.
For these products to work, excessive quantities of the oils are
added to the cloth. This is the cause of the residue seen on the
glass plate. The residue acts as an adhesive for any airborn dust
and, in essence, increases the amount of dust trapped on furniture
surfaces.
The ability to remove oily dirt by cleaning with water is
demonstrated in Table 2 below. The cationic surfactant of the
present invention is immediately available to the water and reacts
as any good cleaning compound--it dissolves and emulsifies the dirt
and oil and, when squeezed dry, wipes up the excess water and the
emulsified dirt in one wipe. The propylene glycol is also
immediately dissolvable in water and increases the cleaning action
of the cationic surfactants by reducing the surface tension of the
water and allowing the cleansing solution to penetrate
hard-to-reach areas.
The commercially available dust cloths cannot clean a surface
because they are incompatible with water and leave an oil-in-water
smear behind. Even when squeezed "dry," they are oily and only
create more dirt to be cleaned.
The cloth corresponding to the cloth described above was used to
dust a hard surface. Similarly, a cloth containing the same matrix
described above was saturated with lemon oil instead of the
solution of the present invention. The result showed a far superior
result on the part of the cloth of the present invention insofar as
the amount of dust picked up.
The ability of the wipe prepared above to clean in the presence of
water was evaluated by immersing the wipe in water, squeezing it
dry and then wiping it over soiled and smudged painted wood and
metal surfaces which included door jambs and switch plates. The
results in Table 2 set forth below showed that only the wipes of
the present invention remove the dust and hand oils on the
surfaces.
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Cleaning Ability
______________________________________ A. Present invention
acceptable B. Silicone treated none commercial cloth C. Lemon oil
treated none commercial cloth D. Extensible treated none commercial
cloth ______________________________________
EXAMPLE II
This example demonstrates the use of the formulation of the present
invention containing quaternary ammonium compounds as the cationic
surfactants in the composition in contact with matrix.
A wiper similar to that in Example I was used in this experimental
test except the matrix was composed of rayon fibers adhered to one
another by a hydro-entangled process commonly used to mechanically
entangle fibers by forcing water through the matrix at high
pressure. A matrix of this type is commercially available from
various nonwoven fabric manufacturers. The basis weight of this
matrix is 80-90 grams per square yard.
The method of application is the same as described in Example I.
The impregnating solution in this case is as follows:
______________________________________ Propylene Glycol U.S.P. 63%
Plurofac D-25 10% Plurofac B-25-5 10% Amine Oxide 10% The cationic
surfactant 5% of Example I Fragrance 2% Total: 100%
______________________________________
This impregnating solution was added to the web at a level of 6-8%
of basis weight of the web.
The tests detailed in Example I were conducted using the wipe
prepared according to this Example II. The results were
substantially identical to those obtained and set forth in Table 1
of Example I.
The uniqueness of this embodiment is that the dry dust cloth, when
used, e.g., to remove dust from glass surfaces, such as television
and computer screens, can be rinsed in water after use to remove
the dust and, once wetted, becomes a heavier duty cleaning cloth
than the cloth disclosed in Example I. An added characteristic is
that the wet cloth disclosed in this Example II, when squeezed dry,
will pick up and remove all moisture on a moisture-impervious
surface leaving it dry and streak-free.
EXAMPLE III
A wiper was prepared which combined the synthetic polypropylene
material disclosed in Example I above with a natural cellulose
fiber.
The structure of the wiper comprised a cellulose towel stock having
a basis weight of 5 to 10 grams per square yard between two
polypropylene webs of the type and having the characteristics of
the nonwoven polypropylene webs described in Example I. The layers
were adhered by a sonic bonding technique. The resultant web
weighed between 30 to 40 grams per square yard.
Using the impregnating formula and the method of application
disclosed in Example I, the resulting wipes were tested for
cleaning ability and the identical results were obtained as those
shown in Table 1 of Example I.
EXAMPLE IV
A wiper was prepared comprising the rayon fibers described in
Example II sandwiched between top and bottom layers of the
commercially available nonwoven polypropylene webs described in
Example I. The resultant web weighed between 30 to 40 grams per
square yard. Using the same impregnating formula and method of
application disclosed in Example I, a test surface was wiped with
the cloth of Example III and compared with the results of the three
other sample cloths disclosed in Table 1. The same results as found
in Table 1 of Example I were obtained.
Examples I-IV clearly indicate that the makeup of the matrix is not
critical to the success of the product, however, the specific
combination of layers does allow for some specified uses which are
dictated by the characteristics of the web.
EXAMPLE V
A matrix was formed by an "airlay"process which suspends cellulosic
fibers and accumulates them in a stream of air and collects them on
a screen.
The fibers were adhered by means of acrylic type binders which were
sprayed on the total matrix and then dried. This type of matrix is
generally commercially available.
The matrix used in this example weighed 81 grams per square
yard.
The matrix, as described, was treated with the following solution
in accordance with the printing process detailed in Example I.
The impregnating solution in this example consisted of:
______________________________________ Propylene Glycol U.S.P.
35.61% Plurofac D-25 13.88% Amine oxide 13.88% Cationic surfactant
36.61% of Example I Fragrance 0.02% Total: 100.00%
______________________________________
The impregnating solution was applied to the matrix at a level of
12-15% of the basis weight of the matrix.
A cleaning efficiency test was designed to mimic what a homemaker
might encounter. The results of this test are found in column iii,
Table 3, hereinafter.
The cleaning efficiency test was as follows. Two ml. of vegetable
oil was applied to a glass plate with a pipette, and the oil was
spread about the surface with a serrated edge strip; samples of
ketchup, mustard and a mayonnaise mixture (1:1:1) were applied to
surfaces other than glass, using a plastic template. In each
instance, the sample material was allowed to stand for 30 minutes.
Then, using a moistened test wiper and the standard wetting
technique, the surface was wiped with the moistened wiper. The
number of wiping motions needed to clean the surface was recorded
along with visual observations of residue remaining on the surface.
The test was repeated five times.
The control found in column i, Table 3, used a HandiWipe.RTM. and
Joy.RTM. liquid detergent (the Joy.RTM. was diluted with water as
per instruction) to demonstrate the efficiency in removing normal
kitchen debris from various surfaces. The control required
additional wiping after food debris was removed to remove all the
excess suds left on the surface. The sample of the present
invention removed both debris and foam at all times.
EXAMPLE VI
Having shown in previous examples that substantially dry wipers can
act as dust cloths and, when wetted, act as detergent cleaning
cloths suitable for spot cleaning or kitchen cleaning, the
following examples show a unique product which can also demonstrate
a disinfectant properties along with the detergent properties which
it possesses
Three separate matrices were used in this example. Three matrices
comprised the materials cited in the following categories: (A)
Example II (rayon, hydro-entangled basis weight of 90 grams per
square yard); (B) another product identical in composition to
Example V, but having a basis weight of 35-40 grams per square
yard; and (C) Example V (cellulosic, airlay, basis weight 80 grams
per square yard).
They were treated using the "printing process" as previously
described with an impregnating solution consisting of the
following:
______________________________________ Propylene Glycol U.S.P.
52.25% Quaternary Ammonium (BTC 2125M by Stepan) 12.50% Plurofac
D-25 10.00% Plurofac B-25-5 10.00% Amine oxide 10.00% Cationic
surfactant of Example I 5.00% Fragrance 0.25% Total: 100.00%
______________________________________
The above impregnating solution was added to each of the three webs
at 10-12% of the basis weight of the web.
A cleaning efficiency test was run on the matrix identified in
category (C) above (the matrix of Example V). The results are
reported in column ii, Table 3. The cleaning efficiency was
somewhat better for the detergent/ disinfectant than in detergent
alone.
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ COMPARATIVE CLEANING
EFFICIENCY OF EXAMPLE V MATRIX CONTAINING DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS
Number of Wipings Required to Clean and Dry ( -ii) Detergent/ (
.sub.-- iii) Disinfectant Detergent ( .sub.- i) Airlay Airlay
Control Nonwoven Nonwoven Surface KMM (oil) KMM (oil) KMM (oil)
______________________________________ Ceramic Tile 2.2 (2.2) 3.2
(4.0) 5.8 (5.0) (Textured) Ceramic Tile 2.4 (2.2) 2.8 (3.4) 3.4
(6.6) (Smooth) Formica 2.8 (3.0) 3.8 (4.6) 3.6 (4.6) Linoleum 3.0
(2.8) 4.0 (3.4) 4.4 (4.2) Average 2.6 (2.6) 3.5 (3.9) 3.8 (5.1) Dry
+2.0 (+2.0) +0 (+0) +0 (+0) ______________________________________
Control: HandiWipe .RTM. and Joy .RTM. dishwashing liquid in water.
(oil) = oil KMM = ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise
EXAMPLE VII
To verify that an antimicrobial agent such as BTC 2125M by Stepan
Chemical would in fact be active, a test for the antimicrobial
activity was performed on treated matrices identified as categories
A, B and C in Example VI above and were least 30 days old. The
results are listed in Table 4.
TABLE 4
__________________________________________________________________________
ZONE OF INHIBITION REPORT OF EVALUATION OF NON-WOVEN MATERIAL
TREATED WITH CATIONIC (ANTIMICROBIAL) AGENTS Liquid Detergent/
Sample Untreated Untreated Untreated Disinfectant Formula "B",
Formula "B", Formula "B", Description Wiper "A" Wiper "B" Wiper "C"
Formula "B" Wiper "A" Wiper "B" Wiper "C"
__________________________________________________________________________
Staphylococcus None None None 15 mm. 12 mm. 11 mm. 15 mm. aureus
Escherichia None None None 10 mm. 10 mm. 10 mm. 10 mm. coli
Pseudomonas None None None 13 mm. 8 mm. 10 mm. 12 mm. cepacia
Salmonella None None None 11 mm. 10 mm. 10 mm. 10 mm. typhimurium
Candida None None None 8 mm. 8 mm. 8 mm. 8 mm. albicans Penicullium
& None None None 8 mm. 8 mm. 8 mm. 8 mm. Aspergillus
__________________________________________________________________________
NOTE: NONE: No ability to inhibit growth of bacteria # mm.: An
ability to inhibit growth of bacteria; Wiper "A": Rayon Fiber,
Hydroentangled, basis weight: 90 gr./square yard Wiper "B":
Cellulosic Fiber, Airlay, basis weight: 35-40 gr./square yard Wiper
"C": Cellulosic Fiber, Airlay, basis weight: 80 gr./square yard
The test results set forth in Table 4 above were designed to show
the effectiveness of anti-microbials or bacteriastats by placing
these products in the center of a dish containing actively growing
bacteria.
The products, once moistened and placed in the center of this
actively growing bacterial colony, are left in contact for a period
of time.
If the product placed there has no anti-microbial activity, the
bacteria will grow over it and this is reported as "0" or none in
the test report.
This is the response listed next to the untreated substrates.
If the product has anti-microbial activity, the bacteria die and do
not overgrow this area. The greater the anti-microbial activity,
the larger the "dead" zone is. This is referred to a the zone of
inhibition.
This response is listed under treating solutions and usually shows
the highest zones.
When the treating solution is added to the webs or matrices, the
activity of the anti-microbials is reduced because the active
chemical tends to attack the fibers and is then unable to attack
the bacteria.
The responses listed under treated wipes show very close activity
to the treating solution as seen in the size of the zones of
inhibition. This is unusual and indicates that the anti-microbial
chemicals were prevented from attacking the fibers and were
essentially held in a "ready" state for use against the
bacteria.
The results listed in Table 4 show that the dry untreated wipers
show no antimicrobial effects; that the actual impregnating
solution does show antimicrobial activity; and that the treated
wipers show effects almost identical to the pure impregnating
solution. These results support the conclusion that this product is
unique and that the activity of an antimicrobial agent such as BTC
2125M is not greatly reduced during contact with a cellulosic web.
The results are unexpected because the state of the prior art
teaches that in like situations, there are generally losses of
about 50% of the formulated amount of active disinfecting agent as
a result of interaction of the agent with the cellulosic
fibers.
To confirm this, chemical analysises of the levels of BTC 2125M
were performed and found that 0.60% of the formulated 0.625% was
recoverable.
EXAMPLE VII
Further tests were performed to establish the level of potential
toxicity of this detergent (Example V matrix) and
detergent/disinfectant (Example V, category C matrix) products.
Both tests were conducted on the matrix described in category "C"
of Example VI (i.e., cellulosic, airlay, 80 gram/square yard).
The results, listed in Table 5, show that unexpectedly, the present
invention enables a product which contains strong irritating and
potentially toxic chemicals to yield a safe, non-irritating,
non-toxic wiper.
Therefore, this product can be used safely in homes with children
or adults who cannot read or understand hazardous warnings. The
product can deliver the accurate amount of detergent and/or
disinfectant to the specific surface requiring it without causing
potentially irritating chemicals to be available to
non-professional users.
TABLE 5
__________________________________________________________________________
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT SAFETY RESULTS Product Test Results
__________________________________________________________________________
Detergent/Disinfectant Acute Oral Toxicity, Category IV, no deaths
Wipe (Ex. VI, Matrix C) rats, FHSA Detergent/Disinfectant Eye
Irritation, rabbits, Category III, slight Wipe (Ex. VI, Matrix C)
EPA conjunctival irritation Detergent/Disinfectant Primary Dermal
Irritation Category IV, Primary Wipe (Ex. VI, Matrix C) rabbits,
EPA Irritation Index 0 at 48 hours, 0.83 at 5 hours, 0.33 at 24
hours Detergent Wipe Acute Oral Toxicity, Not toxic, LD 50 (Ex. V)
rats, FHSA 5 g./Kg. Detergent Wipe Eye Irritation, Non-irritant
(Ex. V) rabbits, EPA (all 0) Detergent Wipe Primary Dermal
Irritation Non-irritant, Primary (Ex. V) rabbits, FHSA Irritation
Index 0 Detergent Disinfectant Acute Oral Toxicity, Not toxic LD 50
Wipe (Ex. VI, Matrix C) rats, FHSA 5 g./Kg. Detergent/Disinfectant
Eye irritation, rabbits Indeterminate (Test 1); Wipe (Ex. VI,
Matrix C) EPA Non-irritant (Test 2) Detergent/Disinfectant Primary
Dermal Irritation Non-irritant, Primary Wipe (Ex. VI, Matrix C)
rabbits, FHSA Irritation Index 0.25
__________________________________________________________________________
The "Results" column found in Table 5 above cites toxicity
categories set by the E.P.A. Toxicity Category chart, an excerpt of
which is set forth i Table 6 below, as stated in 40 C.F.R.
162.10(h)(1) and by tests established by the Federal Hazardous
Substances Act (FHSA).
TABLE 6
__________________________________________________________________________
EPA TOXICITY CATEGORY CHART Categories are assigned on the basis of
the highest hazard shown by any of the indicators in the table
below: HAZARDOUS TOXICITY CATEGORIES INDICATORS I II III IV
__________________________________________________________________________
Oral LD.sub.50 Up to and including From 50 thru From 500 Greater
than 50 mg/kg thru 500 mg/kg through 5000 5000 mg/kg mg/kg
Inhalation LC.sub.50 Up to and including From 0.2 thru From 2 thru
Greater than 0.2 mg/liter 2 mg/liter 20 mg/liter 20 mg/liter Dermal
LD.sub.50 Up to and including From 200 thru From 2000 Greater than
200 mg/kg 2000 mg/kg thru 20,000 20,000 Eye Effects Corrosive;
corneal Corneal opacity No corneal No irritation opacity not
reversib1e with- opacity; reversible within in 7 days; irritation 7
days irritation per- reversib1e sisting for 7 within 7 days days
Skin Effects Corrosive Severe irri- Moderate Mild or slight tation
at 72 irritation irritation at hours. at 72 hours 72 hours
__________________________________________________________________________
* * * * *