U.S. patent number 3,921,232 [Application Number 05/551,443] was granted by the patent office on 1975-11-25 for self-inflating structure.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Procter & Gamble Company. Invention is credited to David Denzil Whyte.
United States Patent |
3,921,232 |
Whyte |
November 25, 1975 |
Self-inflating structure
Abstract
A self-inflating structure wherein some gas evolving material or
reagent is sealed. The structure comprises a wall of semipermeable
material which is substantially pervious to molecules of an
activator material and substantially impervious to free molecules
of an evolved or product-of-reaction gas. Such free molecules of
gas are provided when molecules of activator material interact or
react with the gas evolving material. Upon exposing the outside of
the semipermeable wall of the structure to molecules of activator
material, activator molecules permeate the structure wherein such
activator molecules interact with the gas evolving material to
provide free molecules of evolved gas or a product-of-reaction gas
whereby the structure becomes inflated by the evolved gas. Such
self-inflating structures are also disclosed in combination with
absorbent materials to provide absorbent products having low
pre-inflation bulk. Such absorbent products include disposable
diapers having substantially higher ratios of absorption capacity
to weight of absorbent material than otherwise.
Inventors: |
Whyte; David Denzil (Wyoming,
OH) |
Assignee: |
The Procter & Gamble
Company (Cincinnati, OH)
|
Family
ID: |
27038265 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/551,443 |
Filed: |
February 20, 1975 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
456510 |
Mar 29, 1974 |
3849033 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/12;
5/655.3 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61F
13/42 (20130101); A61F 13/84 (20130101); A61F
13/49 (20130101); A61F 15/008 (20130101); A61F
2013/5395 (20130101); A61F 13/534 (20130101); A61F
2013/53445 (20130101); A61F 2013/51492 (20130101); A61F
13/537 (20130101); A61F 13/58 (20130101); A61F
2013/53721 (20130101); A61F 2013/586 (20130101); A61F
2013/49076 (20130101); A61F 2013/51409 (20130101); A61F
2013/15048 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61F
13/15 (20060101); A61F 15/00 (20060101); A61F
13/42 (20060101); A61F 13/56 (20060101); A61G
007/04 (); A47C 027/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;5/90,91,348R
;161/127,17 ;156/156 ;128/287,29R,284,29P,29B,296 ;9/321
;297/DIG.3 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Gilliam; Paul R.
Assistant Examiner: Calvert; Andrew M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Slone; Thomas J. Gorman; John V.
Witte; Richard C.
Parent Case Text
This is a division of application Ser. No. 456,510, filed Mar. 29,
1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,033.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An absorbent composite structure comprising a self-inflating
pillow structured laminated backsheet comprising a plurality of
spaced substantially collapsed inflatable pillows, and an absorbent
pad, said laminated backsheet comprising a plain lamina of
substantially water impermeable thermoplastic film, an embossed
lamina of semipermeable thermoplastic film which is substantially
water permeable, and a predetermined amount of water-reactive
gas-evolving reagent, said embossed lamina having a plurality of
pillow forming embossments formed therein which are spaced by
unembossed areas of said embossed lamina, said pillows being formed
by sealingly securing said unembossed areas of said embossed lamina
to adjacent portions of said plain lamina while said embossments
are substantially collapsed and with a predetermined quantity of
said reagent disposed within each said embossment, said absorbent
pad having a plurality of spaced apertures therethrough which are
so spaced and configured to accommodate said pillows, said
absorbent pad being secured to said embossed lamina of said
laminated backsheet with said pillows in registration with said
apertures whereby said pillows extend through said apertures when
inflated by gas evolved by said reagent when water permeates said
embossments of said embossed portions of said pillows formed from
said embossed lamina and said water reacts with said reagent.
2. The absorbent composite structure of claim 1 wherein said
semipermeable thermoplastic film is substantially impermeable to
carbon dioxide and said reagent comprises material which will react
with water to evolve carbon dioxide.
3. The absorbent composite structure of claim 2 wherein said
reagent comprises a predetermined quantity of a powdered acid
selected from the group consisting of citric acid, tartaric acid,
terephthalic acid, salicylic acid, polymaleic acid, and
ethylenediamin tetra acetic acid in combination with a
predetermined amount of bicarbonate selected from the group
consisting of sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate.
4. The absorbent composite structure of claim 2 wherein said
reagent comprises predetermined weights of potassium bicarbonate
and citric acid powders.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to providing self-inflating structures and
related products having relatively low bulk until activated and
inflated. Such products include but are not limited to life
preservers, disposable diapers, bed pads, and the like.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Auto-inflatable structures per se are not new. For instance, a
Temperature Actuated Inflation Device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
3,268,184 issued Aug. 23, 1966 to Mr. Allan M. Biggar et al. Also,
life preservers which are inflated upon being immersed in water by
gas released from pressurized cartridges are known to be old. None
of the known prior art discloses, however, plural-compartment
self-inflating structures as provided by the present invention
which compartments are individually inflated at the point of use at
the time of need as a dependent function of being used.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The nature and substance of the instant invention will be more
readily appreciated after giving consideration to its major aims
and purposes. The principal objects of the invention are recited in
the ensuing paragraphs in order to provide a better appreciation of
its important aspects prior to describing the details of a
preferred embodiment and other embodiments in later portions of
this description.
A major object of the present invention is providing a
self-inflating structure which will become inflated upon being
permeated by molecules of an activator material.
Another object of the present invention is providing a
self-inflating structure as described above which is activated by
being wetted as by water.
Still another object of the present invention is providing a
self-inflating structure comprising a plurality of self-inflating
sealed compartments such as bubbles or pillows.
Yet still another object of the present invention is providing a
composite absorbent structure having a relatively low bulk prior to
being wetted, and which has a relatively high ratio of absorption
capacity to weight of absorbent material.
Yet another object of the present invention is providing a
disposable diaper having a relatively low bulk prior to being
wetted, and which has a relatively high ratio of adsorption
capacity to weight of absorbent material.
These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by
providing a self-inflating structure comprising an inflatable
sealed compartment such as a pillow or bubble, and a quantity of
gas evolving material disposed within the compartment. The
compartment has a wall composed of semipermeable material which is
substantially pervious to molecules of an activator material and
substantially impervious to molecules of an evolved gas. Upon
exposing the exterior of the semipermeable wall to molecules of
activator material, some activator molecules permeate the structure
wherein they interact with the gas evolving material to provide
free molecules of evolved gas whereby the compartment becomes
inflated. Such self-inflating structures are used in combination
with absorbent materials to provide absorbent products having
relatively low bulk until wetted, and which products have
relatively high ratios of absorption capacity to weight of
absorbent material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing
out and distinctly claiming the subject matter regarded as forming
the present invention, it is believed the invention will be better
understood from the following description taken in connection with
the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a sheet of material comprising a
plurality of self-inflating pillow structures.
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary enlarged scale perspective view of one
self-inflating pillow structure of the sheet of material shown in
FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the self-inflating pillow structure
taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the self-inflating pillow structure
of FIG. 3 after being inflated.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a fragment of a sheet of material
comprising self-inflating pillow structures and a pad of absorbent
material having apertures in it which apertures are in registration
with the self-inflating pillow structures.
FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the pillow structure shown in FIG. 6
after being inflated.
FIG. 8 is a partially cut away, plan view of a disposable diaper
comprising a plurality of spaced self-inflating pillow structures
in registration with apertures in an absorbent pad.
FIG. 9 is a fragmentary cross sectional view through a
self-inflating pillow structure of the disposable diapers shown in
FIG. 8 prior to the pillow structure being inflated.
FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of the fragmentary pillow
structure shown in FIG. 9 after being inflated.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a disposable diaper formed into
the configuration it would have when secured to an infant.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The self-inflating structure 20, FIG. 1, is a preferred embodiment
of the present invention which structure comprises a plurality of
spaced, individually self-inflating pillows or bubbles 21.
Self-inflating structure 20 is a laminate comprising two
thermoplastic films: a plain lamina 22; and an embossed lamina 23.
Embossed lamina 23 is so embossed that unembossed areas are
disposed intermediate spaced embossed areas. Self-inflating
structure 20 is formed by sealingly securing the unembossed areas
of lamina 23 to adjacent areas of plain lamina 22 while the
embossments of the embossed lamina are substantially collapsed, and
by sealing within each substantially collapsed embossment, a
quantity of gas evolving material such as reagent 24, FIG. 3. Thus,
when the thermoplastic laminae are secured together as by fusing or
thermowelding, the spaced embossments become a plurality of
substantially collapsed, inflatable pillows 21 which are disposed
in spaced relation.
At least one of the laminae, either plain lamina 22 or embossed
lamina 23 comprises semipermeable material which is substantially
pervious to molecules of an activator material and substantially
impervious to molecules of an evolved or product of reaction gas.
For instance, by making embossed lamina 23 of material which is
substantially pervious to water molecules, and substantially
impervious to carbon dioxide molecules, and by placing a quantity
of material 24 in each collapsed pillow 21 which material will
release carbon dioxide when acted upon by water molecules, each
pillow 21 of structure 20 becomes inflated independently as
indicated in FIG. 4.
The time required to inflate self-inflating embodiments of the
present invention which embodiments comprise a semipermeable wall
is a dependent function of the relative permeability of the
semipermeable wall to molecules of activator material, and to the
degree and nature of activator material contact with the outside
surface of the semipermeable wall.
Whereas some embodiments of the present invention such as a life
preserver would necessarily have to inflate quickly upon being
immersed in water, it would not generally be desirable for
inflation to occur merely due to exposure to or storage in high
humidity environments. Indeed, where inflation of self-inflating
products is sought to be achieved by ambient humidity (without
immersion), it is believed that products would need to be
hermetically sealed until used.
The following examples illustrate inflation characteristics of
embodiments of the present invention which differences are
precipitated by using different semipermeable wall materials.
Although all of the structures illustrated in the examples were
activated by water and all were inflated by carbon dioxide produced
by water reacting with powdered potassium bicarbonate and citric
acid, it is not intended to thereby limit the present invention to
water activated or carbon dioxide inflated self-inflating
structures, or to self-inflating structures containing potassium
bicarbonate and citric acid powders. Indeed, either sodium
bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate can be used in combination
with a powdered acid selected from the group consisting of citric
acid, tartaric acid, terephthalic acid, salicylic acid, polymaleic
acid, and ethylenediamin tetra acetic acid to provide carbon
dioxide when wetted. Of these, the combinations comprising citric
acid tartaric acid, or terephthalic acid are substantially more
active with respect to liberating carbon dioxide from sodium
bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate than the other
combinations.
EXAMPLE 1
Some substantially flat pouches were formed of 1 mil Nylon 6 film.
Small quantities of potassium bicarbonate and citric acid powders
were placed in each pouch after which each pouch was heat sealed.
After being held against moist sponges, there was very little
indication of puffing or inflation within 5 minutes. Then, the
pouches were immersed in water. There was definite puffing to form
firm inflated pillows in less than 1 minute.
EXAMPLE 2
Flattened pouches measuring approximately one inch square were
formed of 1 mil polyvinylchloride. Again, small quantities of
potassium bicarbonate and citric acid powders were sealed in each
pouch. The pouches were placed in warm water. Noticeable puffing
occurred within 5 minutes and the pouches were firmly inflated
after 15 minutes.
EXAMPLE 3
Pouches approximately 1 inch square were formed from 2 mil Rohm
& Haas high Acrylonitrile barrier film, a material which has
good barrier properties with respect to carbon dioxide and which is
substantially pervious to water. Again, small quantities of
powdered potassium bicarbonate and citric acid were sealed in each
pouch. Noticeable puffing of each pouch occurred after five minutes
when held between wet sponges.
METHOD OF CALCULATING QUANTITY OF REAGENT REQUIRED
For specific embodiments of the present invention such as providing
pillows 21 having predetermined volumes at predetermined pressures,
the weight of gas evolving material or reagent 24 can be
calculated. For instance, for embodiments containing powdered
citric acid and potassium bicarbonate, their weights can be
calculated in the following manner which assumes that citric acid
powder reacts with water molecules to form hydrogen ions which, in
turn, react with the potassium bicarbonate to form carbon
dioxide.
Assume, prior to inflation, a substantially collapsed pillow 21 has
a volume V.sub.1 cubic centimeters filled with air at a pressure of
P.sub.1 psia, and that after inflation the pillow has a volume
V.sub.2 cubic centimeters filled with the original air and
reaction-generated carbon dioxide at a pressure P.sub.2 psia and
temperature T.sub.2 .degree. Rankine.
The number N.sub.2 of standard cubic centimeters of air plus carbon
dioxide required at the standard pressure of 14.7 psia and the
standard temperature of 492.degree. Rankine is determined by the
equation
The number N.sub.1 of standard cubic centimeters of V.sub.1 (air)
is determined by the equation
Therefore, the number N.sub.CO.sbsb.2 of standard cubic centimeters
of carbon dioxide required to effect the desired inflation is
Utilizing the fact that a gram molecular weight of any gas will
have a volume of 22,400 standard cubic centimeters, and assuming
one carbon atom of each carbon dioxide molecule required will be
provided by each molecule of potassium bicarbonate, KHCO.sub.3, and
using 100.11 grams as the gram molecular weight of potassium
bicarbonate, the weight in grams of potassium bicarbonate required
is
In the same general manner but assuming each molecule of citric
acid will provide two hydrogen ions resulting in the liberation of
two molecules of carbon dioxide gas, and using 192.12 grams as the
gram molecular weight of citric acid powder, the weight in grams of
citric acid required is
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Referring to the above Method of Calculating Quantity of Reagent
Required and assuming the following 1 V.sub.1 = 1 cc of Air
2 V.sub.2 = 5 cc
T.sub.1 = T.sub.2 = 532.degree.R.
p.sub.1 = 14.7 psia
P.sub.2 = 15.7 psia
The values of N.sub.1, N.sub.2, N.sub.CO.sbsb.2, W.sub.KHCO.sbsb.3,
and W.sub.Citric Acid are:
ABSORBENT EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a fragment of an absorbent
composite structure 30 comprising a self-inflating pillow structure
20, FIG. 7, in combination with a pad 31 of absorbent material
having a plurality of spaced apertures 32 through it which
apertures 32 are defined by walls 33. The apertures 32 are so
disposed in pad 31 that they are in registration with discrete
pillows 21 of the self-inflating structure 20. FIG. 6 shows a
cross-sectional view of a portion of composite structure 30
including one pillow 21 prior to being inflated, and FIG. 7 shows
the same cross-section after pillow 21 has been inflated.
Absorbent composite structures 30, FIG. 5, comprising
self-inflating structures 20 and absorbent pads 31 are particularly
well suited for products such as bed pads and disposable diapers
because they have low bulk prior to being inflated (activated)
while enabling, when inflated, the absorbent material, due in part
to its inherent resiliency, to absorb relatively large quantities
of liquid as opposed to the amount of liquid such absorbent
material could absorb if compressed under the weight of a bed
patient, or a sitting or lying infant. Such products indeed have
high ratios of absorption capacity to the weight of absorbent
material incorporated in them as opposed to similar products not
incorporating inflated or inflatable pillow structures.
Accordingly, in absorbent composite structures as disclosed herein,
the fluid handling function resides in the absorbent material of
pad 31 whereas the function of supporting the weight of the user
resides in the pillows 21 of the self-inflating structure 20 after
such pillows are inflated.
As described hereinbefore with respect to the self-inflating
structure 20, FIG. 1, the self-inflating pillow structure 20 of
absorbent structure 30, FIG. 5, may be a laminate comprising a
plain (unembossed) lamina 22 and an embossed lamina 23 which are
sealingly secured together to form a plurality of spaced,
substantially collapsed pillows 21 having a semipermeable wall, and
within which pillows 21 is sealed a quantity of gas-evolving
material 24, FIGS. 6 and 7. However, whereas non-absorbent products
comprising self-inflating embodiments of the present invention can
have any wall composed of semipermeable material, the composite
structures 30, FIGS. 5 through 7, require that the wall adjacent
absorbent pad 31 be of semipermeable material. That is, for
composite structures 30 comprising laminated self-inflating
structures 20, embossed lamina 23 must be of semipermeable material
which is substantially pervious to the liquid sought to be absorbed
in pad 31, and substantially impervious to gas evolved within
pillows 21 by the interaction of such liquid which permeates lamina
23 with the gas evolving material 24 disposed within pillows
21.
When composite structure 30, FIG. 5, is configured for use as a bed
pad, for instance, a substantially impervious plain lamina 22
prevents fluids such as urine from soaking the bedding disposed
subjacent the bed pad while the embossed lamina 23 of semipermeable
material enables inflation of pillows 21 to occur. Thus, the user's
body weight is supported by inflated pillows 21, after being
wetted, whereby pad 31 of absorbent material can absorb
substantially more liquid than when compressed by the user's body
weight. The greater absorption capacity is also due in part to the
expansion of pad 31 due to the inherent resiliency of most
absorbent materials when the weight of the user is raised above pad
31 by inflating the pillows 21.
The size, shape and positioning of pillows 21 of self-inflating
structures 20 will depend primarily upon the desired properties of
the ultimate products. Although FIGS. 4 and 7 indicate pillows
which are essentially dome-shape bubbles, it will be apparent to
persons skilled in the art that a broad variety of cross sectional
shapes could be used. In any event, inasmuch as the primary
advantage of the instant structure is its enhanced absorbency under
external load, it is advantageous to maintain sufficient supporting
ability in the inflatable structure to resist collapse under loads
of a size which are likely to be applied to the product during
use.
Suitable absorbent materials for absorbent pads 31 include
essentially any hydrophilic material whose shape can be adapted to
provide the apertured configuration with respect to the
self-inflating bubble structure. For example, suitable absorbent
materials include a plurality of superposed plys of creped
cellulose wadding and/or hydrophilic fiber aggregates prepared by
either wet laying or air laying procedures well known in the art,
and/or hydrophilic foams as disclosed in U.S Pat. No. 3,794,029
issued Feb. 26, 1974 to Mr. Bernard A. Dulle. However, low density
air laid materials are a preferred class of absorbent material for
use in composite absorbent structures 30, FIGS. 5 through 7.
DISPOSABLE DIAPER EMBODIMENT
A disposable diaper embodiment of the present invention is shown in
FIG. 8, which diaper 40 comprises a laminated back sheet 200
comprising a substantially impervious lamina 222, FIG. 9, and a
semipermeable lamina 223, an absorbent pad 31, a hydrophilic
wicking sheet 228, and a hydrophobic top sheet 229.
Referring to FIG. 9, a cross sectional view of a fragmentary
portion of the disposable diaper 40 of FIG. 8 comprising one
self-inflatable pillow 21 is shown in enlarged scale. Because of
the natural resilience of absorbent pads 31, when a user's body
weight is applied to the top of this structure, it is compressed
sufficiently to place the down wardly facing surface of the wicking
sheet 228 in contact with the upwardly facing surface of laminas 23
defining the substantially collapsed pillow 21. Then, upon wetting
of the product from the upwardly facing side, the wicking sheet
distributes moisture across a relatively large surface of the
portion of laminas 223 defining pillows 21 whereupon moisture
permeates the wall of lamina 223 and reacts with the gas evolving
material 24 to cause the release of carbon dioxide which then
inflates pillows 21 to the configuration shown in FIG. 10. Thus,
the body weight of the user becomes supported by the inflated
pillows 21 whereupon the resilience of absorbent pad 31 causes it
to expand whereby its absorption capacity is substantially
increased over its absorption capacity when compressed by the body
weight of the user.
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the disposable diaper 40 shown in
FIG. 8 indicating the configuration of the diaper when applied to
an infant.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been
illustrated and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in
the art that various changes and modifications can be made without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is
intended, therefore, to cover in the appended claims all such
changes and modifications that are within the scope of this
invention.
* * * * *