U.S. patent number 3,918,563 [Application Number 05/525,840] was granted by the patent office on 1975-11-11 for coin arrival sensor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Mars, Inc.. Invention is credited to Guustaaf Arthur Schwippert, Wouter Smits.
United States Patent |
3,918,563 |
Schwippert , et al. |
November 11, 1975 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Coin arrival sensor
Abstract
Apparatus for sensing the arrival of a coin in coin handling
mechanisms and producing an output signal only if the coin is of an
acceptable type of material. The coin is placed between
transmitting and receiving coils. The transmitting coil produces an
oscillating magnetic field with components of different
frequencies. The amplitudes of the components of the two different
frequencies are examined and if they correspond to the amplitudes
for an acceptable type of material, e.g. conductive
non-ferromagnetic, the apparatus indicates the arrival of a
coin.
Inventors: |
Schwippert; Guustaaf Arthur
(Pijnacker, NL), Smits; Wouter (Schiedam,
NL) |
Assignee: |
Mars, Inc. (McLean,
VA)
|
Family
ID: |
10470622 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/525,840 |
Filed: |
November 21, 1974 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Nov 22, 1973 [UK] |
|
|
54319/73 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
194/318 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G07D
5/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01H
36/00 (20060101); G07F 5/10 (20060101); G07F
5/00 (20060101); G07D 5/08 (20060101); G07D
5/00 (20060101); G07F 003/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;194/1R,10,1A,99,97
;133/2,1R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Tollberg; Stanley H.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Davis, Hoxie, Faithfull &
Hapgood
Claims
What we claim is:
1. Apparatus for sensing the arrival of a coin in a coin handling
mechanism and for producing an output signal when the coin is of an
acceptable type of material comprising: transmitting means
including at least one transmitting inductor, for generating an
oscillating magnetic field having components of two substantially
different frequencies; receiving means including at least one
receiving inductor disposed in the magnetic field produced by said
transmitting means for detecting the amplitude of said components
at the location of said receiving inductor; means for guiding a
coin between the transmitting and receiving inductors so that a
substantial portion of the magnetic energy received by said
receiving inductor is transmitted through the coin; and means for
comparing the amplitudes of the components detected by the
receiving means with the corresponding amplitudes for coins of an
acceptable type of material and for producing an output signal
indicative of the arrival of a coin of an acceptable type of
material when the detected amplitudes of both components correspond
substantially to the amplitudes for a coin of an acceptable type of
material.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the transmitting means
comprise an inductor core wound with two coils, the coils being
connected to respective oscillator circuits oscillating at the said
two different frequencies.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the receiving means
includes high and low pass filters connected to the inductor for
isolating the higher and lower frequency components.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the comparing means
include two comparators, a first comparator connected to the
receiving means for comparing the detected amplitude of the high
frequency component with the output of a first reference signal
generator the first comparator producing an output signal if the
said detected amplitude so deviates from the reference signal as to
correspond to the signal for a conductive coil, and a second
comparator connected to the receiving means for comparing the
detected amplitude of the lower frequency component with the output
of a second reference signal generator, the second comparator
producing an output signal if the detected amplitude so deviates
from the reference signal as to correspond to the signal for a
ferromagnetic coin, and combinatorial means for providing the
output signal for the comparing means only when the first
comparator is producing its output signal and the second comparator
is not producing its output signal.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 in which the second comparator is
adapted to respond more quickly to the presence of a ferromagnetic
coin than the second coin responds to the presence of a conductive
coin.
6. Apparatus according to claim 4 in which the said output signal
of the first comparator corresponds to a logical value of 1 and the
said output signal of the second comparator corresponds to a
logical value 0, and the combinatorial means comprise a NAND gate,
the NAND gate producing its output signal only if the signals from
both comparators have a logical value 1.
7. Apparatus according to claim 4 in which the combinatorial means
is adapted to combine the said output signal from the second
comparator with the detected higher component to prevent it so
deviating from the reference signal when a conductive ferromagnetic
coin is present that the first comparator provides its output
signal.
8. Apparatus according to any of claim 4 in which the reference
signal generators are connected to the transmitting means to derive
the reference signals from the currents that produce the high and
low frequency magnetic fields.
9. Apparatus according to claim 4 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the receiving means to derive the
reference signals from the high and low frequency components.
10. Apparatus according to claim 2 in which the receiving means
includes high and low pass filters connected to the inductor for
isolating the higher and lower frequency components.
11. Apparatus according to claim 10 in which the comparing means
include two comparators, a first comparator connected to the
receiving means for comparing the detected amplitude of the high
frequency component with the output of a first reference signal
generator, the first comparator producing an output signal if the
said detected amplitude so deviates from the reference signal as to
correspond to the signal for a conductive coin, and a second
comparator connected to the receiving means for comparing the
detected amplitude of the lower frequency component with the output
of a second reference signal generator, the second comparator
producing an output signal if the detected amplitude so deviates
from the reference signal as to correspond to the signal for a
ferromagnetic coin, and combinatorial means for providing the
output signal for the comparing means only when the first
comparator is producing its output signal and the second comparator
is not producing its output signal.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11 in which the second comparator
is adapted to respond more quickly to the presence of a
ferromagnetic coin than the second coin responds to the presence of
a conductive coin.
13. Apparatus according to claim 2 in which the comparing means
include two comparators, a first comparator connected to the
receiving means for comparing the detected amplitude of the high
frequency component with the output of a first reference signal
generator, the first comparator producing an output signal if the
said detected amplitude so deviates from the reference signal as to
correspond to the signal for a conductive coin, and a second
comparator connected to the receiving means for comparing the
detected amplitude of the lower frequency component with the output
of a second reference signal generator, the second comparator
producing an output signal if the detected amplitude so deviates
from the reference signal as to correspond to the signal for a
ferromagnetic coin, and combinatorial means for providing the
output signal for the comparing means only when the first
comparator is producing its output signal and the second comparator
is not producing its output signal.
14. Apparatus according to claim 13 in which the second comparator
is adapted to respond more quickly to the presence of a
ferromagnetic coin than the second coin responds to the presence of
a conductive coin.
15. Apparatus according to claim 5 in which the said output signal
of the first comparator corresponds to a logical value of 1 and the
said output signal of the second comparator corresponds to a
logical value 0, and the combinatorial means comprise a NAND gate,
the NAND gate producing its output signal only if the signals from
both comparators have a logical value 1.
16. Apparatus according to claim 5 in which the combinatorial means
is adapted to combine the said output signal from the second
comparator with the detected higher component to prevent it so
deviating from the reference signal when a conductive ferromagnetic
coin is present that the first comparator provides its output
signal.
17. Apparatus according to claim 11 in which the said output signal
of the first comparator corresponds to a logical value of 1 and the
said output signal of the second comparator corresponds to a
logical value 0, and the combinatorial means comprise a NAND gate,
the NAND gate producing its output signal only if the signals from
both comparators have a logical value 1.
18. Apparatus according to claim 13 in which the said output signal
of the first comparator corresponds to a logical value of 1 and the
said output signal of the second comparator corresponds to a
logical value 0, and the combinatorial means comprise a NAND gate,
the NAND gate producing its output signal only if the signals from
both comparators have a logical value 1.
19. Apparatus according to claim 11 in which the combinatorial
means is adapted to combine the said output signal from the second
comparator with the detected higher component to prevent it so
deviating from the reference signal when a conductive ferromagnetic
coin is present that the first comparator provides its output
signal.
20. Apparatus according to claim 13 in which the combinatorial
means is adapted to combine the said output signal from the second
comparator with the detected higher component to prevent it so
deviating from the reference signal when a conductive ferromagnetic
coin is present that the first comparator provides its output
signal.
21. Apparatus according to claim 5 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the transmitting means to derive the
reference signals from the currents that produce the high and low
frequency fields.
22. Apparatus according to claim 5 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the receiving means to derive the
reference signals from the high and low frequency components.
23. Apparatus according to claim 6 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the transmitting means to derive the
reference signals from the currents that produce the high and low
frequency magnetic fields.
24. Apparatus according to claim 6 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the receiving means to derive the
reference signals from the high and low frequency components.
25. Apparatus according to claim 7 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the transmitting means to derive the
reference signals from the currents that produce the high and low
frequency magnetic fields.
26. Apparatus according to claim 7 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the receiving means to derive the
reference signals from the high and low frequency components.
27. Apparatus according to claim 17 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the transmitting means to derive the
reference signals from the currents that produce the high and low
frequency magnetic fields.
28. Apparatus according to claim 17 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the receiving means to derive the
reference signals from the high and low frequency components.
29. Apparatus according to claim 18 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the transmitting means to derive the
reference signals from the currents that produce the high and low
frequency magnetic fields.
30. Apparatus according to claim 18 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the receiving means to derive the
reference signals from the high and low frequency components.
31. Apparatus according to claim 19 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the transmitting means to derive the
reference signals from the currents that produce the high and low
frequency magnetic fields.
32. Apparatus according to claim 19 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the receiving means to derive the
reference signals from the high and low frequency components.
33. Apparatus according to claim 20 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the transmitting means to derive the
reference signals from the currents that produce the high and low
frequency magnetic fields.
34. Apparatus according to claim 20 in which the reference signal
generators are connected to the receiving means to derive the
reference signals from the high and low frequency components.
Description
This invention relates to coin handling mechanisms (e.g. for use in
coin-operated vending machines), and especially to apparatus for
sensing the arrival of a coin in a coin handling mechanism and for
initiating a coin-identifying operation if the coin is of an
acceptable type of material.
In some of the more advanced types of coin handling mechanisms such
as, for example, mechanisms in which coins are authenticated by
electronic or photo-electronic means, it is useful to have
apparatus for sensing the arrival of a coin in the mechanism to
activate the coin identifying apparatus and initiate a sequence of
coin-identifying operations. For example, in a mechanism for
determining the authenticity and/or denomination of coins which
uses optical sensing means such as photo-electric cells with
associated light sources, it is desirable to have the light sources
turned on only while a coin is being processed by the mechanism,
since this greatly extends the life of the light sources. It is
preferable that the coin arrival sensor not be an optical sensor,
since an optical sensor would necessitate another light source
which would have to be turned on all the time. Furthermore, since
optical coin-identifying systems cannot directly check the material
of a coin, the coin arrival sensor is preferably one which
determined whether the coin is of an acceptable material or an
acceptable type of material.
According to the present invention there is provided apparatus for
sensing the arrival of a coin in a coin handling mechanism and for
producing an output signal when the coin is of an acceptable type
of material comprising: transmitting means including at least one
transmitting inductor, for generating an oscillating magnetic field
having components of two substantially different frequencies;
receiving means including at least one receiving inductor disposed
in the magnetic field produced by said transmitting means, for
detecting the amplitude of said components at the location of said
receiving inductor; means for guiding a coin between the
transmitting and receiving inductors so that a substantial portion
of the magnetic energy received by said receiving inductor is
transmitted through the coin; and means for comparing the
amplitudes of the components detected by the receiving means with
the corresponding amplitudes for coins of an acceptable type of
material and for producing an output signal indicative of the
arrival of a coin of an acceptable type of material when the
detected amplitudes of both components correspond substantially to
the amplitudes for a coin of an acceptable type of material.
The transmitting inductor radiates magnetic energy at two
substantially different frequencies. This energy induces electrical
signals of corresponding frequencies in the receiving inductor
located opposite the transmitting inductor. A coin introduced into
the coin handling mechanism is guided between the transmitting and
receiving inductors so that a substantial portion of the energy
propagating from the transmitting inductor to the receiving
inductor passes through the coin. This affects the amount of energy
received by the receiving inductor (and therefore the amplitudes of
the signals induced therein) to a degree dependent on the material
of the coin and the frequencies transmitted.
Thus, the apparatus of the present invention employs an oscillating
magnetic field to determine the arrival of a coin within the coin
handling mechanism. In addition to sensing the arrival of a coin,
this coin arrival sensor examines the material of the coin as a
preliminary test of coin authenticity. Since most of the world's
genuine coins are made of conductive, non-ferromagnetic materials
(e.g. copper, cupro-nickel, etc.), the arrival sensing apparatus
may be arranged to produce the output signal only for the arrival
of conductive, non-ferromagnetic coins only, thus eliminating many
types of slugs (e.g. non-conductive slugs such as paper, plastic,
and ferromagnetic slugs such as iron, steel, and ferrites) from
consideration by the coin handling mechanism. For those countries
where genuine coins are of other materials (e.g. ferromagnetic),
the arrival sensing apparatus will be arranged to indicate the
arrival of coins of this type of material.
With regard to the choice of the two substantially different
frequencies, a first relatively low frequency is chosen so that
ferromagnetic materials have a considerably greater effect on the
amplitude of the transmitted electromagnetic energy at that
frequency than non-magnetic materials. A second relative high
frequency is chosen so that conductive materials, and particularly
all acceptable coins of conductive materials, have a readily
detectable effect on the amplitude of transmitted electromagnetic
energy at that frequency Accordingly, the arrival of a conductive,
non-magnetic coin, for example, is indicated by a significant
decrease in the amplitude of the high frequency signal induced in
the receiving inductor together with a decrease in the amplitude of
the low frequency signal less significant than the decrease that
would indicate a magnetic material.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of
example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a front view of a portion of a coin handling mechanism
showing one possible location for the inductors of a coin arrival
sensor according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line 2--2 in FIG. 1 with
a schematic block diagram of the coin arrival sensor;
FIG. 3 is a detailed block diagram of one embodiment of circuitry
for the arrival sensor of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a series of signal traces, plotted against a common time
axis, useful in understanding the embodiment of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a detailed block diagram of a second embodiment of
circuitry for the arrival sensor of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 6 is a series of signal traces, plotted against a common time
axis, useful in understanding the embodiment of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a detailed block diagram of a third embodiment of
circuitry for the arrival sensor of FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 8 is a series of signal traces, plotted against a common time
axis, useful in understanding the embodiment of FIG. 7.
Throughout this specification and in the appended claims, the term
"coin" is intended to mean genuine coins, tokens, counterfeit
coins, slugs, washers, and any other item which may be used by
persons in an attempt to use coin-operated devices.
In the coin handling device 10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a coin
enters the device through a coin entry 12 and falls edge first onto
the initial portion of a coin track 20 between parallel front and
back plates 14 and 16. The coin rolls down this portion of the coin
track 20, coming to rest in the position shown by dotted line 24
against a coin start gate 22. In this position the coin is between
transmitting and receiving inductors 32 and 34 of a coin arrival
sensor 30 according to the present invention. The inductors 32 and
34 are mounted opposite one another on the plates 14 and 16,
respectively. The inductors 32 and 34 are of such size and location
that when any coin acceptable to the device 10 is at rest against
the coin start gate 22, substantially all of the electromagnetic
energy propagating from the inductor 32 to the inductor 34 passes
through the coin.
When the arrival sensor 30 which includes low and high frequency
power supplies 36 and 38 and a receiving circuit 40, detects a coin
of an acceptable type of material between the inductors 32 and 34
as described in detail below, it produces an output signal applied
to activate the start gate solenoid 42 and a coin identifying
circuit 44. In response, the start gate solenoid retracts the start
gate 22 into the back plate 16, allowing the coin to continue to
roll down the coin track 20. When the coin identifying circuit 44
is activated, light sources associated with optical coin sensors 50
(e.g. photoelectric devices) are turned on. As the coin rolls down
track 20 it passes the passage of the coin is sensed by the coin
identifying circuit by means of the sensors 50. The coin
identifying circuit 44 determines whether or not the coin is
acceptable, for example, by optically examining its velocity,
diameter, etc., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,797,628. At the end
of coin track 20 the coin drops toward a coin acceptance gate 52.
If the coin has been identified as acceptable, the coin acceptance
gate 52 is retracted into back plate 16 by a solenoid (not shown)
and the coin falls from the track 20 into a coin acceptance chute
54 leading to a coin box of the vending machine. If the coin is not
recognised as acceptable, the coin acceptance gate 52 is not
retracted and the coin falling from the end of the coin track 20
strikes the acceptance gate 52 and is diverted into a reject chute
56, which leads to a coin return window of the vending machine.
FIG. 3 shows one form of the circuitry of the coin arrival sensor
30 of this invention including the low frequency power supply 36
and the high frequency power supply 38, each of which is connected
to a separate coil wound around the core of the transmitting
inductor 32. The low frequency power supply 36 produces an
alternating current (a.c.) output signal having a first relatively
low frequency (e.g. 50 or 60 Hz). The ultimate source of this
signal may be mains. In that event, the power supply 36 may be a
transformer for reducing the mains voltage to a safer level. The
high frequency power supply 38 produces an a.c. output signal
having a second relatively high frequency (e.g. 70 KHz). The power
supply 38 may therefore by any suitable a.c. signal generator, e.g.
a square wave generator and a filter for filtering the square wave
to produce a sinusoidal signal.
As mentioned above, the a.c. output signal of each of the power
supplies 36 and 38 is applied to a separate coil on the core of the
inductor 32. Accordingly, the inductor 32 produces an alternating
magnetic field which is the superposition of the alternating
magnetic fields due to each of the applied a.c. signals. This field
radiates across the coin passageway above the coin track 20 in the
apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2 and induces an a.c. electrical signal in
the coil of the receiving inductor 34. This induced signal has
frequency components corresponding to the frequencies of the
signals applied to the transmitting inductor 32. The output signal
of the receiving inductor 34 is applied to low pass and high pass
filters 60 and 70 which separate the low and high frequency
components of that signal. The output signals of the low pass and
high pass filters 60 and 70 are represented by the sinusoidal
signal traces shown in FIGS. 4a and 4c, respectively. The portion
of FIG. 4 to the left of time A-A represents the condition of the
apparatus of FIG. 3 prior to the arrival of a coin. For ease of
illustration, the output signals of filters 60 and 70 are
represented in FIGS. 4a and 4c as having frequencies much lower
than is actually the case. Moreover, the output signal frequency of
the filter 70 is typically many times greater than the output
signal frequency of the filter 60. At the time A-A, a conductive,
non-magnetic coin arrives in the apparatus between the inductors 32
and 34 and remains there until a time B--B when the coin start gate
22 is retracted. During the period indicated between lines B--B and
C--C there is again no detectable object between the inductors 32
and 34. At a time C--C a magnetic coin arrives in the apparatus
between the inductors 32 and 34 and remains there until removed at
a later time not shown.
When a coin is interposed between the inductors 32 and 34, the
amplitude of one or both of the frequency components of the signal
induced in the coil of inductor 34 may be reduced depending on the
material of the coin. The following table illustrates the effect of
various materials on the amplitude of the low and high frequency
components of the induced signal: Material Effect on 50 Hz Effect
on 70 KHz Signal Signal ______________________________________
Paper, Plastic No Effect No Effect Copper Slight Damping
Significant Damping Copper-Nickel No Effect Significant Damping
Iron, Significant Heavy Damping Steel Damping
______________________________________
Many of the world's genuine coins are made of conductive,
non-ferromagnetic materials (e.g. copper or cupro-nickel). The
presence of a coin of such material is indicated by significant
damping of the 70 KHz signal coupled with only slight damping of
the 50 Hz signal. Accordingly, the arrival sensor 30 is designed to
recognise this condition and produce an output signal which is
applied to the start gate solenoid 42 and the coin identifying
circuit 44, when and only when this condition occurs.
Non-conductive objects (e.g. paper or plastic) are not detected by
arrival sensor 30 and must be removed from the coin mechanism
before it can be used, for example by operation of a coin reject
lever (not shown) which momentarily separates the front and back
plates 14 and 16 and permits the object to fall from the mechanism
in the usual manner. Magnetic coins are recognised by heavy damping
of both the 50 Hz and 70 KHz signals. In the embodiment shown
specifically in FIG. 3 this condition results in no output signal
from arrival sensor 30 and necessitates operation of the coin
reject lever to remove the coin from the coin mechanism.
Alternatively, the system can be arranged to produce an output
signal for activating the start gate solenoid (but not the coin
identifying circuit 44) when heavy damping of both the low and high
frequency signals is detected, thereby avoiding the necessity of
operating the reject lever to purge the mechanism of a magnetic
coin. In applications in which magnetic coins may be acceptable
coins, the system can be arranged to produce an output signal for
activating the start gate solenoid 42 and the coin identifying
circuit 44 when heavy damping of both the low and high frequency
signals is detected. Furthermore, if both magnetic and non-magnetic
coins may be acceptable, the system may be modified to produce
output signals indicative of whether the detected coin is magnetic
or non-magnetic. These signals may be applied to the coin
identifying circuit 44 to pre-condition that circuit to accept only
a coin having other characteristics consistent with the magnetic or
non-magnetic characteristics of the coin. These variations can be
made in any of the specific embodiments shown in FIGS. 3, 5 and
7.
Returning to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the output signals of
the low pass filter 60 is applied to one input terminal of a
differential amplifier 66. The signal applied to the other input
terminal of the amplifier 66 is a direct current (d.c. threshold
signal represented by the straight line signal trace (-V) in FIG.
4a. All signal polarities referred to herein are entirely
arbitrary. This threshold signal is generated by a rectifier
circuit 62 and a voltage divider 64. The rectifier circuit 62
produces an output signal having a d.c. level proportional to the
negative amplitude of the output signal of the low frequency power
supply 36, i.e., a negative envelope signal. The level of the
signal -V derived from this negative envelope signal is adjusted by
voltage divider 64 to the desired negative threshold level -V
applied to differential amplifier 66. The negative threshold level
-V is chosen to be somewhat more positive than the negative peaks
of the output signal of low pass filter 60 except when the output
signal of the low pass filter 60 is damped to the degree associated
with the presence of a magnetic coin between the inductors 32 and
34 as in the portion of FIG. 4 to the right of line C--C. In other
words, the negative peaks of the output signal of low pass filter
60 will be more negative than -V when a conductive, non-magnetic
coin is present between the inductors 32 and 34, but will become
more positive than -V when a magnetic coin is present between the
inductors 32 and 34. The differential amplifier 66 compares the
levels of the signals applied to it and produces an output signal
(represented by the signal trace of FIG. 4b) which is positive when
the output signal of low pass filter 60 is more negative than -V
and negative otherwise.
The output signal of the different amplifier 66 is applied to a
rectifier circuit 68 which produces an output signal (represented
by the signal trace of FIG. 4e) which is the positive envelope of
the applied signal. Accordingly, the output signal of the rectifier
circuit 68 is positive while the output signal of the differential
amplifier 66 includes periodic positive spikes (as in the portion
of FIG. 4b to the left of line C--C). When those positive spikes
disappear, however, the level of the output signal of rectifier
circuit 68 goes rapidly to zero (i.e., within a time period
t.sub.11) as in the portion of FIG. 4e to the right of line C--C.
This latter condition is associated with the arrival of a magnetic
coin between the inductors 32 and 34. The output signal of the
rectifier circuit 68 is applied to one input terminal of a NAND
gate 80. When the output signal of rectifier circuit 68 is
positive, it is interpreted by the NAND gate 80 as logic 1,
otherwise it is interpreted as logic 0. Logic signal levels
referred to herein are also entirely arbitrary.
The circuitry associated with the high pass filter 70 is similar to
that described above. Thus a rectifier circuit 72 and a voltage
divider 74 (responsive to the output signal of the high frequency
power supply 38) produce a positive threshold voltage +V
(represented by the straight line signal trace of FIG. 4c) which is
applied to one input terminal of a differential amplifier 76. (+V
is not necessarily of the same magnitude as -V). This positive
threshold voltage is chosen so that it is less positive than the
positive peaks of the output signal of the high pass filter 70
except when there is a conductive object between inductors 32 and
34. The output signal of the high pass filter 70 is applied to the
other input terminal of the differential amplifier 76. Accordingly,
the differential amplifier 76 (generally similar to the
differential amplifier 66) produces an output signal (represented
by the signal trace of FIG. 4d) which is positive when the output
signal level of the high pass filter 70 is less positive than +V
and negative otherwise.
The output signal of the differential amplifier 76 is applied to a
rectifier circuit 78 which produces an output signal (FIG. 4f)
proportional to the negative envelope of the applied signal.
Accordingly, the output signal of rectifier circuit 78 is negative
while the output signal of the differential amplifier 76 includes
periodic negative spikes (as in the portions of FIG. 4d to the left
of line A--A and between lines B-B and C--C). When these negative
spikes disappear (as in the portions of FIG. 4d between lines A--A
and B--B and to the right of line C--C), the level of the output
signal of the rectifier circuit 78 goes rapidly to zero (i.e. after
a time t.sub.12). For reasons explained below, t.sub.12 is
preferably greater than t.sub.11.
The output signal of the rectifier circuit 78 is applied to the
remaining input terminal of the NAND gate 80. When the output
signal of the rectifier circuit 78 is zero it is interpreted by
NAND gate 80 as logic 1, otherwise it is interpreted as logic
0.
When both signals applied to the NAND gate 80 are logic 1 (as in
the portion of FIG. 4 between lines A--A and B--B and after time
t.sub.12), the NAND gate 80 produces an output signal (see FIG. 4g)
applied to a time delay unit 82 for activating the start gate
solenoid 42 and the coin identifying circuit 44. This corresponds
to the arrival of a conductive, non-magnetic coin between the
inductors 32, 34. After a time delay t.sub.13 imposed by the time
delay unit 82 (i.e. at time B-B in FIG. 4), the "gate open" command
signal produced by the NAND gate 80 is applied to the start gate
solenoid 42 and the coin is allowed to continue rolling down track
20 past the coin sensors 50. After time B--B in FIG. 4, the coin is
no longer between the inductors 32 and 34 and the coin arrival
sensor of FIG. 3 returns to its original condition. The time delay
t.sub.13 ensures that all coins come to rest against the coin start
gate 22 before being allowed to continue down the coin track
20.
As mentioned above, the portion of FIG. 4 to the right of line C--C
represents the response of the apparatus of FIG. 3 to the arrival
of a magnetic coin between the inductors 32 and 34. The output
signal amplitudes of both of filters 60 and 70 drop below their
respective reference signal levels (FIGS. 4a and 4c). The output
signal level of the rectifier circuit 68 changes from logic 1 to
logic 0 (FIG. 4e) and the output signal level of the rectifier
circuit 78 changes from logic 0 to logic 1 (FIG. 4f). Since the
response time t.sub.12 of the rectifier circuit 78 is greater than
the response time t.sub.11 of the rectifier circuit 68, at no time
following the arrival of the magnetic coin are the output signal
levels of both rectifier circuits 68 and 78 logic 1. Accordingly,
no gate open command signal is produced by the NAND gate 80 and the
coin start gate 22 remains closed. As mentioned above, the magnetic
coin is removed from the coin mechanism by operation of the coin
reject lever (not shown).
In the alternative embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 5,
elements having the same reference number as elements in FIG. 3
apart from the prefix number 1 are generally similar. In the
embodiment of FIG. 5 the reference signals applied to differential
amplifiers 166 and 176 are generated from the filtered receiver
signals rather than the transmitter signals as in the embodiment
shown in FIG. 3. Accordingly, the leads 37 and 39 (shown in broken
lines in FIG. 2) are not needed and can be omitted when the
receiver circuit 40 is constructed as shown in FIG. 5.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the output signal of the
receiving inductor 34 is amplified by an amplifier 158 to produce a
received signal having a more convenient level. This amplified
signal is filtered by low and high pass filters 160 and 170 to
produce output signals similar to the output signals of the filters
60 and 70 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, albeit of somewhat
greater amplitude as a result of amplification by the amplifier
158. These signals are represented by the sinusoidal signal traces
in FIGS. 6a and 6c respectively. The several portions of FIG. 6
represent the same events represented by the corresponding portions
of FIG. 4, that is, the portion of FIG. 6 between lines A--A and
B--B represents the arrival of a conductive, non-magnetic coin, the
portion to the right of line C-C represents the arrival of a
magnetic coin, and the remaining portions represents the absence of
any detectable object.
As in the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the output signals of the
filters 160 and 170 in the embodiment of FIG. 5 are respectively
applied directly to one input terminal of differential amplifiers
166 and 176. The output signals of the filters 160 and 170 are also
respectively applied to rectifier circuits 162 and 172. These
rectifier circuits perform a function similar to the rectifier
circuits 62 and 72 in the apparatus of FIG. 3, that is, they
develop output signals which are proportional to the amplitude or
envelope of the applied signal. These signals are represented by
signal traces -V and +V in FIGS. 6a and 6c. As can be seen in FIGS.
6a and 6c, the output signals of each of the rectifier circuits 162
and 172 is normally about 10% below the level (i.e. amplitude) of
the output signal of the associated filter. However, when the
output signal level of either filter drops as a result of the
arrival of a conductive object between inductors 32 and 34, it
takes a short time for the output signal of the associated
rectifier to adjust to a level 10% below the new filter output
signal level. If the new filter output signal level is below the
former level of the output associated rectifier circuit output
signal, the rectifier output signal level will be greater than the
filter output signal level for an interval of time t.sub.24 or
t.sub.25, respectively. This causes the periodic spikes in the
output signal of the associated differential amplifier 166, 176 to
cease temporarily (see FIGS. 6b and 6d). As in the embodiment shown
in FIG. 3, this causes the output signal of the associated
rectifier circuit 168, 178 to change level after a time interval
t.sub.21 or t.sub.22 (see FIGS. 6e and 6f).
The remainder of the circuit shown in FIG. 5 is substantially
identical to the corresponding portion of FIG. 3. Thus if the
output signal of the rectifier circuit 178 changes to the logic 1
state and the output signal of the rectifier circuit 168 remains in
the logic 1 state, the NAND gate 180 produces an output signal
which (after a delay t.sub.23 imposed by delay unit 182) activates
the start gate solenoid 42 and the coin identifying circuit 44 (see
FIG. 6g betwen lines A--A and B--B). As in the embodiment shown in
FIG. 3, the rectifier circuit 168 responds more rapidly than the
rectifier circuit 178 (i.e. t.sub.22 is greater than t.sub.21) so
that if both signals change level (as in the portion of FIG. 6 to
the right of line C--C) indicating the arrival of a magnetic coin,
the output signal level of rectifier circuit 168 changes level to
logic 0 first, thereby blocking the NAND gate 180 and preventing a
gate open command signal when the output signal of rectifier
circuit 178 changes level to logic 1.
In the third embodiment shown in FIG. 7, elements having the same
reference number, apart from the prefix, as elements in FIGS. 3 or
5 are generally similar. In FIG. 7 each of two differential
amplifiers 266 and 276 basically compares two rectified versions of
the output of filters 260 and 270. Reference signals are generated
by devices 262, 264 and 272, 274 and applied to one input terminal
of the amplifiers 266 and 276. Accordingly, leads 37 and 39 shown
in broken lines in FIG. 2 are not needed and can be omitted when
receiver circuit 40 is constructed as shown in FIG. 7. Rectifier
circuits 262 and 272 are characterised by response time constants
t.sub.34 and t.sub.35, respectively. Rectifier circuit 263
(generally similar to rectifier circuit 262 but with a shorter
response time constant t.sub.31) produces a second rectified
version of the output signal of low pass filter 260 which is
applied to the remaining input terminal of amplifier 266. The two
signals applied to the amplifier 266 are represented by the signal
traces shown in FIG. 8a. Again, the portion of FIG. 8 between lines
A--A and B--B represents the presence of a conductive, non-magnetic
coin, the portion of FIG. 8 to the right of line C--C represents
the presence of a magnetic coin, and the remaining portions of FIG.
8 represent the absence of any detectable object. The reference
signal applied to the amplifier 266 (the dotted signal trace in
FIG. 8a) is normally adjusted to a level slightly below the level
of the output signal of the rectifier 263 by the voltage divider
264. This condition is illustrated to the left of line C--C in FIG.
8a. The slight damping of the output signal of the low pass filter
260 when a conductive, non-magnetic coin is interposed between the
inductors 32 and 34 is not sufficient to cause the output signal of
the rectifier 263 to fall below the reference signal level. As long
as the output signal of the rectifier 263 is below the reference
signal level, the output signal of amplifier 266 (shown in FIG. 8b)
remains strongly negative. This negative signal is blocked by a
diode 267. Significant damping of the output signal of low pass
filter 260 (as the result, for example, of the appearance of a
magnetic coin between the inductors 32 and 34) causes both signals
applied to the amplifier 266 to drop (as in the portion of FIG. 8a
to the right of line C--C). However, because t.sub.34 is greater
than t.sub.31, the output signal of the rectifier 263 drops more
rapidly, causing it to momentarily fall below the reference signal
level. This causes the output signal of the amplifier 266 to change
to a positive polarity as shown in FIG. 8b, applying a strongly
positive signal to one input terminal of a signal adder 269.
In the high frequency section of the apparatus shown in FIG. 7, a
rectifier circuit 273 (similar to the rectifier 272 but with a
shorter response time constant t.sub.32) produces a second
rectified version of the output signal of the high pass filter 270
which is added to the output signal of the low frequency section by
the signal adder 269. An amplifier 276 compares the output signal
of the adder 269 to the reference signal generated by the devices
272, 274 as described above. (The two signals applied to amplifier
276 are represented by the signal traces shown in FIG. 8c, the
dotted signal trace represents the reference signal). As long as
the output signal of the amplifier 266 is negative, that signal has
no effect on the output signal of the rectifier 273. The amplifier
276 therefore compares directly the output signal of rectifier 273
with the reference signal level produced by the devices 272, 274.
By virtue of the voltage divider 274, this reference signal level
is normally slightly below the output signal level of the rectifier
273 (as in the portion of FIG. 8c to the left of line A--A). When a
conductive, non-magnetic coin is introduced into the coin
mechanism, both signals applied to the amplifier 276 drop. However,
because t.sub.35 is greater than t.sub.32, the output signal of
rectifier 273 drops more rapidly, causing that signal to
momentarily fall below the reference signal level (see the portion
of FIG. 8c between lines A--A and B--B). Since there is no change
in the output signal of the low frequency section, this reversal of
signal levels in the high frequency section is detected by the
amplifier 276. The output signal of the amplifier 276 (shown in
FIG. 8d) therefore changes from negative to positive. This positive
pulse is applied to a delay unit 282 as a gate open command signal.
After a suitable delay, t.sub.33, this signal is used to activate
the start gate solenoid 42 and coin recognition circuit 44.
If a magnetic coin is introduced into the coin mechanism, similar
events occur in the high frequency section of the apparatus.
However, the strongly positive output signal of the low frequency
section applied to the signal adder 269 keeps the signal applied to
the associated input terminal of the amplifier 276 above the
reference signal level applied to the other input terminal of the
amplifier 276 (see the portion of FIG. 8c to the right of line
C--C). This keeps the output signal of the amplifier 276 negative
and prevents the apparatus from producing a gate open command
signal. For this purpose, the response time of the low frequency
section of the apparatus is preferably less than that of the high
frequency section. Even after the disappearance of the positive
signal from the low frequency section, the level of signal applied
to the positive terminal of the amplifier 276 remains above the
corresponding reference signal level and no gate open command
signal is produced. The magnetic coin is removed from the coin
mechanism by operation of the coin reject lever mentioned
above.
It will be understood that the embodiments described herein are
illustrative of the invention only and that various modifications
can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the
scope of the invention. For example, although low and high
frequencies of 50 to 60 Hz and 70 KHz, respectively, have been
mentioned, it will be understood that any frequencies selected in
accordance with the criteria set forth above can be used instead of
those frequencies. With the low frequency reference signal level
set approximately 20% below the received signal amplitude in the
absence of any detectable object, all highly conductive metals are
effectively transparent (i.e. do not cause the received signal
amplitude to fall below the reference signal amplitude) for low
frequencies in the range from about 25Hz to about 125 Hz. The very
small Dutch nickel ten-cent coin (Dfl. ),10) causes slightly less
than threshold damping of the low frequency signal throughout this
frequency range and is therefore identified as an acceptable coin.
A 2.6 mm. thick copper disc is also identified as acceptable. With
the high frequency reference signal set approximately 20% below the
received signal amplitude in the absence of any detectable object,
the high frequency section may be operated at frequencies above
about 40 KHz. At this and higher frequencies a cupro-nickel Swiss
half franc causes slightly more than threshold damping of the high
frequency signal and is identified as acceptable. Different
threshold limits and coin detection requirements may, of course,
allow other low and high frequencies to be used.
* * * * *