U.S. patent number 3,906,684 [Application Number 05/145,275] was granted by the patent office on 1975-09-23 for abrasive articles and their method of manufacture.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Norton Company. Invention is credited to Loran A. Henderson, Charles W. Marshall, William F. Zimmer, Jr..
United States Patent |
3,906,684 |
Marshall , et al. |
September 23, 1975 |
Abrasive articles and their method of manufacture
Abstract
Abrasive material is provided in which a relatively thick,
flexible, porous, abrasive layer is secured adhesively to a
flexible backing member. In the manufacture of the abrasive
material, abrasive grain is first coated with a liquid resinous
binder composition after which the coated grain is then mixed with
a solid, particulate, resinous binder composition, the latter
binder being more resistant, after curing, to distortion when
subjected to heat and pressure. The thus-formed free-flowing
abrasive mixture is then coated continuously onto a flexible
backing member. Afterwards, the layer of abrasive mixture is heated
to cause fusion of the solid binder at the interface with the
liquid binder. It is then compacted into a relatively dense
abrasive layer, and is wound up into a jumbo roll in which
condition the abrasive layer is subjected to further heat to cure
the binder material.
Inventors: |
Marshall; Charles W. (Troy,
NY), Henderson; Loran A. (Elnora, NY), Zimmer, Jr.;
William F. (Paxton, MA) |
Assignee: |
Norton Company (Worcester,
MA)
|
Family
ID: |
22512363 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/145,275 |
Filed: |
May 20, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
51/295; 51/296;
51/298 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B29C
70/50 (20130101); B24D 3/30 (20130101); B24D
11/005 (20130101); C09K 3/1436 (20130101); B29C
70/025 (20130101); B29C 70/02 (20130101); B24D
3/285 (20130101); B29C 70/58 (20130101); B29L
2031/736 (20130101); B29K 2063/00 (20130101); B29K
2061/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B24D
11/00 (20060101); B29C 70/04 (20060101); B29C
70/00 (20060101); B29C 70/02 (20060101); B29C
70/58 (20060101); B29C 70/50 (20060101); B24D
3/20 (20060101); B24D 3/28 (20060101); B24D
3/30 (20060101); C09K 3/14 (20060101); B24B
001/00 (); B24D 011/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;51/295,297,298,296 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Arnold; Donald J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Hayes; Oliver W.
Claims
What we claim is:
1. Abrasive material comprising a porous, compacted abrasive layer
comprising particulate abrasive grains each being encapsulated in a
first binder material, the encapsulated abrasive grains being
distributed throughout the abrasive layer in a matrix of a second
binder material, said second binder material being more resistant
to distortion than said first binder material under pressure at the
temperature attained during usage of an abrasive article comprising
the abrasive material whereby in usage the first binder material
will become heated and distorted sufficiently that said abrasive
grains will be desirably shed from the abrasive layer.
2. Abrasive material in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first
binder material is distortable at a lower temperature than that
attained during actual grinding.
3. Abrasive material in accordance with claim 1 further comprising
a flexible backing member having a front side and a back side, said
abrasive layer being adhesively secured to said front side.
4. Abrasive material according to claim 3 wherein said abrasive
layer is at least as thick as the largest dimension of the largest
grain in the abrasive layer.
5. Abrasive material according to claim 4 further comprising an
adhesive layer interposed between said front side and said abrasive
layer.
6. Abrasive material according to claim 5 wherein said first binder
material softens with heat sufficiently to be distortable at a
temperature greater than about 240.degree.F.
7. Abrasive material according to claim 6 wherein said first binder
material comprises epoxy resin.
8. Abrasive material according to claim 7 wherein the matrix binder
resists distortion when heated even at the temperatures attained
during grinding.
9. Abrasive material according to claim 8 wherein said matrix
binder material comprises phenol-formaldehyde.
10. Abrasive material according to claim 9 wherein in said abrasive
layer the abrasive grain comprises from about 38 to 52%, said first
and second binder materials comprise from about 10 to 50%, and the
remainder of said layer is voids, all of said percentages being by
volume.
11. Abrasive material according to claim 10 wherein said abrasive
layer has a thickness no greater than about 0.250 inch.
12. Abrasive material according to claim 11 wherein the density of
the abrasive layer is less than the loose packed density of said
abrasive grain.
13. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material including the
following steps:
a. preparing a dry, freely flowable abrasive mixture
comprising:
1. coating abrasive grain with a liquid binder composition; and
2. mixing with said coated grain a predetermined proportion of a
solid binder composition;
b. coating the dry, free flowable abrasive mixture onto a suitable
flexible backing member;
c. spreading the abrasive mixture uniformly into a layer of
relatively uniform thickness;
d. heating the abrasive layer thereby to fuse said solid binder
with said liquid binder;
e. compacting the heated abrasive layer to a predetermined
thickness; and
f. heating further said compacted abrasive layer whereby to cure
said binders, said first applied binder composition encapsulating
each abrasive grain and being less resistant to distortion when
heated than said binder in which the coated grains are mixed.
14. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 13 wherein said flexible backing member is a continuous
web.
15. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 14 wherein prior to coating said abrasive mixture onto the
flexible backing member, said member is provided with a layer of
adhesive.
16. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 15 wherein said adhesive layer comprises
phenol-formaldehyde.
17. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 16 wherein said liquid binder composition comprises epoxy
resin and said solid binder composition comprises
phenol-formaldehyde.
18. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 17 in which said liquid binder composition further comprises
furfural.
19. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 18 including winding said abrasive coated web into a roll
prior to said further heating, said winding being performed so that
the abrasive layer faces the center of the roll.
20. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 19 including moving said roll vertically upwardly during said
winding thereby to maintain the abrasive coated web in a plane no
more than 10.degree. with respect to the horizontal plane.
21. Abrasive material according to claim 1 in which the abrasive
layer further comprises a filler having a modulus lower than that
of the matrix binder material whereby a more easily friable bond is
obtained.
22. Abrasive material according to claim 21 wherein said filler is
a reactive filler.
23. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 13 wherein said solid binder composition is at least
partially soluble in said liquid binder composition.
24. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 13 wherein the weight ratio of liquid binder to solid binder
varies from 1/3 to 1/4.
25. Process for the manufacture of abrasive material according to
claim 18 wherein the weight ratio of epoxy resin to furfural varies
from 1/3 to 1/3.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to abrasive material and its method of
manufacture having, in general, the physical form of coated
abrasive material and the performance attributes of a bonded
abrasive. More specifically, the invention is concerned with
abrasive material and abrasive articles formed therefrom in which a
somewhat porous abrasive layer comprising a binder coated grain in
a binder matrix is secured to a flexible backing member.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Abrasive products are classified broadly into two distinct classes,
namely, coated abrasives and bonded abrasives. Those abrasive
articles found in the first-mentioned class are commonly referred
to collectively as sandpaper; of the latter-mentioned class of
abrasives, grinding wheels are a representative type.
Conventional coated abrasive material, in general, is characterized
by a high degree of flexibility and versatility and by a layer of
somewhat elongated abrasive grains adhesively secured to a flexible
backing member in such a way that their longest axes are generally
perpendicular, or nearly so, to the plane of the backing member.
The abrasive layer in this material is substantially a single layer
of abrasive grain, of a controlled variation in size, and the
grains are bonded only at their base, i.e., nearest adjacent the
backing member material so that they stick up, cantilever-fashion,
in random heights and spacings.
The initial aggressiveness of a properly made coated abrasive
product is well known; however, coated abrasive products are also
well known to have an inordinately short life. With these products,
during continued use, the number of abrasive grains in contact with
the work piece, because of the variation in grain size and their
orientation, increases. This is because shorter abrasive grains are
continually exposed as the taller abrasive grains are worn down.
Moreover, the area of contact per grain increases very rapidly as
the abrasive grain wears away to flat areas.
It is well known that any abrasive article continues to function by
reason of the fact that fresh, sharp abrading surfaces are
presented when the old abrading surfaces become too dull or smooth
to cut. Sharp abrasive surfaces are provided in an abrasive article
when the material being abraded offers sufficient resistance to the
passage of dull abrasive grain that the adhesive bond holding the
abrasive grain is fractured and broken away and the dull grain is
shed. Thus, in a coated abrasive product, shorter, fresh abrasive
grains are exposed to the workpiece and cutting ability is somewhat
restored.
Where fracture or shedding in an abrasive article occurs during
grinding, the decline in cutting rate is retarded and the abrasive
product life is extended considerably. However, where dulling of
the abrasive grain occurs without shedding, the cutting rate of the
abrasive article declines exponentially and rapidly reaches a value
below which, even though a major portion of the abrasive grain is
unused, it is uneconomical to continue.
In contrast to coated abrasive products, bonded abrasive products,
such as grinding wheels, are characterized by a rigid, molded,
porous mixture of binder and abrasive grain in which the abrasive
grains are more or less supported in all three dimensions. The bond
in these abrasive products, as in coated abrasives, plays two
important roles. It must hold the abrasive grains so that they can
do their work and the bond must be designed to release the abrasive
grains which lose their cutting ability. There are two basic types
of bonds in a bonded abrasive product, namely, vitrified and
organic bonds.
A close-up view of a vitrified abrasive wheel would show the
abrasive grains held by a latticework of "bond posts". So long as
an abrasive grain remains sharp enough to penetrate the material
being ground, the bond will hold onto it. As the abrasive grain
begins to get dull, the material being ground begins to resist
penetration. When the force of the resistance overcomes the
strength of the bond post, the post fractures, releasing the dull
abrasive grain from the wheel face.
An organic bonded wheel does the same thing in a different way.
Here there are no clearly defined bond posts holding the abrasive
grain together. The abrasive grains are evenly distributed
throughout a mass of bond. When an abrasive grain dulls and is
unable to penetrate the material being ground, it gets hot enough
to overcome the thermal resistance of the bond surrounding it. The
bond softens and releases the dull grain.
Regardless of the type bond, however, in a bonded abrasive article,
the same geometry is found therein at all levels, and the number
and orientation of abrasive grains in contact with the workpiece
remains constant.
In the manufacture of bonded abrasive products, the choice of and
amount of various components in the abrasive mixture are carefully
selected so that during use, at the relatively high grinding
pressures utilized, fracture of the bond occurs and grain shedding
results. Thus, during use, the wear and dulling of the abrasive
grain in the abrasive article is balanced by the appearance of new,
unworn grain and a somewhat steady state is obtained in which as
the wheel grinds away the metal the latter wears away the wheel.
This results in a relatively constant rate of cut together with a
uniform surface finish of the workpiece. However, in certain
instances, for example, where size, form or surface finish is of
primary importance, it may be necessary to forego reliance on the
self-sharpening characteristics of the abrasive wheel and resort to
dressing techniques to give the wheel the desired sharpness.
Heretofore, others skilled in the coated abrasive art have made
various and numerous attempts to provide in a single abrasive
product the desirable features of coated abrasives and bonded
abrasives. In general, however, to out knowledge, where these
attempts have involved the provision of a thicker abrasive layer,
in the nature of a bonded abrasive article, on a flexible backing
member, they have been met with only a limited degree of commercial
success. Examples of prior art disclosing such a thick abrasive
layer on a flexible backing member are U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,953,983;
2,001,911; 2,115,897; 2,194,472; 2,242,877; 2,682,733; 2,682,735;
2,743,559; and 2,770,928.
In the research and development work which culminated in our
invention, an initial attempt was made to utulize abrasive mixtures
conventionally used in bonded abrasive wheel manufacture. These
wheel mixes, however, were found unsuitable for the continuous
manufacture of a coated abrasive-type product. Although initially
free flowing, the conventional wheel mixes, during storage, showed
a marked tendency to pack and become agglomerated in the lower part
of the coating feed storage vessel. These agglomerations,
particularly in the lower part of the vessel, made it most
difficult and sometimes impossible to discharge the abrasive
mixture. While it is not definitely known what caused these
agglomerations, it is theorized that such is caused at any one
point in the storage vessel by the mere weight of the abrasive
mixture above on that below it. Apparently this weight (static
pressure) acts on the mix below it similar to the pressure in a
wheel mold thus tending to compress the bond and abrasive grains
together into a bonded abrasive form. In any event, we have found
the problem of agglomerations has prevented the making up, in
advance, of any great quantities of a conventional bonded abrasive
mixuture for continuous coating onto a backing member.
Even when making up and coating less quantities of conventional
wheel mixes, thus tending to avoid the packing problem, these
abrasive mixes have been found to result in an abrasive layer
having undesirable fracture and shedding characteristics. In
contrast to bonded abrasives, the use of coated abrasive articles
normally involves the application of considerably less pressure
during grinding. Thus, adhesive bonds which would normally fracture
in a wheel and permit the abrasive grain to desirably shed have not
been found to suitably fracture when the abrasive mixture was
coated on a flexible backing member. The application of grinding
pressures higher than that used conventionally in coated abrasive
usage and necessary to fracture the bond in conventional wheel
mixes to permit shedding was found undesirable as it resulted in,
in many instances, destruction of the flexible backing member. On
the other hand, modifying the abrasive mixture by the inclusion of
fillers therein to make the bond weaker and therefore more friable,
as is conventionally done in bonded abrasive manufacture, failed to
produce a suitably desirable failure rate. These modifications
although the fillers and amounts thereof were widely varied,
resulted in bonds either excessively friable, even at the
relatively low grinding pressure utilized in coated abrasive
applications, or not friable to the degree desired.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Quite surprisingly and, it is believed, contrary to what one might
expect in view of the prior art, we have discovered an abrasive
mixture and a process for using it to manufacture an improved
abrasive article which not only remains free flowing, thus making
it particularly suitable for storage and the continuous coating
onto a flexible backing member, but which also allows the
manufacture of an abrasive materials in the nature of a coated
abrasive material having an abrasive layer of improved cutting and
wearing characteristics.
The abrasive mixture, in accordance with our invention, on
formation of a layer thereof and after curing, comprises basically
abrasive grain coated with a binder in a matrix binder of greater
thermal resistance. Thus, the binder forming the abrasive grain
socket or coating, on being subjected to heat and pressure, deforms
and permits the abrasive grain on meeting sufficient resistance to
penetration by the workpiece to be picked out of and shed from the
abrasive layer.
The abrasive material of our invention has the desirable
characteristics found generally in coated abrasive material;
however, quite advantageously, this abrasive material additionally
provides, during use, an abrasive layer in the nature of a bonded
abrasive which sheds, however, under relatively low grinding
pressures thus resulting in restored cutting ability, a relatively
constant rate of cut, and maintenance of a uniform surface finish.
Moreover, with the abrasive layer of our invention, which
preferably is a layer at least several grain diameters thick, an
abrasive product of predetermined grinding characteristics,
flexibility, wide track capability, cool running, and the general
adaptability of a coated abrasive article, can be provided and of
longer product life than realized heretofore in coated abrasive
products.
By our invention, the usefulness of coated abrasive type products
may be extended into heavier stock removal applications. Moreover,
it has been found possible to grind metals usually considered too
hard for conventional coated abrasive material. In particular, the
abrading of difficult-to-machine metals such as, e.g. titanium and
stainless steel alloys has been greatly improved.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The invention will be better understood by reference to the drawing
in which like numerals refer to the same parts in the various views
and in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view in part of an abrasive product
according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a greatly enlarged view of a section of the abrasive
layer only in FIG. 1 showing the physical nature of this layer;
and
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the process by which our
novel abrasive materials is manufactured.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Turning now to the drawing, there is disclosed in FIG. 1 thereof a
portion of abrasive material 10 having a physical appearance
somewhat similar to that of conventional coated abrasive material.
Abrasive material 10 has a flexible backing member 11 on the front
side of which is provided an adhesive layer 12 which anchors a
porous, compacted abrasive layer 13 to the backing member. A
similar abrasive layer may be desired in some instances, for
examples, in the manufacture of an abrasive disc, on the other side
of the backing member.
The backing member 11, which is employed in our invention, may be
any of various flexible materials conventionally used in the
manufacture of coated abrasives. Merely by way of example, the
backing member may be of paper, cloth, vulcanized fiber, metal,
etc. The so-called cloth backings may be of natural fibrous
materials such as cotton, linen, etc.; man-made fibrous materials,
of staple or continuous length fibers, such as nylon, polyester,
etc.; or of inorganic fibrous materials such as glass. These cloth
backing members may be either of woven or non-woven construction.
Particularly good results have been obtained in the practice of the
invention with backing members of woven natural fibrous
material.
Adhesive layer 12 is a thin layer of suitable adhesive material
preferably a rigid, high modulus thermosetting resin, the more
preferred one being a heat-hardened phenol-formaldehyde resinous
composition. These adhesive compositions are conventionally used as
"maker adhesives" in the manufacture of coated abrasive material
and a detailed description thereof is deemed unnecessary. As is
well known, phenol-formaldehyde adhesive compositions are applied
to a backing member as a solvent solution, a desirable solvent such
as water or alcohol/water being used to adjust the solution to the
desired viscosity for coating. The adhesive composition, as is
conventional, may contain, if desired, fillers such as calcium
carbonate, cryolite, clay, etc. . Other adhesive compositions
which, on curing, result in a relatively hard, heat resistant
adhesive layer may be used rather than a phenolic, such as those
comprising epoxy, polyester, polyurethane and the like.
Abrasive layer 13, contrary to that conventionally found in coated
abrasive articles, has abrasive grains 14 unoriented and
distributed throughout the abrasive layer. The abrasive grains, the
reason for which will appear hereinafter, are surrounded by or
encapsulated in a socket 15 of adhesive binder. These binder coated
abrasive grains are in turn bonded together in abrasive layer 13 in
a matrix 16 of binder. The amount of binder matrix is insufficient,
however, to fill the interstitial space between the abrasive grains
thus leaving pores 17 in the abrasive layer. The structural
configuration of the abrasive layer is better seen in the greatly
enlarged view of a section thereof in FIG. 2; however, this
illustration, it will be understood, is not intended to picture any
exact arrangement of the abrasive grains. Some of the grains in an
actual abrasive layer in a product of our invention may be
substantially in contact with one another and others more or less
slightly spaced apart.
Binder material 15 surrounding the abrasive grains, although
desirably somewhat heat resistant, is, at the temperatures usually
attained during coated abrasive usage, distortable, particularly
under pressure. This feature i.e., the thermal distortable nature
of the binder material, results in, as hereinafter will become more
evident, breakdown of the abrasive layer. In application of
pressure during grinding, abrasive grains 14, as they become
excessively dull, become hotter. This is turn imparts more heat to
binder material 15 and permits abrasive grains 14 to be picked out,
so to speak, on distortion of the binder 15 from the socket formed
thereby. The picked out abrasive grains are then shed thus
providing new cutting surfaces. Binder matrix 16, meanwhile,
remains heat resistant at the grinding temperatures attained and,
moreover, tends to resist fracture. Nevertheless, with this
combination of binder materials, i.e., one more heat resistant than
the other, an abrasive layer is obtained having the desired
combination of performance characteristics.
Various binder material combinations may be used in the practice of
the invention so long as they possess the necessary differences in
thermal resistance. A particularly useful combination has been
found in using an epoxy resin in conjunction with a
phenol-formaldehyde resinous composition. A suitable, and one of
the preferred epoxy resins for use in the invention is EPON 812
available from Shell Chemical Company. Such an epoxy resin is
preferred because of its relatively low viscosity (9-15 poises) and
its rather high level of solubility of powdered phenol-formaldehyde
resin. Other epoxy resins of higher viscosity may be used, for
example EPON 1009, also available from Shell Chemical Company.
Regardless of what binder material is used, however, to coat the
abrasive grain, it must be less heat resistant than the matrix
binder and, in general, will be deformable at temperature above
about 240.degree.F. .
For the matrix binder, a two stage, heat reactive, powdered
resinous phenolic composition, as before-mentioned, is preferred.
One such material, which can be used with good results in
combination with EPON 812, is available commercially from Union
Carbide Corporation (Plastics Division) under the trade designation
BRP5417. This material, once cured, is heat resistant and will char
i.e., degrade and pyrolyze, at about 500.degree.F.
Although the amount of and ratio of different binder compositions
will depend upon the particular components used in combination,
where the combination is the above-mentioned epoxy-phenolic
combination, the epoxy component should be at least about 0.6 per
cent by weight of the abrasive grain. In any event, the amount of
binder should be sufficient to provide a coating around, or socket
for, the abrasive grains.
As mentioned above, other binder material combinations are useable
in the practice of the invention. In place of the specific epoxy
resins mentioned, other epoxy resins such as Dow D.E.R. 669 (Dow
Chemical Company), and Bakelite ERL250 (Union Carbide Corporation),
may be used as well as other resinous binders which are less
resistant to distortion at temperature above about 240.degree.F. .
Instead of the phenolic component above-disclosed, Varcum 1364
(Varcum Chemical, Division of Reichold Chemicals, Inc.), Mon.
Resinox 755 (Monsanto Company, Plastics Division), Durite AD 5042
(Borden Chemical Company), may be substituted. However, regardless
of what combination of binder material is used, the binder material
making up the matrix is, preferably, at least somewhat soluble in
the binder composition surrounding the abrasive grain. Where the
binder material for the matrix is insoluble in, or not soluble to
the desired degree, in the liquid adhesive binder for the socket, a
solvent component can be used in the socket binder composition in
which both binders are relatively soluble. In the practice of our
invention, we have found that furfural, which is a solvent for both
epoxy resins and phenol-formaldehyde resins is desirably added to
the binder composition for coating the abrasive grain.
Any type abrasive grain material may be used in the practice of the
invention. Those materials which may be found especially suitable
are silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, garnet, flint, diamond, emery,
fused zirconia-alumina, etc., in grits of 120 and more coarse.
Depending upon the abrasive product characteristics desired, the
abrasive grain can be of the blocky type ordinarily used in bonded
abrasives or of the spindly type usually found in coated abrasive
material.
Within our inventive concept, it is possible to provide abrasive
material with abrasive layers of various performance
characteristics. The performance characteristics, e.g., amount cut,
shed, etc., of abrasive layer 13, in addition to being influenced
primarily by the resinous binder combination, are influenced also
by the volume ratio of abrasive grain, bonding resin, and pores, as
well as by the size and type of abrasive grain, fillers, active or
otherwise, and the amount and type of binder materials. The optimum
abrasive product for any one application may be determined readily
by one skilled in the art. However, the inventive concept is deemed
useful in any abrasive mixture having from about 38-52% (by volume)
abrasive grain, and from about 10-50% (by volume) resinous binder
composition, the remainder being voids. Preferably however, the
binder composition is from about 20-32% and the abrasive grain is
from about 40-52%, and even more desirably these components in the
abrasive layer are about 24-32% and about 42-48%, respectively, the
remainder being voids.
An abrasive layer of any desired hardness can be made in accordance
with the invention. In general, however, the density of this layer
is no greater than the loose packed density of the abrasive grain.
Otherwise, during manufacture of the abrasive material the backing
member may be damaged, or the abrasive grain may be fractured.
In the event, in certain grinding applications, it is desired to
alter the hardness or wear characteristics of the abrasive layer, a
more easily friable bond may be obtained by adding certain fillers
to the matrix composition. Those filler materials having a modulus
lower than that of the matrix resin binder may be used in the
invention. Examples of those suitable include hollow phenolic
spheres, calcuium carbonate, powdered polyethylene, and polyvinyl
chloride, etc. For certain applications it may be desirable to add
to the matrix composition reactive fillers or grinding aids. In
this category, in addition to the powdered polyethylene and
polyvinyl chloride above-mentioned, are included, among others,
potassium fluoroborate, ferrous oxide, cryolite, sodium silico
fluoride, and iron pyrites. The filler component can be added to
the matrix composition in quantities sufficient to weaken the
matrix bond the degree desired or to accomplish and other result
desired. As is believed obvious, some fillers may be used to
accomplish a dual purpose, e.g., bond diluent and grinding aid. The
exact amount of any filler required to accomplish any desired
result will depend upon the kind of filler and the fineness
thereof, this being readily determined by one skilled in the art of
abrasive manufacture.
For general purpose applications, an abrasive material, according
to the invention, having an abrasive layer of intermediate hardness
and having desirable performance characteristics may be
manufactured using grain having either a blocky shape or a spindly
shape in an amount from 42-48% by volume. Softer abrasive layers,
which are particularly suitable in applications involving high
stock removal thus requiring shedding resulting in exposure of new
cutting points, are manufactured using conventional spinly shaped
coated abrasive grain in order to obtain uniform volume
distribution. In relatively hard abrasive products wherein the
abrasive layer the abrasive grain is greater than about 48% (by
volume), the grain shape preferably is blocky in order to allow, as
hereinafter described, adequate compaction of the abrasive layer in
manufacture.
The thickness of the abrasive layer will, of course, determine to
some extent the life of the abrasive material. We have discovered
the preferred thickness for abrasive belts to be from about 25 mils
(0.025 inch), which represents about 1 grain layer for 40 mesh
abrasive grain, to about 125 mils (0.125 inches). At thicknesses
above about 125 mils the abrasive layer tends to become unwieldly
and too strong for proper flexing and performance. Other than in
abrasive belts, the abrasive layer thickness can be essentially as
thick as desired. Above about 1/2 inch thickness, however, the
abrasive product loses its resemblance to a coated abrasive product
and more nearly resembles a bonded abrasive. In any event, the
abrasive layer thickness should be at least slightly greater than
the largest dimension of the biggest abrasive grain in the
layer.
The invention will be, it is believed, better understood by
reference to FIG. 3 of the drawing in which is illustrated
apparatus which may be used in the method of manufacture of
abrasive material according to the invention. This apparatus
basically includes an unwind section, an adhesive coating section,
a coated grain section, a drying section, a compacting section, and
a windup section. All of these are indicated in the drawing by
appropriate legend. These various sections are supported by a table
or flat-like support denoted in the drawing by reference numeral
18. The table or flat-like support 18 is supported in a horizontal
plane by a plurality of vertical posts 19.
In the practice of the invention, flexible backing member 11 is
withdrawn continuously from supply roll 20 rotating in the
direction indicated in the drawing by the arrow. Supply roll 20
comprising idler roll 21 and backing member 11 is located on a
conventional unwind stand 21'. The backing member passes around
brake roll 22, guide rolls 23, 24 and through the nip formed by
rolls 25, 26.
Brake roll 22 is fitted with an air actuated cylinder (not shown)
which is conventionally used to give controlled tension on a
traveling web-like member. Rolls 25, 26 in combination with roll
27, all of which rotate in the direction indicated, form a
conventional 3-roll reverse roll coater. Although other coating
roll systems may obviously be used, a reverse roll coater is
particularly suitable in obtaining a uniformly thick adhesive layer
over a relatively wide thickness range. Roll 26 having a rubber
periphery is driven while rolls 25, 27, both of which have steel
surfaces, are idler rolls. The rolls, as is conventional, can be
adjusted to provide the desired nip and therefore adhesive layer
thickness.
A film 28 of adhesive formed by extruding adhesive mass 29 through
the nip formed by rolls 26, 27 is applied to the backing member.
The adhesive mass is desirably a composition, as before-mentioned,
comprising a liquid, heat reactive phenolic resin having a
viscosity of at least 1000 cps. A preferred coating weight for this
composition is from about 3.0 to about 15.0 lbs., more preferably
from about 3.0 to about 9.0 lbs. per sandpaper maker's ream.
In some instances, it may be desirable to provide this "maker
adhesive" by other methods. One such alternate method involves
coating the backing member previously with a front size which can
be dried to a nontacky state but still remains heat flowable. The
abrasive mixture, as hereinafter described, is applied to this
dried front size layer, the front size, as well as the abrasive
mixture, being then subsequently subjected to heat, whereby the
front size layer becomes tacky and the layer of abrasive mixture
adhered to the backing member.
After being coated with adhesive mass 29, the adhesive coated
backing member 11, supported on support member 30, then passes
under the abrasive mixture coating apparatus 31 by means of which
is deposited on the backing member a sufficient quantity of the
desired abrasive mixture. Support member 30, used in the practice
of our invention, is a grid of square metal bars that have been
surface ground to give an uniformly planar surface. The bars are
spaced apart to allow excess coated grain from the coating and
spreading operation, hereinafter described, to fall through the
support means and be recovered and recycled. Obviously, if desired,
other support means can be provided such as, for example, a
plurality of sequential rotating rolls or a perforated metal
plate.
A sufficient amount of the abrasive mixture, which is dry and free
flowing, is applied to the backing member to result in an abrasive
layer having a thickness of at least as great as the largest
dimension of the largest size abrasive grain in the mixture.
However, a primary advantage in our invention resides in the
ability to provide an abrasive article having more than
substantially a single layer of abrasive grain. Where flexibility
is of concern, however, a layer having a thickness no greater than
about 0.250 inch, preferably no greater than about 0.125 inch, is
desired.
The abrasive mixture, in the preferred aspect of the invention, is
prepared by mixing with a predetermined amount of solid binder
material the desired abrasive grain coated with a liquid binder
composition. Any combination of solid and liquid binder materials,
as before-mentioned, may be used in the practice of the invention
so long as it provides in the abrasive product an abrasive layer
which sheds desirably at relatively low grinding pressures and in
such a manner as to produce an extended uniform rate of cut. The
liquid resin binder should, however, have a relatively long flow or
gel time. This allows for more uniform bond formation between
abrasive grains.
The preferred combination of binder materials, as before-mentioned,
has been determined to be a composition comprising a liquid epoxy
binder and a composition comprising particulate, solid
phenol-formaldehyde. A solvent component in which both the liquid
and solid binder materials are soluble at least to some degree, is
included, in the preferred instance. Thus, the abrasive mixture
remains free flowing allowing storage in relatively great
quantities and continuous application to a backing member. Furfural
is a solvent found to be highly suitable. However, there is no
requirement that the solid binder material in fact need be soluble
at all in the liquid binder composition or solvent therein. The
solid binder need be merely wet by the liquid binder composition
for the abrasive mixture to remain free flowing.
The exact abrasive mixture to be used in the practice of our
invention can vary considerably depending upon the characteristics
desired in the abrasive layer. In general, however, a satisfactory
abrasive mixture will be obtained, where, in the case of the
preferred binder combination, the weight ratio of epoxy to furfural
is from about 1/3 to about 1/3 and the wet to dry (solid phenolic
binder) weight ratio is from about 1/3 to 1/4. Obviously this ratio
depends on many factors including grain size and shape, as well as
particular binder material. The dryness or flow properties, as well
as the compacting qualities, of the abrasive mixture, are affected
somewhat by the humidity of the air in which the coating operation
is performed and by the total amount of resin in respect to
abrasive grain. Merely by way of example, an abrasive mixture, in
which the liquid binder composition/solid binder composition ratio
is 1/8, remains free flowing at a temperature of
60.degree.-85.degree.F. when the relative humidity is from about 10
to 80%.
Other techniques may be used than above-described in forming the
dry, flowable abrasive mixture. The abrasive grain can be, for
example, precoated with an epoxy resin, the resin partially cured
or dried to a non-tacky state, and then subsequently tackified or
solvated at its otuer exposed surface prior to or in conjunction
with mixing with the solid binder material. An alternative
procedure would involve coating the abrasive grain initially with a
solvent, e.g. furfural, for the resin binder materials and
afterwards sequentially adding the binder material, the solid
binder material being added last.
The dry, free flowing, abrasive mixture, after deposition on the
backing member, is then spread uniformly into an uncured abrasive
layer 13' by means of spreader 32. This spreader, which may be
adjusted vertically, is desirably a V-shaped member having the apex
extending opposite to the direction of travel of the backing member
11. The base of the spreader extends laterally the width of the
backing member whereby an abrasive layer is provided uniformly over
the entire backing member.
Afterwards backing member 11 with the layer of abrasive mixture
thereon, supported on members 33, is passed through a conventional
tunnel heater 34. Therein the abrasive layer temperature will
depend, of course, upon a number of factors, e.g., heater media
temperature, residence time, etc. However, the temperature of the
abrasive mixture should be high enough to cause further fusion of
the solid binder material and to prepare the layer of abrasive
mixture so that it can be easily compacted into a cohesive layer.
In general, and preferably, the temperature of the layer of
abrasive mixture should not be above about 240.degree.F. Otherwise,
blistering of the abrasive layer may occur due to rapid release of
volatiles. However, by using the highest possible oven exit
temperature, a shorter hot soak cure cycle, as hereinafter
described, may be used. Thus, in the hot soak cycle, there will be
less chance for damage to the backing member from prolonged
heating. Various means of heating, as is believed obvious, may be
used; however, because of the extreme free flowing nature of the
abrasive mixture, the heating means provided should be of the
non-contact type, e.g. dielectric and infrared.
On emerging from the tunnel heater, the layer of abrasive mixture
is then, while still sufficiently hot to be flowable under
pressure, uniformly compacted, to the desired thickness in passing
through the nip formed by driven rolls 35, 36. These rolls are
steel surfaced, roll 36 being chilled by circulating cold water
therethrough. The nip formed by compacting rolls 35, 36 is
adjustable by means of air cylinder 37 or the like whereby any
degree of compaction desired is obtainable, depending upon the
particular abrasive mixture and the initial thickness of the layer
thereof. The compacting rolls, if desired, can be covered or coated
with release materials such as the silicone rubbers, fluorocarbons
such as Teflon, and the like.
The compacted abrasive web then passes to the windup section
whereat it is wound into a jumbo roll 38. This winding is
accomplished by means of driven roll 39, rotating in the direction
indicated by the arrow, supported on roll stand 40. However,
contrariwise to the usual practice in winding jumbo rolls, we have
found it absolutely necessary that the abrasive layer be concave in
the roll rather than convex. In other words, the winding must be
accomplished in such a manner that the abrasive layer faces toward
the roll center, as shown in the drawing, rather than toward the
outer periphery of the roll. Otherwise, on subsequent unwinding and
flexing, the abrasive web will have the tendency to coil thus
making it unsuitable in the formation of coated abrasive type
articles. Moreover, should the abrasive web be wound with the
abrasive layer convex in the jumbo roll, flexing results in a
disrupted abrasive layer which does not lay flat and has a tendency
to delaminate, during use, from the backing member.
In practice, it has been found desirable, unless the roll is built
slowly, as the roll gets larger in diameter, and particularly with
extra large diameter rolls, to maintain the abrasive web in a plane
no more than about 10 degrees with respect to the horizontal.
Preferably, however, the coated abrasive web between the compacting
rolls and the windup roll is substantially in a horizontal plane.
This manner of winding avoids any tendency for the abrasive layer
to delaminate from the backing member.
During winding of the abrasive web, release web 41 is unwound from
roll 42 thereof and is interleaved with the still hot abrasive
layer. Roll 42 is mounted in a conventional roll stand 43. The
release web may be of any material conventionally used for this
purpose, e.g, silicone treated paper, or the like.
The jumbo roll 38, after removal from the windup section, is then
heated, as is conventional in the manufacture of coated abrasive
material in a hot air soaking room (not shown) to complete cure of
the resinous adhesive binders. A suitable curing cycle will depend
upon the particular resinous binders used, as well as upon the size
of the roll; however, a hot air temperature of from about
200.degree.F. to about 310.degree.F. for from about 3/4 hour to
about 10 hours is in general found satisfactory.
After hot soaking, the cured abrasive web is made flexible by
flexing procedures commonly used in the coated abrasive art. This
flexing will permit abrasive articles made in accordance with our
invention to be used in grinding applications generally limited to
conventional, substantially single layered grain, coated abrasive
material. The flexing is accomplished, in general, by passing the
abrasive web over a small diameter steel bar while compression is
applied by a rubber roll to the material in the nip. Thus the
abrasive web is forced to conform to the curvature of the small
diameter steel bar so as to crack or break the abrasive layer at
regular intervals. Fracturing of the abrasive layer takes place
without disrupting the adhesion thereof to the flexible backing
member. The abrasive layer breaks into irregularly shpaed strips or
bars about 1/8 inch wide of varying length running transverse to
the web length.
The abrasive layer may be broken so that the flex lines run
laterally to the edge, as above-described, or, if desired, so that
the lines of break intersect so as to cause diamond-shaped sections
of the abrasive layer between the flex cracks. If desired, but this
is not deemed necessary for the proper functioning of any
subsequently formed coated abrasive article, the flex pattern may
be predetermined by impressing grooves or lines in the abrasive
layer prior to curing of the binder matrix.
The following examples, will, it is believed, more clearly
illustrate the preferred embodiments of our invention.
EXAMPLE I
A cotton, twill weave fabric, saturated and backsized with water
resistant binders, all of which is conventional in the manufacture
of coated abrasive material, was unwound continuously from a roll
thereof at 35 f.p.m. and forwarded to a first coating station. At
this station, the backing member was coated with an adhesive
composition comprising:
PARTS BY COMPONENTS WEIGHT ______________________________________
BRL2028 (a liquid, caustic catalyzed 3 phenol-formaldehyde resinous
composition available from U.C.C. having 83.5% solids (avg.) a P/F
ratio of 1.3, a gel time (G.E. gel test) of 17.4 min., a viscosity
(77.degree.F) of 35000-80000 c.p.s., a pH of 8.4, residual caustic
0.94%, and a water tolerance of from 20-50%) BRL1100 (a liquid,
caustic catalyzed 1 phenol-formaldehyde resinous composition
available from U.C.C. having 68% solids (avg.) a P/F ratio of 1.3,
a gel time (G.E. gel test) of 19.26 min., a viscosity (77.degree.F)
of 800-1200 c.p.s., a pH of 7.5, and a water tolerance of 3000%)
______________________________________
and which had been adjusted with water to provide a solution
viscosity at 72.degree.F of 1000.+-.100 c.p.s. A sufficient amount
of the adhesive compostion was applied on the backing member to
provide a weight of 6.+-.0.5 lbs./sandpaper makers ream.
The thus-coated backing member was then forwarded to a second
coating station whereat an abrasive mixture was applied on the
adhesive coated backing member in sufficient amount to provide an
abrasive layer, after spreading, having a thickness of 0.105
inch.
The abrasive mixture was prepared by first mixing together, in a
Hobart Mfg. Co. vertical, planetary drive mixer, aluminum oxide
abrasive grain (spindly shaped) having an average particle size of
335 microns with a liquid adhesive composition comprising:
PARTS BY COMPONENT WEIGHT ______________________________________
epoxy resin (condensation product 3 of epichlorohydrin and
bisphenol-A having an epoxide equivalent of 175-195, a molecular
weight of 306, and a viscosity of 9-15 poises (available from Shell
Chemical Company under the trade desig- nation EPON 815) furfural 1
______________________________________
This adhesive composition, being 2% by weight of the total weight
of abrasive grain and adhesive composition, readily wets the
abrasive grain thus coating or encapsulating the individual grain
particles.
The thus-coated abrasive grain particles are then mixed (78% by
weight wet coated grain based on total) with a solid binder
material, 97% of which will pass through a 200 mesh screen, having
the following composition:
PARTS BY COMPONENTS WEIGHT ______________________________________ a
novolak phenol-formaldehyde resinous 50.9 composition available
commercially from U.C.C. under the trade designation Bakelite
BRP5417 and containing 8.7-9.5% hexamethylene tetramine Fe S.sub.2
(available from Frank Samuel Co.) 31.9 KBF.sub.4 (available from
B&A Chemical Co.) 15.9 24CB Carbosota (grinding wheel oil
avail- 1.4 able from Allied Chemical Corp.)
______________________________________
Mixing was continued until each liquid binder composition coated
grain was uniformly coated with the dry solid binder material
composition and the abrasive mixture was of a free flowing
character. On close examination each abrasive grain will be seen to
be coated with the liquid binder composition, this composition in
turn containing on its exposed surface the particles of solid
binder composition. When taken in hand, the abrasive mixture is
easily dissipated by mere blowing thereon.
After deposition on the backing member, the free flowing abrasive
mixture was then spread into a layer of the desired thickness by
passing the backing member with the abrasive mixture thereon under
a conventional spreader shaped like a snow plow (90.degree.V). This
spreader, which at its base end extended the width of the backing
member, was positioned so that its apex faced opposite the
direction of travel of the backing member.
Afterwards the coated backing member was passed through an
infra-red oven wherein the abrasive layer was heated for 1 minute
at 220.degree.F. . This heating results in devedlopment of
sufficient green strength in the abrasive layer for it to be
compacted.
The heated abrasive coated web was then passed through the nip
formed by a pair of steel compacting rolls being spaced apart so as
to provide a nip spacing of 0.078 inch. The upper roll was cooled
by circulating water there through, whereby the abrasive layer was
prevented from sticking to the roll surface.
After compaction, the abrasive coated backing member was then
advanced, in a horizontal plane, to a windup section where it was
wound up (abrasive layer concave) into a jumbo roll. A release
paper (Patapar 34-24T available from Patterson Parchment Paper Co.)
was inter-wound with the abrasive web. During winding, as the roll
increased in diameter, it was moved vertically upwardly to thereby
maintain the backing member being wound at an angle no greater than
about 10.degree. below the horizontal.
The jumbo roll was removed from the windup section and was then
subjected to hot soaking conditions as follows: start cure at
200.degree.F; heat for 3/4 hour and raise temperature to
310.degree.F and heat for 5 hours. The binder materials are thus
cured to the desired degree after which the abrasive web is ready
for processing, in conventional fashion, into various coated
abrasive type articles.
EXAMPLE II
Abrasive material manufactured as in Example I, was unwound, given
a rubber roll flexing (upper roll, 3 inch diameter rubber (Shore
D50 hardness); bottom roll, 5/8 inch diameter, steel) according to
the usual techniques, and was then processed into an abrasive belt
as conventionally done in the manufacture of coated abrasive
belts.
Several of these belts were then evaluated on a modified FF-8
Hammond Surface Grinder (Hammond Machinery Builders, Inc. of
Kalamazoo, Michigan) using Type 304 stainless steel workpieces, a
knurled steel contact wheel, an abrasive belt speed of 3000
S.F.P.M., Thread-Kut 99 Grinding Oil, 0.100 inch downspeed, and 6
in./min. table feed. An average grinding ratio (volume metal
removed/volume abrasive consumed) of 43 was obtained.
By way of comparison, a conventional, more coarse abrasive belt
(Heavy duty 40 Grit RESINALL Aluminum Oxide) was run, under optimum
conditions, on the same test equipment, using the same grinding oil
and type workpiece. The results were about 600% better with the
abrasive belt of our invention. However, quite unexpectedly, it is
believed, though the finer abrasive grain in the abrasive layer of
our invention outcut a conventional coated abrasive article having
abrasive grain two sizes more coarse, the surface finish resulting
was comparable to that produced using a conventional coated
abrasive belt of the same abrasive grain size.
As many different embodiments of our invention will readily occur
to those skilled in the abrasive art, it is to be understood that
the specific embodiments of the invention as presented herein are
intended by way of illustration only and not limiting on the
invention but that the limitations thereon are to be determined
only from the appended claims.
* * * * *