U.S. patent number 3,898,424 [Application Number 05/446,192] was granted by the patent office on 1975-08-05 for radiant fuser for xerographic reproducing apparatus.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Xerox Corporation. Invention is credited to Raghulinga R. Thettu.
United States Patent |
3,898,424 |
Thettu |
August 5, 1975 |
Radiant fuser for xerographic reproducing apparatus
Abstract
Apparatus for heat fixing toner images electrostatically adhered
to copy paper. The apparatus is characterized by the provision of
plural radiant energy sources capable of fusing low density as well
as high density images in an efficient manner. In order to prevent
physical contact of the radiant energy sources by the copy paper, a
shield is provided which is transparent to energy in the wave
length bands required for fusing high and low density images.
Inventors: |
Thettu; Raghulinga R. (Webster,
NY) |
Assignee: |
Xerox Corporation (Stamford,
CT)
|
Family
ID: |
23771652 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/446,192 |
Filed: |
February 25, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
219/216; 392/422;
219/388 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G03G
15/2007 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G03G
15/20 (20060101); H05b 001/00 (); G03g
015/20 () |
Field of
Search: |
;219/216,388,347,350,352,354 ;432/60,228 ;118/637 ;117/17.5
;355/9,17 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Albritton; C. L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for heat fusing toner images to a substrate on which
they are supported, said apparatus comprising:
a first source of radiant energy capable of emitting energy having
wave lengths on the order of 0.5-2.0 microns;
a second source of radiant energy capable of emitting energy having
wave lengths over 2.0 microns;
means for transporting said substrate past said sources of radiant
energy such that said toner images are directly exposed to said
radiant sources;
means interposed between said radiant sources and said substrate,
said interposed means being substantially transparent to the energy
emitted from both of said energy sources;
said first source comprising a quartz lamp and said second source
comprising a resistance heating element having an operating
temperature substantially less than said first source; and
expansible means for mounting said means interposed between said
radiant sources and said substrate in a substantially planar
orientation regardless of the temperature thereof.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said expansible means is
supported by depending flanges of reflector means associated with
said energy sources.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said means interposed
between said radiant sources and said substrate comprises a shield
of polyimide film approximately 5 mils thick.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said means interposed
between said radiant sources and said substrate comprises a shield
of polytetrafluoroethylene film on the order 5 mils in thickness.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to electrostatographic copying
apparatus and, more particularly, to radiant energy apparatus for
fixing toner images to a support member.
In the process of electrostatography, latent electrostatic images
are formed on a support member, for example, plain paper with the
subsequent rendering of the latent images visible by the
application of electroscopic marking particles, commonly referred
to as toner. The toner or powder images so formed vary in density
in accordance with the magnitude of electrostatic charges forming
the individual images. The toner images can be fixed directly upon
the support member on which they are formed or they may be
transferred to another support member with subsequent fixing of the
images thereto.
Fixing of toner images can be accomplished by various methods one
of which is by the employment of thermal energy. In order to
permanently fix or fuse toner images onto a support member by means
of thermal energy it is necessary to elevate the temperature of the
toner material to a point at which the constituents of the toner
coalesce and become tacky or melt. This action causes the toner to
be absorbed to some extent into the fibers of the paper. Thereafter
as the toner cools, solidification of the toner material occurs
causing it to be firmly bonded to the support member. In the
process of electrostatography, the use of thermal energy for fixing
toner images is old and well known.
One approach to thermal fusing of toner images onto a support
member is to pass the support with the toner images thereon past a
source of radiant energy such that the image bearing side of the
support is opposite the source of radiation while the reverse side
thereof is moved in contact with a heated platen. In the foregoing
arrangement, for reasons understood by those skilled in the art,
the radiant energy source is so constructed and functions such that
it radiates energy at short wave lengths (i.e., 0.5-2.0 microns)
which satisfactorily fuses high density images by means of the
energy being directly absorbed by the toner. The heated platen
provides thermal energy for elevating the temperature of the copy
paper so that the paper does not act as a heat sink which would rob
the toner images of heat provided by the radiant source. While the
foregoing arrangement has been found to operate satisfactorily, it
is possible for the low density images not to be fused
satisfactorily due to either, the lack of intimate contact between
the reverse side of the paper and the platen or the platen not
being at the proper fusing temperature when the copy paper passes
thereover. Moreover, in a duplex mode of operation the heated
platen which operates above the softening point of the toner causes
offsetting of toner to the platen.
Accordingly, it is the primary object of this invention to provide
a new and improved electrostatographic apparatus.
It is a more particular object of this invention to provide a new
and improved radiant fuser for use in a xerographic reproducing
apparatus.
Another object of this invention is to provide, in a radiant fuser,
a shield disposed between the radiant energy source and image
support member which shield is transparent to substantially all the
energy emitted from the source whereby high and low density images
are fused by radiant energy.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly, the above-cited objects are accomplished by the provision
of a radiant fuser having two sources of radiant energy. The peak
power of one of the sources is concentrated at wave lengths on the
order of 0.5-2.0 microns while the peak power of the other is
concentrated at wave lengths greater than 2 microns.
In order to prevent physical contacting of the radiant energy
sources by the copy paper, a shield is supported intermediate the
source and the copy paper. The shield, unlike prior art devices is
transparent to substantially all energy wave lengths emitted from
the sources.
In one embodiment of the invention the radiation sources comprise a
quartz lamp which emits the short wave length energy and a
reflector which absorbs energy emitted from the quartz lamp and
re-radiates long wave length energy for heating the copy paper to
thereby fuse the lower density images. As will be appreciated, the
short wave length energy is directly absorbed by the toner images
having a high density of toner particles.
In another embodiment of the invention, a resistance heater
operating at a much lower surface temperature than the quartz lamp
it is substituted for the reflector.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent
in view of the detailed description to follow when read in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a reproducing apparatus
incorporating the invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a sectional view in elevation of a radiant fuser
incorporated in the apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 illustrates a modified embodiment of the radiant fuser
illustrated in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a shield and support therefore
incorporated in the fuser of FIGS. 2 and 3.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown by way of example an
automatic xerographic reproducing machine 1 which incorporates the
improved fusing apparatus 15 of the present invention. The
reproducing machine 1 depicted in FIG. 1 illustrates the various
components utilized therein for producing copies from an original.
Although the fusing apparatus 15 of the present invention is
particularly well adapted for use in an automatic xerographic
reproducing machine 1, it should become evident from the following
description that it is equally well suited for use in a wide
variety of machines where an image is fused to a sheet of final
support material and it is not necessarily limited in its
application to the particular embodiment shown herein.
The reproducing machine 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 employs an image
recording drum-like member 10 the outer periphery of which is
coated with a suitable photoconductive material 11. One type of
suitable photoconductive material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
2,970,906 issued to Bixby in 1961. The drum 10 is suitably
journaled for rotation within a machine frame (not shown) by means
of a shaft 12 and rotates in the direction indicated by arrow 13,
to bring the image retaining surface thereon past a plurality of
xerographic processing stations. Suitable drive means (not shown)
are provided to power and coordinate the motion of the various
cooperating machine components whereby a faithful reproduction of
the original input scene information is recorded upon a sheet 14 of
final support material such as paper or the like.
Since the practice of xerography is well-known in the art, the
various processing stations for producing a copy of an original are
herein represented in FIG. 1 as blocks A to E. Initially, the drum
10 moves photoconductive surface 11 through charging station A. At
charging station A an electrostatic charge is placed uniformly over
the photoconductive surface 11 of the drum 10 preparatory to
imaging. The charging may be provided by a corona generating device
of a type described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,836,725 issued to Vyverberg
in 1958.
Thereafter, the drum 10 is rotated to exposure station B where the
charged photoconductive surface 11 is exposed to a light image of
the original input scene information, whereby the charge is
selectively dissipated in the light exposed regions to record the
original input scene in the form of a latent electrostatic image. A
suitable exposure system may be of the type described in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 259,181 filed June 2, 1972.
After exposure, drum 10 rotates the electrostatic latent image
recorded on the photoconductive surface 11 to development station C
wherein a conventional developer mix is applied to the
photoconductive surface 11 of the drum 10 rendering the latent
image visible. A suitable development station is disclosed in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 199,481 filed Nov. 17, 1971. The
application describes a magnetic brush development system utilizing
magnetizable developer mix having carrier granules and toner
colorant. The developer mix is continuously brought through a
directional flux field to form a brush thereof. The electrostatic
latent image recorded on photoconductive surface 11 is developed by
bringing the brush of developer mix into contact therewith.
The developed image on the photoconductive surface 11 is then
brought into contact with a sheet 14 of final support material
within a transfer station D and the toner image is transferred from
the photoconductive surface 11 to the contacting side of the final
support sheet 14. The final support material may be paper, plastic,
etc., as desired. After the toner image has been transferred to the
sheet of final support material 14, the sheet with the image
thereon is advanced to a fuser assembly 15, which fixes the
transferred powdered image thereto. After the fusing process, the
sheet 14 is advanced through a snuffing apparatus 2 then by rolls
16 to a catch tray 17 for subsequent removal therefrom by the
machine operator.
Although a preponderence of the toner powder is transferred to the
final support material 14, invariably some residual toner remains
on the photoconductive surface 11 after the transfer of the toner
powder image to the final support material 14. The residual toner
particles remaining on the photoconductive surface 11 after the
transfer operation are removed from the drum 10 as it moves through
cleaning station E. Here the residual toner particles are first
brought under the influence of a cleaning corona generating device
(not shown) adapted to neutralize the electrostatic charge
remaining on the toner particles. The neutralized toner particles
are then mechanically cleaned from the photoconductive surface 11
by conventional means as for example the use of a resiliently
biased knife blade as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,660,863 issued
to Gerbasi in 1972.
If desired, in accordance with the invention, the sheets 14 of
final support material processed in the automatic xerographic
reproducing device can be stored in the machine within a removable
paper cassette 18. A suitable paper cassette is set forth in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 208,138 filed Dec. 15, 1971.
The reproducing apparatus in accordance with this invention can
also have the capability of accepting and processing copy sheets 14
of varying lengths. The length of the copy sheet 14, of course,
being dictated by the size of the original input scene or
information recorded on the photconductive surface 11. To this end
the paper cassette 18 is preferably provided with an adjustable
feature whereby sheets of varying length and width can be
conveniently accommodated. In operation the cassette 18 is filled
with a stack of final support material 19 of pre-selected size and
the cassette 18 is inserted into the machine by sliding along a
base plate (now shown) which guides the cassette into operable
relationship with a pair of feed rollers 20. When properly
positioned in communication with the feed rollers 20, the top sheet
of the stack 19 is separated and forwarded from the stack 19 into
the transfer station D by means of registration rolls 21.
It is believed that the foregoing description is sufficient for
purposes of the present application to illustrate the general
operation of the automatic xerographic reproducing machine 1 which
can embody the teachings of the present invention.
Referring now to FIG. 2, that portion of the reproducing machine 1
of FIG. 1 embodying the fusing apparatus 15 of this invention is
shown in greater detail. The image bearing sheet 14 after passing
through the transfer station D of FIG. 1 upon separation from the
photoconductive surface 11 is allowed to fall into contact with a
vacuum belt transport system 22 which conveys the sheet directly to
the fusing station 15.
The fusing station 15 comprises a radiant type fuser. The fusing
station 15 comprises a heated platen 30 mounted to engage the
non-image bearing side of the copy sheet 14 which moves in sliding
contact therewith as it is transported through the fusing zone. The
heated platen 30 is designed so that an efficient heat flow is
established between the platen and the copy sheet 14 to raise the
temperature of the sheet rapidly to a level somewhat below the
sheet's scorch temperature. By controlling the temperature of the
sheet 14 in this manner the ability of the sheet to act as a heat
sink during image fixing is minimized.
The radiant energy for fusing is provided by an infrared quartz
lamp 31 which is mounted in a reflector assembly 32 in opposing
relationship to the heated platen 30 and in a position to thermally
communicate with the image side of the copy sheet 14. The operating
temperature of the lamp is on the order of 2400.degree.K.
Preferably the spectral output of the lamp 31 is within a range at
which the imaging material which may be toner for a xerographic
machine 1 is highly absorptive and at which the support material 14
which may be paper is relatively non-absorptive. As a result, the
toner images are rapidly raised to the desired fusing temperature
while the support sheet 14 remains at a relatively lower
temperature. A forced air cooling chamber 33 is provided about the
backside of the reflector assembly 32 to cool the fuser 15 in
operation.
A heating element 34 is provided in the platen 30 to maintain it at
the desired temperature during standby periods. When the quartz
lamp 31 is operated the preheat element is disconnected and the
platen 30 receives its heat input directly from the quartz
lamp.
The reflector assembly 32 is so constructed that it both reflects
the short wave length energy emitted from the quartz lamp 31 and
absorbs the long wave length energy with the subsequent reradiation
thereof, the temperature of the reflector being on the order of
1000.degree.K. To this end the reflector 32 is a low mass
construction and an air insulating barrier is provided between the
reflector and the cooling chamber 33. The re-radiated long wave
length energy is effective to raise the temperature of the paper 14
to thereby assist the heating element 34 in providing the energy
necessary for fusing low density images. It will be appreciated
that the reflected short wave length energy is absorbed by the high
density images to thereby effect fusing thereof.
A shield assembly 50 as best illustrated in FIG. 4 is provided to
preclude physical contacting of the quartz lamp 31 and the
reflector 32 by the copy paper 14. The assembly 50 comprises a
radiant energy transparent film 51 which has a thickness on the
order of 5 mils. Typical materials which are useful as a film such
as 51 are tetrafluoroethylene, flourinated ethylene-propylene and
polyimide polymers. The film 51 is attached to a pair of frame or
support members 52 and 53 the former of which is provided with a
pair of pins 54 which are received in recesses or bores 55 of the
frame member 53. This arrangement allows relative movement of the
frame members by virtue of a pair of bias members in the form of
coil springs 56. Temperature variations of the film will cause it
to sag, consequently, the specific construction of the shield
assembly provides for a constant planar orientation of the film
over the operating temperatures of the fuser 15.
The frame members each have a flange 57 which is received in one of
a pair of opposed recesses 58 provided in the reflector assembly
32. The space between the bottoms of the recesses 58 is such as to
allow for relative movement of the frame members in a horizontal
direction.
In the modified embodiment of the fuser assembly 15, illustrated in
FIG. 3, the source of long wave length radiation is provided by
means of a resistance heater 59 operated at a temperature on the
order of 1000.degree.K which may be fabricated from any suitable
material, for example, nicrom wire.
While the invention has been described with respect to two
preferred embodiments it will be apparent that certain
modifications and changes can be made without departing from the
spirit and the scope of the invention and it is therefore intended
that the foregoing disclosure be limited only by the claims
appended hereto.
* * * * *