U.S. patent number 3,894,337 [Application Number 05/348,648] was granted by the patent office on 1975-07-15 for alumina razor blades.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Wilkinson Sword Limited. Invention is credited to Frederick O. Jones.
United States Patent |
3,894,337 |
Jones |
July 15, 1975 |
Alumina razor blades
Abstract
The invention relates to razor blades and methods of manufacture
thereof, the blades comprising a single crystal of alumina having a
cutting edge thereon. The cutting edges can be formed by grinding
of single crystals of alumina, preferably mounted to facilitate
handling, in addition to or alternatively to dissolution or
etching. The crystals are preferably grown in a shape approximating
to the desired cross-section of blade to facilitate formation of
the cutting edge. The alumina preferably has at the most a low
content of impurities. Strengthening of the cutting edge can be
effected by the implantation of large ions in and/or adjacent the
cutting edge.
Inventors: |
Jones; Frederick O. (Bracknell,
EN) |
Assignee: |
Wilkinson Sword Limited
(London, EN)
|
Family
ID: |
27516171 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/348,648 |
Filed: |
April 6, 1973 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Apr 8, 1972 [GB] |
|
|
16294/72 |
Apr 8, 1972 [GB] |
|
|
16292/72 |
Apr 8, 1972 [GB] |
|
|
16293/72 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
30/346.54 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B26B
21/58 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B26B
21/58 (20060101); B26B 21/00 (20060101); B26b
021/54 () |
Field of
Search: |
;30/346.53,346.54,346.58,350 ;117/93.3 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Kelly; Donald G.
Assistant Examiner: Smith; Gary L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Wolfe, Hubbard, Leydig, Voit &
Osann, Ltd.
Claims
I claim:
1. A razor blade comprising a single crystal of alumina having a
cutting edge thereon, said single crystal having large ions in
and/or adjacent the surface of the single crystal in an amount
sufficient to strengthen the surface of the crystal at least in the
vicinity of the cutting edge.
2. A razor blade according to claim 1, wherein the single crystal
of alumina contains less than 3 .times. 10.sup.-.sup.3 atomic
percent of impurities.
3. A razor blade according to claim 1, wherein the large ions have
radii at least 50% larger than that of aluminum.
4. A razor blade according to claim 1, wherein the large ions are
present in an amount of up to 3 atomic percent.
5. A razor blade according to claim 1, wherein the large ions are
present to a depth of from 100 to 1,000 Angstroms below the said
surface.
6. A razor blade according to claim 1, wherein the large ions are
ions of metals in Group III A of the Periodic Table.
7. A razor blade according to claim 1, having at least one coating
selected from the group consisting of alumina containing at the
most a low concentration of impurities, metals, alloys and
compounds of metals.
8. A razor blade according to claim 1, wherein the single crystal
is mounted on a support.
Description
This invention relates to razor blades and to methods of
manufacture thereof.
The present invention provides a razor blade comprising a single
crystal of alumina having a cutting edge thereon.
Further according to the invention there is provided a method of
manufacturing a razor blade, which method comprises forming a
cutting edge on a single crystal of alumina.
The term "single crystal of alumina" is used herein to refer to
three dimensional crystalline bodies of alumina which can define at
least one cutting edge and are substantially in the form of a
single crystal.
Alumina, not in the form of single crystals, generally has a high
strength and hardness, and is resistant to abrasion and chemical
attack. However, such alumina generally has flaws in its structure
which result, for example, in the strength being less than is
theoretically possible. However, single crystal alumina generally
has a higher strength than other forms of alumina due, for example,
either to its having fewer flaws or to such flaws as are present
being less serious or both. Furthermore, grain boundaries in forms
of alumina other than single crystal alumina, can also reduce the
strength of the alumina. Since single crystal alumina does not have
grain boundaries, this cause of a reduction in strength is avoided.
In theory, flaw-free alumina has an effective strength of 1.6
.times. 10.sup.6 p.s.i. and a modulus of 57 .times. 10.sup.6 p.s.i.
compared with respective measured values of 3 .times. 10.sup.5
p.s.i. and 30 .times. 10.sup.6 p.s.i. for a conventional razor
blade steel. The reduction of the flaws in single crystal alumina
permits values nearer to the theoretical to be obtained in
practice; strengths of up to 10.sup.6 p.s.i. have been
measured.
Satisfactory razor blades can be produced having at least one
cutting edge of single crystal alumina, taking advantage of the
physical characteristics associated with single crystal alumina, in
particular the high strength resulting from the reduction of the
flaws compared with other forms of alumina. The strength of the
single crystal of alumina used for the cutting edges of razor
blades is preferably greatest perpendicular to the cutting edge
thereof. The crystal axes are therefore preferably arranged to give
maximum strength to the cutting edge. However, the method of
production of the single crystal alumina used may necessitate some
less advantageous orientation of the crystal axes. For example,
single crystals of .alpha.-alumina can readily be grown by known
methods, preferably to produce single crystals of low porosity, and
it has been found that single crystals grow particularly readily in
the direction of the c-axis of the .alpha.-alumina unit cell. It
may, therefore, be convenient to produce cutting edges
substantially parallel to the c-axis of the unit cell but higher
strength might be possible with some other orientation.
In order to provide a good adhesive bond between the alumina
cutting edge and a polymer coating, it is generally preferred to
use single crystal alumina containing at the most a low
concentration of impurities such as, for example, mono- and
di-valent metal ions. The total concentration of impurities should
generally be less than 3 .times. 10.sup.-.sup.3 atomic percent and
preferably less than 1 .times. 10.sup.-.sup.3 atomic percent.
Examples of mono- and di-valent metals which may be present, for
example in commercially available alumina used to form single
crystals of alumina, include alkali metals e.g. sodium and
potassium, alkaline earth metals e.g. calcium and magnesium and
certain transition metals e.g. copper and ferrous iron. These
metals are advantageously absent or at the most they are preferably
present in only a low concentration.
The single crystals of alumina for producing razor blades in
accordance with the present invention can be produced, for example
by growing from a melt, by growing from solution or by reacting the
aluminum with oxygen to form single crystals. Growing of single
crystals from a melt is generally preferred since the cross-section
of the crystals formed can be made to approximate to the desired
shape of single crystals having at least one cutting edge.
Subsequent shaping of the single crystals to form the cutting edge
can thereby be reduced.
Cutting edges on single crystals of alumina can be formed by any
suitable method, for example, by methods used for forming cutting
edges on metal razor blades.
Single crystals of alumina are generally comparatively expensive to
produce and consequently it is preferred to form cutting edges on
single crystals having a small cross-section. In such cases the
crystals may be secured to a supporting mount of inexpensive
material, for example of plastic or metal. Furthermore, by mounting
the single crystals before forming the cutting edge, mechanical
handling of the single crystals during the cutting edge shaping can
be improved.
Single crystals of alumina, preferably produced to a shape
approximating to the desired cutting edge shape can be processed to
form the desired cutting edge, for example using an abrasive
material. The method of shaping of the cutting edge ;using abrasion
can, fora example, be analogous to the methods proposed for shaping
the cutting edges of metal razor blades. The abrasive material may,
for example, be bonded to a grinding wheel or to a strop, or a
slurry of the abrasive may be used, for example in conjunction with
means for providing the dessired abrasion of the single crystal.
Diamond, for example, can be used as the abrasive material.
Single crystals of alumina may, if desired, be shaped by chemical
methods, for example by dissolution or by etching. Either acidic or
basic dissolving or etching agents can be used, due to the
amphoteric nature of alumina. Adidic agents which may be used
include, for example, halogen hydracids e.g. hydrogen fluoride or
hydrogen chloride, preferably in concentrated aqueous solution, or
sulphurous acid. Basic agents which may be used include, for
example, inorganic or organic bases. Suitable inorganic bases
include, for example, alkali metal hyroxides, e.g. sodium hydroxide
or potassium hydroxide, preferably in aqueous solution e.g.
containing up to 40% by weight of sodium hydroxide. Suitable
organic bases include, for example, alkali metal alkoxides e.g.
sodium and potassium alkoxides. The alkoxides, for example, the
methoxides, ethoxides, propoxides and butoxides, are conveniently
used in solution in the alkanol from which they are derived, for
example methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol.
The dissolution or etching may for example be effected by
controlled immersion in the dissolving or etching agent. However,
the dissolution or etching agent may be applied selectively to
certain areas of the surface of the single crystals of alumina to
incrrease the rate of dissolution or etching in those areas and
thereby provide the crystals with the desired cross-section. The
agents may be applied, for example, using wheels.
Alternatively, shaping of the single crystals of alumina to form
cutting edges may be effected using melts of substances which
dissolve or etch the surface of the crystals. For example, melts of
alkali metal acidic fluorides e.g. KHF.sub.2, ammonium fluoride,
alkali metal hydroxides, e.g. sodium hydroxide, vanadium pentoxide,
or mixtures of aluminim fluoride with fluorides of metals of Groups
IA and IIA of the periodic table e.g. cryolite (Na.sub.3
AlF.sub.6), can be used.
A combination of abrasive methods and chemical methods may be used
to form the desired shape of cutting edge. The successive or
simultaneous use of chemical methods and abrasive methods can be
used to advantage, for example, when the chemical method produces a
reaction product which is softer than the material of the single
crystal which thereby may enable a softer abrasive to bed used.
Furthermore, if the reaction product forms a protective layer which
prevents further reaction, selective abrasion may be used to form a
cutting edge of the desired profile.
The use of chemical methods in shaping cutting edges on single
crystals of alumina can also be used to advantage by generally
reducing the generation of flaws in the single crystals compared
with mechanical methods. A similar low numbers of flaws can be
obtained by annealing mechanically formed edges at temperatures of
at least 1200.degree.C.
Although it is possible to form a cutting edge on single crystals
in one step, it is generally preferred to use two or more edge
shaping steps, even if the single crystal is initially of a shape
which generally conforms to the desired shape of cutting edge. When
two or more edge shaping steps are used, the first shaping step is
preferably arranged to remove more material from the single crystal
than the second step. Furthermore, if a third or subsequent shaping
step is used, the latter steps are preferably arranged to remove
less material from the single crystals than the immediately
preceding steps. In this way, an initial rapid removal of material
may be achieved with the subsequent steps tending to give a
progressively finer finish to the cutting edge.
One of the above described methods may be used to form the desired
finished cutting edge. However, a final shaping and finishing can
be provided, for example, by ion bombardment. Known methods of ion
bombardment can be used, using an appropriately shaped ion beam,
for example, a substantially flat beam or a substantially
cylindrical or conical beam. In the case of cylindrical or conical
beams, the beam of ions may, for example, be oscillated to form a
wide beam. The desired shaping of the cutting edge using an ion
beam may be effected, for example, by arranging the ion beam at a
small angle of incidence to the surface of the single crystal,
preferably with the beam of ions travelling from the source into
the incidence with the surface of the single crystal and thence
towards the cutting edge. The ions used are preferably inert gas
ions, for example derived from argon. Ion energies of greater than
1 kiloelectron volt, for example 5 kiloelectron volts or more, will
generally be used.
The present invention further provides a razor blade having at
least one cutting edge formed on a single crystal of alumina and
having large ions in and/or adjacent the surface thereof in an
amount sufficient to strengthen the surface of the crystal at least
in the vicinity of the cutting edge.
The term "large ions" is used herein to refer to ions having larger
radii than that of aluminum. The large ions preferably have radii
at least 50%, advantageously up to 100%, larger than that of
aluminum. At least one type of large ion is used.
The large ions should in general be present in an amount, for
example, of up to 3 atomic percent, preferably up to 1 atomic
percent, in and/or adjacent the surface thereof. The large ions may
be present, for example, to a depth of 100 to 1,000 Angstroms below
the surface of the single crystal. The concentration of large ions
in and/or adjacent the surface of the single crystals required to
produce the desired degree of surface strengthening will depend,
for example on the nature of the large ions and the size of the
large ions in relation to the aluminum and oxygen ions forming the
bulk of the single crystals.
Large ions which are used to strengthen the surface of the single
crystal cutting edges should be compatible with the crystal
structure of the bulk of the single crystals of alumina. The large
ions may be selected, for example, from ions of metals in Group
IIIA of the Periodic Table, e.g. scandium, yttrium and the rare
earth elements, i.e. the elements having atomic numbers 57 to 71.
Ions of other elements than those of Group IIIA which can give rise
to tri-valent ions can also be used, for example chromium ions.
However, since the ionic radius of chromium is only about 28%
greater than the ionic radius of aluminum, larger concentrations of
chromium ions are generally required than, for example, of ions of
metals of Group IIIA of the Periodic Table, to obtain the same
degree of surface strengthening.
The large ions can be introduced into preformed single crystals of
alumina, for example by ion implantation methods using beams of
high energy ions. Suitable ion energies for introducing large ions
into the single crystals are, for example, in excess of 10.sup.3
electron volts at the surface of the single crystals.
Alternatively, the large ions can be introduced into and/or
adjacent the surface of the cutting edge of the single crystals by
thermal methods. For example, the preformed single crystal cutting
edges can be coated with a compound containing the appropriate
large ions, or the element giving large ions, and the coating
heated to effect migration of the desired ions into the single
crystals. Suitable compounds include the appropriate oxides or
nitrates of the metals giving rise to the large ions. Temperatures,
for example, of from 300.degree. to 900.degree.C, preferably about
600.degree.C, may be used to effect the migration of large ions
from the coating into the single crystals. A similar effect can be
obtained by reacting the surface with suitable compounds, for
example, calcium oxide forming calcium aluminate, putting the
surface under compressive stress, due to a volume expansion.
The present invention further provides a razor blade comprising a
single crystal of alumina having a cutting edge thereon, and an
alumina coating on and/or adjacent the cutting edge, the alumina
coating containing a low concentration of impurities.
The alumina coating is preferably as described in application Ser.
No. 349,269 of even date.
Satisfactory adherent coatings of polymers which improve the
shaving characteristics of the blades can generally be formed on
these alumina coatings.
The surface of the single crystals of alumina at least in the
vicinity of the cutting edge may, if desired, be provided with a
coating of a polymer which facilitates shaving with the razor
blades, for example polytetrafluoroethylene or a copolymer of
thiocarbonyl fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene.
The razor blades of the present invention may, if desired, be
provided on the surface thereof, at least in the vicinity of the
cutting edge, with one or more coatings, additional to any polymer
or copolymer coating, for example of a material which strengthens
the cutting edge of the blade. A coating of a metal e.g. chromium,
an alloy e.g. a chromium alloy, or a compound of a metal may be
provided. As used herein, the term "chromium alloy" is applied to
alloys of chromium with at least one further metal, for example as
defined in copending application Ser. No. 241,446, filed Apr. 5,
1972, and now U.S. Pat. No. 3,838,512. Coatings of compounds of
metals may be selected, for example, from nitrided metals or
nitrided alloys. Chromium alloys as defined in the aforesaid
copending Application are examples of nitrided chromium alloys
which may be used. Coatings of metals, alloys and compounds of
metals may be produced by any appropriate method, for example by
ion-sputtering.
Coatings other than the polymer or copolymer coatings are
preferably from 50 to 450 Angstroms thick, advantageously not more
than 300 Angstroms thick, the combined thickness of a plurality of
such coatings preferably being not more than 500 Angstroms.
The present invention further provides razor blades having at least
one cutting edge on a single crystal of alumina, the crystal having
been mounted on a support prior to completing the formation of the
razor blade.
In some cases, because of expense or physical properties, it may
not be appropriate to use such materials for conventional razor
blades. In such cases, a relatively narrow strip of the crystal
material can be mounted on a support, prior to the completion of
the formation of the razor blade, and preferably prior to
sharpening of the cutting edge.
The support can be of any material to which a strip of the crystal
material can be rigidly secured, the depth of the strip being
determined by the cost of the crystal material and the need for
adequate mechanical strength in the strip and support to permit the
edge-forming processes to be carried out.
As an example, the crystal strip could be moulded into an epoxy or
other resin, or bonded to the edge of a strip of metal or other
material, or gripped between the sides of a channel section strip
of metal or other material.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in
which:
FIG. 1 is a section through a blunt crystal strip moulded in a
support,
FIG. 2 is a section through a wedge-shaped crystal strip moulded in
a support; and
FIG. 3 is a section through a wedge-shaped crystal strip bonded to
the edge of a support.
As indicated in FIG. 1, the crystal strip can be quite blunt when
moulded into its support, so that the blade-edge grinding operation
will remove both support material and crystal material.
Preferably as indicated in FIG. 2, the crystal strip is preshaped
to triangular section or wedge-shape to assist the mechanical
interlock with the support and to reduce the amount of crystal
material to be removed to form the cutting edge.
A simple alternative is provided, as shown in FIG. 3, by bonding a
wedge-shaped crystal strip to the edge of a support. Preferably the
outer edge of the wedge-shaped strip, from which the cutting edge
is formed, has an included angle of 20.degree. .+-. 10.degree.. The
wedge-shaped strip of crystal can be symmetrical as shown, but
clearly this is not essential.
Suitable materials in which the crystal strip could be moulded are
synthetic resins, such as acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene
copolymers,polycarbonates, polyphenylene oxide, polyethylene,
polystyrene, polypropylene, polyacetal, cellulose esters, for
example acetate and propionate, or polyamides.
Suitable materials for bonding a crystal strip to the edge of a
support include, for example, epoxy resins and cementing mixtures
for bonding ceramics, for example Cu/Cu.sub.2 O eutectic
mixtures.
The moulding material and/or the bonding material should generally
be selected to withstand any heating to which it may be subjected
during processing of the single crystals after moulding or bonding,
for example during sintering of a polymer coating.
The shape of the support will be such as to fit the blade holder in
which it is to be mounted. In particular however, the support can
be formed integrally with a guard bar in juxtaposition with the
cutting edge so that in this case the holder will merely serve to
grip the support and provide a handle.
* * * * *