U.S. patent number 3,888,313 [Application Number 05/513,142] was granted by the patent office on 1975-06-10 for discharge head and fire protection system utilizing said head.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Factory Mutual Research Corporation. Invention is credited to Carvie Thomas Freeman.
United States Patent |
3,888,313 |
Freeman |
June 10, 1975 |
Discharge head and fire protection system utilizing said head
Abstract
A fire protection system and discharge head utilized in the
system in which the head is actuated by a release of a thermal
responsive link for permitting extinguishant to discharge from the
head. One or more shear pins are provided which connect a cap over
the discharge opening of the head, and which are adapted to break
in response to a predetermined extinguishant pressure existing in
each head to release the cap and allow the head to open. In the
event the temperature in the vicinity of the head reaches a
predetermined relatively high value, the head will open despite the
absence of the above-mentioned predetermined extinguishant
pressure.
Inventors: |
Freeman; Carvie Thomas
(Norcross, GA) |
Assignee: |
Factory Mutual Research
Corporation (Norwood, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
24042055 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/513,142 |
Filed: |
October 8, 1974 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
169/16;
169/37 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A62C
37/12 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A62C
37/08 (20060101); A62C 37/12 (20060101); A62C
037/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;169/16,37,38,39,40,41,5,42 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wood, Jr.; M. Henson
Assistant Examiner: Mar; Michael
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lane, Aitken, Dunner &
Ziems
Claims
I claim:
1. A discharge head for use in a fire protection system comprising
a body member for containing pressurized extinguishant, said body
member having an inlet for connecting to a source of said
extinguishant and an outlet for discharging said extinguishant,
closure means for said outlet, linkage means for applying a force
against said closure means greater than, and in an opposite
direction to, the force of said pressurized extinguishant against
said closure means to retain said closure means in an operative
position relative to said outlet where it prevents the discharge of
fluid from said outlet, said linkage means adapted to respond to a
predetermined fire condition in its vicinity for releasing its
force, at least one shear pin connecting said closure means to said
body member in said operative position, said shear pin adapted to
break and release said closure means in response to the pressure of
said extinguishant exceeding a predetermined value, said closure
means being forced from said operative position by said
extinguishant upon the existence of said fire condition and said
predetermined extinguishant pressure to permit the discharge of
said extinguishant from said outlet.
2. The head of claim 1 wherein said closure means includes at least
one bracket member, a cap extending over said outlet, and means for
securing said cap to said bracket member, said shear pin connecting
said bracket member to said body member.
3. The head of claim 2 wherein said means for securing said cap to
said bracket member comprises solder connected to said cap and said
bracket member and adapted to melt at a predetermined temperature
for releasing said cap from said bracket member under the force of
said extinguishant and permit said extinguishant to discharge from
said outlet.
4. The head of claim 3 wherein said predetermined fire condition is
a temperature of a lower value than that required to melt said
solder.
5. The head of claim 1 further comprising deflector means supported
on said body member in a spaced relation to said outlet for
deflecting said extinguishant in a generally radial direction from
said body member.
6. A sprinkler head for use in a fire protection system comprising
a body member for containing pressurized extinguishant, said body
member having an inlet for connecting to a source of said
extinguishant and an outlet for discharging said extinguishant,
closure means for said outlet, linkage means for applying a force
against said closure means greater than, and in an opposite
direction to, the force of said extinguishant against said closure
means to retain said closure means in an operative position
relative to said outlet where it prevents the discharge of
extinguishant from said outlet, said linkage means adapted to
respond to a predetermined temperature in its vicinity for
releasing its force, pressure responsive means for securing said
closure means in said operative position, said pressure responsive
means adapted to release said closure means in response to the
pressure of said extinguishant in said body member exceeding a
predetermined value, said closure means being forced from said
operative position by said extinguishant upon the existence of said
predetermined temperature and said predetermined extinguishant
pressure to permit the discharge of said extinguishant from said
outlet, means responsive to an additional temperature of greater
value than said predetermined temperature for releasing said
closure means in the event said closure means is not released in
response to the existence of said predetermined temperature and
said predetermined extinguishant pressure, and means for deflecting
the extinguishant discharge from said outlet in a manner to create
a mist-like spray at least a portion of which extends in a
substantially radial direction relative to said outlet.
7. A fire protection system comprising a plurality of discharge
heads mounted in an elevated position in a space to be protected
from fire; and conduit means connected to a source of pressurized
extinguishant, each discharge head comprising a body member having
an inlet connected to said conduit means and an outlet for
discharging said extinguishant, closure means for said outlet,
linkage means for applying a force against said closure means
greater than, and in an opposite direction to, the force of said
pressurized extinguishant against said closure means to retain said
closure means in an operative position relative to said outlet
where it prevents the discharge of fluid from said outlet, said
linkage means adapted to respond to a predetermined fire condition
in its vicinity for releasing its force, at least one shear pin
connecting said closure means to said body member in said operative
position, said shear pin adapted to break and release said closure
means in response to the pressure of said extinguishant exceeding a
predetermined value, said closure means being forced from said
operative position by said extinguishant upon the existence of said
fire condition and said predetermined extinguishant pressure to
permit the discharge of said extinguishant from said outlet.
8. The system of claim 7 wherein said closure means includes at
least one bracket member, a cap extending over said outlet, and
means for securing said cap to said bracket member, said shear pin
connecting said bracket member to said body member.
9. The system of claim 8 wherein said means for securing said cap
to said bracket member comprises solder connected to said cap and
said bracket member and adapted to melt at a predetermined
temperature for releasing said cap from said bracket member under
the force of said extinguishant and permit said extinguishant to
discharge from said outlet.
10. The system of claim 9 wherein said predetermined fire condition
is a temperature of a lower value than that required to melt said
solder.
11. The system of claim 7 further comprising deflector means
supported on said body member in a spaced relation to said outlet
for deflecting said extinguishant in a generally radial direction
from said body member.
12. A fire protection system comprising a plurality of sprinkler
heads mounted in an elevated position in the space to be protected
from fire; and conduit means connected to a source of pressurized
extinguishant, each sprinkler head comprising a body member for
containing said pressurized extinguishant, said body member having
an inlet for connecting to said conduit means and an outlet for
discharging said extinguishant, closure means for said outlet,
linkage means for applying a force against said closure means
greater than, and in an opposite direction to, the force of said
extinguishant against said closure means to retain said closure
means in an operative position relative to said outlet where it
prevents the discharge of extinguishant from said outlet, said
linkage means adapted to respond to a predetermined temperature in
its vicinity for releasing its force, pressure responsive means for
securing said closure means in said operative position, said
pressure responsive means adapted to release said closure means in
response to the pressure of said extinguishant in said body member
exceeding a predetermined value, said closure means being forced
from said operative position by said extinguishant upon the
existence of said predetermined temperature and said predetermined
extinguishant pressure to permit the discharge of said
extinguishant from said outlet, means responsive to an additional
temperature of greater value than said predetermined temperature
for releasing said closure means in the event said closure means is
not released in response to the existence of said predetermined
temperature and said predetermined extinguishant pressure, and
means for deflecting the extinguishant discharge from said outlet
in a manner to create a mist-like spray at least a portion of which
extends in a substantially radial direction relative to said
outlet.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a fire protection system and a discharge
head utilized in the system and, more particularly, to such a
system and head in which the opening of each head is controlled in
response to predetermined conditions.
Automatic sprinkler systems for protecting industrial and
commercial properties and employing thermally releasable discharge
heads for installation near the top of the space to be protected
are well known. The discharge heads utilized in such systems are
supplied with a suitable extinguishant, such as water, by a pipe
network of mains, risers, crossmains, and branches. A majority of
the heads used in these systems are in the form of "sprinkler
heads" that have a discharge opening normally closed by a plug
retained by a thermal fuse and a collapsible linkage bridging an
external loop or yoke. Upon actuation of the head by collapse of
the linkage, the extinguishant stream issuing from the throat
impinges against a serrated deflector disc to form a hemispherical
pattern of droplets simulating the characteristics of rain.
However, in buildings where the heat of a localized high-challenge
fire establishes a fire column or plume of heights in excess of 20
feet, the fire plume often flares out beneath the ceiling of the
protected space and directly actuates numerous heads located at
such a distance from the fire that they are ineffective to deliver
the extinguishant to the surfaces of the materials stored in the
building, while the effects of convection and the circulation of
hot combustion products throughout the space contribute to the
actuation of still more remotely located heads. This contributes
not only to redundant and flooding use of the extinguishant but,
more significantly, robs extinguishant from the heads located more
directly over the fire where it is much more needed.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,682,251 issued on Aug. 8, 1972, and assigned to
the same assignee as the present invention, a fire protection
system is disclosed in which a plurality of discharge heads are
adapted to be thermally actuated in response to a predetermined
temperature. However, the number of actuated heads that are
actually opened are limited by means of a "pressure floor" in which
a predetermined extinguishant pressure at each individual head must
be exceeded before the head will open.
Although this type system and discharge head have considerable
advantages, it was found to be extremely desirable to actuate the
heads at a relatively low temperature, such as approximately
150.degree.-200.degree., to insure that heads located immediately
above the fire would open in a relatively quick manner after
initiation of a fire and begin to discharge extinguishant towards
the fire to fight it at its early stages. However, this relatively
low actuation temperature often caused several of the heads to be
actuated prematurely due to the fact that their temperature
responsive mechanisms were more susceptible to external factors,
such as air currents, ambient temperatures, and the convective
circulation of gaseous products of combustion, etc. As a result,
the heads would often be prevented from opening in a logical
sequence, i.e., in direct proportion to their distance from the
location of the fire. This plus the fact that the above-mentioned
pressure floor would limit the number of heads that opened also
often resulted in heads being opened which were located a greater
distance from the fire than heads that were prevented from
opening.
A way of overcoming this illogical operation would be to raise the
response temperature of the individual heads, such as to a value of
approximately 350.degree.-450.degree.. In this manner, the
above-mentioned external influences prevailing in the building
would have less effect upon the heads, and the heads located the
closest to the fire would open in a logical sequence. However, the
existence of this relatively high response temperature causes the
system to respond slowly to the existence of a fire, often to an
extent that would permit the fire to reach proportions that
rendered it impossible to extinguish.
Another problem associated with the relatively low actuation
temperature-pressure floor design was that, in the event some of
the heads, after being actuated, were prevented from opening due to
lack of pressure, they remained closed even if the magnitude of the
fire increased to the extent that discharge of extinguishant from
all available sources was essential, despite the lack of the
predetermined pressure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a
fire protection system and a discharge head utilized therein in
which each head will open upon the existence of a predetermined
temperature and extinguishant pressure.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a system
and head of the above type in which each head will open in response
to the existence of a predetermined, relatively high, temperature
regardless of the value of the extinguishant pressure.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a system
and head of the above type in which the response mechanism in the
head is relatively precise in operation, yet inexpensive in
cost.
Towards the fulfillment of these and other objects, the discharge
head utilized in the system of the present invention comprises a
body member having an inlet for connecting to a source of
pressurized extinguishant and an outlet for discharging said
extinguishant, closure means for said outlet, linkage means for
applying a force against said blocking means greater than, and in
an opposite direction to, the force of said pressurized
extinguishant against said closure means to retain said blocking
means in an operative position relative to said outlet where it
prevents the discharge of fluid from said outlet, said linkage
means adapted to respond to a predetermined fire condition in its
vicinity for releasing its force, at least one shear pin connecting
said closure means to said body member in said operative position,
said shear pin adapted to break and release said closure means in
response to the pressure of said extinguishant exceeding a
predetermined value, said closure means being forced from said
operative position by said extinguishant upon the existence of said
fire condition and said predetermined extinguishant pressure to
permit the discharge of said extinguishant from said outlet.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a building having the
sprinkler heads forming the system of the present invention
installed therein;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a sprinkler head utilized in the
present invention;
FIG. 3 is an exploded view of several components of the head of
FIG. 2, and;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 4--4 of FIG.
2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a building 10 is shown in
phantom lines which is equipped with an automatic fixed fire
protection system embodying features of the invention. The system
comprises a buried feed main 12 connected to a municipal water
supply line 14 for delivering the extinguishant, in this case
water, via a horizontal line 16, to a riser 18. The riser 18 is
connected to a piping system which is suspended near the ceiling of
the building 10 in a conventional manner. The piping system
includes a crossmain 20 which is connected to a plurality of branch
lines 22 spaced along the crossmain and extending perpendicular
thereto. The riser 18 is connected to a free end of one of the
branch lines 22 for supplying water to the crossmain 20 which, in
turn, supplies the water to the other branch lines 22. Each of the
other branch lines 22 has a plurality of sprinkler heads 24 mounted
thereon in a spaced relationship which are operated automatically
in response to a fire occurring in the building, as will be
described, to deliver a spray of water to the fire. The buried feed
main 14 extends beyond the riser 18 and can be connected to risers
of other buildings or, in the case of a large building, to other
risers in the same building.
A sprinkler head 24 is shown in FIG. 2 and consists of a base
member 26 having an externally threaded inlet portion 28 projecting
from one end thereof for connection to an internally threaded
opening (not shown) in a branch line 22. A tubular member 30
projects from the other end of the base member 26 and communicates
with the inlet portion 28 through an opening in the base member 26.
The tubular member 30 defines a discharge opening at its free end
which is normally covered by a cap, or disc, 32, as will be
described in detail later.
A yoke 34 is supported by the base member 26 and, in turn, supports
a serrated deflector disc 36 at its apex. A collapsible linkage
assembly, comprising two substantially T-shaped lever arms 38 and
40, is supported by the yoke 34. One projecting portion of the
lever arm 38 engages the cap 32 to maintain it over the discharge
opening defined by the tubular member 30, while one projecting
portion of the lever arm 40 is supported by the apex of the yoke
34. The other projecting portions of the lever arms 38 and 40
engage each other, while the ends of the lever arms are engaged by
a fusible link 42 extending thereover in a manner to apply a force
to the lever arms 38 and 40 of a sufficient amount to maintain the
lever arms in the position shown. The fusible link 42 may be of any
standard material, such as solder, which is adapted to fuse, or
melt, at a predetermined elevated temperature, and release itself
from the engagement with the lever arms 38 and 40.
FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the tubular member 30, the cap 32,
and their associated components. In particular, a gasket 44 is
provided for extending over the free end of the tubular member 30,
and thus between the latter end and the inner face of the cap 32. A
pair of L-shaped mounting brackets 46 are connected to two
diametrically opposed portions of the outer wall of the tubular
member 30 by shear pins 48 which extend through openings formed in
the members 36 and the latter wall. A pair of lips 50 extend from
diametrically opposed portions of the outer edge of the cap 32 and
are sized to correspond to one leg portion of each of the brackets
46. The shear pins 48 are designed to break in response to a
predetermined shear stress being placed thereon as will be
described in detail later.
The components of FIG. 3 are shown in an assembled condition in
FIG. 4. It is noted that a strip 60 of solder extends between the
lower surfaces of the lips 50 of the cap 32 and the corresponding
upper surfaces of the leg portions of the bracket members 46, as
viewed in FIG. 4. This secures the cap 32 relative to the brackets
46 and therefore in a position closing the discharge opening
defined by the upper end portion of the tubular member 30. The
solder strips 60 are selected to melt at an elevated predetermined
temperature in excess of that required to melt the fusible link 42,
and thus release the connection between the cap 32 and the brackets
46. For the purposes of example, the fusible link can be selected
to fuse at a temperature of approximately 286.degree.F., while the
solder strips 60 may be selected to fuse at a temperature of
approximately 500.degree.F.
In operation, the heads 24 are installed in the position shown in
FIG. 1, with the pressure of the extinguishant supplied to each
head being insufficient to discharge its cap 32 from the outlet
opening defined by the free end portion of the tubular member 30
due to the oppositely-directed force applied to the disc 32 by the
lever arms 38 and 40. Upon the temperature in the vicinity of one
or more of the heads 24 reaching the fusible temperature of its
link 42 which, for the purposes of example, is 286.degree.F., the
link 42 will fuse and fall downwardly and the linkage assembly
formed by the lever arms 38 and 40 will collapse. Despite this, the
cap 32 will still be secured in the position shown in FIGS. 2 and 4
by the shear pins 48 securing the brackets 46 to the tubular member
30, and by the solder strips 60 between the brackets 46 and the
lips 50 of the cap 32. If the force applied to the exposed inner
surface of the cap 32 by the pressure of the water in the tubular
member 30 is of a magnitude to break the shear pins 48, the
brackets 36, and therefore the cap 32, will be freed for release
from the discharge opening under the pressure of the water, thus
permitting the water to discharge from the tubular member 30.
After fusing of the link 42, in the event the water pressure in the
tubular member 30 is not sufficient to break the shear pins 48, the
cap 32 will remain in the position shown, thus preventing the
discharge of the water from the tubular member 30. However, if the
temperature in the vicinity of the head rises to the extent that it
reaches the melting temperature of the solder strips 60, which, for
the purposes of example, is 500.degree.F., the cap 32 will release
from the bracket members 46 and the water will discharge through
the discharge opening, despite the absence of a predetermined water
pressure in the tubular member 30. This, of course, provides a
failsafe opening of each head in the event the magnitude of the
fire increases to the extent that it is no longer desirable to
prevent the heads from opening.
In the event that one or more of the heads 24 are opened under the
above conditions, the resulting stream of water issuing from the
discharge opening will impinge against the serrated deflector disc
36 to form a hemispherical pattern of droplets a portion of which
will extend in a radial direction relative to the discharge opening
and eventually fall onto the fire, simulating the characteristics
of rain.
It is thus seen that according to the present invention each head
can be designed to respond to a predetermined temperature and water
pressure depending on the fusion temperature of its link 42 and the
pressure that will cause a breaking of the pins 48. In this manner,
the system can be designed to insure that after a predetermined
number of heads 24 have been opened, any additional heads will not
be opened despite the fusion of their fusible links 42 unless the
temperature rises to the predetermined level sufficient to melt the
solder strips 60. As discussed above, this eliminates the redundant
and flooding use of water and prevents heads located a fairly
remote distance from the actual location of the fire from being
opened and therefore robbing water from the heads directly over the
fire in the area where it is critical that they have sufficient
pressure, while also permitting failsafe opening of each head in
the event a potentially disastrous fire situation is occurring.
It is understood that variations in the type of extinguishant used,
as well as other variations of the specific construction and
arrangement of the fire protection system and discharge head
disclosed above can be made by those skilled in the art without
departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.
* * * * *