U.S. patent number 3,874,450 [Application Number 05/424,099] was granted by the patent office on 1975-04-01 for method and apparatus for electrically heating a subsurface formation.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Atlantic Richfield Company. Invention is credited to Loyd R. Kern.
United States Patent |
3,874,450 |
Kern |
April 1, 1975 |
Method and apparatus for electrically heating a subsurface
formation
Abstract
One or more wellbores extending from the surface into a
subterranean electrically conductive formation are each provided
with a deviated bottom section extending laterally for a
predetermined distance with respect to the vertical axis of the
wellbore and in a predetermined direction. The deviated section is
filled with electrolyte adapted to electrically contact the
formation along its interface with the deviated section. Insulated
conductive means are introduced within the electrolyte from the
surface so that the electrolyte effectively constitutes an
electrode to which a suitable source of potential may be connected
at the surface through the conductive means. Passage of current to
and from this effective electrode through the formation as part of
a closed circuit establishes a heated zone, which extends laterally
from the wellbore in the direction of the deviated section.
Inventors: |
Kern; Loyd R. (Irving, TX) |
Assignee: |
Atlantic Richfield Company (Los
Angeles, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
23681443 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/424,099 |
Filed: |
December 12, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/248; 166/57;
166/65.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/2401 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/24 (20060101); E21B 43/16 (20060101); E21b
043/16 (); E21b 043/24 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/248,250,302,57,60,65 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Anbah, S. A. et al., "Application of Electrokinetic Phenomena in
Civil Engineering and Petroleum Engineering," Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 118, Art. 14, pp. 590-602, Feb. 12,
1965..
|
Primary Examiner: Novosad; Stephen J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Betz; Robert M.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. The method of electrically heating a subterranean electrically
conductive formation comprising the steps of:
a. drilling a first and a second wellbore downwardly from the
surface in substantially vertically spaced apart relation to within
said formation,
b. further drilling each of said first and second wellbores to form
respective first and second deviated sections thereof extending
laterally in a direction transverse to the direction between the
vertical axes of said first and second wellbores,
c. establishing respective first and second electrode means within
said first and second deviated sections adapted to communicate with
said formation along its interface with said first and second
deviated sections,
d. providing first and second conductive means extending from the
surface within said first and second wellbores to contact said
first and second electrode means respectively,
and
e. applying a voltage potential between said first and second
electrode means through said first and second conductive means,
whereby a current is adapted to pass through the formation between
said first and second electrode means.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said first and second deviated
sections of wellbore are uncased.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said first and second deviated
sections are at least partially filled with electrolyte defining
said first and second electrode means.
4. The method of electrically heating a subterranean electrically
conductive formation comprising the steps of providing a wellbore
extending from the surface within said formation, said wellbore
having an upper vertical section and a lower deviated section
extending from the bottom of said upper vertical section laterally
for a predetermined distance from the vertical axis of said
vertical section and in a predetermined direction, establishing
first electrode means within said deviated section in electrical
communication with said formation along the interface between said
formation and said deviated section, providing first conductive
means extending from the surface within said wellbore in contact
with said first electrode means, establishing second electrode
means within said wellbore and insulated therein from said first
electrode means, providing second conductive means extending from
the surface within said wellbore and adapted to support said second
electrode means at a predetermined height above said first
electrode means, providing a communication path between said second
electrode means through said wellbore into said formation,
interconnecting said first and second conductive means at the
surface to a source of voltage potential, whereby a current is
adapted to flow in a substantially vertical direction through the
formation between said first and second electrode means.
5. In the art of electrically heating an electrically conductive
formation by positioning a pair of spaced apart electrodes therein
and passing a current therebetween through the formation, the
method of increasing the linearity of the current paths between
said electrodes comprising the steps of positioning at least one of
said electrodes within a deviated section of wellbore extending
laterally within said formation in a direction transverse to the
direction between said pair of electrodes and establishing
electrical continuity between said at least one electrode and the
surrounding formation substantially over the interface between said
formation and said deviated wellbore section.
6. In the art of electrical heating of an electrically conductive
formation by passage of an electric current therethrough, the
improvement comprising:
a. a wellbore extending from the surface downwardly into the
formation consisting of an upper vertical section and a lower
deviated section extending from the bottom of said upper vertical
section laterally for a predetermined distance from said upper
vertical section and in a predetermined direction,
b. an electrolyte adapted to at least partially fill said lower
deviated section and to thereby communicate with said formation
along the interface thereof with said lower deviated section,
c. an insulating oil filling said wellbore above the level of said
electrolyte,
d. conductive means extending within the wellbore from the surface
and adapted to contact said electrolyte, and
e. means for connecting a source of electrical potential to said
electrolyte through said conductive means.
7. In the art of electrical heating of an electrically conductive
formation by passage of an electric current therethrough, the
improvement comprising:
a. a wellbore extending from the surface downwardly into the
formation consisting of an upper vertical section and a lower
deviated section extending from the bottom of said vertical section
laterally for a predetermined distance from said vertical section
and in a predetermined direction,
b. electrode means within said deviated section adapted to
communicate with said formation along the interface with said
deviated section,
c. conductive means extending within the wellbore from the surface
and adapted to contact said electrode means,
d. additional electrode means positioned within the vertical
section of said wellbore and situated at a predetermined height
above said deviated section,
e. additional conductive means extending within the wellbore from
the surface and adapted to support said additional electrode
means,
f. means extending laterally through the wellbore into the
formation adjacent said additional electrode means to establish
electrical communication between said formation and said additional
electrode means,
g. means for insulating said electrode means and additional
electrode means from each other within said wellbore,
and
h. means for connecting a source of electric potential serially
with said electrode means and said additional electrode means
through said conductive means and additional conductive means
respectively whereby a current is adapted to flow through the
formation between said electrode means and additional electrode
means responsive to the application of said electrical
potential.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said additional electrode means
is a steel bar, and said additional conductive means is a wire.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said means establishing
communication between said additional electrode means and said
formation is a quantity of electrolyte adapted to surround said
steel bar.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said wellbore is provided with
a centralized tube coextensive with the vertical section thereof,
said centralized tube being insulated from said wellbore, said
conductive means being adapted to extend through said centralized
tube to the bottom of said vertical wellbore section, and said
additional conductive means being adapted to extend externally of
said centralized tube and partially above said vertical wellbore
section.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for
electrical heating of a subterranean electrically conductive
formation and more particularly to an apparatus and method for
accomplishing such heating, utilizing electrodes positioned within
one or more wellbores extending within the formation.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Prior art methods and apparatus for electrically heating a
subterranean hydrocarbonaceous formation involving the passage of a
current therethrough are well-known. One such apparatus and method
employs a single wellbore extending within the formation provided
with separate electrode means such as an upper section of
conductive casing and the lower end of a central conductor
insulated therefrom, each in electrical communication with the
formation at a different height. Passage of current between these
two electrode means from a suitable voltage source at the surface
causes a current to flow between them through the formation to
establish a heated zone in the vicinity of the wellbore. The extent
of this zone depends upon the strength of the current and
resistivity of the formation, but in any event the current flow
will be greater close to the wellbore in order to minimize the
distance between the electrode means. In order to increase the size
of the zone in the formation which may be effectively heated in
this manner, the current flow paths to the formation may be
distorted or deflected radially outward from the borehole. For
example, as exemplified in the patent to Crowson, U.S. Pat. No.
3,620,300, this may be done by introducing an insulating barrier
extending radially into the formation from the wellbore at a point
intermediate the two electrodes so that the current paths must
circumvent such barrier. A further technique for accomplishing a
similar result is to introduce annular cavities or fractures
extending into the formation from the wellbore and filling them
with conductive particles adapted to contact a conductive tube
within the wellbore so that these conductive particles constitute
an electrode of considerable contact area with the formation.
However, practically speaking, the exact lateral extent of these
elements is usually unknown, and their precise dimensions and
direction cannot be easily controlled.
The prior art of electrical heating of a formation also comprehends
placement of two electrodes respectively within a pair of wellbores
spaced some distance apart within the formation of interest. When
these electrodes are formed as part of an electrical circuit,
current passes between them through the formation. However, as in
the case of the one wellbore method described above, the zone of
heating of the formation tends to be confined fairly narrowly to a
zone about a line joining the two electrodes. As the current
conducting zone expands transversely from the most direct path
between the electrodes, the current follows paths of progressively
greater curvature, and consequently the cross-sectional current
density through the formation decreases in such transverse
direction.
It is, therefore, a general object of this invention to provide an
improved method and apparatus for electrical heating of a
subsurface electrically conductive formation.
It is another object of this invention to provide an improved
method and apparatus for electrical heating of a subsurface
hydrocarbonaceous formation.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a method
and apparatus wherein the zone of effective electrical heating
within the formation is expanded to a controllable extent and in a
desired direction.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a method and
apparatus of the type described wherein the effectively heated zone
within the formation may be laterally expanded with the use of a
single wellbore.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method and
apparatus for the type described wherein the effectively heated
zone within the formation between a pair of spaced apart wellbores
may be extended transversely to the direction between such
wellbores.
It is still another object of this invention to provide a method
and apparatus of the type described wherein the uniformity of
electrical heating of a formation may be effectively enhanced.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent
from a consideration of the detailed description to follow in
conjunction with the drawings provided herewith.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a preferred embodiment, the apparatus of this invention
comprises one or more spaced apart wellbores extending vertically
from the surface within an electrically conductive formation of
interest, the bottom of the wellbore being provided with a deviated
section which extends laterally for a predetermined distance from
the vertical axis of the wellbore and in a predetermined direction.
The deviated section is preferably uncased and is completely filled
with electrolyte. An exposed electrode is suspended within the
electrolyte from a centralized insulated conductor extending from
the surface within the wellbore. The vertical section of the
wellbore is provided with an upper section of conductive casing and
a lower section of nonconductive casing. The fill line of the
electrolyte remains below the junction between the conductive and
nonconductive casing so as to eliminate a conductive path from the
surface to the electrode. The space in the wellbore above the
electrolyte is filled with an insulating oil. Current may be
applied to the electrode from a suitable source at the surface
through the central conductor. As a result, the electrolyte
constitutes an effective electrode in communication with the
formation over the entire interface with the deviated section.
The invention also comprehends apparatus wherein a wellbore having
a bottom deviated section of the type described also includes
second electrode means supported within the wellbore at a
predetermined distance above the deviated section by means of a
second insulated conductor introduced from the surface. The second
electrode may be surrounded by a second quantity of electrolyte
adapted to communicate with the formation through perforations
extending through the wall of the vertical csing of the wellbore.
The two electrodes are insulated from each other within the
wellbore, and a suitable voltage gradient may be established
between them by connecting the two conductors to a source of
alternating current at the surface.
The invention also comprehends a method for electrically heating a
subterranean formation comprising the steps of providing a wellbore
extending vertically from the surface within the formation,
extending the bottom of the vertical wellbore laterally for a
predetermined distance and in a predetermined direction,
establishing electrode means within the laterally extending
wellbore section communicating with the formation along the
interface between the formation and such laterally extending
wellbore section, connecting the electrode means to a source of
potential at the surface through conductive means extending within
the wellbore, and establishing a current path through the formation
including said electrode means, said conductive means, and said
potential source, whereby a heated zone is established within the
formation which expands over the length of and in the direction of
the laterally extending wellbore section.
Finally, the invention comprehends a method of electrically heating
a subterranean formation as described above additionally including
the steps of establishing additional electrode means within the
wellbore supported by additional conductive means extending
therewithin from the surface, said additional electrode means being
vertically spaced above the laterally extending wellbore section,
providing electrical communication between the additional electrode
means and the formation, interconnecting the additional electrode
means with the source of potential through the additional
conductive means to cause current to flow through the formation
between the two electrode means, whereby a heated zone in the
formation is created in the vicinity of the wellbore expanded
laterally from the vertical wellbore axis in relation to the length
and direction of the laterally extending wellbore section.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view partly schematic and partly in
section illustrating one simplified embodiment of this
invention.
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view partly schematic and partly in
section illustrating a modified form of this invention.
FIG. 3a is a diagrammatic representation of typical current paths
established between two laterally spaced electrode means within an
electrically conductive formation in accordance with the prior
art.
FIG. 3b is a diagrammatic representation of typical current paths
established through an electrically conductive formation between a
pair of vertically spaced electrode means within a single wellbore
in accordance with the prior art.
FIG. 4a is a diagrammatic representation of typical current paths
established through an electrically conductive formation between
two laterally spaced electrode means in accordance with this
invention.
FIG. 4b is a diagrammatic representation of typical current paths
established through an electrically conductive formation between
two electrodes within a single wellbore in accordance with this
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
With particular reference now to the embodiment of FIG. 1, a
wellbore 10 extends from the surface of the earth into an
electrically conductive formation of interest 11. The substantially
vertical section 17 is lined with an upper conductive casing 12 and
a lower nonconductive casing 13. At a suitable depth, the wellbore
10 may be directionally drilled along a controlled lateral path
(obviously not shown here to scale) to form a deviated section 18
of preselected cross-section extending for a predetermined
distance, perhaps several hundreds of feet, from the vertical axis
of the wellbore 10 and in a predetermined direction therefrom. The
section 18 is preferably uncased as shown, but may optionally be
provided with perforated casing to establish selected fluid
communication paths from the interior of section 18 into the
formation 11. An electrode 19 such as a steel bar may be suspended
from the surface within the wellbore 10 at any desired depth by
insulated conductive means 20 such as a wire connected at the
surface to an alternating current source 21. The deviated section
18, and, if necessary, a portion of the vertical section 17, is
filled with an electrolyte 22, such as a sodium chloride solution,
to a level sufficient to cover the electrode 19 but in any event
terminating at a level below the junction between casings 12 and
13, the space above the electrolyte 22 being filled with an
insulating oil 23. Thus, the effective contact area between the
electrode 19 and the formation 11 is determined by the length and
the dimensions of the section 18.
The apparatus described may be incorporated as part of a complete
electrical circuit adapted to pass an electric current through the
formation in several ways. For example, the current source 21 at
the surface may be connected to a suitably located electrical
ground (not shown) from which multiple current paths are
established passing through the formation 11 and terminating with
uniform spacing along the deviated section 18. The length and
direction of this section 18 governs the effective extent of the
uniform heated zone so created within the formation 11.
Alternatively, a pair of such boreholes 10 (not shown) may be
drilled into the formation at some preselected distance apart. In
that event both deviated sections 18 may conveniently be directed
in the same sense and at right angles to a line between the
vertical axes of the two boreholes 10. When current flows between
the effective electrodes in two such boreholes 10 formed by
electrolyte 22 in the manner provided in this invention,
substantially linear current paths, viewed from above, will be
established over the full length of the deviated sections 18. In
consequence, uniform electrical heating of the formation 11 can be
extended transversely to the direction between the boreholes 10
over an area limited only by the length of sections 18. Obviously,
this effect can be still further enhanced by providing each
wellbore 10 with additional laterally deviated sections (not shown)
directed in an opposite sense or at predetermining angles to the
deviated sections 18. In that event each of said additional
deviated sections may be filled with electrolyte in contact with
the formation 22 and having electrical continuity with electrolyte
22. Furthermore, it should be understood that the deviated sections
18 need not extend horizontally as shown but may curve gradually
from the vertical to any desired obtuse angle.
The significance of the improvement of this invention can be better
appreciated first by considering FIG. 3a which diagrammatically
shows current flow paths such as 24, 25, and 26 between a pair of
laterally spaced electrodes 27 and 28 of negligible transverse
dimensions in electrical contact with a formation of interest. Here
it will be observed that the current paths are characterized by an
increasing degree of curvature with departure from the most direct
line 29 between the electrodes 27 and 28. In consequence, in such a
prior art arrangement, considerable lack of uniformity of heating
may be experienced in a direction transverse to the direction
between the electrodes; and in consequence, the overall lateral
dimensions of the effectively heated zone of the formation are
severely restricted.
The previously described current paths may be contrasted with those
which will be generated with the aid of the present invention. With
reference to FIG. 3b, there is represented diagrammatically a
plurality of substantially linear current paths such as 31, 32, and
33 extending between a pair of deviated wellbore sections 18
associated with a similar pair of wellbores 10 and proceeding
laterally in the same direction and sense. It is apparent that a
high degree of uniformity of electrical heating of a formation of
interest can thus be extended in a direction transverse to the
direction between the boreholes 10. The limit of the heated zone is
determined by the lateral extent of the deviated sections 18.
A modified form of the apparatus of this invention can be observed
by reference to FIG. 2. In this embodiment a wellbore 40 drilled
vertically from the surface within the formation 11 is provided
with a preferably uncased deviated section 42 extending laterally
from the vertical axis of the wellbore 40 for a predetermined
distance and in a predetermined direction. The upper conductive
casing 43 joins a lower nonconductive casing portion 44 which
extends to the bottom of the vertical portion of the borehole 40 as
shown. A hollow tube 45 centralized within the bore 40 by means of
the insulating packers 46 and 47 provides a channel for an
electrode 50 such as a steel bar supported by conductive means 51
below the packer 47 and within the electrolyte 52 which fills the
deviated section 42. The bore of the tube 45 above the electrode 50
is filled with a nonconductive oil 53. A second electrode 55 is
supported between the centralized tube 45 and the nonconductive
casing 44 by conductive means 56 interconnected at the surface
along with conductive means 51 to the previously described
alternating current source 21. The electrode 55 is positioned at a
predetermined height above the deviated section 42 determined by
the vertical extent of the desired zone to be heated within the
formation 11. The electrode 55 is surrounded by a suitable
electrolyte 57 while the space thereabove is filled with an
insulating oil 58. Perforations 59 are provided through the casing
44 extending into the formation 11 to establish good electrical
contact therewith. If an alternating current potential difference
is established between the electrodes 50 and 55, current will flow
through the formation in accordance with the teachings of this
invention between electrode 55 and the effective electrode
constituted by the interface between the formation 11 and the
deviated section 42. Multiple current paths will thereby be
established between these electrode means which will be
substantially linear for a distance from the vertical axis of the
wellbore 30 determined by the lateral extent of the deviated
section 32 and in a direction also determined thereby. Thus, as in
the embodiment of FIG. 1, the area of uniform electrical heating of
the formation which may be achieved with the use of the apparatus
of this invention is considerably enhanced.
Again, the contrast with the prior art may be better understood by
reference to the diagrammatic representation of FIG. 4a which
illustrates current paths 60, 61, and 62 of increasing curvature
between two vertically spaced electrodes 63 and 64 within a
formation. This increasing curvature, of course, results from the
fact that current density will be greatest where the distance
between the electrodes is at a minimum. FIG. 4b, on the other hand,
shows the improved linearity of the current paths such as 66 and 67
extending within the formation of interest in accordance with the
present invention between an electrode 55 and the effective
electrode defined by the deviated wellbore section 42. The
important point to be made is that in this manner the lateral
extent of the heated zone around the wellbore 10 is no longer
confined largely to its immediate vicinity but may extend for a
considerable distance therefrom limited only by the length of the
deviated section 42. It is reasonable to assume that over much of
this heated zone the current density remains substantially
constant.
Although the method and apparatus of this invention has been
described with a certain degree of particularity, it will be
understood that the foregoing is illustrative only. It is clear
that many other modifications and alternate embodiments of this
invention will occur to those skilled in the art without departing
from the scope and spirit thereof as set forth in the claims
appended hereto.
* * * * *