U.S. patent number 3,642,066 [Application Number 04/876,462] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-15 for electrical method and apparatus for the recovery of oil.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Electrothermic Co.. Invention is credited to William G. Gill.
United States Patent |
3,642,066 |
Gill |
February 15, 1972 |
ELECTRICAL METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE RECOVERY OF OIL
Abstract
Two well bores extend from the surface into the oil bearing
formation defining a producing well and an electrode well.
Electrodes in each well, contacting the formation, are connected to
a unidirectional current voltage source at the surface through
conductive tubing or pipe in the respective well bores to produce a
unidirectional voltage gradient between the electrodes, with the
producing well poled to be the cathode. Additionally, an
alternating current voltage source is connected between the
producing well electrode and another conductive path extending from
the surface to the formation, to effect the flow of alternating
current through the formation adjacent to the producing well to
heat the formation.
Inventors: |
Gill; William G. (Corpus
Christi, TX) |
Assignee: |
The Electrothermic Co. (Corpus
Christi, TX)
|
Family
ID: |
25367765 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/876,462 |
Filed: |
November 13, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
166/248; 166/60;
166/52; 219/772 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B
43/2401 (20130101); E21B 43/16 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
E21B
43/16 (20060101); E21B 43/24 (20060101); E21b
043/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;166/248,302,303,52,60 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Calvert; Ian A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for the recovery of oil from a subsurface oil bearing
formation penetrated by at least two well bores including at least
one producing well and at least one electrode well comprising:
a first closed loop electrical system for causing the flow of
unidirectional current through the formation; and a second closed
loop electrical system for causing the flow of alternating current
through the formation;
said unidirectional current closed loop system comprises: first and
second electrode means, each positioned in said producing and
electrode wells respectively in electrical contact with the
oil-bearing formation, with the electrode means being spaced from
each other; first and second conductor means connected respectively
to said first and second electrode means and extending to the
surface through the respective well bores; and a source of
unidirectional voltage connected at the surface between said
conductor means to produce a unidirectional potential gradient
between said first and second electrode means of said
unidirectional system, with the first electrode means poled to be a
cathode;
said alternating current closed loop system comprising: said first
electrode means positioned in the well bore of the producing well
in electrical contact with the oil-bearing formation; a source of
alternating current voltage; and means including the first
conductor means positioned in the producing well for completing an
electrical circuit through the formation between the first
electrode means and the source of alternating current voltage.
2. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1
wherein said second electrode means and said second conductor means
for said unidirectional current system comprise respectively the
second electrode means and conductor means for said alternating
current system.
3. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1
wherein each of said electrode means comprises a mass of conductive
particles disposed in the bottom of the respective well bores;
wherein the conductor means for each of the well bores extends into
the respective mass of conductive particles to make electrical
contact therewith;
and including insulating means for insulating each of said
conductor means from the walls of respective well bores; said
insulating means extending into the mass of conductive particles to
confine the current flow to a path through said conductive
particles.
4. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1
wherein each of said electrode means comprises a mass of conductive
particles which maintains contact with the formation and is
consumable.
5. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1
wherein each of said electrode means for said unidirectional
current system comprises a mass of conductive particles disposed in
an annular cavity extending laterally from the respective well
bores.
6. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1
wherein said first conductor means of the producing well comprises
a string of conductive pipe extending from the surface to said
first electrode.
7. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1
wherein said first conductor means of the producing well comprises
a string of conductive casing and a string of conductive tubing
electrically connected in parallel between said first electrode and
the surface; and insulating means comprising an insulating coating
provided on the outer wall of said conductive casing.
8. Apparatus for the recovery of oil from a subsurface oil-bearing
formation penetrated by two well bores comprising:
first electrode means positioned in a producing well bore in
electrical contact with the oil-bearing formation; first conductor
means in said producing well bore extending from said first
electrode means to the surface; insulating means for insulating
said first conductor means from the walls of said producing well
bore above said first electrode means;
second electrode means positioned in an electrode well bore in
electrical contact with the formation; second conductor means in
said electrode well bore extending from said second electrode means
to the surface; insulating means for insulating said second
conductor means from the walls of the well bore above said second
electrode means;
third electrode means positioned in spaced relation to said first
electrode means; third conductor means extending from said third
electrode means to the surface;
a source of unidirectional voltage connected at the surface between
said first and second conductor means to provide a unidirectional
potential gradient through the formation between said first and
second electrode means, with said first electrode means poled to be
a cathode;
a source of alternating current supply voltage connected between
said first conductor means and said third conductor means to cause
the flow of alternating current between said electrodes and through
said formation adjacent to said producing well.
9. Apparatus as set forth in claim 8
wherein said first conductor means comprises a string of conductive
tubing; wherein said third electrode means and third conductor
means comprise a string of conductive casing placed in said
producing well bore extending from the surface toward said
formation; insulating means insulating said string of conductive
casing from said electrode to provide a conductive path of
substantial length through said formation between said first and
third electrode means; and wherein said first named insulating
means comprises a string of insulating casing disposed between said
conductive tubing and said conductive casing.
10. Apparatus as set forth in claim 8
wherein said first conductor means comprises a string of conductive
casing extending from the first electrode means to the surface;
wherein said insulating means for said conductive casing comprises
a coating of insulating material provided on the exterior surface
of said conductive casing; and wherein said third electrode means
and said third conductor means comprise a string of conductive
surface casing enclosing the upper portion of said coated
conductive casing.
11. Apparatus for the recovery of oil from a subsurface oil-bearing
formation penetrated by two well bores comprising:
first consumable electrode means positioned in a producing well
bore comprising a mass of conductive particles urged into a cavity
in the formation extending laterally from the well bore;
a first string of electrically conductive pipe in the producing
well bore having its lower end connected to said first electrode
and having its upper end extending to the surface;
a first string of conductive casing positioned in said producing
well bore and provided with an insulating coating for insulating
said first string of conductive pipe and said first string of
casing from the walls of the well bore above the first electrode
means;
means electrically connecting said first string of conductive pipe
and said first string of conductive casing to define parallel
electrical conductors in said producing well bore between said
electrode and the surface;
second consumable electrode means positioned in an electrode well
bore comprising a mass of conductive particles urged into a cavity
in the formation extending laterally from the well bore;
a second string of electrically conductive pipe in the electrode
well bore, having its lower end contacting said second electrode
and having its upper end extending to the surface;
a second string of conductive casing positioned in the electrode
well bore and provided with an insulating coating for insulating
said second string of conductive pipe and said second string of
casing from the walls of the electrode well bore;
means electrically connecting said second conductive pipe and said
second string of conductive casing to define parallel electrical
conductors in the said electrode well bore between said second
electrode and the surface; and
a source of unidirectional voltage connected at the surface between
said first and second string of conductive pipe to provide a
unidirectional potential gradient between said first and second
electrodes, with the first electrode in said producing well bore
poled to be a cathode.
12. A method for recovering oil from a subsurface oil-bearing
formation comprising the steps:
providing at least two spaced-apart well bores defining a producing
well and an electrode well;
establishing first electrode means in the formation at the
producing well;
establishing second electrode means in the formation at the
electrode well;
placing first conductor means in said producing well bore
contacting said first electrode and extending to the surface;
placing second conductor means in said electrode well bore
contacting said second electrode and extending to the surface;
connecting a source of unidirectional supply voltage between said
first and second conductor means, with said first conductor means
poled to be a cathode;
insulating said first and second conductor means from the walls of
the well bores to cause the flow of unidirectional current between
the first and second electrode means through the earth to originate
and terminate in the oil-bearing formation;
and connecting a source of alternating current supply voltage
between said first conductor means at the surface and another
electrode means spaced apart from said first electrode means to
cause the flow of alternating current between said first and said
another electrode means through said formation in the area of said
producing well to heat said formation.
13. A method as set forth in claim 12
including placing surface casing in said producing well bore to
define said another electrode means.
14. A method as set forth in claim 13
wherein the source of alternating current supply voltage is
connected between said first conductor means and said second
conductor means, and said another electrode means is said second
electrode means.
15. A method as set forth in claim 12
including establishing said first and second electrode means to
extend laterally from the respective well bores to define
electrodes having effective diameters substantially greater than
those of the respective well bores.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to an apparatus and method for electrically
stimulating the production of oil from a subsurface formation, and
more particularly to such apparatus and method utilizing the effect
of electro-osmotic pressure. This invention is concerned with the
movement of oil through a reservoir formation including rock or
sand, where flow of the oil under the extant driving forces to a
well bore has reduced to the point where it is no longer
economically producible.
It is known that the movement of oil through a formation is
adversely effected by the presence of water in the formation, and
it is also known that the effective permeability of the formation
to the flow of oil varies somewhat inversely with the percentage of
water saturation in the formation. Accordingly, if the percentage
of water saturation in the formation can be reduced, or if the
percentage of oil saturation can be increased, the flow of oil
within the formation may be increased to a significant degree. It
is particularly desirable to improve the percentage of oil-to-water
saturation in the area of the formation immediately adjacent to the
producing well, since the greatest hydraulic pressure gradient
involved in moving fluids from the formation into the well occurs
within this area.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved apparatus
and method employing electrical means for stimulating the flow of
oil from a formation into a producing well.
It is another object of this invention to provide such an improved
apparatus and method employing electro-osmotic means.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such an
improved apparatus and method employing a combination of
electro-osmotic and electric heating means.
The apparatus and method according to the invention include the
provision of adjacent well bores extending from the surface to the
oil producing formation, defining a producing well bore and an
electrode well bore. Electrodes are placed in each well bore in
electrical contact with the formation. A source of unidirectional
supply voltage is connected between the electrodes through suitable
conductive pipes or rods placed in the well bores to cause the flow
of direct current through the formation originating and terminating
within the formation. The conductive pipes are effectively
insulated from the walls of the boreholes above the electrodes to
assure maximum potential difference and current flow within the
producing formation and to reduce electrolytic corrosion of the
pipe. The insulation may be effected by strings of insulating
casing extending fro a substantial length above the electrodes. The
producing well is poled to be the cathode of the unidirectional
current circuit. To further stimulate oil flow, the formation in
the area of the producing well may be heated by means of
alternating current carried through the producing well electrode
and an additional conductive path which may be provided in the
producing well bore or in an adjacent well bore. A source of
alternating current supply voltage connected between the electrode
and the additional conductive path directs alternating current
through the formation adjacent to the borehole, the current being
carried through connate water in the formation to heat the
formation and the oil in order to reduce its viscosity.
DRAWINGS
The novel features of the invention, as well as additional objects
and advantages thereof, will be understood more fully from the
following description when read in connection with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of an earth formation
including a producing well and an electrode well embodying one form
of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of an earth formation
including a producing well and an electrode well embodying another
form of the invention; and
FIG. 2A is a fragmentary illustration of a modification of the form
of FIG. 2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, a producing well bore 10 and an electrode well
bore 40 extend from the surface into an oil bearing formation 12
lying between the overburden 11 and an underburden 13.
The well bore is cased from a point adjacent to the top of the
formation 12 to the surface, with the portion of the bore within
the formation defining an open hole completion. The casing includes
a lower portion, consisting of an insulating casing 15 fabricated
of fiberglass for example, which extends upwardly from the
formation for a substantial distance into the overburden 11. The
remaining upper casing portion 16 may be a conventional metal
casing, fabricated preferably of a good conductive metal. A
metallic screen 17 is provided in the lower open portion of the
well bore below the casing and is secured in the borehole and
mechanically coupled to the insulating casing 15 by a packer 18.
The screen 17 is preferably seated on a bottom plug 19 of
insulating cement or epoxy, for reasons to be described.
A string of conventional tubing 21 defines the production tubing
for the well bore 10, extending from the bottom of the bore hole to
the surface; and this tubing is preferably of a good electrically
conductive metal to define a low resistance conductive path from
the surface to the bottom of the borehole.
An electrode 22 for providing good electrical contact with the
formation 12 is defined, for example, by a mass of conductive
particles 23 carried to the bottom of the well bore and urged into
an annular cavity 24 formed in the walls of the well bore below the
casing 15. The conductive particles 23 may consist, for example, of
metallic or carbon pellets or metallic pellets coated with carbon.
The conductive particles are packed or urged into the cavity by
conventional techniques before the placement of the screen 17; and
the screen is then placed to retain the particles within the cavity
and within the annulus between the screen and the bore, the screen
then defining a part of the electrode 22. The electrode is
connected to the lower end of the conductive tubing 21 by means of
a metallic centralizer 25 which is fixed to the lower end of the
string of tubing and has bands which are bowed outwardly into
engagement with the inner surface of the metallic screen. The bands
of the centralizer may be coated with carbon to improve electrical
contact between the centralizer and the screen.
For reasons which will be described, it is important that the
conductive tubing 21 be well insulated from the formation in the
area of the electrode 22, and from the conductive casing 16 which
extends to the surface. For this purpose, the insulating casing 15
is provided; and a further insulating effect may be provided by
cementing the well bore throughout the extent of the insulating
casing with an insulating cement or epoxy 26.
To insulate the tubing from the conductive casing 16, a string of
insulating casing 27 is provided extending from the surface to the
screen 17; and the annulus between the insulating tubing and the
insulating casing at the lower end is preferably sealed by the
packer 18 which secures the sleeve in position.
The electrode well includes the well bore 40 which extends from the
surface into the formation 12, the well bore 40 also being cased
with a casing which extends from the surface downward to a point
short of the bottom of the well bore. An electrode 42 is defined in
the bottom of the electrode well bore 40; and the casing includes a
lower insulating portion 43 which extends upward from the electrode
for a substantial distance, into the overburden 11 as viewed in the
drawing, while the upper portion 44 of the casing may be of any
conventional material including an electrically conductive
material.
A low resistance conductive path is provided in the electrode well
bore by a string of conductive tubing or rod 45 which extends from
the surface to the bottom of the well bore. This tubing or rod is
preferably fabricated of a metal having good conductive
characteristics and is sealed relative to the lower end of the
insulating casing 43 by a packer 46.
The portion of the conductive tubing or rod, which extends below
the packer 46, may consist of a carbon rod 47 joined to the tubing
45 in any suitable manner. The lower end of the well bore 40 may be
filled with a mass of conductive particles, such as metallic or
carbon pellets or metallic pellets coated with carbon, which
surround and engage the carbon rod 47. To insure good electrical
contact with the formation 12 and to increase the diameter of the
electrode, the particles are urged into an annular cavity or notch
49 extending laterally from the walls of the well bore. The
electrode 42 then is defined by the conductive particles 48 which
are in electrical contact with the carbon rod 47.
As with the producing well bore 10, it is desirable to effectively
insulate the conductive path to the electrode 42 for a substantial
distance above the electrode. This is accomplished in part by the
insulating casing 43; and additionally such casing may be cemented
in the borehole by an insulating cement or epoxy 50. The conductive
tubing 45 can be insulated from the walls of the well bore 40
remote from the electrode 42 by providing insulating spacers 51 in
the annulus between the tubing 45 and the conductive casing 44. If
desired, the entire string of casing, that is both the portions 43
and 44, may be fabricated of an insulating material such as
fiberglass.
At the surface, a source of unidirectional current voltage 55,
preferably a pulsating direct current voltage, is connected between
the producing well and the electrode well, one terminal of the
source being connected through a conductor 56 to the conductive
tubing 21 in the producing well bore, and another terminal of this
source being connected through a conductor 57 to the conductive
tubing or rod 45 of the electrode well bore. As indicated in the
drawing, the negative side of the direct current voltage source is
connected to the producing well; and accordingly the electrode 22
of the electrode well is poled to be the cathode, and the electrode
42 of the producing well is poled to be the anode. It will be seen,
between the electrodes 22 and 42, a potential difference or
gradient is established through the formation causing a
unidirectional flow of current. It has been found from tests that
oil in the formation moves toward the cathode and that the water in
the formation moves toward the anode. This results in a reduction
of the water saturation and accompanying increase in oil saturation
in the area of the cathode electrode 22 at the producing well, and
a corresponding increase in water saturation and decrease in oil
saturation in the area of the anode electrode 42. This increase of
oil saturation in the area of the producing well, coupled with the
increased permeability of the formation to the flow of oil
resulting from the reduction of the water saturation, results in
the increased flow of oil into the producing well. This phenomenon
of movement of fluids through a porous solid under the influence of
an electrical potential difference is referred to as
electro-osmosis.
Where the producing formation 12 is a generally horizontal stratum,
as in the diagram of FIG. 1, it may be advantageous to place the
producing well electrode 22 at a higher elevation than the
electrode 42 in order to have the additional benefit of the gravity
flow of the connate water relative to the oil. The flow under
electro-osmotic pressure will occur, however, independently of the
relative elevation of the electrodes.
To further stimulate the flow of oil from the formation adjacent to
the producing well electrode into the well, the formation is heated
by a second electric circuit. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the
electric circuit for heating the formation includes an alternating
current voltage source 60 provided at the surface and having one
terminal connected by a conductor 61 to the upper end of the
conductive tubing 21, and another terminal connected by a conductor
62 to the upper end of the conductive casing 16 of the producing
well. This provides an alternating current path through the
conductor 61, the tubing 21, the electrode 22, and upward through a
portion of the formation 12 and of the overburden 11 to the
conductive casing 16, and through the conductor 62 back to the
source.
The alternating current flowing through the formation is conducted
principally by the connate or other water in the formation, thereby
heating the formation and the oil within the formation. The
principal effect of the heating is to reduce the viscosity of the
oil within the formation to further stimulate the flow of the oil
into the producing well.
While some of the elements of the above described direct current
circuit and alternating current circuit are common to both
circuits, such as the electrode 22, the circuits function
independently of each other. One circuit defines a closed loop
system for unidirectional current and the other circuit defines a
closed loop system for alternating current, so that there is no
interference of the circuits with each other or their intended
functions.
With the flow of unidirectional current through the formation
between the electrodes 22 and 42, there will be dissipation or
consumption of the electrodes due to electrolysis; and accordingly,
it is desirable that the electrodes which are in contact with the
formation 12 be formed in a manner that they are replacable or
replenishable. Electrodes formed of the described conductive
particles are well suited to this purpose. The rate of electrode
dissipation is a function of he current density; and accordingly it
is desirable to establish electrodes in contact with the formation
which are sufficiently large to minimize, to the extent possible,
the effect of electrolysis. The described electrodes, which are
radially enlarged by extension into the annular cavities, are again
well suited to this purpose.
It is desirable to prevent dissipation of the screen 21, by the
action of electrolysis; and for this reason the screen is seated on
the insulating bottom plug 19, and the annulus between the screen
and the walls of the well bore are completely filled with the
electrode particles 23. The screen 17 then is electrically isolated
from the formation so that the electrode dissipation is confined to
the conductive particles 23. For the same reason, the carbon rod 47
of the electrode well terminates short of the bottom of the well
bore and is completely surrounded by the conductive particles 48.
Similarly, to prevent any dissipation of the conductive casing 16
of the producing well, the insulation between the electrode 22 and
the casing 16 provided by the insulated casing 15 and the
insulating cement 26 extends for a substantial distance above the
electrode and, preferably, into the overburden 11. This minimizes
the possibility of any direct current flow through the formation
other than through the electrode 22. Similarly, the insulation of
the electrode well, defined by the insulating casing 43 and the
cement 50, extends for a substantial distance between the electrode
and the conductive casing 44, preferably into the overburden
formation 11. The insulation of the producing well bore defined by
the insulating casing 15 and cement 26 provides the additional
function of assuring a flow path of substantial length in the
formation 12, between the electrode 22 and the casing 16 to produce
the desired resistance heating in the formation due to the flow of
alternating current.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of an alternative system
according to the invention including a producing well and an
electrode well. In this system, the producing well is defined by a
well bore 70 extending from the surface into the oil bearing
formation 12, and having an enlarged bottom portion 71 within the
formation. A bottom plug 72 is formed in the bottom of the bore
hole from insulating epoxy or insulating cement, for example. The
well bore 70 is cased with a casing 74 which extends from the
surface into the enlarged well bore portion 71, the casing in this
system being fabricated of a conductive metal and being provided
with an external insulating layer or coating 75. An annular cavity
76 is formed in the wall of the enlarged well bore portion 71; and
the enlarged bore and the cavity are filled with conductive
particles or pellets 77 to define an electrode 78 which has a
diameter substantially greater than that of the well bore 70. The
bore portion 71 is completely filled with the conductive particles
77 so that these particles surround and engage both the outer and
inner surfaces of the casing portion which extends into the bore
portion 71. A conductive screen 79 is then placed in the bottom of
the borehole resting on the bottom plug 72 and extends upwardly
within the casing 74 concentric therewith to define an annular
space 80 between the screen and casing. The screen is physically
coupled to the casing by means of a packer 81 placed at the upper
end of this annular space 80, the packer and screen then confining
and retaining the conductive particles in the bore portion 71
outside of the screen.
The interior conductive walls of the casing 74 then are in
electrical contact with the conductive particles confined in the
annular space 80 to provide the conductive path between the casing
and the electrode 78. Since the conductive particles surround the
lower end of the casing, the casing is not in direct contact with
the formation so that dissipation of the casing due to electrolysis
will be inhibited.
A string of conductive tubing 83 extends from the surface to the
screen 79, defining the production tubing for the well and also
defining a second conductive path to the electrode 78. The lower
end of the tubing 83 is electrically connected to the screen 79 by
means of a centralizer 84 fixed to the tubing and engaging the
inner walls of the screen.
With this described arrangement, the conductive casing 74 and the
tubing 83 provide electrically parallel conductive paths through
the well bore 70 to the electrode 88. This may be particularly
desirable to increase the effective conductor area to obviate
losses due to excessive and unnecessary heating of the conductor.
Additionally, this arrangement permits the carrying of larger
currents to the electrode, which may be particularly desirable in
this system where the conductive casing and tubing are employed as
conductors in two independent close loop circuits.
While the casing 74 defines a conductive path, the insulating
coating 75 also defines a complete insulation of the path from the
walls of the well bore. The continuity of the insulating coating
throughout the length of the well bore may be assured by applying
insulating material to the joints as the casing is set and rapidly
curing the material by techniques which are known in the art.
The electrode well is defined by a well bore 90 which also includes
an enlarged portion 91 at the bottom of the bore. The well bore is
cased with a string of casing 92 which extends from the surface
downwardly and partially into the enlarged well bore portion 91,
the casing 92 also being fabricated of a conductive metal and
provide with an interior insulating coating or layer 93. During the
setting of the casing the continuity of the insulating layer may
again be assured by coating the joints with additional insulation
material.
An annular cavity 94 is provided in the walls of the enlarged well
bore portion 91; and an electrode 95 is formed by filling the
enlarged well bore portion and the cavity with a mass of conductive
metal or carbon particles 96. These particles are packed around the
lower end of the casing 92 which extends into the bore 91, engaging
both the exterior and interior surfaces of the casing to isolate
the conductive interior surface from the walls of the bore. The
mass of particles also extends upwardly within the casing for a
sufficient distance to assure good electrical contact between the
particles and the casing wall. A string of conductive tubing or rod
97 is provided in the bore extending from the surface and into the
mass of conductive particles 96, but spaced from the bottom of the
well bore, to provide a second conductive path from the surface to
the electrode 95. The conductive particles may be retained in place
by means of a packer 98 placed to seal the annular space between
the casing 92 and the tubing 97. For the electrode well then the
casing and tubing define electrically parallel paths from the
surface to the electrode, providing the same advantages as the
parallel conductive paths for the production well.
To provide the above described electro-osmotic pressure between the
producing well 70 and the electrode well 90, a source of
unidirectional current voltage 100 is provided at the surface, the
negative terminal being connected by means of conductors 101 and
102 to the production well tubing 83 and casing 74 respectively,
and the positive terminal being connected by means of conductors
103 and 104 to the electrode well tubing 97 and casing 92
respectively. There is provided then, a closed loop electrical
system for providing a unidirectional potential gradient between
the producing well electrode 78, which is poled to be the cathode,
and the electrode well electrode 95, which is poled to be the
anode.
There is also provided at the surface a source of alternating
current voltage 105 having one terminal connected by means of
conductors 106 and 107 to the producing well, tubing 83 and casing
74 respectively, and having another terminal connected by means of
conductors 108 and 109 to the electrode well tubing 97 and casing
92 respectively. This defines a second closed loop electrical
system for effecting the flow of alternating current through the
formation 12 between the producing well electrode 78 and the
electrode well electrode 95. While the conductive paths from the
surface to the electrodes are common for each closed loop
electrical system, the systems function independently and without
interference from each other.
In the system illustrated in FIG. 2, the producing formation 12 is
a strata which is inclined relative to the horizontal; and the
producing well electrode 78 is preferably located in a portion of
the strata which is at higher elevation to obtain any benefit of
the gravity flow of water from the producing well toward the
electrode well.
A method for stimulating the recovery of oil from an oil bearing
formation, which may be practiced with the above described
apparatus, may include steps which will now be described. At least
two spaced well bores are provided extending from the surface to
the producing formation, at least one well bore defining a
producing well and another well bore defining an electrode well.
Electrodes are established in each of the bores in contact with the
producing formation, and preferably extending laterally from the
bore to define laterally enlarged electrodes. A first closed loop
electrical system is provided for causing the flow of
unidirectional current through the formation between the
electrodes; this system including a source of unidirectional supply
voltage at the surface and suitable conductor means provided in the
well bores which connect the voltage source and the electrodes
which preferably include conductive tubing or casing in the well
bores. Through this first closed loop system, direct current is
caused to flow between the electrodes through the formation to
effect the flow of oil in the formation toward the producing well
which is poled to be the cathode, and to effect the flow of water
toward the electrode well which is poled to be the anode.
A second closed loop electrical system is provided for causing the
flow of alternating current through the formation, at least
adjacent to the producing well to heat the formation and thereby
reduce the viscosity of the oil in the formation. This alternating
current closed loop system may include the same electrodes and the
same conductive tubing or casing defining the conductors through
the well bores, which are employed in the unidirectional system. In
this case, both the alternating current and the direct current will
flow through the formation between the electrodes of the producing
and electrode well bores. However, since the two systems are each
closed loop systems, they function independently of each other and
without interference from each other.
Alternatively, an alternating current system may be provided to
include the electrode and conductors within the producing well,
which are common to the unidirectional current system, and a
separate electrode and conductor which may be provided in the
producing well bore or adjacent thereto for causing the flow of
alternating current to be confined to an area surrounding the
producing well. FIG. 2A illustrates such an alternative arrangement
of the system of FIG. 2 wherein the separate electrode is provided
by a surface casing 111 which encloses the casing 74 for a
relatively short distance beneath the ground surface. FIG. 2A is a
fragmentary illustration of the upper portion of the producing well
bore 70 of FIG. 2 including the conductive casing 74 with the
insulating coating 75 and the conductive tubing 83, which function
in the manner described and define portions of both closed loop
electrical systems as described. In this modification, however, one
terminal of the alternating current source 105 is connected to both
the tubing 83 and the casing 74 by means of the conductors 106 and
107, as already described, while the other terminal of the source
105 is connected to the upper end of the conductive surface casing
111 by means of the conductor 112. With the arrangement the
advantages of the parallel conductive paths through the producing
well bore are maintained, and additionally the flow of alternating
current through the formation is confined to an area adjacent to
the producing well bore.
While the above described apparatus and method have been described
with particular reference to two well bores defining one producing
well and one electrode well, the method and apparatus may be
practiced as well with a combination of well bores defining, for
example, a single producing well with a multiplicity of electrode
wells, a single electrode well with a multiplicity of producing
wells, or a multiplicity of both producing wells and electrode
wells.
What has been described are apparatus and a method employing
different electrical techniques and phenomena acting on an oil
bearing formation to stimulate or improve the flow of oil within
the formation to a producing well bore. The apparatus required for
the practice of these methods is relatively inexpensive as compared
with apparatus required for other known techniques of secondary oil
recovery. Examples of other suitable apparatus are disclosed in my
copending applications Ser. Nos. 752,112 filed July 10, 1968, now
abandoned, and 767,917 filed Sept. 30, 1968, now U.S. Pat. No.
3,507,330, assigned to the assignee of this application.
From tests which have been conducted, it appears that the area of
the formation which responds to the electro-osmotic effect, is in
proportion of the sizes of the electrodes. Accordingly, it is
desirable to establish electrodes which have a large effective
diameter, that is, much larger than the diameter of the respective
bore holes. Electrodes as described herein may be established to
have any desired diameter. The area of the formation which is
effectively heated by the above described alternating current
heating apparatus is also related to the size of the electrode; and
accordingly, an electrode of enlarged diameter may be desirable in
the heating circuit.
The efficiency with which the electro-osmotic effect or the
electric heating effect are provided in the formation is dependent
upon producing the electric power at electrodes, either within or
adjacent to the formation, with minimum losses between the
electrodes and the voltage sources. Accordingly, it is most
desirable to provide good conductive paths between the voltage
sources and the electrodes to obviate any unnecessary voltage
losses; and also to insulate against any extraneous current paths
which would carry the flow of current outside of the desired paths
within the formation. The described systems are examples of
efficient apparatus, according to the invention for practicing the
method of the invention.
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