U.S. patent number 3,847,263 [Application Number 05/338,922] was granted by the patent office on 1974-11-12 for english keyboard scheme.
Invention is credited to X.
United States Patent |
3,847,263 |
|
November 12, 1974 |
ENGLISH KEYBOARD SCHEME
Abstract
The letter keys on the keyboards of typewriters and other
typographical equipment are arranged in positions to accommodate
either dextral or sinistral typists with greater speed and
accuracy. By balancing the typing loads of hands and fingers,
concentrating work on the home row, reducing the frequency of
disabling and awkward typing patterns, and keeping either hand from
typing too long by itself; most of the difficulty in typing English
can be eliminated, and typing in other languages improved.
Inventors: |
X (Kingston, Ontario,
CA) |
Family
ID: |
23326707 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/338,922 |
Filed: |
March 7, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
400/486 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B41J
5/10 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B41J
5/10 (20060101); B41J 5/00 (20060101); B41j
005/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;197/100,98,102,103 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Bagwill; Robert E.
Assistant Examiner: Rader; R. T.
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which I claim exclusive
property or privilege are defined as follows:
1. A keyboard scheme for use on typewriters or other typographical
equipment which has the character keys for letters arranged in a
home row, an upper row and a lower row such that the letter keys
are adjacent to each other in the following successive and fixed
order whether it is from left to right or from right to left: on
the home row as follows, O, A, E, I, U, H, N, T, R, and S; on the
upper row as follows, P, Y, M, L, D, C, and F such that P is
located over the corresponding position of I on the home row and
that F is located over the corresponding position of S on the home
row; and, on the lower row as follows, X, Q, K, J, V, B, G, W, and
Z such that X is located below the corresponding position of A on
the home row and that Z is located below the corresponding position
of S on the home row.
2. A keyboard scheme as defined in claim 1 in which any letter may
be replaced by its equivalent in a language other than common
English.
Description
This invention relates to the spatial arrangement of certain
character keys on the keyboards of typewriters and other
typographical equipment.
The standard arrangement of character keys on the typewriter, known
as the universal keyboard, has remained almost unchanged since its
introduction on some of the first practical typewriters in 1874. At
that time, the spatial arrangement of the character keys was not
thought to be crucial in the efficiency of typewriting; instead,
the universal keyboard was purposely made disabling and awkward for
the typist. Since the type-striking mechanism depended on gravity
to return the type-bar after it had struck the paper, the typing
speed had to be slow, or the type-bars would pile up on the
returning type-bars and jam the machine. Also, to assure the
typists that they would not have to learn to type on a new keyboard
with each typewriter they might encounter, all typewriters were
arranged according to the universal keyboard; and even though some
other early models provided alternative keyboards, the universal
keyboard was the only one that has remained in regular use to
date.
Since 1874, certain improvements have been made in the operating
mechanisms of the typewriter that no longer require a keyboard that
is disabling and awkward to the typist. What had once been an asset
to the typist in the past has become a costly and unnecessarily
complicated problem in the present. The universal keyboard slows
the speed of typing, increases the frequency of error, loads the
hands and fingers with disproportionate amounts of work, frequently
breaks the rhythm of typing, and rapidly produces fatigue in the
hands and fingers of the typist.
Several attempts have been made to remedy the faults of the
universal keyboard, but none has yet replaced the universal
keyboard in regular use. Some of the keyboards designed to improve
the typewriter keyboard are those by W. H. Robertson, J. H. Hotson,
S. W. Rowell, M. Trejos, F. M. Banaji C. Wolcott, R. E. Hoke, A.
Dvorak and W. L. Dealey, R. G. Bower, F. L. Paul, W. W. Nelson, J.
M. Ostrey, W. A. Gilbert, and E. Riemer. Unfortunately, most of
them did not improve the situation of the keyboard, for they often
concentrated on one aspect of the keyboard and would fail to
recognize the creation of a greater problem in another aspect. The
only comprehensive solution proposed for the typewriter keyboard
was that made by A. Dvorak and W. L. Dealey, but their study was
based primarily on the most frequently used words in English and
dealt only with the English language.
I have found that most of the disadvantages found in the use of the
universal keyboard can be eliminated by arranging the letter keys
of the keyboard for typewriters and other typographical equipment
to that set forth in this specification. Not only are the
improvements made by this invention more substantial than any found
in the keyboards by the previous list of inventors for English, but
this invention provides an improved keyboard for many other
languages in addition.
The general objects of this invention are: providing a spatial
arrangement of the letter keys on the keyboard which can be
balanced for either the dextral or sinistral typist's hands and
fingers, placing the greater portion of typing on the home row and
distributing the remainder to the upper and lower rows to the best
advantage of the typist, reducing the total amount of movement
needed in typing and reducing the greater portion of awkard and
disabling movements for the typist's hands and fingers,
facilitating increases in the speed and accuracy by the reduction
of slow key-stroking sequences that account for the frequent breaks
in typing rhythm and the majority of errors, lessening the rate of
fatigue in the hands and fingers by the reductions in movement and
providing an arrangement that assures the frequent use of both
hands, and arranging the keys to best accommodate typing in
English, or where no advantage can be found in English in a number
of other major languages.
In addition to the general objects, the invention will not require
any change in the operating mechanism of the typewriter or
typographical equipment and can readily be effected on such
equipment by interchanging the type, key labels, and any repeat
mechanisms.
The basic handicap found on the universal keyboard is the imbalance
of the amount of typing done by each hand and finger. For the
dextral typist, the universal keyboard places a typing load on the
left hand that is about 45 percent more than it should handle and
does not fully utilize the stronger right hand. The typing loads
for the hands on this invention are properly balanced and can be
adapted for use by either dextral or sinistral typists. Also, the
typing loads for the fingers on this invention are properly
balanced for the corresponding hands so that no finger is forced to
do more or less work than it can manage.
Aside from the imbalance of hand and finger typing loads, the
universal keyboard places the greater portion of letters typed not
on the home row where it should be but on the upper row. The
distribution of letters typed on the universal keyboard is as
follows: 32 percent are on the home row, 52 percent are on the
upper row, 16 percent are on the lower row, and 25 percent are on
the eight keys over which the fingers normally rest on the home
row; but, the distribution of letters typed on this invention is as
follows: 74 percent are on the home row, 19 percent are on the
upper row, 7 percent are on the lower row, and 66 percent are on
the eight keys over which the fingers rest on the home row and
account for the eight most frequently used letters in English.
While the balancing of hand, finger, and row loads is important to
the typist; the patterns of key-stroking are most important for
providing an efficient keyboard in typing. The individual stroking
of separate keys does not account for the speeds found in normal
typing. It is the quick succession of stroking several keys, or
basicly the stroking of two successive keys, that accounts for
these speeds. Instead of waiting for the finger stroking the first
key to return to its resting position before the next finger begins
its stroke, the next finger is ready to strike its key and has
already moved to a position to do so. The two-letter stroking
patterns, known as digraph sequences, vary greatly in their speed
and complexity of movement. By eliminating as many of the slower
and more complicated sequences as possible, a substantial increase
in the speed and accuracy of typing can be realized; and by ridding
the keyboard of the most awkward sequences, the rate at which
fatigue developes can be effectively reduced. The classifications
of the digraph sequences, listed in order of their speed from
fastest to slowest, are as follows: opposite hand sequences
involving the use of fingers from each hand, rock sequences
involving the use of remote (non-adjacent) fingers on the same
hand, trill sequences involving the use of adjacent fingers on the
same hand, tapping sequences involving the use of the same finger
twice on the same key, and reach sequences involving the use of the
same finger on different keys. The most awkward sequences are those
which hurdle over the home row going from the upper row to the
lower row or vice versa. By arranging the letter keys as set forth
in this specification, the reach sequences found on the keyboard
and the frequency with which hurdles occur are reduced 95 percent
when compared to the universal keyboard. And, by arranging the keys
in this manner, the sequences which are fastest in speed and less
complicated are increased in frequency. The frequency of opposite
hand sequences is increased 35 percent over that found on the
universal keyboard, and the speed of typing will increase by 4.5 to
9.5 percent not taking into consideration any other factor, such as
the decrease in the frequency of errors.
When the center row of letter keys on the universal keyboard is
called the home row, it should be recognized as being a misnomer.
While the center row is that over which the fingers are positioned
when at rest, the row on which the fingers spend most of their time
in typing is the upper row. The arrangement of the letter keys
given in this specification corrects this error; for, it places 74
percent of the letters typed and 55 percent of the digraph
sequences solely on the home row, as compared to 32 percent of the
letters typed and 8 percent of the digraph sequences on the
universal keyboard. Also, the eight keys lying below the fingers
when at rest are considerably improved by this invention; for, the
eight letters most frequently used that make up 66 percent of the
letters typed and 40 percent of the digraph sequences are found on
those keys, as compared to only 25 percent of the letters typed and
6 percent of the digraph sequences found on the universal keyboard.
This invention places the most typing on the home row and reduces
the movement away from the home row to the permissable minimum.
Even if the keyboard is balanced and the stroking patterns turned
to the best advantage of the typist, the problem of a lengthy use
of a single hand still exists. On the universal keyboard, more than
2600 common words can be spelled by the keys typed by the left
hand, and more than 600 common words can be spelled by the keys
typed by the right hand. On the corresponding dextral keyboard set
forth in this specification only 69 words can be spelled by the
keys typed by the left hand, and only one, rarely used word could
be spelled by the keys typed by the right hand. The means by which
the stroking monopolization of one hand can be reduced to this
number is by placing the five major vowels and the semi-vowel Y on
one side of the keyboard and placing the semi-vowel W and 14
letters which account for more than 95 percent of the consonants on
the other side. The arrangement of keys also helps in locating 39
percent of the digraph sequences that are opposite hand sequences
on the home row. On the whole keyboard, the arrangement of the
letter keys makes 70 percent of the typing sequences opposite hand
sequences, as compared with 51 percent on the universal keyboard.
Thus, the typist is assured that neither hand will carry the burden
of typing for any great length of time and eliminates the majority
of words that quickly fatigue the typist and break the typing
rhythm.
While it may seem that certain letter keys could be readily
interchanged with others without disturbing the factors put forth
in this specification, there should not be any alterations made,
otherwise the value of this arrangement of letter keys would impair
its improvements in languages other than English. The positions
given to the punctuation marks in the drawings are those found to
be most advantageous for English and corresponds to the balance
given to the letter keys. Those keys not given in the drawings and
specification may be varied according to the specific needs of the
typist that would have other letters, numerals, symbols, and
accents.
In the drawings, which illustrate the embodiments of this
invention,
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of the keyboard which is oriented for the
dextral typist, and
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the keyboard which is oriented for the
sinistral typist.
The keyboard scheme illustrated is made up of three rows of keys.
These rows are known as the home row 1, the upper row 2, and the
lower row 3. Punctuation keys 4 are located in positions most
advantageous for English. The character keys for letters are
labelled with the letter each should operate.
Referring to FIG. 1, the dextral orientation of the keyboard
scheme, the home row 1 is comprised of the following character
keys, from left to right: O, A, E, I, U, H, N, T, R, and S; the
upper row 2 is comprised of the following character keys, from left
to right: question mark 4, comma 4, period 4, P, Y, M, L, D, C, and
F; and, the lower row 3 is comprised of the following character
keys, from left to right: colon or semi-colon 4, X, Q, K, J, V, B,
G, W, and Z.
Referring to FIG. 2, the sinistral orientation of the keyboard
scheme, the home row 1 is comprised of the following character
keys, from left to right: S, R, T, N, H, U, I, E, A, and O; the
upper row 2 is comprised of the following character keys, from left
to right: F, C, D, L, M, Y, P, period 4, comma 4, and question mark
4; and, the lower row is comprised of the following character keys,
from left to right: Z, W, G, B, V, J, K, Q, X, and colon or
semi-colon 4.
* * * * *