U.S. patent number 3,845,768 [Application Number 05/332,046] was granted by the patent office on 1974-11-05 for form fit vertical flow diving head gear.
Invention is credited to Richard Garrahan.
United States Patent |
3,845,768 |
Garrahan |
November 5, 1974 |
FORM FIT VERTICAL FLOW DIVING HEAD GEAR
Abstract
A diving head gear includes a form fit mask assembly, a hood
assembly, and a breathing block assembly. Custom fitting a mask
assembly to a diver's facial contours as defined by the forehead,
temples, and lower jawbone, seals its interior from the surrounding
water and allows the comfortable wearing of the mask for prolonged
periods of time. Securing the mask assembly onto a wearer's head by
an elastic, custom fitted hood assembly firmly seats the mask
assembly in a sealed relationship as well as providing an
armor-like protective covering. Mounting a breathing block assembly
on an oral compartment of the mask assembly ensures an effortless
inhalation and exhalation of gas and, by its unique configuration,
the breathing block assembly blocks and purges any leaked water
from the breathing system. Thusly provided, the head gear is
ideally adaptable to semiclosed and closed underwater breathing
systems to prevent the introduction and transfer of leaked water
which would eventually reach the CO.sub.2 absorption unit and
inhibit its functioning. Because each head gear is individually
tailored to seat on the nonfleshy, bony portions of the head and
face, and only a slight force is required to seal the mask
assembly's interior and no facial pain is suffered. Thus the head
gear is ideally suitable for use during saturation diving or
military undersea operations where it must be worn for long periods
of time. Most of the inherent advantages of the head gear are
attributed to the fitting of the mask assembly and its method of
construction. Molding a ductile transparent sheet over a negative
mold shaped to represent a diver's head having a builtup template
conforming to the internal dimensions of the form fit mask assembly
and along a surface representing the bony facial contours of the
diver, as defined by his forehead, his temples, and his jawbone,
ensures comfortable seating of the mask and prolonged sealing of
the interior from the surrounding water.
Inventors: |
Garrahan; Richard (San Diego,
CA) |
Family
ID: |
22277347 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/332,046 |
Filed: |
February 12, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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274150 |
Jul 24, 1974 |
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99945 |
Dec 21, 1970 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
128/206.24;
128/201.27 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B63C
11/14 (20130101); A62D 7/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A62D
7/00 (20060101); B63C 11/02 (20060101); B63C
11/14 (20060101); A62d 007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;128/142.7,142.5,142,141,142.2,142.3,142.4,142.6
;2/2,2.1,3,5,6,7,8 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Gaudet; Richard A.
Assistant Examiner: Dunne; G. F.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sciascia; Richard S. Johnston;
Ervin F. Keough; Thomas Glenn
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. application
Ser. No. 274,150 filed July 24, 1974, now abandoned, which, in
turn, is a continuation of U. S. Pat. application Ser. No. 99,945
filed Dec. 21, 1970, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A custom fitted head gear worn to seal its interior from an
ambient medium comprising:
a mask assembly having a rigid peripheral strip configured to
continuously conform to the bony contours outlining the facial area
and including a first curved portion adapted to conform to an area
of the contours of the forehead, second and third curved portions
interconnected to said first curved portion adapted to conform to
areas of the contours of the regions of the temples, and a fourth
curved portion interconnected to said second and third curved
portions adapted to conform to an area of the outwardly facing
contours of the mandible, all the curved portions are shaped having
a width in excess of a plural integral multiple of the thickness of
said rigid peripheral strip to present conforming areas of
sufficient breadth to ensure the comfortable wearing of said face
mask for to ensure the comfortable wearing of said face mask for
prolonged periods of time, and a shell portion integrally extending
from and reaching across said peripheral strip to define said
interior and including a section permitting vision
therethrough;
means for allowing a selective exchange of gas to and from said
interior mounted on said mask assembly; and
means for elastically pulling said peripheral strip against said
bony contours to seat said peripheral stip thereon, sealing said
interior from said medium and ensuring said comfortable wearing of
said face mask for prolonged periods of time.
2. A head gear according to claim 1 in which said mask assembly
further includes,
a lateral portion reaching between said second and third curved
portions of said peripheral strip configured and adapted to conform
to contours defined by the cheekbones and the outwardly facing
contour of the maxillae, said lateral portion is joined to said
shell portion dividing said interior into an oral compartment and a
nasal-visual compartment.
3. A head gear according to claim 2 in which said shell portion is
adapted to snugly accommodate the cheeks and is shaped with a
section bulged outwardly from the area immediately forward of the
lips, defining the limits of said oral compartment, the minimal
distance for enabling intelligible speech while virtually
eliminating dead air space.
4. A head gear according to claim 3 in which said mask assembly
further includes,
a resilient, nonporous liner disposed on the interior and exterior
of said peripheral strip and said shell portion, except for the
vision section and the inhale-exhale opening, to further ensure
said sealing of said interior and to seal the mounting of the
allowing means on said oral compartment.
5. A head gear according to claim 4 in which said resilient,
nonporous liner consists of mutually bonded layers of a latex
compound thereby removably mounted on said face mask assembly.
6. A head gear according to claim 4 in which said nasal-visual
compartment includes a flat transparent lens plate carried forward
of the eye-nose area for ensuring more distortion-free forward
vision and curved side walls having a radius of curvature for
ensuring wide angle peripheral vision.
7. A head gear according to claim 2 in which said mask assembly
further includes,
a plurality of snaps mounted on said peripheral strip to ensure
said sealing of said interior when mechanically cooperating with
correspondingly disposed mating snaps carried on the elastic
seating means.
8. A head gear according to claim 6 in which said transparent lens
plate is goggle-shaped and said nasal-visual compartment is formed
with a bulged-out nose portion enabling positioning of the
goggle-shaped plate closer to the eye area to reduce the lateral
water plane and entrained mass defined by said mask assembly.
Description
STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or
for the government of the United States of America for governmental
purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or
therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
With the continuing interest in the development of an undersea
technology, the development of reliable, life sustaining systems is
of prime importance. When the performance of tasks and conducting
observations required a diver's being under water for prolonged
periods of time, or at great depths where surface-supplied air was
not practical, self-contained underwater breathing systems of the
semiclosed or closed types were produced. Generally speaking, these
systems operate to recirculate a diver's exhaled breath through a
CO.sub.2 absorption unit which purges the CO.sub.2 from the exhaled
breath, and indirectly feed the CO.sub.2 scrubbed gas back to the
diver. An immediate inherent hazard of using these systems is that
the CO.sub.2 absorbing material becomes nonfunctional upon getting
wet. Unless the exhaled CO.sub.2 is scrubbed from the semiclosed or
closed systems, the diver is exposed to CO.sub.2 excess, leading to
unconsciousness and suffocation. In contemporary systems, water and
saliva from the diver's mouthpiece can and do leak into the
CO.sub.2 absorption cannister located to receive exhaled breath.
One-way valves provided at opposite sides of the mouthpiece allow
the inhalation of gas from a breathing bag and the exhalation of
gas to the CO.sub.2 absorption cannister. In addition, divers using
the present closed and semiclosed systems usually wear a
conventional face mask having a resilient, opaque, tunnel-like
sleeve. These masks become uncomfortable when worn for prolonged
periods of time since they are supported, in part, on a fleshy
portion of the face reaching between the cheekbones and the frontal
portion of the upper jaw. To seal a mask which rests on these
fleshy areas requires elastic straps which pull the tunnel-like
sleeve into them. Sufficient tensioning effects a force fitting of
the mask with resulting discomfort, especially when the mask is
worn for long periods of time. Attempts have been made to obviate
this attendant discomfort and water leakage by constructing a
helmet-like arrangement that, in one instance, encloses the diver's
head entirely. With closed or semiclosed systems, this approach is
inherently defective since dangerous CO.sub.2 buildup is likely.
The popular "Jack Brown"-type face mask, usually employed where a
source of surface-supplied air is available, has been modified for
closed and semiclosed circuit adaptations. But, here again,
dangerous CO.sub.2 buildup is an ever-present possibility and
facial discomfort, where the mask seats, is felt. None of the
available head gears permits the full realization of the advantages
of self-contained underwater breathing apparatuses since they all
are either inherently dangerous, highly confining, or manifestly
uncomfortable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to providing a diving head gear
worn to seal its interior from the surrounding water medium and
includes a mask assembly having a rigid, peripheral portion
configured to continuously conform to the facial contours defined
by the contours of the forehead, regions of the temples, and the
jawbone. A transparent shell portion integrally extends from and
reaches across the peripheral portion to define a face mask
interior. A breathing block assembly is carried on the portion of
the shell adjacent the mouth and directs life-supporting gas
vertically as it is inhaled and exhaled to trap liquids and to
purge them from the system. A custom fitted hood also is included
that elastically seats the peripheral portion to ensure the sealed
relationship and to protect the diver. A positive sealed mask
interior is guaranteed by the method of forming the mask assembly
which includes casting a replica of each diver's head and molding,
by a pressure differential method, a ductile sheet over a contour
pre-established by a builtup template representative of a face mask
interior and the peripheral portion.
A prime object of the invention is to provide a superior diver's
head gear.
A further object is to provide a diving head gear affording
protection to a diver while blocking any water transfer to the
breathing system.
Still another object is to provide a diving head gear overcoming
problems of face seal deterioration attendent contemporary
masks.
Another object is to provide a diving head gear enclosing a minimal
space preventing dangerous CO.sub.2 buildup therein.
Another object is to provide a diving head gear defining a reduced
enclosed volume to minimize its entrained mass.
Still another object is to provide a diving head gear free of
protuberances.
Another object is to provide a face mask assembly conforming to the
bony contour lying outside of the facial area ensuring a sealed
relationship.
Another object of the invention is to provide a face mask assembly
ensuring comfort when worn for prolonged periods.
Still another object is to provide a face mask assembly separated
into a nasal-visual compartment and an oral compartment to minimize
the possibility of dangerous CO.sub.2 buildup.
Still another object is to provide a face mask assembly having a
compartmented interior with means for purging each interior
independent of the other.
Yet another object is to provide a face mask assembly enabling
unrestricted forward and peripheral vision.
A further object is to provide a face mask assembly having a dipped
rubber liner easily installed and removed.
Still another object is to provide a hood assembly tailored to an
individual diver for comfortably seating a face mask assembly.
Another object is to provide a hood assembly having overlapping,
connecting strips blocking an excessive transfer of water when the
bulk of the diving suit is changed.
Still another object is to provide a breathing block assembly for
blocking and purging leaked water making it ideal for semiclosed
and closed breathing systems.
Still another object is to provide a breathing block assembly
channeling the inhaled and exhaled gas in a vertical flow for
setting-out moisture droplets entrained in the gas flow.
Still another object is to provide a breathing block assembly
incorporating a slanted chamber in communication with a purge valve
to ensure the drainage and expulsion of leaked water.
A further object is to provide a breathing block assembly ensuring
a reduced inhalation and exhalation resistance to breathing.
Still another object is to provide a breathing block assembly
having a backup-gas system capability.
Yet another object is to provide a breathing block assembly having
a diver communications capability.
Yet another object is to provide a method for making a superior
face mask.
Another object is to provide a technique of face mask construction
ensuring its conformity to a wearer's facial contours.
These and other objects of the invention will become readily
apparent from the following description when taken with the
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an isometric depiction of the head gear.
FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the face mask assembly.
FIG. 3a is a frontal view of the face mask assembly of FIG. 2.
FIG. 3b is a side view of the face mask assembly of FIG. 2.
FIG. 3c is a rear view of the face mask assembly showing the
relative thickness of the face mask assembly.
FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a modified face mask assembly.
FIG. 5 is an isometric view of the hood assembly.
FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the breathing block assembly.
FIG. 7a is a sectional view of the breathing block assembly
generally taken along lines 7--7 in FIG. 1 showing gas flow during
the inhale portion of the breathing cycle.
FIG. 7b is a sectional view of the breathing block assembly
generally taken along lines 7--7 in FIG. 1 showing gas flow during
the exhale portion of the breathing cycle.
FIG. 7c is a sectional view of a modified breathing block assembly
generally taken along lines 7--7 in FIG. 1 showing exhaled gas
flow.
FIGS. 8 through 17 set forth, graphically, the steps of molding the
face mask assembly.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows the head gear
consisting of three main assemblies, those being a face mask
assembly 20, a hood assembly 35, and a breathing block assembly 40.
Taking them in order, the face mask assembly is, in its preferred
form, a sheet of molded material, for example, a material
possessing the characteristics of strength, transparency, and
ductility, when heated, as the material commercially available
under the trademark, "Lexan 500."
The manner by which the face mask assembly is constructed will be
elaborated on below, but leave it suffice to say at the present,
that it is shaped with a peripheral strip or peripheral portion
20a, continuously extending around and resting on the bony contours
rimming the face. The peripheral portion extends along the forehead
area 21, the regions of the temples 22a and 22b, and a lower
jawbone area 23, generally described as lying adjacent the lateral
surface of the lower jawbone, i.e., the mandible. Extending the
lower jawbone area of the peripheral portion to form a cup-shaped
chin recess 23a, positions and maintains the face mask assembly on
the diver's face should he accidentally bump it while swimming or
working. At this time, it is emphasized that the peripheral portion
is formed to rest on areas defined by the head's bony, hard
surfaces and does not rely, for sealing or support, upon any fleshy
areas which either collapse to allow water leakage into the
interior of the mask, or which are painful when pressure is brought
to bear against them. In addition from a visual inspection of the
drawings it is apparent that the peripheral portion has a width
resting on the bony contours in excess of a plural integral
multiple of its thickness to further ensure comfortable seating of
the mask.
Within the confines of the peripheral portion, a shell portion 24
reaches across to define the dimensions of the interior of the face
mask assembly, as near to the face as is practicable reducing the
entrained air mass enclosed by the mask. Such reduction of
entrained air mass is desirable to minimize the possibility of any
dangerous CO.sub.2 buildup within the mask, and, to provide a more
manueverable diver head gear that will not restrict a diver's
motions.
The shell portion, enclosing the facial area, is separated by an
inwardly extending bridge 25 into an oral compartment 26 and a
nasal-visual compartment 27. The bridge is integrally formed with
the peripheral portion and shell portion or it, optionally, is a
glued-in section of a pliable material conforming to the contour of
the outer surface of the upper jawbone, i.e., the maxillae.
Isolating the two compartments from each other further reduces the
possibility of dangerous CO.sub.2 buildup and its inhalation by the
diver.
The nasal-visual compartment extends forwardly of the facial area a
distance beyond the nose and terminates, preferably, in a planar
wall 28 in front of the eyes and nose, although, the forward wall
optionally is curved having a proper radius of curvature to allow,
substantially, distortion-free peripheral, as well as, forward
visibility.
Molding the planar wall out of the transparent "Lexan 500" material
allowed adequate forward vision; however, slight distortion and
vulnerability to damage dictated modification of the planar area by
substituting a tempered lens 28a sealed in the shell portion by
annular seal 28b and held in place and protected by a stainless
steel rim 28c. A more positive protection is provided by optionally
using a metal band which automatically, self locks when it is
circumferentially squeezed onto the annular seal. The walls of the
nasal-visual compartment permitted tolerable, slightly distorted
peripheral vision which was found to be adequate to warn a diver of
impending danger approaching from the side, and the tempered lens
enabled close observation of the smallest detail when the situation
so demanded.
A manual or pressure operated, commercially available purge valve
unit 30 is disposed in the lower left-hand portion of the
nasal-visual compartment to allow clearing of the compartment
should leakage occur. Also, a resilient pad 31 is bonded onto the
lower portion of the nasal-visual compartment immediately adjacent
and in-line with the nostrils to allow pressure equalization: With
the pad in place the diver slightly, upwardly displaces the face
mask assembly to seal the end of the nostrils and forcibly blows
outward through his nostrils to achieve pressure equalization.
The forward wall of the oral compartment is provided with a
diagonally slanted oral compartment aperture 26a permitting the
exchange of gas from the diver through breathing block assembly 40.
Since the oral compartment is separated from the nasal-visual
compartment by bridge 25, water that inadvertently leaks into the
oral compartment requires a separate purging element. It was found
unnecessary to include a water purging unit directly in
communication with the oral compartment because a purge valve
capability is incorporated in the breathing block assembly. Thus,
leaked water and saliva gathering in the oral compartment are
vented to the breathing block assembly through the oral compartment
aperture. At this point may it be emphasized that manually operated
purge valve unit 30, carried on the nasal-visual compartment, and
purge valve unit 56 provided on the breathing block assembly,
preferably are both located on the left hand side of the head gear
to simplify and standardize the procedure for mask clearing
(raising the left hand to the head gear to clear either
compartment).
An outer surface 26b is configured to accommodate mounting of the
breathing block assembly and is slightly removed from the lips to
allow the intelligible formation of words since a communications
capability is also provided for in the breathing block assembly and
will be discussed below.
Thusly described, the face mask assembly seals out surrounding
water and, by providing a plurality of snap fasteners 32 molded
with or bonded onto peripheral portion 20a, connection to a
resilient member, exerting a slight tensile force, seats the face
mask assembly. Because of the width of the strip or peripheral
portion, the face mask is seated comfortably on the bony
contours.
The seal created by the peripheral portion, as it snugly fits onto
the facial bony contours, is enhanced by coating the inside of the
peripheral portion with a rubber liner 33. Earlier attempts to aid
sealing of conventional type mask assemblies called for mounting
rubber lips around their peripheral extremes or including neoprene
padding strips; however, these were prone to failure and leakage
occurred.
A preferred manner of mounting the liner calls for dipping the face
mask assembly into a liquid latex compound and allowing the adhered
coating to dry. Repeated dippings build up a layered resilient
liner to enhance the seating and sealing of the mask as well as
providing a more comfortable surface contacting the head. Having
the liner so disposed on inner surface of peripheral portion liner
so disposed on inner surface of peripheral portion 20a eliminates
the problem of face seal deterioration, a common problem of
rubber-lip-sealed, conventional face masks.
A more secure fitting between the hood assembly and the face mask
assembly is aided by coating the outer surfaces, along with the
inner surfaces, of areas 21, 22a, 22b, and 23 with the layered
rubber liner. Additional coating of the inner surfaces of the oral
compartment with the liner serves to cushion the cheekbone and
cheek area and reduces to possibility of facial rawness.
Outer surface 26b of the oral compartment is coated with the
layered liner, particularly around diagonally slanted oral
compartment aperture 26a, and provides a resilient gasket for
mounting the breathing block assembly. Sandwiching the layered
liner between the outer surface of the oral compartment and the
breathing block assembly blocks water that may otherwise leak into
the head gear.
Coating the face mask assembly is simplified by dipping the entire
assembly into the liquid latex compound. Layers of latex
overlapping onto the nasal-visual compartment are trimmed by a
sharp knife and peeled away so as not to interfere with forward or
peripheral vision. A further benefit of repeatedly dipping the
entire assembly to form the liner is the formation of a lower liner
portion 33a, reaching across the underside of the chin backward
towards the throat. This liner aids in sealing the mask assembly's
interior as well as providing warmth and flexibility during chin
movement, see FIG. 3b.
A liner, formed as described above possesses the capability to be
peeled from the face mask assembly and later replaced. In addition,
modifying the face mask assembly by carving away cup-shaped chin
recess 23a allows greater freedom of chin motion and speech
intelligibility. The liner is replaced and lower liner portion 33a
reaches across the chin and resiliently accommodates the jaw to
allow its unrestricted motion while ensuring protection and warmth
to the diver.
When wearing a hood assembly is not mandatory, elastic straps
having mating snap portions reach around the head and are fastened
onto snap fasteners 32. However, the full advantages of the
disclosed head gear are realized when the face mask assembly, hood
assembly, and breathing block assembly functionally cooperate as a
unit.
A further modification of the shell portion greatly reduced the
entrained air mass by adopting a "goggle-shaped" tempered lens
28aa, in place of lens 28a, see FIG. 4. Mounting the lens in a
resilient ring 28bb protected by a similarly shaped metal strap
28cc, allowed the lens to be brought closer to the eyes. Provision
for the nose was made in the shell portion by outwardly bulging a
nose portion 28dd configured to conform to a surface slightly
removed from the nose's outer surface. All the other teachings,
with respect to the face mask assembly using a tempered lens 28a,
are applicable to this modified version of the face mask
assembly.
Noting FIG. 5, the sealing and seating of the face mask assembly is
ensured by hood assembly 35 due to its unique configuration and to
its being fabricated from a sheet of elastic neoprene rubber. In
addition to holding the face mask assembly in place, the hood
assembly provides an armor-like protection for the diver's head and
neck areas.
A replica 70 is cast of the diver's head, in a manner to be set
forth below, and three neoprene panels 36, 37, and 38 are cut and
trimmed to conform to the contours of the head. Gluing and sewing
the panels along their adjacent boundaries forms a chamber shaped
to accommodate a diver's head, leaving open the facial area,
through which the face mask assembly protrudes.
A plurality of reinforced panel snaps 36a, 37a, and 38a are
peripherally disposed about the facial opening to engage similarly
disposed mating snaps, snap fasteners 32, carried on peripheral
portion 20a, and, via the joined snaps, a gentle pulling force is
exerted by the elastic neoprene to seat the face mask assembly.
The lower section of panels 36 and 38 reaches around the front of
the neck area and defines a pair of overlapping panel strips 36b
and 38b. Mounted on the panel strips, in an opposed relationship,
are the male and female mating portions of a fastener 39, for
example, a fastener having the characteristics of the fastener
commercially marketed and known under the trademark of
"Velcro."
An immediate advantage of the above-described configuration becomes
apparent when donning and removing the diving head gear. The hood
assembly is joined to the face mask assembly by snapping together
the snaps carried on the forehead area. The diver simply places the
face mask assembly on his face and pulls the hood assembly over his
head. Connection of the two mating snap fasteners carried on the
hood to those carried on the peripheral portion at the lower side
of the face, resiliently seats the face mask assembly against his
face. By simply wrapping the overlapping panel strips on top of one
another, the mating portions of the Velcro fastener are engaged
forming a secure closure. In addition, by mounting the Velcro
fasteners along the reaches of the overlapping panel strips, the
hood is adjustable to block out an excessive water transfer to the
interior of the hood irrespective of the bulk of the dive suit.
That is to say, the portion of the dive suit reaching up along the
neck area may be thicker or thinner according to changing
temperature or working conditions. The overlapping strips, by
decreasing or increasing their overlapping relationship,
accommodate the thicker or thinner suits without any structural
modifications.
More reliable communications are aided by including a pair of
earphone pockets 36c and 38c each shaped to provide a mounting and
to retain an acoustic earphone which interfaces with existing
communications equipment. An opening is optionally provided in each
panel adjacent the ear to facilitate the transfer of sound.
The apex of panel 37 is provided with a vent 37b for passing a gas
bubble trapped in the hood assembly's interior to eliminate an
instabilizing buoyant effect. Undue transfer of water through a
vent 37b does not occur since the tailor-made hood assembly, snugly
fitting about the wearer's head, does not lend itself to flexure
and pulling from the head.
Breathing block 40 is a significant advance in the art of gas
exchange valve mechanisms and, when employed with the face mask
assembly, markedly increases diver safety and lessens diver
fatigue.
Looking to FIGS. 6, 7a, and 7b, showing a detailed arrangement of
the breathing block assembly, an integral housing block 41 is
machined, or molded, from a strong, lightweight material such as
teflon or aluminum; if the latter is chosen, the housing block and
all of its associated subcomponents are coated with a hard black
anodized finish for protection from the corrosive effects of a
marine environment.
Three longitudinally extending chambers, an inhale chamber 42, a
common inhale-exhale center chamber 43, and an exhale chamber 44
are formed within the block and occupy a substantial portion of its
interior. An inhale port 45, reaches from the inhale chamber to the
outside of the housing block, an exhale port 47 reaches from the
exhale chamber to the housing block's exterior, and an
inhale-exhale opening 46 is formed in an inner wall 41a of the
housing block to provide passageways for the inhalation and
exhalation of gas.
The dimensions and orientation of the inhale-exhale opening
coincide with diagonally slanted, oral compartment aperture 26a
and, when the breathing block assembly is screwed onto the face
mask assembly, via a mounting plate 41b, the aperture and the
opening are aligned. To ensure a sealed fitting between the
breathing block assembly and the face mask assembly, the outwardly
facing configuration of inner wall 41a is complementary to outer
surface 26b of the oral compartment. Mounting screws 41b',
peripherally disposed about the inhale-exhale opening, are fitted
through correspondingly disposed holes reaching through outer
surface 26b to compress layered rubber liner 33, when the screws
are tightened, drawing the two assemblies together.
A source of gas and a CO.sub.2 absorption unit, not shown for the
sake of simplicity in the drawings, are joined to the breathing
block assembly by an adapter hose fitting 45a and 47a,
respectively. The fittings are provided with appropriate gaskets
and, optionally, are of several different sizes to interface with
available closed and semiclosed systems.
Looking to FIGS. 7a and 7b, further fashioning of the housing block
calls for shaping a plurality of laterally extending passageways 48
in a partitioning wall 49 separating the inhale chamber from the
common inhale-exhale chamber. A spider-shaped valve holder 48a is
fitted into each of the passageways and provides a support for a
releasable mushroom check valve 48b allowing a one-way passage of
gas from the inhale chamber to the common inhale-exhale chamber.
Similarly disposed, a plurality of laterally extending passageways
50 extends through a partitioning wall 51 separating the common
inhale-exhale chamber from the exhale chamber. Again, spider-shaped
valve holders 50a are fitted into each passageway and releasably
supported mushroom check valves 50b ensure the one-way travel of
gas from the common inhale-exhale chamber to the exhale chamber.
After the block's interior has been shaped, milled or molded
according to the manufacturing technique employed and the valve
holders and valves are in place, the exhale chamber is isolated
from the surroundings by a top cover plate 52, provided with an
appropriately shaped gasket, screwed onto the housing block.
A modification appears in FIGS. 7c and 7d and substitutes a single
valve 48b' in a single passageway 48' in partitioning wall 49' and
a single valve 50b' carried in a single passage 50' provided in
partitioning wall 51'.
A bottom cover plate 53 and a suitable gasket separate the lower
chamber from the surroundings, but the plate is additionally
configured with a mike opening 53a. The mike opening establishes an
audio communication path from the housing block's interior to an
intercom microphone 54, protected and sealed from the surroundings
by a cup-shaped intercom cover 55. A lead 54a extends from the
intercom microphone through a gland packing, disposed in the wall
of the cup-shaped intercom cover, to relay signals to remotely
located communication equipment. Thusly disposed, a speech path,
from the diver, through the common inhale-exhale chamber, through
check valves 48b, the inhale chamber, and, finally, to the intercom
mike, is established. Although the check valves are closed while
the diver is speaking, they do not dampen or render unintelligible
his words.
The bottom cover plate is further provided with a purge valve
opening 53b axially aligned with a purge valve duct 41c. The
opening and duct reach in from the housing's exterior and create a
purging conduit from the lowest portion, a sump portion 43a, of the
common inhale-exhale chamber.
A conventional, spring-biased purge valve unit 56 is selected which
consists of a check valve element 56a supported by a valve holder
56b and biased to block the passage of fluid by a biasing spring
element 56c. This valve unit is fitted in the purge valve duct and
by upwardly displacing the check valve element by a manually
actuated plunger lever 56d the selective purging conduit serves as
a passageway between the inhale-exhale chamber and the surrounding
medium.
Particularly shaping the common inhale-exhale chamber to lie with,
approximately, a 10 percent diagonal slant, ensures the drainage
and collection any leaked water and saliva to sump portion 43a and
minimizes the possibility of the water's reaching the exhale
chamber and the following CO.sub.2 absorption unit. As soon as it
collects, water is evacuated from the breathing block assembly by
first pushing in on plunger lever 56d, to raise the check valve 56a
from its seat, and then exhaling gas into the common inhale-exhale
chamber. If excessive amounts of leaked water accumulate in the
common inhale-exhale chamber and it starts to become filled
presenting a danger of passing the water to the CO.sub.2 absorption
unit, the hose, joining adapter hose fitting 47a to the CO.sub.2
absorption unit, is pinched closed. Continued forceful exhaling of
gas purges the leaked water with little risk of spraying it into
the exhale chamber and onto the CO.sub.2 absorption unit.
Most leaked water enters semiclosed and closed breathing systems
through the interface connecting the systems to a diver's mouth,
usually a mouthpiece, or a conventional type mask assembly. It
naturally follows that leaked water should be blocked, or
accumulated and expelled at this interface. Actuating the purge
valve unit, in a manner above-described, dead-ends leaked water
before it gains access to the closed or semiclosed systems. Since
CO.sub.2 absorption units directly receive the exhaled breath in
most systems, and the absorption material deteriorates as moisture
permeates it, the presently configured housing block, having a
longitudinally extending, diagonally slanted common inhale-exhale
chamber ensuring the collection of leaked fluids, substantially
contributes to system reliability and effectiveness.
A further contributing factor to system effectiveness depends from
the relative size and disposition of longitudinally extending
partitioning walls 49 and 51. The walls, by containing a plurality
of laterally extending passageways, greatly increase the areas
through which the inhaled gases and exhaled gases flow with respect
to the areas of the inhale port and exhale port. Since the volume
of gas passing through the breathing block assembly is constant,
upon a given demand by a diver, the velocity of transferred gas is
significantly reduced as the gas reaches the common inhale-exhale
chamber. While this reduced velocity diminishes the inhalation and
exhalation resistance and, therefore, tends to lessen diver
fatigue, the reduction of the gas flow velocity causes gas
entrained droplets of moisture to settle out within the common
inhale-exhale chamber. These settled droplets run down the slanted
chamber and drain into sump portion 43a (assuming that such
droplets find their way into the system "upwind" of the breathing
block). Therefore, by reducing the flow velocity through the
breathing block assembly, moisture coming into the breathing block
assembly via the inhale port is blocked from progressing to the
exhale port and is collected and purged from the system.
Furthermore, on the inhale portion of the breathing cycle, the
inhaled gas is directed vertically, upwardly through through
laterally extending passageways 48 and, combined with the reduced
velocity, any gas-carried leaked droplets, being heavier than the
gas, tend more readily to settle out and drain to the sump portion.
Exhaled gas entering the center inhale-exhale chamber, similarly,
is vertically directed and saliva and leaked water coming from the
interior of the face mask assembly fall from the gas flow into the
sump portion, noting the gas flow arrows in FIGS. 7a and 7c showing
the inhale portion of the breathing cycle, and FIGS. 7b and 7d
showing the exhale portion of the breathing cycle.
An additional modification of the breathing block assembly greatly
increases diver safety by allowing an immediate, automatic drawing
of gas from a backup system should the primary breathing system
fail. An emergency port 60, laterally aligned with inhale-exhale
opening 46, is formed in forward wall 41d of the housing block and
the forward facing surface of the forward wall is appropriately
shaped to provide a mounting surface 41e for receiving a demand
regulator unit 61.
The regulator unit incorporates the known features of a
conventional second-stage portion of a widely adopted two-stage
demand regulator. Its principal parts are: a regulator body housing
61a, a diaphragm member 61b, a tilt lever element 61c, and a
fitting 61d joined to a hose 61e extending to a source of backup
gas. If the primary source of gas fails, the diver squeezes shut
the hose carried on fitting 45a and inhales. The inhalation pulls
in diaphragm member 61b unseating the tilt valve to pass gas to the
diver. Optionally, the diaphragm is manually depressed when greatly
increased amounts of gas are required or if rapid purging of the
common inhale-exhale chamber is needed.
Reversing the locations of the demand regulator unit and the
intercom microphone, from that shown in FIG. 6, further improves
the functional nature of the breathing block assembly. Of course,
suitable adapters are provided to fit the demand regulator unit on
the bottom of the housing block through mike opening and to mount
the intercom microphone on the emergency port. With this
arrangement, speech intelligibility rises since the mike is in
direct communication with the diver's mouth and the blind spot
blocking lower, forward vision is reduced since the forward
protrusion of the cup-shaped intercom cover is less than that
presented by the demand regulator unit.
The preferred embodiment of the breathing block assembly is a
rectangularly shaped, curved block designed to closely fit on the
face mask assembly with a minimum of protuberances, which could
become entangled in cables or marine plant life. Where no
communications capability is required, the microphone is omitted
and the mike opening is sealed shut. When a backup gas supply is
not practical, the demand regulator unit is dispensed. Without the
mike and regulator unit, the essential features of the breathing
assembly are retained and its outline is considerably
streamlined.
All the gaskets, screws, fittings, valves, etc. are standard items
and are subject to routine modification to interface with existing
breathing systems. Because all the elements are subjected to a
harsh, corrosive marine environment they are selected from
materials either impervious to or resistant to its effects. The
precise manner of connecting the component elements of the
breathing block assembly has not been elaborated on to avoid
belaboring the obvious.
Realization of the interrelated, functional superiority of the head
gear is dependent directly on its being custom fitted to each diver
according to the novel methods of individually tailoring the
subassemblies, viz., the hood assembly and the face mask
assembly.
First, there must be cast a replica 70 of a diver's head on which
the mask assembly and hood assembly are formed. FIGS. 8 through 17
depict the process of fashioning the face mask assembly.
After a diver is positioned to remain perfectly motionless to allow
a setting of a casting material, a support base 71 is fitted about
his neck. The support base is cut into two pieces and an
appropriately sized neck hole allows its snug placement about his
neck to retain the flow of a viscous casting material.
When so placed, the head is coated with a release agent 70'. Grease
is suitable, but a silicon-wax composition, commercially available
under the trademark "Plastico Moulage" has been found to be more
satisfactory since it is readily mixed to the proper consistency
for coating the head a uniform thickness, approximately one-eighth
of an inch. Since the release agent tends to be relatively messy, a
tight fitting bathing cap worn over the hair reduces the clean-up
job.
Prior to casting a female mold whose interior define the outer
contours of the head, provision must be made for splitting this
mold to enable its removal from the head after the casting material
has set. A dividing head template 72, FIG. 9, having internal
dimensions conforming to a lateral cross-sectional outline of the
head, taken generally along line a--a in FIG. 13, is placed about
the diver's head. Each dividing template is thin walled serving to
act as a nondimensional boundary for the two cast portions to be
molded.
In FIG. 10, a casting box 73 encloses the head and, together with
dividing head template 72, forms a pair of casting chambers 74 and
75. A tube 76 reaching from the mouth or nostrils extends through a
forward wall of the casting box to provide a breathing duct for the
diver as the casting operation proceeds.
Plaster of paris, mixed to a viscosity allowing its pouring without
difficulty, is poured simultaneously in casting chambers 74 and 75
around and covering the head. After a setting period, approximately
10 minutes, the casting box is carefully and slowly removed leaving
a set cube of plaster of paris, consisting of portions 74a and 75a,
enclosing the head with the breathing tube protruding through
portion 75a, see FIG. 11.
FIG. 12 shows that the two portions are easily separated along
template 72 by gently pulling portion 75a forward. Upon removal of
portion 75a from the facial area, portion 74a is withdrawn to he
rear and the head is freed from the two portions. The two portions
are placed together, minus dividing template 72, to create a femal
casting mold having internal dimensions conforming to the external
configuration of the head.
Readying the female casting mold for casting a replica 70 calls for
separating its portions and coating their interiors with a release
agent. Upon completion of the coating operation and after a
sufficient drying period, casting of the replica follows.
A compound similar to plaster of paris, commercially available
under the trademark "Hydrocal," is mixed to the proper viscosity
and poured within the cavity defined by the female casting mold.
Hydrocal has a setting time of approximately 6 hours and is harder
and resists chipping and cracking, making it preferable to plaster
of paris. After the replica has hardened, it is removed from the
female casting mold which is reusable for casting additional head
replicas, is so desired. The head replica is finished, smoothed,
and painted with a primer to protect it during subsequent
operations.
At this stage, fabrication of the hood assembly is undertaken using
the complete replica of the head, and the fitting, gluing and
sewing proceeds as outlined above. Molding the face mask assembly
necessitates sawing the head replica along a lateral plane
generally depicted by lines a--a, to define a facial half 70a and a
skull half 70b of the replica, noting FIG. 13. The facial half of
the replica, containing the bony, peripheral contour outlining the
facial features as defined by the forehead, the areas of the
temples, and the lower jawbone, is placed face up on a work surface
(FIG. 14a).
Building up a male negative mold 83 on the facial half provides a
molding surface from which the dimensions of the face mask assembly
are determined. A face mask lens template 79 is positioned a
predetermined distance forward of the facial half, a distance
sufficient to enclose the nose, and is arranged to be perpendicular
to the line of forward vision. Moldable clay or putty is built up
in volume 80 reaching between the facial area and the face mask
lens template and within the bony, peripheral contour to define the
confines of nasal-visual compartment 27. In like manner,
immediately outwardly and forwardly of the mouth, a breathing block
template 81, configured to shape the face mask assembly for
receiving a breathing block assembly, is placed in loose contact
with the replica's lips. Similarly, moldable clay or putty builds
up volume 82, lying between the breathing block template and the
facial replica and within the bony, peripheral contour, to define
the confines of oral compartment 26.
Face mask lens template 79, taken with its builtup volume 80, and
breathing block template 81, taken with its builtup volume 82,
define a male negative mold 83 within the forward facial projection
contained within the bony, peripheral contour.
Molding the face mask assembly, described in detail below,
optionally progresses at this point. However, irregularities on the
male negative mold's surface, attributed to the building up
processes, call for further sculpting to provide a suitable molding
surface on which a ductile sheet is shaped. A further reason for
not using builtup negative mold 83 becomes apparent, observing
that, see FIG. 14b, the cross-sectional area near the facial area,
cross lines b--b, is smaller than the cross-sectional area near the
lens template along lines c--c. A face mask assembly molded over a
male negative mold defining such a "back draft" volume, would
require destruction of the mold to free the face mask assembly. If
a later inspection revealed flaws in the molded face mask assembly,
another replica would have to be cast, split, and built up before
another molding operation is attempted.
These limitations are avoided by mounting a divider 84, having an
inner silhouette complying with the longitudinal peripheral
configuration of male negative mold 83, noting FIG. 15. A framing
box 84a encloses the male negative mold and, when separated by
divider 84, a pair of casting chambers 85 and 86 are created. The
chambers are filled with a suitable casting material forming a left
and a right section 85a and 86a of a female negative mold 87. After
the sections of the female negative mold have hardened, they are
separated and the template and the male negative mold are removed.
Their interior surfaces are sculpted to render them smooth for
formation of a modified negative casting 90.
After having coated the interior of sections 85a and 86a with a
releasing agent, the female negative mold is reassembled and
readied for casting the modified negative casting. The casting
material fills the mold, it hardens, and the female casting mold is
split and removed. The modified negative casting is sanded, if
needed, to provide a continuous smooth surface for the molding
operation.
The face mask assembly is formed over the modified, negative
casting according to a pressure differential method. A transparent
sheet of a plastic compound 93 is heated to a specific temprature,
the above referred to Lexan 500 was heated to a temperature of
400.degree. to attain a workable degree of ductibility. The
modified, negative casting is placed on the lower base 91 of a
conventional vacuum forming machine 92. The plastic sheet is placed
into the upper portion of a conventional vacuum forming machine and
lowered over the modified, male negative mold casting and adjacent
the lens area. Applying a vacuum on the base side of the plastic
sheet pulls it down and around the modified negative casting,
molding it to conform to its outer contours which define the
nasal-visual compartment, oral compartment, and the contours of the
peripheral portion of the replica. Any type of pressure
differential method alternately is used to force the heated plastic
sheet over the modified, male negative mold to achieve its molding,
be it by pressure or vacuum, or a combination of both.
Fabrication of a face mask assembly on the modified negative
casting by building up layered fiber glass and resin is an
alternate method of shell construction. This method creates a shell
that is as strong as the molded plastic but compromises on
transparency.
After the mask assembly has been molded and the modified negative
casting has been chipped out and removed, the excess is trimmed
away. The lens area may be cut away and a tempered lens with
annular seal and protective rim is substituted to minimize
distortion and to give the face mask assembly greater rigidity. A
bridge 25, separating the oral compartment and nasal-visual
compartment, is included and further provisions call for adding the
snap fasteners, nasal-visual purge valve, the pressure equalization
pad, and other modifications enumerated above.
Reliable seating and sealing of the face mask assembly is ensured
when the foregoing method of face mask assembly construction is
followed. When a lower entrained mass is desirable to offset the
additional effort in construction, a goggle-shaped lens template is
substituted for the conventional face mask lens template with
attention being given to accompanying modifications, e.g.,
providing an outwardly bulging nose portion, etc.
By the unique configuration of the face mask assembly, the
breathing block assembly, and the hood assembly, diver safety and
comfort have risen to a new standard and the limitations imposed by
conventional head gear are overcome.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present
invention are possible in the light of the above teachings, and, it
is therefore understood that within the scope of the disclosed
inventive concept, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as
specifically described.
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