U.S. patent number 3,836,976 [Application Number 05/352,760] was granted by the patent office on 1974-09-17 for closely spaced orthogonal dipole array.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Raytheon Company. Invention is credited to John R. Ehrhardt, George S. Hardie, George J. Monser, Terry M. Smith.
United States Patent |
3,836,976 |
Monser , et al. |
September 17, 1974 |
CLOSELY SPACED ORTHOGONAL DIPOLE ARRAY
Abstract
A broadband phased array antenna is shown wherein pairs of
mutually orthogonal printed radiating elements, each one of such
elements having a flared notch formed therein, are adapted to
transmit or receive radio frequency energy having any one of a
variety of polarizations.
Inventors: |
Monser; George J. (Santa
Barbara, CA), Hardie; George S. (Santa Barbara, CA),
Ehrhardt; John R. (Santa Barbara, CA), Smith; Terry M.
(San Francisco, CA) |
Assignee: |
Raytheon Company (Lexington,
MA)
|
Family
ID: |
23386388 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/352,760 |
Filed: |
April 19, 1973 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/795; 343/821;
343/797 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
9/065 (20130101); H01Q 21/24 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
21/24 (20060101); H01Q 9/06 (20060101); H01Q
9/04 (20060101); H01q 009/28 () |
Field of
Search: |
;343/795,797,820,821,822 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sharkansky; Richard M. Pannone;
Joseph D. McFarland; Philip J.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An antenna element comprising: a pair of planar radiating
elements, one thereof disposed in a plane orthogonal to the other
one thereof, the phase center of one of such planar radiating
elements being separated from the phase center of the other one of
such planar radiating elements by less than .lambda./4 (where
.lambda. is the operating wavelength of the antenna element), each
one of such radiating elements including:
a. a radio frequency feed line; and,
b. a planar sheet of conducting material having a flared notch
formed therein, the feed line being coupled across such flared
notch.
2. The antenna element recited in claim 1 wherein each one of such
radiating elements includes:
a planar substrate; and wherein the conducting material is
deposited on a portion of such substrate, the flared notch formed
therein having a narrow portion and a wide portion, the feed line
being coupled across the narrow portion of such notch.
3. An antenna comprising: a linear array of antenna elements, each
one thereof including: a pair of planar radiating elements, one of
such pair of elements disposed in a plane orthogonal to the other
one of such pair of elements, such pair of elements having phase
centers coincident to less than .lambda./4 (where .lambda. is the
operating wavelength of the antenna), each one of such radiating
elements including:
a. a radio frequency feed line; and,
a planar sheet of conducting material having a flared notch formed
therein, the feed line being connected across such flared
notch.
4. The antenna recited in claim 3 wherein each one of the pair of
planar radiating elements has one planar radiating element disposed
in a common plane.
5. The antenna recited in claim 4 including additionally a ground
plane element common to the antenna elements and disposed
orthogonal to each one of the pair of planar radiating
elements.
6. The antenna recited in claim 3 wherein each one of such planar
radiating elements includes a planar substrate; and, wherein the
conducting material is deposited on a portion of such substrate,
the flared notch formed therein having a narrow portion and a wide
portion, the feed line being coupled across the narrow portion of
such notch.
7. The antenna recited in claim 6 wherein each one of the pair of
planar radiating elements has one of the pair of substrates
disposed in a common plane.
8. The antenna recited in claim 7 including additionally a ground
plane element common to the antenna elements and disposed
orthogonally to each one of the pair of substrates of the radiating
elements.
Description
The invention herein described was made in the course of or under a
contract or subcontract thereunder, with the Department of
Defense.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to phased array antennas and more
particularly to such antennas wherein the radiating elements
thereof are comprised of a conducting metal deposited or printed on
a substrate. The invention also relates to phased array antennas of
such nature which are adapted to transmit or receive radio
frequency energy having any one of a variety of polarizations.
As is known in the art, it is frequently desirable to use a
radiating element which may operate with one of a variety of
polarizations (i.e. linear, circular, elliptical). One type of such
a radiating element is sometimes referred to as a "double-ridged"
horn. A radiating element of such type has a vertical feed and an
independent horizontal feed, the phase centers associated with the
feeds being coincident. In order to provide efficient matching to
free space over a wide frequency variation or bandwidth, say in the
order of 2:1, it is generally required that the width of the horn
be larger than .lambda./2 (where .lambda. is the nominal operating
frequency of the antenna) and sometimes even up to the order of one
wavelength (.lambda.).
A phased array antenna is generally comprised of a plurality of
radiating elements. To attain a relatively wide scan angle, say in
the order of 120.degree., it is generally required that the phase
centers of adjacent ones of the plurality of radiating elements be
displaced by less than .lambda./2. It follows, therefore, that
while a double-ridged horn is adapted to operate with radio
frequency energy of one of a variety of polarizations, such a
radiating element may not readily be used in a phased array antenna
having a relatively wide bandwidth and relatively large scan
angle.
As is also known in the art, radio frequency antennas are sometimes
comprised of a radiating element formed from a conducting metal
printed or deposited on a substrate. Such antennas have the
advantage of lighter weight compared to waveguide antennas as a
double-ridged horn. However, known antennas having printed
radiating elements are not generally adapted to transmit or receive
radio frequency energy having any one of a variety of
polarizations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
With this background of the invention in mind, it is an object of
this invention to provide an improved phased array antenna.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved phased
array antenna adapted to operate in one of a number of
polarizations.
These and other objects of the invention are attained generally by
providing a pair of mutually orthogonal printed radiating elements,
each one of such elements having a flared notch formed therein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing features of this invention, as well as the invention
itself, may be more fully understood from the following detailed
description read together with the accompanying drawing, the single
FIGURE of which shows an exploded, perspective view of a phased
array antenna according to the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the FIGURE, a phased array antenna 10 is shown to
include a plurality, here five, of vertical radiating elements
12.sub.1 - 12.sub.5 arranged in a linear array, a pluraity, here
five, of horizontal radiating elements 14.sub.1 - 14.sub.5 arranged
in a linear array, and a back wall 15. Back wall 15 is comprised of
a single planar substrate of dielectirc material having a
conducting material, here copper, deposited or printed by any
conventional method to make the face portion 17 thereof a
conventional ground plane for the radiating elements.
Each one of the vertical radiating elements 12.sub.1 - 12.sub.5 (as
shown most clearly in the exploded view of radiating element
12.sub.5) is identical in construction and includes a planar
substrate 16.sub.1 - 16.sub.5 of dielectric material, a formed
layer of conducting material, here copper, deposited or printed by
any convenient method on a portion of one side of the planar
substrate 16.sub.1 - 16.sub.5 and a feed line 18.sub.1 - 18.sub.5.
The conducting material deposited on back wall 15 and the
conducting material deposited on a portion of each one of the
vertical radiating elements 12.sub.1 - 12.sub.5 are connected by a
conventional solder joint (not numbered).
Considering in detail an exemplary one of the vertical radiating
elements, say vertical radiating element 12.sub.5, it may be seen
that the formed layer of conducting material is symmetrically
printed about center line 20 to produce an upper portion 22 of the
conducting material separated from a lower portion 24 of the
conducting material by a notch 26. The notch 26 is flared from a
narrow portion to a wide portion, here in one step. The narrow
portion has a width a and the wide portion has a width b. A slot,
not numbered, is formed within the substrate 26 along a portion of
the center line 20, as shown, to permit alignment of the vertical
radiating element 12.sub.5 with the horizontal radiating element
14.sub.5. The feed line 18.sub.5, here coaxial cable, is passed
through back plate 15. One portion of such cable is orthogonal to
the plane of back plate 15 and a second portion of such cable is
parallel to such back plate. The former portion of the cable is
displaced from the plane of the horizontal radiating elements by a
dimension c and the second portion of such cable is displaced from
the plane of back wall 15 by a dimension d.
Considering in detail an exemplary one of the feed lines 18.sub.1 -
18.sub.5, say 18.sub.5, such feed line is here a coaxial cable
having its outer conductor connected by a conventional solder joint
(not numbered) to the upper portion 22 of the conducting material
and its inner conductor connected, again as by a conventional
solder joint (not numbered) to the lower portion 24 of the
conducting material. The dielectric sleeve, not numbered, of the
coaxial cable 18.sub.5 insulates the inner conductor of the coaxial
cable as such conductor passes across the narrow portion of notch
26.
Referring now to the horizontal radiating elements 14.sub.1 -
14.sub.5, it is first noted that the individual ones of such
elements are similar in construction to the vertical radiating
elements; here, however, the horizontal radiating elements 14.sub.1
- 14.sub.5 are formed on a single planar substrate 30 of dielectric
material. Each one of such horizontal radiating elements 14.sub.1 -
14.sub.5 is made up of: a formed layer of conducting material, here
copper, deposited or printed on a portion of one side of the planar
substrate 30; and a feed line 32.sub.1 - 32.sub.5. The conducting
material deposited on back wall 15 and the conducting material
deposited on a portion of each one of the horizontal radiating
elements are connected by a conventional solder joint (not
numbered). When assembled, the phased array antenna 10 is a rigid
unitary structure, the back wall 15 serving as an integral part of
such antenna as a conventional ground plane for both the horizontal
radiating elements and the vertical radiating elements.
Adjacent ones of the horizontal radiating elements, although
physically joined together, may be considered to be separate
identical units, divided from each other along dotted lines
34.sub.2 - 34.sub.5. An exemplary one of such units, say 14.sub.5,
is shown in detail to have the layer of conducting material
deposited thereon symmetrically about center line 20 on a portion
of substrate 30. Aleft hand portion 36 of the conducting material
is separated from a right hand portion 38 of the conducting
material by a notch 40. The notch 40 is flared from a narrow
portion to a wide portion here in one step. The narrow portion has
a width e and the wide portion has a width f.
Feed lines 32.sub.1 - 32.sub.5 are here coaxial cables. Considering
in detail an exemplary one thereof, say 32.sub.5, the outer
conductor is soldered to the left hand portion 36 of the conducting
material and the inner conductor of such cable is soldered to the
right hand portion 38 of the conducting material. A sleeve, not
numbered, of insulating material surrounds the inner conductor of
such cable as such conductor passes across the narrow portion of
the notch 40. Considering exemplary feed line 32.sub.1, such feed
line has one portion thereof orthogonal to the plane of back wall
15 and a second portion parallel to the back wall. The former
portion of the cable is displaced from the plane of the vertical
radiating element disposed along its center line, here vertical
radiating element 12.sub.1, by a dimension g and the second portion
of such cable is displaced from the back wall 15 by a dimension
h.
When the phased array antenna 10 is operating in either the
transmit mode or the receive mode, radio frequency energy passes
between free space and the wide portion of notches 26, 40 and such
energy also passes between the narrow portion and the wide portion
of such notches. The radio frequency energy passing through the
narrow portion of such notch in the vicinity where the inner
conductor of feed lines 32.sub.1 - 32.sub.5 and 18.sub.1 - 18.sub.5
passes across such narrow portion is associated with a potential
difference developed between the inner conductor and the outer
conductor of such feed lines. It is noted that when feed lines
18.sub.1 - 18.sub.5 are connected to a suitable bus, here
represented by dotted line 28, the vertical radiating elements
12.sub.1 - 12.sub.5 act as a vertically polarized antenna and
likewise, when feed lines 32.sub.1 - 32.sub.5 are connected to a
suitable bus, here represented by dotted line 42, the horizontal
radiating elements act as a horizontally polarized antenna. The
relative phase shift of the radio frequency energy, between
adjacent feed lines, defines the scan angle of the antenna in a
conventional manner. Such phase shift may be provided by convential
phase shifters (not shown). It is further noted that by having the
center conductors of the coaxial cables passing across the narrow
portion of each one of the notches substantially coincident
electrically, the phase center associated with each one of the
horizontal radiating elements 14.sub.1 - 14.sub.5 and each one of
the vertical radiating elements 12.sub.1 - 12.sub.5 will be
substantially disposed along a line in the plane of the substrate
30 and parallel to the plane of back wall 15. Such line is
indicated by dotted line 46. It follows then that by properly
adjusting the relative amplitude and phase between the radio
frequency energy on the bus represented by dotted line 42 and the
radio frequency energy on the bus represented by the dotted line
28, the phased array antenna 10 may transmit or receive radio
frequency energy having any one of a variety of polarizations.
The phased array antenna 10 has been built and found effective to
match radio frequency energy to free space over a 2:1 bandwidth and
over a 120.degree. scan angle. The parameters used were:
Dimension a = 0.1 inches
Dimension b = 0.5 inches
Dimension c = 0.625 inches
Dimension d = 0.65 inches
Dimension e = 0.1 inches
Dimension f = 0.5 inches
Dimension g = 0.425 inches
Dimension h = 0.475 inches
Height of Vertical Radiating Element = 2.40 inches
Length of Horizontal and Vertical Radiating Elements = 1.35
inches
Separation Between Vertical Radiating Elements = 0.85 inches
Substrate Thickness = 0.032 inches
Length of Narrow Portion of Notch = 1.15 inches
Operating Wavelength = 4.5 - 9.0 inches
Having described a preferred embodiment of this invention, it is
now evident that other embodiments incorporating its concepts may
be used. For example, the feed lines may be of microstrip
construction in place of coaxial cable. Also, the notch may be
flared from a narrow portion to a wide portion in other than one
step, for example it may flare in more than one step or it may
flare according to a continuous function such as in linear function
or in a parabolic function.
It is felt, therefore, that this invention should not be restricted
to its disclosed embodiment but rather should be limited only by
the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *