U.S. patent number 3,681,769 [Application Number 05/059,404] was granted by the patent office on 1972-08-01 for dual polarized printed circuit dipole antenna array.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation. Invention is credited to Robert A. Felsenheld, Emmanual J. Perrotti, Joseph C. Ranghelli.
United States Patent |
3,681,769 |
Perrotti , et al. |
August 1, 1972 |
DUAL POLARIZED PRINTED CIRCUIT DIPOLE ANTENNA ARRAY
Abstract
An antenna array is provided by stacking two PC boards in a
superimposed relationship above a housing acting as a ground plane.
Each of these two PC boards contain thereon a symmetrical
arrangement of photo etched or printed mat-strip power division
networks and dipole elements providing linear polarization, the
dipole elements on one PC board being oriented with the dipole
elements on the other PC board to provide orthogonal linear
polarizations. A ground plane for the dipole elements on the upper
PC board is provided by parallel, spaced conductive members in a
superimposed, parallel relationship with the dipole elements of the
upper PC board. In one embodiment, the ground plane conductive
members are provided by conductive strips on a third PC board
disposed between the first two PC boards. In another embodiment,
the same third PC board is disposed between the lower PC board and
the housing ground plane therefore. In a third embodiment, the
ground plane conductive members are formed as ridges on the housing
ground plane. The dipole elements and the power division networks
of the first two PC boards and the conductive members are so
oriented that they are mutually transparent to radiation to and
from the dipole elements of the first two PC boards. The
symmetrical dipole elements on each of the first two PC boards are
fed by a balanced, symmetrically branched power division mat-strip
network carried by the associated board and a combined balun and
power divider coupling an input waveguide to the balanced line
network. Each combined balun and power divider includes a coaxial
transmission line having its center conductor connected directly to
a mat-strip conductor extending radially in two directions from the
center conductor to the mat-strip network, this latter mat-strip
having the same width as the mat-strip conductors of the network,
and its outer conductor connected to a mat-strip conductor
connected to the mat-strip network having a greater width than the
mat-strip conductors of tne network. The mat-strip conductors of
the network includes at the branching locations reflectionless
impedance transformers formed by a predetermined length of
predetermined mat-strip width different than the given width.
Inventors: |
Perrotti; Emmanual J. (Ramsey,
NJ), Ranghelli; Joseph C. (Belleville, NJ), Felsenheld;
Robert A. (Livingston, NJ) |
Assignee: |
International Telephone and
Telegraph Corporation (Nutley, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
22022737 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/059,404 |
Filed: |
July 30, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
343/814; 343/822;
343/815; 343/853 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01Q
25/001 (20130101); H01Q 9/065 (20130101); H01Q
21/062 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01Q
25/00 (20060101); H01Q 9/06 (20060101); H01Q
9/04 (20060101); H01Q 21/06 (20060101); H01q
021/12 () |
Field of
Search: |
;333/84M
;343/797,798,799,853,864,814,815,822,853 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Lieberman; Eli
Claims
1. An antenna array comprising:
a first plurality of dipole elements;
a first ground plane superimposed relative to and associated with
said first plurality of elements;
a first power distribution network associated with said first
plurality of elements and disposed in a superimposed relation to
said first ground plane;
a second plurality of dipole elements;
a second ground plane superimposed relative to and associated with
said second plurality of elements; and
a second power distribution network associated with said second
plurality of elements and disposed in a superimposed relation to
said second ground plane;
each of said first and second plurality of elements being fed at
its electrical center by their associated one of said first and
second distribution networks;
said first plurality of elements, ground plane and power
distribution network being disposed in a superimposed relation to
and oriented in relation with said second plurality of elements,
ground plane and power distribution network to be mutually
transparent with respect to radiation
2. An antenna array comprising:
a first printed circuit board including thereon at least a first
pair of dipole elements each having a given orientation;
a second printed circuit board including thereon at least a second
pair of dipole elements each having an orientation orthogonal to
said given orientation, said second board being coextensive with
and being disposed in spaced, parallel relation to said first
board, said second pair of dipole elements being in a superimposed
relationship with respect to said first pair of dipole
elements;
a conductive body coextensive with, parallel to and spaced a
predetermined amount from one surface of one of said first and
second boards to provide a ground plane therefore; and
at least a pair of spaced, parallel conductive members each having
an orientation parallel to and in a superimposed relation with a
different one of said dipole elements on the other of said first
and second boards and spaced from said other of said first and
second boards by said predetermined amount to provide a ground
plane therefore and yet be transparent to the radiation to or from
said dipole elements on said one
3. An antenna array according to claim 2, further including
a first balanced power division transmission line carried by said
first board symmetrically coupled to each of said dipole elements
of said first pair of dipole elements, and
a second balanced, power division transmission line carried by said
second board symmetrically coupled to each of said dipole elements
of said second
4. An antenna array according to claim 2, wherein
each dipole element of said first and second pair of dipole
elements includes
a first conductive radiating section disposed on one surface of the
associated one of said first and second boards, and
a second conductive radiating section disposed on the other surface
of said
5. An antenna array according to claim 4, further including
a symmetrical, balanced, power division transmission line network
carried by each of said first and second boards symmetrically
coupled to each dipole element of the associated one of said first
and second pair of dipole elements for equal power
distribution,
each of said networks including
a first conductive transmission line element disposed on said one
surface of said associated one of said first and second boards
connected to said first radiating section, and
a second conductive transmission line element disposed on said
other surface of said associated one of said first and second
boards connected
6. An antenna array according to claim 2, wherein
said pair of conductive members includes
a third printed circuit board having thereon at least a pair of
spaced, parallel conductive strips, said third board being disposed
between said
7. An antenna array according to claim 2, wherein
said pair of conductive members includes
a third printed circuit board having thereon at least a pair of
spaced, parallel conductive strips, said third board being disposed
between said
8. An antenna array according to claim 2, wherein
said pair of conductive members includes
a pair of spaced, parallel conductive ridges extending from one
surface of said conductive body towards said other of said first
and second boards.
9. An antenna array according to claim 2, wherein
said first board includes
N of said first pair of dipole elements symmetrically disposed on
said first board, where N is an integer greater than one;
said second board includes
N of said second pair of dipole elements symmetrically disposed on
said second board in a superimposed relationship with respect to
said plurality of said first pair of dipole elements; and
said ground plane for said other of said first and second boards
include
a plurality of parallel, spaced conductive members, each of said
members being disposed parallel to and in a superimposed relation
with all those dipole elements aligned along a given line on said
other of said first and
10. An antenna array according to claim 9, further comprising
a mat-strip type balanced power division transmission line network
disposed on each of said first and second boards extending
symmetrically and radially in two directions from adjacent the
point of symmetry to provide a symmetrical energy coupling relation
with the associated one of said N of said first and second pair of
dipole antennas, and
a combined balun and power divider coupled to each of said networks
including
a coaxial transmission line disposed perpendicular to the
associated one of said first and second boards adjacent said point
of symmetry, said coaxial line having an outer conductor and a
center conductor extending through said associated one of said
first and second boards to one surface thereof,
a first strip conductor disposed on said one surface of said
associated one of said first and second boards connected directly
to and extending radially in two directions from said center
conductor for connection to the inputs of said network, said first
strip conductor having a given width, and
a second strip conductor disposed on the other surface of said
associated one of said first and second boards in a superimposed
relation with said first strip conductor and connected between said
outer conductor and said inputs of said network, said second strip
conductor having a width greater
11. An antenna array according to claim 10, wherein
each of said transmission line networks including
a third strip conductor disposed on said one surface of said
associated one of said first and second boards having said given
width and one end thereof coupled to one end of said first strip
conductor,
a fourth strip conductor disposed on said one surface of said
associated one of said first and second boards having said given
width and one end thereof coupled to the other end of said first
strip conductor.
a fifth strip conductor disposed on the other surface of said
associated one of said first and second boards having said given
width and one end thereof coupled to said second strip conductor,
said fifth strip conductor being disposed in a superimposed
relation with said third strip conductor, and
a sixth strip conductor disposed on said other surface of said
associated one of said first and second boards having said given
width and one end thereof coupled to said second strip conductor
being disposed in a
12. An antenna according to claim 11, wherein
said third and fifth strip conductors and said fourth and sixth
strip conductors are symmetrically branched at predetermined
locations to provide said energy coupling relation, and
said third and fifth strip conductors and said fourth and sixth
strip conductors each include a different predetermined width than
said given width for a predetermined length at said predetermined
locations to provide reflectionless energy transformation in said
transmission line
13. An antenna array according to claim 9, wherein
said plurality of conductive members includes
a third printed circuit board having thereon a plurality of spaced,
parallel strips, said third board being disposed between said first
and
14. An antenna array according to claim 9, wherein
said plurality of conductive members includes
a third printed circuit board having thereon a plurality of spaced,
parallel strips, said third board being disposed between said
conductive
15. An antenna array according to claim 9, wherein
said plurality of conductive members includes
a plurality of spaced, parallel ridges extending from one surface
of said
16. In a symmetrical antenna array having radiating elements in the
form of conductive strips disposed symmetrically on a printed
circuit board, a symmetrical energy coupling network for said
radiating elements comprising:
a mat-strip type balanced power division transmission line network
disposed on said board extending symmetrically and radially in two
directions from adjacent the point of symmetry of said radiating
elements to provide a symmetrical energy coupling relation with
said radiating elements; and
a combined balun and power divider coupled to said network
including
a coaxial transmission line disposed perpendicular to said board
adjacent said point of symmetry, said coaxial line having an outer
conductor and a center conductor extending through said board to
one surface thereof,
a first strip conductor disposed on said one surface of said board
connected directly to and extending radially in two directions from
said center conductor for connection to the inputs of said network,
said first strip conductor having a given width, and
a second strip conductor disposed on the other surface of said
board in a superimposed relation with said first strip conductor
and connected between said outer conductor and said inputs of said
network, said second
17. The symmetrical energy coupling network according to claim 16,
wherein
said transmission line network includes
a third strip conductor disposed on said one surface of said board
having said given width and one end thereof coupled to one end of
said first strip conductor,
a fourth strip conductor disposed on said one surface of said board
having said given width and one end thereof coupled to the other
end of said first strip conductor, a fifth strip conductor disposed
on the other surface of said board having said given width and one
end thereof coupled to said second strip conductor, said fifth
strip conductor being disposed in a superimposed relation with said
third strip conductor, and
a sixth strip conductor disposed on said other surface of said
board having said given width and one end thereof coupled to said
second strip conductor, said sixth strip conductor being disposed
in a superimposed
18. The symmetrical energy coupling network according to claim 17,
wherein
said third and fifth strip conductors and said fourth and sixth
strip conductors are symmetrically branched at predetermined
locations to provide said energy coupling relation, and
said third and fifth strip conductors and said fourth and sixth
strip conductors each include a different predetermined width than
said given width for a predetermined length at said predetermined
locations to provide reflectionless energy transformation in said
transmission line network.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to antenna arrays and more particularly to
antenna arrays employing mat-strip and printed circuit
techniques.
The term "mat-strip" as employed herein is defined as a photo
etched or printed balanced transmission line printed on opposite
surfaces of a printed circuit (PC) board in such a manner that both
conductors are superimposed, are equal in width and are equal in
length. This is in contrast to a stripline transmission line which
is an unbalanced transmission line requiring two ground planes one
above and one below a single conductive strip and to a microstrip
transmission line which consists of a conductive strip above a
ground plane having a much greater width than the conductive strip.
A microstrip transmission line is analogous to a two wire line in
which one of the wires is represented by the image in the ground
plane of the wire that is physically present. Another way of
expressing what a mat-strip transmission line is to state that it
is a balanced transmission line in which the image wire of a
microstrip transmission line has materialized and the ground plane
of a microstrip transmission line has been removed.
An antenna dipole element in mat-strip technique consists of one
half of the dipole element (one wing) being disposed on one surface
of a PC board having one end thereof connected to one conductor of
a mat-strip transmission line and the other half of the dipole
element (the other wing) being disposed on the other surface of the
PC board having one end thereof connected to the other conductor of
the same mat-strip transmission line. A ground plane is associated
with the dipole elements (it has no function in the mat-strip
transmission line) to ensure that the radiation from the dipole
element is from one surface of the PC board, namely, the surface of
the PC board removed from the ground plane.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,962,716 issued to H.F. Engelmann and assigned to
International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation discloses therein
a linearly polarized antenna array including dipole elements which
are parallel fed by a mat-strip transmission line network which, in
turn, is fed by a "single ended" balun. The single ended balun
includes a coaxial line having its center conductor connected to
one conductor of a mat-strip conductor extending radially in one
direction from the center conductor to the antenna feeding power
division network while the other conductor of this radially
extending mat-strip conductor is coupled to the outer conductor of
the coaxial line. Employing the single ended balun arrangement the
power feed to the antenna array is limited by the physical width of
the mat-strip transmission line extending in one direction radially
from the coaxial line. Also at higher frequencies, such as X-band
or above, the single ended balun arrangement will radiate because
an unbalanced line (coax) is connected "single ended" to a balanced
line (mat-strip).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide a dual (right and
lefthand) circularly polarized antenna array employing the
techniques disclosed in the above cited patent for the antenna
arrays involved.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an antenna
array having two sub-arrays orthogonally disposed which by
appropriate selection of the feeding arrangements thereto will
enable the antenna array to be employed for more than just a
circularly polarized antenna array, such as radiation and reception
of 45.degree. polarized radiation, reception on one sub-array with
one polarization and transmission on the other sub-array with a
polarization orthogonally related to said one polarization and the
like.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide as an
integral part of the balanced mat-strip power division transmission
line network for feeding the antenna arrays, a balun arrangement
which will substantially increase the amount of power that may be
distributed to the antenna elements with respect to that amount of
power capable of being handled in the arrangement disclosed in the
cited patent.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an antenna
array employing two PC boards each containing thereon a linearly
polarized dipole element array which are symmetrically disposed in
each quadrant of the PC board, the dipole elements of one PC board
being oriented in a 90.degree. phase relationship with the dipole
elements of the other PC board, and further providing a "double
ended" balun which also functions as a power division network so as
to double the amount of power feed to the associated antenna array
with respect to the amount of power that can be fed to the antenna
array by the single ended balun disclosed in the cited patent.
Still a further object of this invention is the ability to provide
the two printed circuit linearly polarized antenna arrays and their
power dividing fed network from the same art work.
A feature of this invention is to provide an antenna array
comprising a first plurality of dipole elements; a first ground
plane superimposed relative to and associated with the first
plurality of elements; a first power distributor network associated
with the first plurality of elements and disposed in a superimposed
relation to the first ground plane; a second plurality of dipole
elements; a second ground plane superimposed relation to and
associated with the second plurality of elements; and a second
power distribution network associated with the second plurality of
elements and disposed in a superimposed relation to the second
ground plane; each of the first and second plurality of elements
being fed at its electrical center by their associated one of the
first and second distribution networks; said first plurality of
elements, ground plane and power distribution network being
disposed in a superimposed relation to and oriented in relation
with the second plurality of elements, ground plane and power
distribution network to be mutually transparent with respect to
radiation to and from both the first and second elements.
A further feature of this invention is to provide an antenna array
comprising a first PC board including thereon at least a first pair
of dipole elements each having a given orientation; a second PC
board including thereon at least a second pair of dipole elements
each having an orientation orthogonal to the given orientation, the
second PC board being coextensive with and being disposed in
spaced, parallel relation to the first PC board, the second pair of
dipole elements being in a superimposed relationship with respect
to the first pair of dipole elements; a conductive body coextensive
with, parallel to and spaced a predetermined amount from one
surface of one of the first and second PC boards to provide a
ground plane therefore; and at least a pair of spaced, parallel
conductive members each having an orientation parallel to and in a
superimposed relation with a different one of the dipole elements
on the other of the first and second PC boards and spaced from the
other of the first and second boards by the predetermined amount to
provide a ground plane therefor and yet be transparent to the
radiation to or from the dipole elements on the one of the first
and second PC boards.
Another feature of this invention is the provision of a symmetrical
energy coupling network for radiating elements in the form of
conductive strips disposed symmetrically on a PC board providing a
symmetrical antenna array comprising a balanced power division
transmission line network disposed on the PC board extending
symmetrically and radially in two directions from adjacent the
point of symmetry of the radiating elements to provide a
symmetrical energy coupling relation with the radiating elements,
and a combined balun and power divider coupled to the network
including a coaxial transmission line disposed perpendicular to the
PC board adjacent the point of symmetry, the coaxial line having an
outer conductor and a center conductor extending through the PC
board to one surface thereof, a first strip conductor disposed on
the one surface of the PC board connected directly to and extending
radially in two directions from the center conductor for connection
to the inputs of the network, the first strip conductor having a
given width, and a second strip conductor disposed on the other
surface of the PC board in a superimposed relation with the first
strip conductor and connected between the outer conductor and the
inputs of the network, the second strip conductor having a width
greater than the given width.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The above-mentioned and other features and objects of this
invention will become more apparent by reference to the following
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in
which:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of the top most mat-strip linearly polarized
antenna array having certain portions thereof removed to expose (1)
the lower most mat-strip linearly polarized antenna array, (2) the
parallel strip ground planes for the dipole elements of the top
most antenna array and (3) the bottom conductor of the dipole
elements and the mat-strip type balanced power division
transmission line network of the top most antenna array in
accordance with the principles of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-section of FIG. 1 taken along line 2--2;
FIG. 2A is a cross-section of FIG. 2 taken along line 2A--2A;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged plan view of one of the quadruple dipole
element arrangements of either of the linear polarized arrays of
FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 taken along line
4--4;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 taken along line 2--2
illustrating an alternative relative location of the three PC
boards in accordance with the principles of this invention;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 1 taken along line 2--2
illustrating an alternative ground plane for the upper most of PC
board array in accordance with the principles of this invention;
and
FIG. 7 is a plan view of the FIG. 6 taken along line 7--7.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIGS. 1-4, there is illustrated therein a stacked or
sandwich type arrangement of PC type linearly polarized arrays and
associated ground planes to enable the achievement of a dual
circularly polarized antenna array when energy is appropriately fed
thereto in accordance with the principles of this invention. The
antenna array includes a dielectric sheet 1 having disposed thereon
by PC techniques dipole antenna elements 2 in the form of two
sections (dipole "wings") 3 and 4, section 3 being disposed on the
upper surface 5 of sheet 1 and section 4 being disposed on the
lower surface 6 of sheet 1. As illustrated, this array includes a
plurality of pairs of dipole elements 2 interconnected for
symmetrical parallel power feed by mat-strip type balanced power
division transmission line network 7 including various balanced
mat-strip type conductors 8 and 9 to provide power division and
parallel feeding of the groups of dipole elements. The linearly
polarized dipole element array on sheet 1 is symmetrical in all
quadrants as are their transmission line networks 7.
The cut away portion 10 of sheet 1 has exposed the lower conductive
strips 12a of a mat-strip type transmission line network 7 and the
lower sections 4 of dipole elements 2. It should be noted that as
in the cited patent the mat-strip conductors of balanced
transmission line network 7 are formed by two strip conductors,
such as conductor 11 disposed on surface 5 of sheet 1 and strip
conductor 12 superimposed with respect to conductor 11 on the
surface 6 of sheet 1. Referring to FIG. 4, it will be seen that
section 3 (a dipole "wing") is a continuation of conductor 11b and
that section 4 (a dipole "wing") is a continuation of conductor 12b
when these elements are formed by PC techniques.
The lower most linearly polarized antenna array is disposed, by PC
techniques on dielectric sheet 13 and has the same symmetry as the
antenna array on sheet 1 with the modification that this linearly
polarized array has its dipole elements 2' oriented 90.degree. with
respect to dipole elements 2 in the array on sheet 1. This lower
array on member 13 is parallel fed by a mat-strip type balanced
power division transmission line network 7' which is identical to
network 7 on member 1, but also oriented in a 90.degree.
relationship with respect thereto.
The ground plane for the linearly polarized antenna array on sheet
13 is provided by the metallic housing 14 while the ground plane
for the antenna array on sheet 1 is provided by a third PC board
including dielectric sheet 15 having disposed thereon dielectric
strips 16 being oriented and disposed thereon to be parallel to and
in a superimposed relationship with dipole elements 2 of the top
most linearly polarized array on sheet 1. In the embodiment
illustrated in FIG. 2, this ground plane is disposed between the
linearly polarized arrays on PC boards 1 and 13.
The array on sheet 13 must be spaced from the ground plane 14 by a
dimension C = .lambda. /4. Likewise, the spacing between the array
on sheet 1 and the ground plane provided by parallel conductor 16
is also a dimension A = .lambda./4. The .lambda./4 spacing
(dimensions A and C) are nominal values for the operating frequency
range of the antenna array.
Due to the presence of the parallel strip 16 ground plane between
the two linearly polarized antenna arrays, the dimension B is not
critical and, therefore, close tolerances do not have to be
maintained in the process of manufacturing the array of this
invention. This is due to the fact that the wave velocity both in
free space and in the coaxial balun structure are nearly equal.
Thus the quadrature phasing necessary to derive circular
polarization is not significantly altered by the displacement
dimension B.
In a reduction to practice the dielectric sheets 1, 13 and 15 had a
thickness M = 1/16 inches. The dimension of the dipole elements 2
and 2' has a length F which is less than .lambda./2 and a width N
wider than is normally found in a .lambda./2 dipole element at the
operating frequency being considered which is in the order of 8
gigahertz. Dipole elements 2 and 2' are effectively a .lambda./2 in
length, but are shorter and fatter than normal to provide an
improved bandwidth characteristic for the antenna array of this
invention. The spacing J between the centers of dipole elements 2
and 2' is J = 0.6 to 0.8.lambda., for presently operating antennas.
This spacing is made optimum for a particular application, but it
is not critical. The dimension between the ends of adjacent dipole
elements 2 and 2', D and K, are not critical nor is the spacing E
between the side of adjacent pairs of dipole elements critical.
These dimensions may be adjusted to permit proper impedance
transformation in network 7 and 7' and also to enable more elements
to be placed upon the associated dielectric sheet.
It will be noted that networks 7 and 7' include in each of the
strip conductors of this balanced transmission line network
decreased width portions and increased width portions at the
branching positions or locations thereof. The decreased width
portions having dimensions G and H and the increased width portions
having dimensions I and L, FIG. 3, are each .lambda./4 to provide a
reflectionless power transformation between the transmission line
sections themselves and from the transmission line sections to the
dipole elements 2 and 2'.
The spacing between sheets 1, 13 and 15 and ground plane 14 are
maintained to the appropriate predetermined value by the employment
of bolts 17 extending through ground plane 14 and sheets 1, 13 and
15 with appropriate length spacers or stand-offs 18, 19 and 20
disposed thereon to maintain the desired spacing of the stacked
arrangement. In addition to these bolts and separators, the coaxial
transmission line portion of the combined balun and power dividing
devices, to be described hereinbelow, also cooperate in maintaining
the desired separation of the stacked members. These separations
can also be maintained by frame structures made of low density
foam. This would lend itself to a bonded sandwich construction.
As illustrated in FIG. 1 and in greater detail in FIG. 3, dipole
elements 2 and 2' are configured so that sections 3 and 4 have a
substantially constant width until just prior to connection to
network 7 where it is tapered, such as at portion 21. The purpose
of this taper 21, the length and taper of which is empirically
determined, is to provide better radiation efficiency. It has been
determined in addition through experimentation that a triangular
shaped section 3 and 4 for elements 2 and 2' will also provide
desired radiation efficiency and also a broader bandwidth.
As disclosed in FIG. 2, the dielectric between the various sheets
1, 13, and 15 and ground plane 14 is air dielectric. However, it is
within the scope of this invention to incorporate a low loss
honeycomb or foam dielectric material in between the various
horizontal members. If this type of dielectric is employed, bolts
17 and stand-offs 18, 19 and 20 can be dispensed with, since the
foam or honeycomb dielectric material would then provide the
desired separation between the various horizontal members.
The transmission networks 7 and 7' are symmetrically fed from a
combined balun and power divider and is of the double ended balun
type. Energy is coupled to each of the arrays by similar waveguides
22 and 22a coupled to the 90.degree. and 0.degree. output ports,
respectively of a 90.degree. short slot hybrid (not shown) so that
each array is fed in a 90.degree. phase relationship to provide
circular polarization. The unbalanced to balanced transformation is
obtained by the combined balun and power divider in accordance with
the present invention which includes similar coaxial transmission
lines 23 and 23a having inner conductors 24 and 24a, respectively,
extending through members 13 and 1, respectively, for electrical
contact with strip conductors 25 and 25a, respectively. Conductors
25 and 25a each extending radially in two directions from center
conductors 24 and 24a with the ends thereof being respectively
connected to the inputs to network 7', such as at points 28 and 29.
(FIG. 1), and the inputs to network 7, such as the points 28a and
29a (FIG. 1); The outer conductors 26 and 26a of coaxial
transmission lines 23 and 23a is physically supporting and in
electrical contact with strip conductors 27 and 27a, respectively
having the configuration as shown in FIG. 1 which obviously is
wider than the width of conductors 25 and 25a and the conductors
forming networks 7 and 7'. Thus, the combined balun and power
divider of this invention provides a direct transition from
waveguides 22 and 22a to the balanced mat-strip of network 7 and
7'. It also provides a positive mechanical connection to the
balanced line of the printed array without the use of solder joints
and, in addition, and more importantly provides an immediate power
division with a relatively large heat sink formed by conductor 27
thereby enabling the feeding of greater power into networks 7 and
7'.
The purpose of the circuitous path followed by the input conductors
of network 7' leading from the combined balun and power divider is
to reduce the number of dipole elements that must be eliminated
from both the arrays to enable the transformation from an
unbalanced to a balanced line and also the immediate power division
provided by the double ended balun and power divider arrangement,
and also to provide equi-phase dipole excitation by equal length
paths to all dipoles.
The conductors of networks 7 and 7' and dipole elements are
composed of conductive material, such as copper, copper clad
material or the like. The dielectric sheets 1, 13 and 15 are
composed of a low loss dielectric, such as Tellite, Rexilite,
Z-Tron and Duroid. The latter two low loss dielectric materials are
also high temperature materials and, of course, would be
particularly applicable to the present invention under high
temperature conditions.
Due to the orientation of the dipole arrays on sheets 1 and 13 and
the orientation of ground strip conductors 16, the diode elements 2
and the balanced transmission lines of network 7 and the strip
ground conductors 16 are invisible or transparent to radiation to
and from dipole elements 2' on sheet member 13.
As pointed out hereinabove the antenna array of this invention may
be circularly polarized provided the balun-power divider
combination of each linear array are fed in a 90.degree. phase
relationship, such as by a short slot hybrid. In addition to
circular polarization, the orthogonally related linear arrays can
be used in other applications. For instance, a 45.degree. polarized
antenna pattern can be achieved by proper feeding of the
balun-power divider combination of each array, or one linearly
polarized array can be employed for transmission and the other
linearly polarized array can be employed for receiving provided the
feed to the balun-power divider combination is appropriate. Other
applications to which the sandwich array of the present invention
will be applicable with proper feed will become apparent to those
skilled in the art.
The transmission networks 7 and 7' are split in a binary fashion
and have equal length mat-strip lines thereby enabling the dipole
elements to be fed with equal amplitude and equal phase. However,
it is possible to arrange networks 7 and 7' to be split or divided
on a ternary quadruple or other basis and to have unequal length
mat-strip lines resulting in many different relationships between
amplitude and phase excitation of the dipole elements. This will
enable achieving many different types of radiation patterns.
Referring to FIG. 2, the ground plane for the array disposed on
sheet 1 is provided by conductive strips disposed on sheet 15 which
is positioned between the sheets 1 and 13 carrying the two linearly
polarized arrays. This is not a critical location for the ground
plane carried by sheets 15. In fact as illustrated in FIG. 5, sheet
15 may be disposed between the housing 14 and the sheet 13. This
will result in a still more compact sandwich construction than that
shown in FIG. 2.
In addition, there is available still another embodiment for the
ground plane of the linearly polarized array disposed on sheet 1.
This embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 and eliminates the
third sheet 15. In the embodiment of FIGS. 6 and 7, the ground
plane for the dipole element disposed on sheet 1 is provided by
parallel spaced ridges 16a disposed on housing 14 oriented to be
parallel to and in a superimposed relationship with dipole elements
2 on sheet 1. This arrangement will result in still a more compact
sandwich construction than possible with the embodiments of FIG. 2
and 5.
The antenna array of this invention provides a construction which
is a compact sandwich construction, is extremely rugged, is
inexpensive and is of minimal thickness. Another advantage is that
both the upper and lower antenna arrays including network 7 and 7'
are fabricated by PC techniques employing the same art work. As a
result, the phase errors introduced by the printed arrays is
minimized when using the modular concept to build larger arrays
and, in addition, the manufacturing costs are minimized especially
if many modules are to be constructed.
While we have described above the principles of our invention in
connection with specific apparatus, it is to be clearly understood
that this description is made only by way of example and not as a
limitation to the scope of our invention as set forth in the
objects thereof and in the accompanying claims.
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