U.S. patent number 3,825,916 [Application Number 05/299,456] was granted by the patent office on 1974-07-23 for laser fence.
This patent grant is currently assigned to California Crime Technological Research Foundation. Invention is credited to Douglas E. Roudabush, Richard K. Steele.
United States Patent |
3,825,916 |
Steele , et al. |
July 23, 1974 |
LASER FENCE
Abstract
First and second transmitting stations provide two, parallel,
line-of-sight, pulsed beams of infrared energy generated from a
solid state source. The (laser) beams are intercepted by
corresponding receiving stations. The two line of sight beams are
displaced horizontally and vertically from each other; and by
orienting the beams along a perimeter to be protected, any invasion
of the perimeter is sensed by interruption of the beams. Detection
of animals, such as dogs, is negated by logic circuitry affording
height discrimination. The circuitry also discriminates with
respect to man parameters, such as man's usual forward velocity,
namely, approximately 1/2 feet per second to 10 feet per second.
False alarms from flying birds, leaves and the like, are thereby
minimized. Intrusions can be indicated by audible and visual local
alarms, or, if desired, by automatic telephone dialing, radio or
closed circuit TV to more distant centers. By using additional
stations and corner reflectors, where appropriate, a continuous
chain is constructed to enclose an area to be guarded.
Inventors: |
Steele; Richard K. (Sacramento,
CA), Roudabush; Douglas E. (Carmichael, CA) |
Assignee: |
California Crime Technological
Research Foundation (Sacramento, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
23154870 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/299,456 |
Filed: |
October 20, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
340/557 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08B
13/183 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G08B
13/183 (20060101); G08B 13/18 (20060101); G08b
013/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/258B ;250/221 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Trafton; David L.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Lothrop & West
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A laser security fence comprising:
a. a first laser beam transmitting station including a first pulsed
laser beam generator oriented so as to direct said first beam
substantially on a first line of sight along a perimeter to be
protected;
b. a first laser beam receiving station located substantially on
said first line of sight at a distance from said first laser beam
transmitting station at least on the order of one hundred feet, or
more, and oriented so as to intercept said first beam from said
first transmitting station, said first receiving station being
capable of detecting interruptions in said first beam;
c. a second laser beam transmitter station adjacent said first
laser beam receiving station including a second pulsed laser beam
substantially on a second line of sight along the perimeter to be
protected, said first line of sight being substantially parallel to
said second line of sight, displaced approximately two feet above
the horizontal plane of said second line of sight, and displaced
approximately three feet laterally from the vertical plane of said
second line of slight;
d. a second laser beam receiving station adjacent said first laser
beam transmitting station substantially on said second line of
sight and oriented so as to intercept said second beam from said
second transmitting station, said second receiving station being
capable of detecting interruptions in said second beam;
e. logic means connected to said first and said second receiving
stations for discriminating between predetermined sequences and
durations of interruption signals attributed to invasion by a
physical body having man parameters of height and velocity, said
logic means being programmed to discriminate the man parameter of
forward velocity ranging between a slow walking speed of about two
feet per second and a running speed of about ten feet per second
based upon the intervals between the interruptions of said first
and said second beams, and by physical bodies not having said man
parameters; and,
f. warning means connected to said logic means for alerting
security personnel in the event of indicated invation by a physical
body having said man parameters.
Description
The invention relates to improvements in infrared detection systems
used to protect large unattended areas otherwise unprotected by
walls, chain link fences, barbed wire and the like.
Owing to several unique advantages, infrared detection systems are
coming into ever increasing use. Among the numerous well recognized
advantages are the following: operation is equally effective, both
day and night; operation even under such adverse conditions as
snow, rain or light fog; ability to bend the output beam around
corners, thereby supplying perimeter protection with a minimum of
transmitters and receivers; use of narrow band filters, sensitive
detectors and pulse modulation techniques eliminating false alarms
caused by radio frequency interference, lightning flashes,
flickering sunlight and inclement weather; secure fail-safe
operation; simplicity of installation; compatibility with existing
alarm and control systems; relatively economical; portable;
compact; readily susceptible of being camouflaged; and capable of
extended battery operation in event of failure or disruption of
main power supply.
In addition to the foregoing, the prior art also affords examples
of laser transmitting and receiving stations which are able to
discriminate between an opaque body of some size, such as a person,
and small oscillating objects such as grass, weeds or shrubbery
swaying in the wind.
So far as is known, however, the prior art does not disclose laser
beams arranged along a perimeter in such a manner as to
discriminate with respect to velocity of an object passing through
the fence, as well as to height, direction of movement, i.e.,
entering the enclosed area or emerging therefrom, and approximate
location on the perimeter.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a laser fence
which not only affords all of the advantages set forth above in
extenso, but which also is capable of discriminating between
discontinuities in the beams which are likely to be man caused and
those which are not.
It is another object of the invention to provide a laser fence
which minimizes false alarms.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a laser
fence which is versatile in that it can be readily adapted to a
wide variety of uses and environments.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a laser fence
system which is durable, safe, tamper-proof and effective to
prevent, or discourage, the entry into the protected area of
unauthorized persons.
It is an additional object of the invention to provide a generally
improve laser fence.
Other objects, together with the foregoing, are attained in the
embodiment described in the following description and illustrated
in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a stylized side elevational view of a portion of a
typical fence installation, the station foundations and the ground
being sectioned, and with portions of the figure broken away to
reduce the extent thereof;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the control box
components;
FIG. 3 is an end elevational view as seen from the plane indicated
by the line 3--3 in FIG. 1; and,
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the velocity discriminator logic circuitry
and beam discontinuity indicators.
While the laser fence system of the invention is susceptible of
numerous physical embodiments, depending upon the environment and
requirements of use, the herein shown and described embodiment has
been made, used and tested, and has performed in an eminently
satisfactory manner.
The laser fence of the invention, generally designated by the
reference numeral 10, includes, along the perimeter of an
unattended area to be protected against intrusion, a plurality of
transmitting-receiving stations 11, 12 and 13 aligned so that the
infra-red beam electromagnetic radiation emitted by a transmitter
at one station is received by a corresponding receiver at another
station.
The emitted beam reaches the receiver in a substantially
concentrated, line-of-sight manner although the actual energy
pattern is a cone of greater or less base width at a given distance
depending upon the desired sharpness, as controlled in part by
appropriate tuning of the transmitter.
As appears most clearly in FIGS. 1 and 3, only three stations are
shown. The distance separating each of the pairs of stations can be
on the order of 1,000 feet, for example. In some installations,
reflectors can be used to turn the beams at corners and thereby
reduce the number of stations required to encompass a given
area.
In the embodiment disclosed, the central station 11 includes a pair
of transmitter-receivers in back to back arrangement, the right
hand pair including an upper transmitter T14 and a lower receiver
R15, and the left hand pair including a lower transmitter T16 and
an upper receiver R17.
The right hand station 13 comprises but a single set, namely, a
lower transmitter T18 and an upper receiver R19.
As indicated, the transmitter T14 at station 11 emits, through a
port 20, in effect, a substantially line-of-sight beam 21 received
by the receiver R19 at station 13. In turn, the transmitter T18 at
station 13 emits a beam 22 to the receiver R15 at station 11.
The pulsed beams are of high frequency, being on the order of 40
nanoseconds wide, which accounts for its excellent ability to
penetrate fog. Transmitters and receivers of the kind disclosed are
well known, being available, for example, from Security Devices
Division of Systron-Donner of Dublin, Calif., under the mark
"Optogard".
The left hand station 12 includes an upper transmitter T24 and a
lower receiver R25. As appears most clearly in FIGS. 1 and 2, the
upper transmitter T24 is housed in a box 26 and the lower receiver
R25 is similarly protected within a housing 27. A vertical pipe 28
supports the box 26 and a comparable upright pipe 29 carries the
housing 27, both pipes being mounted in a concrete pad 31 in the
ground 32. Suitable conduit 33 carries conductors from the main
power supply and signal cables to a control box 34 (see FIG. 2)
situated at an appropriate location.
The transmitter T24 at station 12 emits a beam 36 received by
receiver R17 at station 11 and transmitter T16 at station 11 emits
a beam 37 received by receiver R25 at station 12.
Actually, as previously indicated, the pulsed energy beams are
diverging cones such that the diameter of the energy at 650 feet
from the transmitter is approximately 30 feet. However, since the
receiver is located on the axis of this cone of energy, amplitude
is at a maximum and, in effect, it is as if a line-of-sight beam
were transmitted and received.
As shown in FIG. 3, the transmitter T24 is located in an upper,
left hand position relative to the receiver R25, which is in a
lower, right hand position. For reasons later to be explained in
more detail, the lower, right hand receiver R25 (see FIG. 3) is
located on the outer side of the laser fence whereas the upper,
left hand transmitter T24 is located on the inner side of the
fence. Thus, the beam 37 is an outer, lower beam and the beam 36 is
an inner, upper beam.
As will be obvious, the respective boxes 41, 42 and 43, 44 housing
the transmitters and receivers at stations 11 and 13 will be so
arranged as to position the respective components in proper
alignment, the boxes, as before, being mounted on respective pipes
46 and 47 secured in concrete pads 31. Conduits 48 and 49 carry
cables providing power to stations 11 and 13, respectively. The
conduits 48 and 49 also carry cables sending information signals
from the receivers R15, R17 and R19 to the control box 34, as
indicated in FIGS. 1 and 2.
As appears most clearly in FIG. 2, the control box 34 not only
provides control over the power supply 50 for the various
transmitting-receiving stations, but also for the circuitry within
the box itself, including the input relays 51 and the output relays
52, as well as for the logic circuitry 53, shown in detail in FIG.
4. If desired, a telephone communicator 54 can be included in the
system, the communicator being arranged in conventional manner so
that automatic dialing is effected, thus providing a remote warning
alarm.
With especial reference to FIGS. 1 and 3, it will be noted that the
axis of the transmitter T24 to the receiver R17 (and thus the beam
36) is at height "H" whereas the axis of transmitter R16 to the
receiver R25 (and thus the beam 37) is at height "h" both being
measured above ground level 32.
These heights can be varied to suit the environment and
requirements of use. In the particular laser fence disclosed
herein, the height h of the lower beam 37 is approximately 2 feet
and the height H of the upper beam 36 is approximately 4 feet, the
difference in elevation being, therefore, about two feet. The
horizontal displacement D between the two beams 36 and 37 is
approximately 3 feet.
The height h of about 2 feet, was selected in this particular
installation to clear smaller animals who might stray through the
fence; whereas, the height H of about four feet was chosen so that
the beam would be intercepted by all persons who pass through the
fence except small children who, of course, would interrupt the
lower beam at height h.
With especial reference to FIG. 4 illustrating the logic circuitry,
let it first be assumed that the lower outer beam 37 is
interrupted, closing the contacts of relay switch 56 connected to
the receiver R25.
A dry contact filter 57, such as a K 581, converts the signal from
the relay switch 56 to logic levels, the output signal from the
switch filter 57 (K 581) being sharpened by routing it through a
Schmitt Trigger 58 (K 501).
All components with the prefix K refer herein to products of the K
Series manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard,
Mass.
The signal emergent from the Schmitt Trigger divides at a junction
59 and proceeds to actuate a digital tuner 61 (K 303) set for a
transit velocity of 0.3 seconds. This approximately corresponds to
the time required for an object moving at 10 feet per second (6.85
miles per hour) to traverse the three feet horizontally separating
the vertical planes through the outer beam 37 and the inner beam
36. It is to be noted that the delay interval can readily be
downwardly or upwardly adjusted to any desired lower or higher
velocity, respectively.
At the end of 0.3 seconds, the negative transition of the timer 61
(K 303) fires a one shot 62 (K 323) with an attendant timer control
63 (K 376) affording a time delay of 2.12 seconds, corresponding to
a transit velocity over the three foot span horizontally separating
the beams of approximately 11/2 feet per second (1 mile per
hour).
The output of the one shot 62 (K 323) provides one of the inputs to
the AND gate 66 (K 123) for the delay period of 2.12 seconds. If,
during the 2.12 second interval, the inner upper beams 36 is not
interrupted, the AND gate logic is not satisfied and no alarm is
given. The logic circuit is then clear to receive any future
signal.
If the lower beam 37 is at a height such that it would be
interrupted by a dog, for example, or by a young child walking
through the fence, whereas the upper, inner beam is at an elevation
such that it would not be so interrupted, there is no cause for
alarm. The event is detected and a readout appears at the control
box 34, or elsewhere, if desired, but this type of penetration is
relatively of no significance.
If, on the other hand, not only the lower, outer beam 37 is
interrupted, but, within a short interval, the upper inner beam 36
is also interrupted, the invasion may be of consequence, since the
physical parameters are of an older child or an adult, or, in
certain localities a larger animal such as a cow, a horse or a
deer, for example, or in other environments, a vehicle of some
kind.
Should the upper, inner beam 36 also be interrupted, then, the
event is of importance and the contacts of a relay switch 68 in the
receiver R17 are closed. As before, a switch filter 69 (K 581)
suitably converts the signal, and as the sharpened signal emerges
from the Schmitt Trigger 71 (K 501) it is routed through a junction
72 to an inverter 73 (K 138) to provide the other input to the AND
gate 66 (K 123).
Assuming the signal from the upper inner beam 36 reaches the AND
gate 66 (K 123) before the gate interval expires, the gate
conditions are satisfied, and the gate output is routed through an
inverter 74 (K 138) thence through a flip flop 76 (K 201) to drive
a lamp 77 via the driver 78 (K 683). The external load in this
instance can be any kind of warning device radio transmitter or
telephone communicator and a DPDT relay 80 is provided as a
convenience.
In parallel with the velocity discriminator circuitry heretofore
described are two flip flops 81 and 82 (K 201) one connected to the
junction 59 of the lower outer beam circuitry and the other
connected to the junction 72 of the upper inner beam circuitry.
Each of these flip flops 81 and 82 is connected to a lamp driver 83
and 84 (K 683) and power relays 85 and 86 respectively. The
breaking of either one of the beams is thereby indicated.
A normally open reset switch 91 is connected via a switch filter 92
(K 581) to the flip flops 81 and 82 (K 201) of both beam signal
circuits to restore the system to base condition.
As will be recognized, each sector of the perimetral fence is
provided with its own circuitry and readout. Thus, the approximate
location of the invasion can be readily determined from the
position of the activated readout indicia. In like manner, the
sequence of penetration as between the inner and outer beam in any
given sector indicates whether the invader passed through the fence
from the outside or from the inside.
By suitably modifying the transmitter-receiver stations as to
physical dimensions, numbers and arrangements, and by conforming
the logic circuitry thereto, a wide variety of security fence uses
and requirements is afforded.
* * * * *