U.S. patent number 3,780,535 [Application Number 05/209,810] was granted by the patent office on 1973-12-25 for method of cooling a gaseous mixture and installation therefor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to L'Air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'Etude Et L'Exploitation Des. Invention is credited to Bernard Darredeau.
United States Patent |
3,780,535 |
Darredeau |
December 25, 1973 |
METHOD OF COOLING A GASEOUS MIXTURE AND INSTALLATION THEREFOR
Abstract
A method of and apparatus for cooling and condensing a gaseous
mixture by means of at least one frigorific cycle utilizing a cycle
mixture which may include at least one constituent of said gaseous
mixture, the cycle mixture being cooled and subjected to fractional
condensation under high pressure; at least the first condensed
fraction obtained during this fractional condensation is expanded
to a low pressure lower than said high pressure; at least said
expanded portion is vaporized and re-heated at said low pressure,
in heat exchange relation with at least the cycle mixture in course
of fractional condensation; at least the first heated portion is
recompressed from said low pressure to said high pressure in at
least one compression stage so as to re-constitute the cycle
mixture, at least in part, under the high pressure, the first
condensed fraction being obtained immediately after the last stage
of compression; the said method further comprises the steps of
expanding the portion of the first condensed fraction to the low
pressure in at least one intermediate stage, consisting of
expanding said portion from a pressure at most equal to the high
pressure to a pressure intermediate between the said high and low
pressures, a gaseous fraction from the said portion expanded to the
intermediate pressure being separated out and re-compressed from
the intermediate pressure to the high pressure in order to
re-constitute a further portion of the cycle mixture under high
pressure. The invention is especially applicable to the
liquefaction of natural gas.
Inventors: |
Darredeau; Bernard (Paris,
FR) |
Assignee: |
L'Air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour
L'Etude Et L'Exploitation Des (Paris, FR)
|
Family
ID: |
9066132 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/209,810 |
Filed: |
December 20, 1971 |
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Dec 21, 1970 [FR] |
|
|
7046084 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/612 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F25J
1/0052 (20130101); F25J 1/0212 (20130101); F25J
1/0264 (20130101); F25J 1/0055 (20130101); F25J
1/0216 (20130101); F25J 1/0236 (20130101); F25J
1/0265 (20130101); F25J 1/0292 (20130101); F25B
9/10 (20130101); F25J 1/0022 (20130101); F25J
2210/06 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F25B
9/10 (20060101); F25J 1/00 (20060101); F25J
1/02 (20060101); F25j 001/00 (); F25j 003/06 ();
F25j 005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/9,11,23,40 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Yudkoff; Norman
Assistant Examiner: Purcell; Arthur F.
Claims
What I claim is:
1. In an auto-refrigerated cascade method of cool-ing and
condensing a gaseous mixture (1) by means of a frigorific cycle
utilizing a cycle mixture said frigorific cycle comprising:
a. partially condensing (3') said cycle mixture under a high
pressure by heat exchange with an external refrigerant,
b. separating (3) a first condensed fraction from said partially
condensed cycle mixture,
c. fractionately condensing (13) under said high pressure the
remainder (5) of said cycle mixture separated from said first
condensed fraction, and obtaining thereby a second condensed
fraction (14),
d. expanding (4') at least a portion of said first condensed
fraction and at least a portion of said second condensed fraction
(14') to a low pressure lower than said high pressure,
e. vaporizing and reheating (52) at least said expanded portions
under said low pressure, in heat exchange (51) with at least said
remaining cycle mixture in the course of fractional
condensation,
f. recompressing (2) at least said reheated portions (6) from said
low pressure to said high pressure in at least one compression
stage (2"), so as to reconstitute, at least in part, said cycle
mixture under said high pressure, and effecting the partial
condensation (3') of step a) immediately after the last stage (2")
of compression;
the improvement comprising
g. serially expanding during step d) said portion of said first
condensed fraction (56) in at least one intermediate stage from
said high pressure to a pressure intermediate said high pressure
and said low pressure,
h. separating (103) out a gaseous fraction (105) from said portion
(114) expanded to said intermediate pressure,
i. recompressing (2") said separated gaseous fraction (105) from
said intermediate pressure to said high pressure, in order to
reconstitute a further portion of said cycle mixture under high
pressure, and
j. expanding (4') said portion (114) separated during step h) from
said gaseous fraction (105), from said intermediate pressure to a
pressure at least equal to said low pressure.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which said portion (264")
expanded to said intermediate pressure, resulting from step (g), is
partly vaporized (57), prior to the separation step (h), by heat
exchange with said portion (114) separated during step (h) from
said gaseous fraction (105), in the course of subcooling (59) prior
to its expansion (in valve 4') according to step (j), and with at
least one other flow of fluid (201) in the course of cooling.
3. An auto-refrigerated cascade installation for cooling and
condensing a gaseous mixture (1), comprising a frigorific unit for
the circulation of a cycle mixture, said frigorific unit
comprising:
- a compressor (2) having its suction and delivery operating
respectively under a low pressure and a high pressure, comprising a
final compression stage (2'), the suction and delivery of which
operate respectively at a pressure intermediate said high and low
pressures and at said high pressure;
- a condenser (3') for cooling and partial condensation under said
high pressure of at least said cycle mixture, the input of said
condenser (3') communicating with the delivery of said compressor
(2), and comprising circulation means for an external refrigerant
to said frigorific unit;
- a first separator (3) for the separation of a first condensed
fraction (56) from said cycle mixture partially condensed in said
condenser, the inlet of said separator (3) communicating with the
outlet of said condenser (3');
- first expansion means (104, 103, 4'), comprising one first
expansion valve (4') for the expansion to said low pressure of at
least a portion of said first condensed fraction (56), and the
upstream side of which is in communication with the liquid outlet
of said first separator (3);
- at least one heat exchanger (10) for the fractional condensation
under said high pressure of at least the remainder (5) of said
cycle mixture, separated from said first condensed fraction (56),
and comprising: a first passage means (51) for the cycle mixture
(5) in the course of fractional condensation, communicating at one
extremity with the gaseous outlet of said first separator (3), and
at the other extremity with the inlet (5') of a second separator
(13); a second passage means (52) for the portion of said first
condensed fraction (4"), expanded to said low pressure and in
course of vaporization and heating, in heat exchange relation with
said first passage means (51), communicating with the downstream
side of said first expansion valve (4') and with the suction of
said compressor (2); and a third passage means (53) for said
gaseous mixture (1) in the course of cooling and condensation, in
heat exchange relation with said second passage means (52);
- said first expansion means (104, 103, 4') being in fluid series
and comprising an intermediate stage comprising an intermediate
expansion valve (104) for the expansion of said portion (56) of the
first condensed fraction from said high pressure to a pressure
intermediate said high and low pressures; and
- an intermediate separator (103) for the separation of a gaseous
fraction (105) from said portion (56) expanded to said intermediate
pressure, the inlet of which communicates with the downstream side
of said intermediate expansion valve (104), the gaseous outlet
(105) of which communicates with the suction of the last
compression stage (2") of said compressor (2), so as to combine
under said intermediate pressure, said vaporized and heated portion
and said gaseous fraction (105) and to recompress them to said high
pressure, and the liquid outlet (114) of which communicates with
the upstream side of said first expansion valve (4').
4. An installation as claimed in claim 3, in which said
intermediate stage comprises an intermediate heat exchanger (200)
for the partial vaporization of the portion (204") of said first
fraction expanded (104) to the intermediate pressure, and
comprising: a first passage means (57), for said expanded portion
(204") in the course of vaporization, communicating with the
downstream side of said intermediate expansion valve (104) and with
the inlet of said intermediate separator (103), a second passage
means (59) for the portion (114) expanded to said intermediate
pressure and separated from the gaseous fraction (105), in the
course of subcooling, in heat exchange relation with said first
passage means (57), communicating at one extremity with the liquid
outlet (114) of said intermediate separator (103), and at the other
extremity with the upstream side of said first expansion valve
(4'); and at least a further passage means (60) for another flow
(201) in the course of cooling, in heat exchange relation with said
first passage means (57).
Description
The present invention has for its object a method of cooling and
condensing a gaseous mixture, together with an installation
enabling the said method to be carried into effect. THe invention
is especially applicable to the liquefaction of natural gas.
At the International Refrigeration Congress of 1959 in Copenhagen,
A.P. Kleemenko (Reports: pages 34 to 39) described a method of
cooling and condensing a gaseous mixture by means of a frigorific
cycle utilizing a cycle mixture which could comprise at least one
constituent of the gaseous mixture treated.
In accordance with this method, at least the cycle mixture is
cooled and subjected to fractional condensation under high
pressure, at least the first condensed fraction obtained during the
said fractional condensation is expanded to a low pressure lower
than the high pressure, at least the first expanded fraction is
vaporized and heated under the low pressure in heat exchange with
the cycle mixture and the gaseous mixture in course of
condensation, at least the first heated fraction is re-compressed
from the low pressure to the high pressure so as to re-constitute,
at least in part, the cycle mixture under the high pressure, the
first condensed fraction being obtained immediately after the
compression.
In addition, two distinct methods of operation of this cycle were
described. In a first case, the frigorific cycle is of the open
type and the gaseous mixture and the cycle mixture are combined and
subjected together to the fractional condensation. In a second
case, the frigorific cycle is of the closed type, and the cycle
mixture and the gaseous mixture circulate in separate and distinct
conduits, in which they are condensed independently.
Thie refrigeration cycle, known as "auto-refrigerated cascade
cycle", is now well known. As compared with the Pictet cascade
cycle, it necessitates only a single compressor, and it is
therefore distinguished from this latter by smaller capital
investments in equipment. Furthermore, certain improvements in this
cycle have formed the subject of French Patent No. 1,302,989 and it
two Certificates of Addition Nos.80,294 and 86,485.
By way of example, a frigorific cycle of this kind, utilizing a
cycle mixture having the following composition by volume:
Methane -- 35 percent
Ethane -- 40 percent
Propane -- 5 percent
Butane -- 12 percent
Pentane -- 3 percent
Nitrogen and other light gases -- 5 percent
makes it possible to liquefy and sub-cool a natural gas having the
following composition by volume:
Methane -- 88 percent
Ethane -- 5 percent
Propane -- 3 percent
Butane -- 2 percent
Nitrogen and other light gases -- 2 percent
While the previously described method, improved in accordance with
the above-mentioned patents, and the corresponding installations
give satisfaction, it must however be observed that the degree of
irreversibility of certain operational phases of the method
employed remains relatively large and correspondingly increases the
total power consumed in condensing the gaseous mixture treated.
In this connection, the Applicant has found, in the case of
liquefaction of natural gas, that the difference in temperature
existing between the cycle mixture during the course of fractional
condensation and the cycle mixture in course of heating remains
large, especially in the first exchanger or hot exchanger of the
installation, in which the vaporization of the first condensed
fraction is effected and essentially in the central zone of this
latter.
In other words, during the first exchange of heat which permits the
temperature of the cycle mixture to be reduced from the ambient
temperature towards a temperature zone of the order of
-30.degree.C., the difference in temperature existing in certain
zones between the condensation curve of the cycle mixture and the
vaporization curve of this latter corresponds to a considerable
irreversibility of the said heat exchange and correspondingly
increases the total power consumed by the installation.
The difference in temperature found depends especially on the ratio
of the high pressure at which the fractional condensation of the
cycle mixture is effected, and the low pressure under which the
vaporization of the condensed fractions of the said mixture is
effected. Certain imperatives, imposed furthermore, prevent any
modification of the ratio of the high and low pressures of the
frigorific cycle in order to reduce correspondingly the temperature
difference found above.
Within the framework of an installation utilizing the so-called
"auto-refrigerated cascade cycle", the present invention thus has
the object of reducing this difference of temperature existing
between the cycle mixture in course of condensation and the said
mixture in course of vaporization, in the first exchanger or hot
exchanger, in order to reduce the consumption of power necessary
for the liquefaction of the gaseous mixture treated, and without
having per contra any excessive increase in the exchange surface
area of the said exchanger.
In order to achieve this result, a method according to the
invention is characterized in that at least a portion of the first
condensed fraction is expanded to the low pressure of the
frigorific cycle in at least one intermediate stage consisting of
expanding the said portion from a pressure at most equal to the
high pressure of the frigorific cycle to a pressure intermediate
between the high pressure and the low pressure, separating a
gaseous fraction from the said portion expanded to the intermediate
pressure and recompressing the separated gaseous fraction from the
intermediate pressure to the high pressure, so as to re-constitute
another portion of the cycle mixture under the high pressure.
Advantageously, when at least the re-heated portion of the first
condensed fraction is re-compressed to the high pressure in at
least one stage of compression carried out from a pressure at least
equal to the low pressure to a mean pressure comprised between the
low and high pressures, the said mean pressure is chosen as the
intermediate pressure of the expansion stage. This makes it
possible to combine, at the said mean pressure, the gaseous
fractions separated from the said portion of the first fraction and
at least the said re-heated portion, and then to re-compress them
together at the high pressure, in at least one other stage of
compression effected from the mean pressure to a pressure at most
equal to the high pressure.
Preferably, at least the re-heated portion of the first condensed
fraction is re-compressed in two stages of compression. In this
case, the said portion of the first condensed fraction is expanded
to the low pressure in a single intermediate stage, and the
dividing pressure between the two compression stages is chosen as
the intermediate expansion pressure.
As compared with the known method previously described, the
invention makes it possible in particular to enrich the first
condensed fraction of the cycle mixture in heavy constituents, and
therefore in constituents having a high boiling point.
Correspondingly, the vaporization of the first condensed fraction
is effected in a first exchanger, or hot exchanger, at a
temperature which is everywhere higher than that previously
obtained. At the level of the first exchange of heat, the
difference of temperature between the vaporization curve and the
condensation curve of the cycle mixture is thus correspondingly
reduced. The thermodynamic efficiency of this first exchange is
therefore improved and in consequence, the corresponding power
consumption of the installation is reduced.
As compared with a conventional auto-refrigerated cascade cycle
installation, the installation corresponding to the method
according to the invention necessitates only a small additional
investment. On the one hand, it is in fact found that the
differences in temperature initially encountered in the hot
exchanger being large, their relative reduction, obtained according
to the invention, remains small. The result is therefore that the
exchange surface necessary for the first exchanger is only very
slightly increased. Furthermore, in certain cases, as the invention
makes it possible to harmonize the vaporization and condensation
curves of the cycle mixture, there results a better harmonization
of the differences in temperature along the hot exchanger, and so
the exchange surface area may remain unchanged. On the other hand,
it must be observed that, as the gaseous fraction separated from
the first condensed fraction at the intermediate pressure is not
large, the corresponding intermediate separator remains of modest
dimensions.
In addition, in an installation which carries into effect a method
according to the invention, the flow-rate treated in the last
compression stage is always larger as that of the first stage. This
always leads therefore, according to the invention, to a better
adaptation of the compression unit and this advantage is especially
appreciable in the case of a single compressor of the axial
type.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become
apparent from examination of the detailed description which follows
below, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the
same reference numbers have been given to the same parts.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 represents an installation for carrying into effect the
so-called "auto-refrigerated cascade cycle";
FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 show three installations for following this same
cycle, as improved according to the invention;
FIG. 5 shows heat exchange diagrams illustrating the theoretical
considerations previously referred to. In these diagrams, the
cooling and heating curves relating to the first exchanger or hot
exchanger of an auto-refrigerated cascade frigorific installation
have been drawn. To this end, the quantities of heat (Q) in
kilocalories have been plotted in ordinates and the temperatures in
degrees Celsius are plotted in abscissae. The curves in full lines
correspond to the exchange diagram of a hot exchanger of an
installation according to FIG. 1, and therefore of a conventional
auto-refrigerated cascade installation. The curves in broken lines
correspond to the exchange diagram of a hot exchanger in an
installation improved according to the invention, as shown in FIG.
2, under conditions of delivery output from the compressor, of
flow-rate of the gaseous mixture treated (natural gas) and
pressures identical with those taken into consideration for FIG.
1;
FIG. 6 represents the total exchange surface S (not including the
exchange surface of the final condenser arranged after the
compressor), expressed in relative values (that is to say to
liquefy 1 Nm.sup.3 of natural gas), necessary in the case of FIGS.
1, 2 and 4, as a function of the power P to be supplied to the
cycle mixture.
A conventional installation of the auto-refrigerated cascade type,
permitting the cooling and condensation of a gaseous mixture such
as natural gas, comprises a frigorific unit such as that shown in
FIG. 1, intended for the circulation of a cycle mixture comprising,
if so desired, at least one constituent of the gaseous mixture
treated. In the case of liquefaction of natural gas, the cycle
mixture comprises a certain number of hydrocarbons of the gas to be
liquefied (methane, ethane, propane, etc.) and, when so desired,
nitrogen, depending on the cooling desired.
The refrigeration unit shown in FIG. 1 comprises a compressor 2, in
which the suction and the delivery work under pressures
respectively termed hereinafter as "low pressure" and "high
pressure". The compressor 2 comprises a first compression stage 2'
sucking-in at low pressure and delivering at a means pressure
comprised between the high and low pressures, a second and last
stage 2" sucking-in at the mean pressure and delivering at the high
pressure.
A final condenser 3", the inlet of which communicates with the
delivery of the compressor 2 is associated with this latter. It
comprises circulating means for a refrigerant external to the
frigorific unit, such as water. A first exchanger 10 or hot
exchanger, a second exchanger 20, a third exchanger 30, a first
separator 3, a second separator 13, a first expansion valve 4', a
second valve 14', a third valve 15', permit the continuation of the
fractional condensation of the cycle mixture utilized, commenced in
the condenser 3".
The inlet of the first separator 3 communicates with the outlet of
the condenser 3". Each exchanger 10 or 20 comprises a first passage
means 51 communicating at one extremity with the gaseous outlet of
a separator 3 or 13, and at the other extremity with the inlet of
the second separator 13 (cf exchanger 10) or the third expansion
valve 15' (cf exchanger 20); a second passage means 52, constituted
by the interior of each exchanger 10 or 20, in heat exchange
relation with the first passage means 51, communicating with the
downstream side of an expansion valve 4' or 14' and with the
suction side of the compressor 2 through the conduit 6 or through
the conduits 16 and 26; a third passage means 53 for the gaseous
mixture to be cooled and liquefied, in thermal exchange relation
with the second passage means 52; a fourth passage means 54 in heat
exchange relation with the second passage means 52, of which one
extremity communicates with the liquid outlet of a separator 3 or
13, while the other extremity communicates with the upstream side
of an expansion valve 4' or 14'.
Each expansion means associated with each separator 3 or 13,
comprising an expansion valve 4' or 14', thus communicates at its
upstream portion with the liquid outlet of a separator 3 or 13,
through the intermediary of a fourth passage means 54 of an
exchanger 10 or 20, and at its downstream portion with a second
passage means 52 of an exchanger 10 or 20.
The exchanger 30 differs from the other exchangers 10 and 20 in
that it is not provided with a fourth passage means 54, and in that
its passage means 51, previously specified, communicates directly
at one extremity with the third expansion valve 15', without the
intermediary of a separator similar to the separators 3 and 13, and
at the other extremity with the first passage means 51 of the
second exchanger 20.
In operation, following the frigorific cycle described in FIG. 1,
the cycle mixture previously described, issuing from the compressor
2 at the high pressure of 40 bars, is cooled and subjected to
fractional condensation. For that purpose, it is first partly
condensed by passing into the condenser 3". Then, when it reaches
the first separator 3, the first condensed fraction obtained in the
condenser 3" is separated from the remainder of the cycle
mixture.
The first condensed fraction is evacuated from the separator 3 by
the conduit 4, sub-cooled by passing into the fourth passage means
54 of the exchanger 10, expanded to the low pressure of 2.5 bars in
an expansion means comprising the first expansion valve 4', led
through the conduit 4" into the exchanger 10, vaporized and heated
by passage into the second passage means 52 of the said exchanger,
by heat-exchange in counter-flow with at least the first condensed
fraction in course of sub-cooling, and finally evacuated from the
exchanger 10 through the conduit 6.
The remainder of the cycle mixture is evacuated from the first
separator 3 and its fractional condensation is continued by passing
into the first passage means 51 of the exchanger 10, by heat
exchange in counter-flow with the first condensed fraction in
course of vaporization and heating in the second passage means
52.
The cycle mixture is then evacuated from the exchanger 10 through
the conduit 5', and led to the second separator 13, in which a
second condensed fraction is separated from the cycle mixture.
With regard to the gaseous mixture (natural gas) to be cooled and
condensed, this is introduced through the conduit 1 into the third
passage means 53 of the exchanger 10. It is then cooled by exchange
of heat in counter-flow with the first fraction condensed and
expanded to the low pressure, in course of vaporization,
circulating in the second passage means 52 of the exchanger 10.
The second condensed fraction is evacuated from the separator 13
through the conduit 14, sub-cooled by passage into the fourth
passage means 54 of the exchanger 20, expanded to the low pressure
in an expansion means comprising the second expansion valve 14',
led by the conduit 14" into the exchanger 20, vaporized and heated
by passing into the second passage means 52 of the said exchanger,
by heat exchange in counter-flow with at least the second condensed
fraction in course of sub-cooling and finally evacuated from the
exchanger 20 by the conduit 16.
The cycle mixture, remaining in the gaseous state, is evacuated
from the second separator 13 by the conduit 15, and its fractional
condensation is continued by passing into the first passage means
51 of the second exchanger 20, by heat exchange in counter-flow
with the second fraction condensed during the course of
vaporization and heating in the second passage means 52. The cycle
mixture is then evacuated from the exchanger 20 towards the first
passage means 51 of the third exchanger 30. With regard to the
gaseous mixture (natural gas), this continues its condensation at a
temperature level lower than that of the first exchanger 10, in the
third passage means 53 of the second exchanger 20, by exchange of
heat in counter-flow with the second fraction condensed and
expanded to the low pressure, during the course of vaporization in
the second passage means 52 of the exchanger 20.
The cycle mixture completes its condensation, and becomes
sub-cooled by passing into the first passage means 51 of the third
exchanger 30. The third condensed fraction thus obtained,
sub-cooled, is expanded to the low pressure in the third expansion
valve 15", is vaporized and heated in the second passage means 52
of the third exchanger 30 by exchange of heat in counter-flow with
at least the remainder of the cycle mixture at the end of the
fractional condensation, circulating in the first passage means 51,
and is evacuated from the exchanger 30 by the conduit 26.
The gaseous mixture (natural gas) completes its condensation at a
temperature level lower than that of the second exchanger 20 by
passing into the third passage means 53 of the exchanger 30, by
exchange of heat in counter-flow with the last condensed fraction
of the cycle mixture in course of vaporization. It may be
sub-cooled, if so required, in the third exchanger 30. The
condensed gaseous mixture, sub-cooled if so desired, is evacuated
from the frigorific unit and expanded to its production pressure in
the expansion valve 56.
As regards the three condensed fractions of the cycle mixture,
vaporized respectively in the exchangers 10, 20 and 30, they are
combined by means of the conduits 6, 16 and 26 and are sent back to
the suction of the compressor 2, after passing into a safety
separator 55. They are then re-compressed from the low pressure
(2.5 bars) to the high pressure (40 bars) of the cycle in order to
re-constitute the cycle mixture under high pressure. Their
compression is carried out in a first step completed in the first
stage 2' from the low pressure to a means pressure, and in a second
and last step carried out in the second stage 2", from the means
pressure to the high pressure.
FIG. 2 represents a frigorific unit similar to that previously
described, but modified according to the invention. As has been
previously explained, this modification concerns solely the
expansion means associated with a separator of the portion of the
frigorific unit in which the fractional condensation of the cycle
mixture is effected.
In accordance with FIG. 2, the first expansion means associated
with the first separator 3 comprises, in addition to the first
expansion valve 4', a single intermediate stage. This latter
comprises an intermediate expansion valve 104, working between the
high pressure of the frigorific cycle and the mean cut-out pressure
of the compressor 2, the upstream portion of which communicates
through the conduit 56 with the liquid outlet from the first
separator 3; an intermediate separator 103, the inlet of which
communicates with the downstream side of the said intermediate
expansion valve 104, the gaseous outlet of which communicates with
the delivery of the first compression stage 2' of the compressor 2
through the conduit 105, while the liquid outlet communicates
through the conduit 114 with the upstream side of the first
expansion valve 4'.
The operation of the installation described with reference to FIG.
2 differs from that described in the installation shown in FIG. 1,
only by the method of expansion to the low pressure of the first
fraction condensed and collected in the separator 3. According to
FIG. 2, the first condensed fraction extracted from the separator 3
through the conduit 56 is expanded to the low pressure with a
single intermediate step.
This step consists of expanding the first condensed fraction coming
from the conduit 56 in the intermediate valve 104, to an
intermediate pressure equal to the means delivery pressure of the
first compression step 2'.
After this, a gaseous fraction is separated from fraction expanded
to the means pressure, in the separator 103. This fraction is
evacuated through the conduit 105, reunited at the mean pressure,
at the delivery of the first compression stage 2', with the heated
portions of the cycle mixture, and re-compressed with these latter
to the high pressure, in the second compression stage 2" effected
from the mean pressure to the said high pressure in order to
re-constitute another portion of the cycle mixture under high
pressure.
In addition to the advantages previously indicated which assist in
reducing the power expenditure in condensing the gaseous mixture
treated, the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 further contributes to an
improvement of the economy of the frigorific cycle, for the
following reasons: on the one hand, the total flow-rate of the
cycle mixture at the delivery of the compressor 2 remains
practically unchanged; the material balance is practically the
same, except as regards the gaseous fraction obtained at the
intermediate pressure in the separator 103, and which is sent at a
lower temperature into the second stage 2" of compression.
On the other hand, the compression is relieved in the first stage
2' of the compressor 2, of all the gaseous fraction obtained at the
intermediate pressure. If, for example, the rate of compression is
the same in both stages of the compressor 2, this gaseous fraction
may represent 10 to 12 percent of the cycle mixture. In this case,
the gain in power is from 5 to 6 percent.
The frigorific unit shown in FIG. 3 is differentiated from the unit
shown in FIG. 2 by the fact that the intermediate expansion stage
described in FIG. 2 further comprises, according to FIG. 3, an
intermediate heat exchanger 200.
This exchanger 200 comprises a first passage means 57 constituted
by the interior of the said exchanger, communicating with the
downstream side of the intermediate expansion valve 104 and with
the input of the intermediate separator 103; a second passage means
58 communicating at one extremity with the liquid outlet of the
first separator 3 and at the other extremity with the upstream side
of the intermediate expansion valve 104, in heat-exchange relation
with the first passage means 57; a third passage means 59, in
heat-exchange relation with the first passage means 57,
communicating at one extremity with the liquid outlet of the
intermediate separator 103, and at the other extremity with the
upstream side of the first expansion valve 4', through the
intermediary of the fourth passage means 54 of the first exchanger
10; a further passage means 60, in heat-exchange relation with the
first passage means 57 for all flows in course of cooling.
The operation of the frigorific unit according to FIG. 3 is
distinguished from that of the unit previously described, solely by
the exchange of heat which takes place in the exchanger 200. In
this latter, there is vaporized, at least partially, in the first
passage means 57, the first condensed fraction expanded to the
intermediate pressure in the valve 104, and passing into the
exchanger through the conduit 204".
The necessary heat of vaporization is obtained by exchange of heat,
firstly with the first condensed fraction in course of sub-cooling
before its expansion 104 to the intermediate pressure, circulating
in the second passage means 58 of the exchanger 200 and coming from
the first separator 3; secondly, with the first condensed fraction,
separated from the gaseous fraction derived from the intermediate
separator 103 through the conduit 114, and circulating in the third
passage means 59 of the exchanger so as to be sub-cooled before its
expansion to a lower pressure, equal to the low pressure, in the
first expansion valve 4'; thirdly, with another flow in course of
cooling, passing into the exchanger 200 through the conduit 201,
and circulating in the other passage means 60.
This other flow may be the cycle mixture derived from the gaseous
outlet of the first separator 3, the gaseous mixture to be cooled
and condensed (natural gas for example), or any other fluid at a
temperature in the neighbourhood of ambient temperature, which it
is necessary to cool.
It is found that the frigorific unit according to FIG. 3, by
comparison with that of FIG. 1, makes it possible to obtain a still
greater gain in power with respect to that of FIG. 2. In fact, the
first condensed fraction of the cycle mixture being at least partly
vaporized in the intermediate heat exchanger, on the one hand the
percentage of the gaseous fraction separated in the separator 103
is considerably increased, and on the other hand the first
condensed fraction is still further enriched in heavy
constituents.
In additiion, all the cold generated in the heat-exchanger 200 is
only half as expensive in energy, since the compression of the
cycle mixture can be reduced by half. The exchange surface
necessary is of course increased as the vaporization of the first
condensed fraction becomes greater. This imposes a limit on the
gain of power which can be obtained. It can however be of the order
of 10 percent.
The frigorific unit shown in FIG. 4 differs from that sbown in FIG.
3 only by the fact that the intermediate exchanger 200 also
comprises a fourth passage means 61 communicating at one extremity
with the gaseous outlet of the first separator 3, and at the other
extremity with the inlet of the second separator 13, through the
intermediary of the first passage means 51 of the first exchanger
10, and a fifth passage means 62 permitting the cooling of the
gaseous mixture treated to be started, communicating at one
extremity with the third passage means 53 of the first exchanger
10.
In consequence, according to FIG. 4, the heat required for the
vaporization of the first condensed fraction in the exchanger 200
is also supplied by exchange of heat in counter-flow with the cycle
mixture in course of fractional condensation, coming from the first
separator 3 and circulating in the fourth passage means 61, and by
exchange of heat in counter-flow with the gaseous mixture (natural
gas) in course of cooling, circulating in the fifth passage means
62 of the exchanger 200 and flowing towards the exchangers 10, 20
and 30.
Analysis of the exchange diagrams shown in FIG. 5 makes it possible
to illustrate the theoretical considerations postulated above. In
this figure, the cooling curves (arrows pointing downwards)
represent the sum of the quantities of heat exchanged in the
gaseous mixture 1 (natural gas) in course of cooling and
condensation, in the cycle mixture 5 in course of cooling and
fractional condensation, and in the first condensed fraction coming
from the first separator 3 in course of sub-cooling.
As regards the heating curves (arrows pointing upwards), they
represent the quantity of heat exchanged by the cycle mixture in
course of heating, coming-in through the conduits 16 and 4",
comprising the first condensed fraction in course of vaporization
and heating at the low pressure.
Referring now to the curves in full lines (FIG. 1) that is to say
in the case of a conventional "auto-refrigerated cascade" unit, it
is found that the cooling curve is a substantially linear function
of the temperature, and that the heating curve comprises an angular
point, corresponding to an abrupt and considerable change in slope
in the central zone of the first exchanger 10. This results in a
substantial difference in temperature, essentially in this zone of
the exchanger, which affects the thermo-dynamic efficiency of the
frigorific cycle.
Referring now to the curves in broken lines corresponding to FIG.
2, that is to say in the case of an improved frigorific unit
according to the invention, it is found on the one hand that the
heating curve approaches the cooling curve, and on the other hand
that the heating curve is much flatter than in the previous case.
The difference in temperature has therefore been reduced over the
whole length of the first exchanger or hot exchanger, and this
essentially in the central zone of this exchanger. The
reversibility of the first exchange of heat is thus increased, and
this contributes to reducing the power consumed in liquefying the
gaseous mixture treated.
The curves of FIG. 6 bring out clearly the gain obtained according
to the invention, for an equal exchange surface or an equal
expenditure of power.
The curves VA1, VA2 and VA4 related respectively to the case of
FIGS. 1, 2 and 4. A comparison of these curves will show:
- that, as compared with the case of FIG. 1, that of FIG. 2 results
in gains of power of about 5 percent with equal exchange surface,
and 6 to 10 percent in exchange surface for equal expanditure of
power;
- that, the choice between the case of FIG. 2 and that of FIG. 4
must be made for each case as a function of economic criteria, the
case of FIGS. 3 and 4 being essentially employed when the power is
expensive.
It will of course be understood that the present invention is not
in any way limited to the forms of embodiment described and shown.
It is capable of receiving numerous alternative forms familiar to
those skilled in the art, depending on the applications considered
and without thereby departing from the spirit of the invention.
In the first place, the method of compression is in no way limited
to a single compressor comprising two compression stages, but may
correspond to a compression unit comprising a number of compressors
each forming one stage of compression.
Secondly, each of the condensed fractions of the cycle mixture is
capable, in the same manner as for the first condensed fraction, of
being expanded to the low pressure of the frigorific cycle in at
least one intermediate stage, so as to obtain the same advantages
of the invention at the level of the various exchangers 20 and 30
of the frigorific unit.
Thirdly, the invention is applicable to an "auto-refrigerated
cascade cycle", whether this is of the open or closed type.
Fourthly, the invention is not limited to a cycle in which the
first refrigeration, in the condenser located immediately at the
outlet of the compressor, is effected with a refrigerant such as
water. Depending on the case, this initial refrigeration may be
carried out with a frigorific cycle independent of the
auto-refrigerated cascade cycle, utilizing for example, propane as
the refrigerant fluid.
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