U.S. patent number 3,593,535 [Application Number 04/882,781] was granted by the patent office on 1971-07-20 for liquefaction of natural gas employing multiple-component refrigerants.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.. Invention is credited to Lee S. Gaumer, Jr., Charles L. Newton.
United States Patent |
3,593,535 |
Gaumer, Jr. , et
al. |
July 20, 1971 |
LIQUEFACTION OF NATURAL GAS EMPLOYING MULTIPLE-COMPONENT
REFRIGERANTS
Abstract
Natural gas is liquefied by heat exchange with a multicomponent
refrigerant. The respective refrigerant components in the order of
increasing volatility are heat exchanged serially with the natural
gas stream at progressive points along zones of decreasing
temperature.
Inventors: |
Gaumer, Jr.; Lee S. (Allentown,
PA), Newton; Charles L. (Emmaus, PA) |
Assignee: |
Air Products and Chemicals,
Inc. (Allentown, PA)
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Family
ID: |
44022995 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/882,781 |
Filed: |
December 22, 1969 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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722135 |
Apr 17, 1968 |
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468008 |
Jul 29, 1965 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
62/612; 62/502;
62/114 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F25J
1/0231 (20130101); F25J 3/04563 (20130101); F25J
1/0291 (20130101); F25J 1/0022 (20130101); F25J
1/0055 (20130101); F25J 1/0212 (20130101); F25J
1/0238 (20130101); F25J 1/025 (20130101); F25J
1/0234 (20130101); F25J 1/0258 (20130101); F25J
2205/60 (20130101); F25J 2220/64 (20130101); F25J
2230/30 (20130101); F25J 2205/02 (20130101); F25J
2230/60 (20130101); F25J 2210/06 (20130101); F25J
2235/60 (20130101); F25J 2205/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F25J
3/04 (20060101); F25J 1/00 (20060101); F25J
1/02 (20060101); F25j 003/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;62/9--44 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1,302,989 |
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Jul 1962 |
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FR |
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1,302,989 |
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Feb 1963 |
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FR |
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Other References
Progress in Refrigeration Science and Technology, Vol. 1 1960
Permagon Press. pp 34--39.
|
Primary Examiner: Yudkoff; Norman
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 722,135,
filed Apr. 17, 1968 now abandoned, which is a continuation of
application Ser. No. 468,008 filed June 29, 1965 now abandoned.
LIQUEFACTION OF NATURAL GAS
Claims
We claim:
1. A method of liquefying and subcooling a natural gas stream
comprising the steps of:
a. compressing said natural gas to a first relatively high
pressure,
b. flowing said compressed natural gas through a confined
passageway of an elongated heat exchange zone, said confined
passageway having an inlet and an outlet,
c. reducing the pressure of said compressed natural gas in said
confined passageway intermediate said inlet and said outlet,
d. compressing a multicomponent refrigerant having a plurality of
components of different normal boiling points,
e. forming a plurality of liquid fractions of said multicomponent
refrigerant by successively partially liquefying and fractionating
said multicomponent refrigerant in heat exchange with said liquid
fractions after expansion thereof,
f. liquefying said natural gas in said confined passageway by
successive indirect heat exchange with said liquid fractions after
expansion thereof, and
g. subcooling said liquified natural gas in said confined
passageway after reducing the pressure thereof to a second lower
pressure by indirect heat exchange and vaporization of at least one
of said liquid fractions.
2. A method of liquefying and subcooling a methane-rich stream
comprising:
a. compressing said methane-rich stream to a first pressure and
passing said stream through a first heat exchange zone,
b. expanding said stream to a lower pressure after passage through
said first heat exchange zone,
c. passing said expanded stream through a second heat exchange
zone,
d. compressing a multicomponent refrigerant comprising a plurality
of components having different boiling points,
e. partially condensing said multicomponent refrigerant to form a
first vapor fraction and a first liquid fraction, expanding said
first liquid fraction and passing some of said expanded first
liquid fraction in countercurrent heat exchange with said
multicomponent refrigerant undergoing partial condensation,
f. passing another portion of said expanded first liquid fraction
through said first heat exchange zone to condense said methane-rich
stream,
g. partially condensing said first vapor fraction to form a second
liquid fraction, expanding said second liquid fraction and passing
some of said expanded second liquid fraction in countercurrent heat
exchange with said first vapor fraction undergoing partial
condensation, and
h. passing another portion of said second expanded liquid fraction
through said second heat exchange zone to subcool said condensed
methane-rich stream.
3. A system for liquefying a methane-rich stream comprising:
a. means forming an elongated, vertically extending heat exchanger
having a warm end and a cold end,
b. first fluid passage means extending through said exchanger from
said warm end to said cold end,
c. first compressor means for compressing said methane-rich stream
and passing said stream through said first fluid passage means from
said warm end to said cold end,
d. second compressor means for compressing a multicomponent
refrigerant comprising a plurality of components having different
boiling points,
e. a series of phase separators, each of said separators having an
inlet, a liquid fraction outlet and a vapor fraction outlet,
f. passage means connecting said second compressor means to the
first separator of said series,
g. a series of refrigerant passage means located in said exchanger
and positioned along the vertical length thereof,
h. passage means connecting said vapor fraction outlet of each
separator to one of said refrigerant passage means,
i. passage means connecting each of said refrigerant passage means
to the inlet of the next separator for progressive partial
condensation of said multicomponent refrigerant to form a plurality
of liquid refrigerant fractions,
j. means for spraying each of said liquid refrigerant fractions in
countercurrent heat exchange with said first fluid passage means
for progressively vaporizing each liquid fraction and liquefying
said methane-rich stream, and
k. closed cycle passage means for collecting all of said vaporized
liquid fractions at the warm end of said exchanger and returning
them to said second compressor means.
4. A system for liquefying a feed stream composed primarily of
methane comprising:
a. first compressor means for compressing a multicomponent
refrigerant comprising a plurality of components having different
boiling points,
b. a plurality of heat exchange means and phase separator means
connected in series for progressively condensing and separating
said compressed multicomponent refrigerant into a plurality of
liquid condensates of decreasing temperatures,
c. expansion means for expanding each of said liquid
condensates,
d. multistage heat exchanger means for passing each of said
expanded liquid condensates in countercurrent heat exchange with
said feed stream at progressively lower temperature stages for
liquefying said feed stream, said multistage heat exchanger means
including a final lowest temperature stage, at least said lowest
temperature stage comprising a vertically extending coil through
which said feed stream is passed upwardly, and means for spraying
said lowest temperature liquid condensate downwardly over said
coil.
5. A method of liquefying a compressed natural gas stream
comprising the steps of:
a. precooling and partially condensing said compressed natural gas
stream to form a first liquid fraction and a first vapor
fraction,
b. separating said vapor and liquid fractions,
c. passing said first vapor fraction through a confined passageway
of a heat exchange zone from the warm end thereof to the cold end
thereof,
d. passing said first liquid fraction through independent
fractionation means to fractionate said liquid into a plurality of
substantially pure hydrocarbon components,
e. combining selected amounts of each of said plurality of
hydrocarbon components to maintain a multicomponent refrigerant of
selected composition,
f. maintaining independently of said natural gas stream and said
fractionation means a separate source of a nonhydrocarbon component
having a boiling point substantially below that of methane,
g. introducing selected amounts of said nonhydrocarbon component
from said separate source into said multicomponent refrigerant so
as to substantially reduce the boiling point of said multicomponent
refrigerant,
h. forming a series of multicomponent liquids fractions of said
multicomponent refrigerant at progressively lower temperatures by
successive partial liquefaction of said multicomponent refrigerant
in heat exchange with expanded liquid fractions thereof in closed
cycle passage means, the lowest temperature multicomponent liquid
fraction so formed being rich in said nonhydrocarbon component
having a boiling point substantially below methane,
i. introducing said multicomponent liquid fractions, including said
lowest temperature liquid fraction, into said heat exchange zone at
a plurality of locations intermediate said warm and cold ends
thereof and flowing each of said multicomponent liquid fractions in
countercurrent heat exchange with said first vapor fraction in said
confined passageway,
j. progressively vaporizing each of said multicomponent liquid
fractions in countercurrent heat exchange with said first vapor
fraction so as to liquefy said first vapor fraction,
k. withdrawing all of said vaporized multicomponent fractions from
said heat exchange zone, and
l. recombining all of said withdrawn vaporized multicomponent
fractions to reconstitute the major portion of said multicomponent
refrigerant.
Description
The present invention relates to the liquefaction of low boiling
point gases and, more particularly, to an improved method and
apparatus particularly designed for liquefying natural gas with a
substantial reduction in the cost of the liquefaction facility as
compared to previous liquefaction cycles of the cascade-type
wherein the process stream is heat exchanged with different
refrigerants circulated in independent closed loops.
The above-indicated object, as well as other objects relating more
particularly to specific structural and functional advantages, will
become more fully apparent form the following description when
taken with the accompanying drawing wherein the sole Figure is a
simplified and schematic diagram illustrating the major flow
circuits comprising the complete liquefaction facility or
plant.
Referring first to the upper left-hand portion of the drawing, the
natural gas feed is supplied to the liquefaction plant through a
pipeline 10 as a two-phase mixture having a major portion in the
gaseous phase and a minor portion in the liquid phase. This feed
mixture is initially separated in a separator 12 from which the
minor portion is withdrawn at the bottom as a liquid and
pressurized by a liquid pump 14. The major portion is withdrawn in
the gaseous phase from the top of the drum, compressed in
compressor 16 and heat exchanged with cooling water in exchanger
18. The two portions of the feed are then joined and expanded into
a flash drum 20 wherein a portion of the original gaseous feed is
liquified and mixes with that portion of the feed which was
initially in the liquid phase. The total liquid comprising most of
the heavy hydrocarbons (i.e., heavier than C.sub.6 hydrocarbons) is
then hydrocarbons from the bottom of flash drum 20 and supplied
through a line 22 to a conventional fractionation plant 23 the
general operation of which will be described hereinafter although
the particular details of the plant form no part of the present
invention. The gaseous fraction of the feed comprising most of the
methane, nitrogen and the C.sub.2 to C.sub.6 hydrocarbons is
withdrawn from the top of flash drum 20 and passed through one or
more conventional absorbers 24 which remove impurities such as
hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. The gaseous feed is then
slightly cooled by heat exchange with cooling water in exchanger 26
and passed through line 28 to the lowermost heat exchanger coil 30
located in the bottom of main heat exchanger 32 wherein the stream
is sufficiently cooled so that the water and most of the C.sub.6
and C.sub.5 hydrocarbons are condensed and separated out in the
first stage 34 of a two-stage separator 36. The major portion of
the stream is withdrawn in the gaseous phase through line 38 and is
passed through one or more driers 40 wherein the remaining water is
removed. After drying, the main stream flows through line 42 to
intermediate heat exchange coils 44 wherein the stream is further
cooled to form a second liquid fraction which is separated in the
second stage 46 of separator 36; this fraction containing most of
the C.sub.5 and C.sub.6 hydrocarbons. The major portion of the main
stream remains in the gaseous phase and is conducted through lines
50 and 51 to low temperature coil 52 of the main exchanger 32
wherein the feed stream is totally liquefied. In order to prevent
vapor losses during subsequent expansion of the LNG to atmospheric
pressure, the pressure of the liquefied natural gas is reduced from
600 to 200 p.s.i.a. by passage through expansion valve 54 prior to
passage through exchanger coil 56 wherein the LNG is subcooled.
Thus, the provision of valve 54 enables the enthalpy of the LNG to
be reduced so that the liquid is not vaporized during the final
pressure letdown in passing through expansion valve 58 after which
the liquid is maintained at atmospheric pressure in storage tank
59.
From the foregoing description of the main process stream it is
apparent that all of the refrigeration required to liquefy and
subcool the feed stream (except for the very small amount of
refrigeration provided by water coolers 18 and 26) is provided by
main exchanger 32. This exchanger is an integral unit composed of a
plurality of cylindrical shell segments 60, 62, 64, and 66
connected by a plurality of frustoconical transition sections 68,
70, and 72. In addition to the feed stream coils previously
mentioned, the exchanger includes a plurality of refrigerant coils
74, 76, 78, and 80 as well as a plurality of refrigerant spray
headers 82, 84, 86, 88, and 90.
The above-mentioned refrigerant coils and spray headers, together
with a multistage refrigerant separator 92 and a refrigerant
compressor 94, form the entire refrigeration system which will now
be described in detail beginning with compressor inlet line 96
shown in the bottom right-hand corner of the drawing. Line 96
contains a single gaseous refrigerant which is a mixture of a
plurality of component gases hereinafter referred to as a
multicomponent refrigerant (MCR). For example, a preferred
multicomponent refrigerant consists (by volume) of 31 parts
methane, 35 parts ethane, 7 parts propane, 14 parts butane, 4 parts
pentane, 3 parts hexane, and 6 parts nitrogen. This multicomponent
refrigerant is compressed in stage A of compressor 94 and cooled in
interstage water cooler 97 so that a portion is condensed and then
separated in separator 98. The condensate is withdrawn from the
bottom of the separator and pumped directly into the first stage 99
of MCR separator 92. The gaseous fraction of the refrigerant is
withdrawn from the top of separator 98, compressed in stage B,
cooled in water cooler 100 and joined with the previously mentioned
condensate which is supplied to separator 92 at a pressure in the
order of 515 p.s.i.a. and at a temperature of 100.degree. F.
In the first stage 99 of MCR separator 92 the liquid fraction rich
in C.sub.2 and heavier hydrocarbons is separated and supplied
through line 101 and pressure reduction valve 102 to spray header
82 from which it is sprayed downwardly over the lower portions of
coil 52 as well as coils 30, 44, and 74 whereby the liquid
refrigerant is vaporized in cooling the fluids in the coils.
Referring back to separator 92, the gaseous fraction is withdrawn
from stage 99 through line 103, cooled in coil 74, and returned to
the second stage 104 of the separator wherein a second fraction of
liquefied refrigerant is separated. This liquid fraction at a
temperature in the order of 17.degree. F. is rich in the C.sub.1 to
C.sub.4 hydrocarbons and is supplied through line 106 and pressure
reduction valve 107 to spray header 84 which is positioned above
coil 76 and at an intermediate point along coil 52. Thus, this
second liquid fraction of the refrigerant is sprayed over coils 52
and 76 whereby the refrigerant is vaporized in cooling the fluids
in these coils.
The gaseous fraction in stage 104 is withdrawn through line 108,
cooled in coil 76, and returned to the third stage 110 of the
separator wherein a third fraction of liquefied refrigerant is
separated. This liquid fraction at a temperature in the order of
minus 71.degree. F. is rich in the C.sub.1 to C.sub.3 hydrocarbons
and is supplied through line 112 and pressure reduction valve 113
to spray header 86 which is positioned above coil 78 and at a point
near the upper portion of coil 52. Thus, this fraction of the
liquid refrigerant is sprayed over coil 78 and the intermediate
portion of coil 52 whereby the refrigerant is vaporized in cooling
the fluids in these coils.
The gaseous fraction in stage 110 of the separator is withdrawn
through line 114, cooled in coil 78 and returned to the fourth
state 116 of the separator wherein a fourth liquid fraction is
separated. This liquid fraction at a temperature in the order of
minus 140.degree. F. is rich in nitrogen and the C.sub.1 to C.sub.2
hydrocarbons and is supplied through line 118 and pressure
reduction valve 119 to spray header 88 which is positioned above
coils 52 and 80. Thus, the fourth liquid fraction is vaporized in
cooling the feed in the upper end of coil 52 as well as the last
remaining fraction of the refrigerant which is supplied to coil 80
through line 120 from stage 116. This last fraction of the
refrigerant rich in nitrogen and methane is liquified in passing
through coil 80 from which it exits at a temperature in the order
of minus 206.degree. F. and is reduced in pressure by passage
through expansion valve 122 whereby its temperature drops to minus
259.degree. F. Thereafter, it is supplied to spray header 90 which
is positioned above subcooling coil 56 so that the last refrigerant
fraction is vaporized in subcooling the feed stream in coil 56 to a
temperature in the order of minus 258.degree. F.
From the foregoing description, it is apparent that each of the
liquid fractions of the multicomponent refrigerant is vaporized by
heat exchange with the feed stream and high pressure refrigerant
fractions at a specific temperature level. For example, the
temperature levels in the vicinity of the spray headers 82, 84, 86,
88, and 90 may be in the order of 9.degree. F., minus 79.degree.
F., minus 146.degree. F., minus 222.degree. F., and minus
259.degree. F., respectively. At the same time, the temperatures of
the MCR fractions downstream of pressure reduction valves 102, 107,
113, 119, and 122 are in the order of 27.degree. F., minus
66.degree. F., minus 142.degree. F., minus 220.degree. F., and
minus 259.degree. F.
After being vaporized in heat exchanger 32, each of the MCR
fractions are recombined, withdrawn through line 124 at a pressure
in the order of 41 p.s.i.a. and recycled back to compressor 94
along with a small amount of makeup refrigerant which is supplied
through line 126. This makeup refrigerant, as well as the original
charge of refrigerant, is obtained from the feed stream except for
the nitrogen which is supplied from an air separation plant 128
through control valve 129. That is, the liquid fractions in stages
34 and 46 of feed separator 36 are withdrawn through lines 130 and
132, dried in drier 134, and supplied to the previously mentioned
fractionation plant 23 through line 136. This plant is conventional
in that it consists of a plurality of fractionation columns which
separate the natural gas feed from line 136 into the components.
Thus, predetermined amounts of ethane, propane, butane, pentane,
and hexane are withdrawn through lines 138, 140, 142, 144, and 146
as determined by control valves 148 while methane is added to
makeup line 126 through branch line 150 and control valve 152. In
order to maintain a desired heating value of the LNG, controlled
amounts of the C.sub.1 to C.sub.5 hydrocarbons are withdrawn from
the fractionation plant through line 154 and added to main process
stream in line 50.
From the foregoing description of the liquefaction plant it will be
apparent that significant economies in initial capital investment
are possible due to the fact that the utilization of a single
refrigerant requires a single compressor as opposed to the
utilization of separate refrigerants in cascade wherein each
refrigerant requires a separate compressor. In addition, the
effective utilization of more than three hydrocarbons plus nitrogen
substantially reduces the compression horsepower since closer
matching of the cooling curves is possible at each temperature
level in the exchanger. Furthermore, substantial functional as well
as economic advantages are obtained from the utilization of a
one-piece, multitemperature level exchanger as opposed to a
plurality of individual exchangers operating over individual
temperature ranges which cannot be matched so exactly to the
optimum cooling curve of the feed stream. Significant advantages in
the cost and ease of fabrication also flow from the combination of
utilizing more than three hydrocarbons as an MCR refrigerant in an
integral exchanger in that at least the majority if not all of the
spray headers may be physically positioned between adjacent MCR
coils as opposed to their physical location intermediate the inlet
and outlets of the coils. Lastly, the utilization of pressure
reduction valve 54 reduces the undesired flash losses of the
liquefied product while the utilization of interstage phase
separator 98 decreases operating horsepower requirements. Of
course, it is to be understood that the foregoing description is
intended to be illustrative rather than exhaustive of the invention
and that the latter is not to be limited other than as expressly
set forth in the following claims including all patentable
equivalents thereof.
* * * * *