U.S. patent number 3,769,600 [Application Number 05/233,671] was granted by the patent office on 1973-10-30 for method of and apparatus for producing energetic charged-particle extended-dimension beam curtains and pulse-producing structures therefor.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Energy Sciences, Inc.. Invention is credited to A. Stuart Denholm, Gordon K. Simcox.
United States Patent |
3,769,600 |
Denholm , et al. |
October 30, 1973 |
METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING ENERGETIC CHARGED-PARTICLE
EXTENDED-DIMENSION BEAM CURTAINS AND PULSE-PRODUCING STRUCTURES
THEREFOR
Abstract
This disclosure deals with extending the high voltage operation
of energetic charged-particle extended-dimension beam curtain
generators, preferably electron beam curtain generators, without
permitting breakdown between evacuated electrode structures, by
employing specially shaped high voltage pulses of substantially
comparable very steep rise and fall times, preferably by resonant
transformer action, while limiting the much longer pulse time
duration to a value insufficient to permit such breakdown.
Inventors: |
Denholm; A. Stuart (Lincoln,
MA), Simcox; Gordon K. (Lexington, MA) |
Assignee: |
Energy Sciences, Inc.
(Burlington, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
22878214 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/233,671 |
Filed: |
March 24, 1972 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
315/5.29;
313/299; 313/359.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
33/00 (20130101); H01J 3/025 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
3/02 (20060101); H01J 3/00 (20060101); H01J
33/00 (20060101); H01j 023/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;328/233
;313/74,82NC,83,299,63 ;315/111 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Brody; Alfred L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for producing energetic charged-particle
extended-dimension beam curtains having, in combination, a
dimensionally extending source of charged particles, first
electrode means positioned on one side of the source and extending
therealong and thereacross, means for applying potential between
the source and the first electrode means to generate a
dimensionally extending charged-particle beam, further electrode
means aligned with the source and first electrode means for shaping
the beam into a curtain, an evacuated housing structure surrounding
the source and electrode means and having a
charged-particle-pervious window substantially aligned with the
first and further electrode means for transmitting the curtain
outside said housing structure, means comprising pulse network
means disposed contiguous to said housing structure and connected
with said further electrode means for developing a high voltage
pulse of substantially comparably steep rise and fall times but of
duration insufficient to permit breakdown within the housing
structure between any of the source, both the electrode means, and
the housing structure, and means connected with the first electrode
means for enabling the drawing of charged particles from said
source during the developing of said high voltage pulse, whereby a
substantially greater charged-particle curtain voltage above
several hundred kilovolts is produced without any such breakdown
than the apparatus can produce without breakdown during either of
direct-current and capacitor-discharge-controlled-wave-form pulsing
operation thereof.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and in which said pulse network
means comprises primary and secondary transformer windings the
former of which is connected to pulser means and the latter of
which is connected to said further electrode means to pulse said
source, with the windings being adjusted to resonate at a common
frequency and coupled to develop an oscillatory ring comprising a
high voltage pulse as a half-cycle thereof.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 and in which said primary
winding is disposed within said evacuated housing structure exposed
to the vacuum thereof and the secondary winding is substantially
coaxially disposed therewithin but insulatingly sealed from said
vacuum.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3 and in which said transformer
windings are mounted substantially in-line with the dimensional
extension of said source and electrode means.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3 and in which said transformer
windings are mounted at a position intermediate the ends of the
said source and electrode means and extend therefrom.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 3 and in which said primary
winding comprises relatively large-size winding turns formed
substantially frusto-conically, said secondary winding comprises
multiple substantially cylindrical smaller windings, the insulating
seal comprises a dielectric cylinder enveloping the secondary
windings, and an insulating medium comprising one of gas and
insulating fluid is sealed within the secondary windings.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 and in which the transformer
resonant frequency is adjustable to values up to the order of
substantially 80 KHz to produce half-cycle duration high voltage
pulses of duration down to the order of substantially a few
microseconds.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7 and in which said source
comprises a longitudinally extending electron cathode, said first
electrode means comprises a substantially longitudinally extending
control grid means, said further electrode means comprises further
grid means, and said housing structure comprises a conductive anode
means with electron-pervious window means for exiting the produced
electron curtain pulse.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 8 and in which said pulse network
means comprises primary and secondary transformer windings the
former of which is connected to pulser means and the latter of
which to said further electrode grid means, with the windings being
resonated at a common frequency, and coupled to develop an
oscillatory ring comprising the said high voltage pulse as a
negative half-cycle thereof.
10. Apparatus for producing energetic charged-particle beams
having, in combination with an evacuated housing containing a
source of charged particles, pulse network means comprising primary
and secondary transformer windings the former of which is connected
to pulser means and the latter of which develops a high voltage
pulse, means connected to said secondary winding for pulsing said
source and for producing a charged-particle beam, the windings
being adjusted to resonate at a common frequency and coupled to
develop an oscillatory ring comprising said high voltage pulse as a
half-cycle thereof, means for supporting said primary winding
within said evacuated housing exposed to the vacuum thereof and
means for supporting the secondary winding substantially coaxially
disposed therewithin but insulatingly sealed from said vacuum.
11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10 and in which said transformer
windings are mounted substantially in-line with said source.
12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10 and in which said primary
winding comprises relatively large-size winding turns formed
substantially frusto-conically, said secondary winding comprises
multiple substantially cylindrical smaller windings, the insulating
seal comprises a dielectric cylinder enveloping the secondary
windings, and an insulating medium comprising one of gas or
insulating fluid is sealed within the secondary windings.
13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10 and in which the transformer
resonant frequency is adjustable to values up to the order of
substantially 80 KHz to produce half-cycle duration high voltage
pulses of duration down to the order of substantially a few
microseconds.
14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 and in which said source
comprises a longitudinally extending electron cathode, having a
corresponding longitudinally extending control grid means, said
means for pulsing said source comprises further grid means, and
said housing comprises a conductive anode means with
electron-pervious window means for exiting the produced beam.
15. A method of extending the high voltage operation of energetic
charged-particle extended-dimension beam curtain generators
embodying beam-curtain-forming electrode structures disposed in an
evacuated housing and susceptible to breakdown discharges with high
voltage applied thereto, said method comprising simultaneously
producing charged particles along an extended dimension, applying a
high voltage pulse to the electrode structures and forming the
particles into a pulse of a high voltage energetic charged-particle
extended-dimension beam curtain, and adjusting the said high
voltage pulse to substantially comparable very steep rise and fall
times while limiting the much longer pulse time duration to a value
insufficient to permit such breakdown.
16. A method as claimed in claim 15 and in which said adjusting and
limiting is effected by resonantly transforming an impulse to
generate said substantially comparable rise and fall time high
voltage pulse as a half-cycle of such resonance.
17. A method as claimed in claim 16 and in which the resonance
frequency is adjustable to values up to the order of substantially
80 KHz to produce half-cycle duration pulses down to the order of
substantially a few microseconds.
18. A method as claimed in claim 16 and in which said
charged-particle producing step comprises generating electrons, and
said half-cycle of resonance is selected as a negative half-cycle
thereof.
19. A method as claimed in claim 15 and in which an
object-to-be-irradiated is drawn past said curtain, and a further
similar energetic charged particle extended-dimension beam curtain
is similarly pulsed and substantially simultaneously directed upon
said object from a different direction than the first-named
curtain.
Description
The present invention relates to methods of and apparatus for
producing energetic charged-particle extended-dimension beam
curtains and pulse-producing structures therefor, being more
particularly, though not exclusively, directed to pulsed energetic
electron beam curtains.
Extended-dimension charged-particle beam curtain generators have
heretofore been proposed for enabling the treatment of large areas
by such curtains without the necessity for scanning or the like, as
in the case of pencil or smaller focused beam systems, as
described, for example, in U. S. Letters Pat. No. 2,887,599 and in
copending application Ser. No. 153,769 of B. S. Quintal, entitled,
"Apparatus For and Method of Producing an Energetic Electron
Curtain," and assigned to Energy Sciences Inc., the assignee of the
present invention. While these energetic charged particles may be
electrons or ions, as is well known, they shall be described herein
in connection with the preferred electron beam curtains.
In the treatment of large areas by energetic electron or ion beams,
either by the application of scanning, in the case of beams of
small cross-section (pencil beams) or of extended-dimension
electron-emitting curtain surfaces, a dc voltage is generally used
for accelerating the charged particles. The extended-dimension
electron beam approach is highly attractive because of its
simplicity, compactness, and its constant and linear beam
trajectory. The extended electron or ion source approach to beam
processing systems is also adaptable for the treatment of
non-planar products; e.g. of a coaxial nature, as described, for
example, in copending application of S. Nablo, Ser. No. 151,640,
entitled "Apparatus for the Bilateral Isotropic and Cylindrically
Symmetric Irradiation of Objects Using Energetic Electrons."
Energetic electron beams, and sometimes ion beams, are being
increasingly used for the processing of material such as the curing
of metal coatings, the cross-linking of plastics, and the
sterilization of materials, as three major processes of economic
interest.
While such curtain systems are ideally suited to lower-energy
applications, e.g., below 300 kV, higher voltage operation is
limited by vacuum breakdown problems in the evacuated electrode
structure system. The present invention has as one of its primary
objects, accordingly, the extending of high voltage operation and
the removing of this voltage limit on operation by adopting a mode
of operation wherein the accelerating voltage is applied in the
form of a (repetitive) pulse, critically shaped and of duration
sufficiently short that vacuum breakdown processes do not have time
to develop fully. The pulse duration range of primary interest
herein is from one to several hundred microseconds.
A further object of the invention is to provide a new and improved
method of and apparatus for producing energetic charged-particle
extended-dimension beam curtains, including those of energetic
electrons, not subject to the higher voltage breakdown problem, and
for providing novel pulse-producing structures particularly adapted
therefor.
An additional object is to provide a novel charge-particle
pulse-producing resonant transformer of more general application,
as well.
In summary, from one of its aspects, the invention contemplates a
technique for extending the high voltage operation of energetic
charged-particle (preferably electron) extended-dimension beam
curtain generators embodying electrode structures disposed in an
evacuated housing and susceptible to breakdown discharges with high
voltage applied thereto, said method comprising simultaneously
producing charged particles along an extended dimension, applying a
high voltage pulse to the electrode structures to form the
particles into a pulse of a high voltage energetic charged-particle
extended-dimension beam curtain, and adjusting the said high
voltage pulse to substantially comparable very steep rise and fall
times, while limiting the much longer pulse time duration to a
value insufficient to permit such breakdown. Preferred operational
and constructional details, including preferred pulse-generating
structures are hereinafter set forth.
Other and further objects are explained hereinafter and are more
particularly delineated in the appended claims.
The invention will now be described with reference to the
accompanying drawings, FIG. 1 of which is a graph plotting
interelectrode and housing vacuum breakdown characteristics in such
energetic electron generators along the ordinate as a function of
the gap spacing between the evacuated electrodes and/ or housing
structures (in centimeters), curve A being for dc or continuous
voltage operation and showing the rapidly reached breakdown for
short gaps in the 200-300 Kilovolt (kV) range, and graph B showing
the greatly extended high-voltage operation using the discovery of
the present invention in connection with specially shaped and
tailored fast pulse voltages;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal section of an exemplary energetic electron
curtain apparatus, together with schematic circuit, operated in
accordance with and embodying the invention in preferred form;
FIG. 3 is a voltage waveform diagram illustrating the resonant
transformer pulsing of the structure of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a section similar to FIG. 2 of a modification; and
FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 of a coaxial version thereof for
simultaneously irradiating objects from widely different
directions.
The process which limits vacuum insulation performance at large
electrode gaps is called "current loading" created by the aggregate
of small pulses of charges passing between the electrode structures
(microdischarges) which leads to deterioration of the vacuum, with
ensuing gas discharges.
In Smith, W. A. and Mason, T. R. "Preliminary Measurements of Time
Lags to Breakdown of Large Gaps" Proceedings 2 nd Int. Symp. on
Insulation of High Voltages in Vacuum, p. 97 (1966 ) and Smith, W.
A. et al, "Impulse Breakdown and the Pressure Effect," Proceedings
3 rd Int. Symp. on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum,
p. 203 (1968 ), for example, there are described experiments with
the pulse performance of vacuum gaps at voltages up to 340 kV and
compared with continuous voltage performance. These pulses were
relatively steeply rising, but vastly more slowly falling as
decaying pulses. The pulse voltage breakdown strength proved to be
about 60 % higher than the continuous voltage strength, and
breakdown developed on an average of 24 microseconds after the
start of the pulse. A discovery underlying the present invention,
however, resides in the vastly novel improvement attainable with
pulses, typically of duration less than 10 microseconds, with
comparably steep rising and falling edges or times and longer
duration pulse width limited, however, to inhibit the formation of
vacuum discharges at these lower voltages, so typical of continuous
voltage operation. This has now made near megavolt (FIG. 1) and
megavolt, single-gap acceleration systems possible, greatly
extending the range of the electron curtain processes. A further
advantage of such tailored-pulse form of operation is that the
feed-through bushing into the vacuum can be capacitively graded
through suitable geometric shaping and can then be made smaller
than the corresponding dc bushings in the continuously operated
curtain.
One particularly attractive method of accomplishing this particular
pulsed operation is through the use of a "double resonant" pulse
transformer network such as has been described by E. A. Abramyan et
al, for use with "pencil beam" accelerators, in "High-Current
Transformer Acclerators," published by the Institute of Nuclear
Physics, Novosibirsk U.S.S.R., 1970, and in "High-Current
Accelerators for Scientific Industrial Use," published by
Techsnabexport, Moscow, 1971, and in U. S. Letters Pat. Nos.
3,390,303 and 3,450,996. This form of transformer operates
particularly effectively when primary and secondary circuits are
both brought into resonance at the same frequency with a coupling
factor of about 0.6, at which the output waveform has the shape
shown in FIG. 3, the operative half cycle being the second (which
has the greater amplitude) for electron beam acceleration, such
second half cycle being negative, as shown. The transformer can be
made to operate up to about 80 KHz and above, which would give a
half-cycle duration of about 6 microseconds. As described by
Abramyan et al, the filament power and grid controls may be fed to
the high voltage terminal by having the pulse transformer secondary
consist of multiple windings in parallel, such as bifilar windings.
The secondary winding may also be the outer shield of a
multiconductor cable, the internal conductors carrying low voltage
power and signals to the high voltage terminal. A further advantage
of such pulse form of operation is that the feed-through bushing
into vacuum can be capacitively graded through suitable geometric
shaping and can then, as before stated, be constructed smaller than
the corresponding dc bushing in the continuously operated
curtain.
Referring to FIG. 2, such a pulse transformer network is shown at
PT, having a primary winding P, preferably frustoconically shaped
and comprising substantially self-supporting relatively large-size
copper or other conductive strips, mounted within a conductive
evacuated housing structure 15, at one end thereof, substantially
in line with an electron beam curtain gun EG, with the housing 15
serving as the anode of the gun and supporting an electron-pervious
egress or exit window 17, as described in said copending Quintal
application. A conventional pulse driving circuit P. D. (say, for
50 kV pulses) is connected to the primary P, the primary coaxially
surrounding the multiple parallel-winding cylindrical secondary S,
shown sealed from communication with the vacuum V (say, of the
order of at least 10.sup..sup.-3 Torr), within the anode housing
15, by a ceramic or other insulating cylinder C containing an
insulating gas I, such as SF.sub.6 , or an insulating fluid, as of
oil, or the like. The left-hand terminal of the secondary winding
may be connected to the anode housing 15 at the ground G, and the
low voltage for the before-mentioned filament and grid control may
be developed between the multiple windings to be converted at 21,
as is well-known. The cathode electron or charged particle source
is illustrated as a longitudinally extending filament 1 disposed
within a channel 3 provided with a control grid 7 extending
longitudinally parallel to an coextensively with the cathode 1 and
transversely thereof to the walls of the channel 3, as described in
said Quintal application. Coaxially surrounding the cathode 1 and
control grid 7 is an electrostatic shield or Faraday cage 11 having
a further longitudinal grid structure 13 aligned with the cathode 1
and control grid 7 to form the beam into an extended-dimension
energetic electron curtain that may exit as it expands through the
window 17. The high pulse voltage from the secondary is applied at
the electrode 13 from the high voltage or right hand terminal of
the secondary winding S, this being done as the cathode source 1 is
caused to emit electrons in response to an appropriately timed
control grid pulse applied to the control grid 7, as described by
said Abramyan et al.
This operation is illustrated in the waveforms of FIG. 3, the
resonant transformation in PT producing oscillatory ringing 11'
(say, up to 80 KHz), with the first negative half-cycle 11" being
used for the high voltage pulsing. The control grid is pulsed, as
described, for example, by Abramyan et al, and is shown at 13', to
produce the substantially monoenergetic electron pulse within the
voltage pulse duration which has a somewhat longer time of some
microseconds, say 6 or more, consistent with the holding off of
electrode-gap vacuum breakdown, discussed in connection with FIG.
1.
Though the resonant pulse transformer PT (or other substantially
similar-performance pulse-forming network) is mounted in-line with
the gun EG in the embodiment of FIG. 2, it is shown mounted within
an intermediate transverse extension, in the embodiment of FIG. 4;
and other mounting positions are also possible. In this
modification, the end of the sealed chamber formed by the secondary
S and its external insulating cylinder C is provided with a sealed
voltage bushing B for enabling the necessary voltage connections to
be effected within the gun structure EG. This construction,
moreover, is particularly advantageous, as shown in FIG. 5, for
irradiating objects 0, such as longitudinal plastic-covered
wire-to-be-treated as it is drawn longitudinally past the window
17. Where simultaneous irradiation from widely different directions
or coaxially thereabout is desired, as described in said Nablo
application, additional curtain guns or gun portions differently
directed radially about the object, such as EG' with window 17'
etc. may be provided, also pulsed from the pulse transformer P-S.
It will be noted that there is no requirement for a high vacuum
feed-through bushing in these embodiments since the pulse
transformer itself protrudes into the vacuum V, maintained as at 2.
The transformer secondary itself has to be well graded
dielectrically and thus also grades the dielectric surface which
supports the high voltage terminal in vacuum. Typically, the pulse
transformer secondary S, housed inside a ceramic tube C with vacuum
on the outside and high pressure gas or insulating fluid on the
inside, has its high voltage terminal shaped so that several radial
electron beams can be accelerated to treat such a coaxial product
as the wire or cable O of FIG. 5. The electron beams and their
support structures can also be configured to treat special shapes
other than coaxial.
In actual tests a structure of type above-described was designed to
operate at 150 Kv dc. With such dc or continuous operation, the
system started to condition (show signs of electron loading in the
vacuum) at about 80 Kv, and took 2 hours of conditioning to reach
150 Kv. When operated in accordance with the present invention with
8 microsecond pulses at 5 pulses per second, 200 Kv was attained
immediately and over 300 Kv was attained within a few minutes of
conditioning. The vacuum was about 2 .times.10.sup.-.sup.6 Torr,
with about 10 centimeters of spacing between the high voltage
accelerating grid and the window in the grounded outer coaxial
housing of about 30" diameter.
Further modifications will also occur to those skilled in this art,
and all such are considered to fall within the spirit and scope of
the invention as defined in the appended claims.
* * * * *