U.S. patent number 3,702,412 [Application Number 05/153,769] was granted by the patent office on 1972-11-07 for apparatus for and method of producing an energetic electron curtain.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Energy Sciences, Inc.. Invention is credited to Bertram S. Quintal.
United States Patent |
3,702,412 |
Quintal |
November 7, 1972 |
APPARATUS FOR AND METHOD OF PRODUCING AN ENERGETIC ELECTRON
CURTAIN
Abstract
This disclosure deals with the shaping of a longitudinal
space-charge-limited line of electrons into a substantially uniform
electron density curtain, accelerating the same along field lines
that expand the curtain, and then passing the expanded curtain
through a longitudinal window for irradiation purposes and the
like.
Inventors: |
Quintal; Bertram S. (Peabody,
MA) |
Assignee: |
Energy Sciences, Inc.
(Burlington, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
22548668 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/153,769 |
Filed: |
June 16, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
313/299; 313/420;
315/39 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01J
33/00 (20130101); H01J 37/063 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01J
33/00 (20060101); H01J 37/063 (20060101); H01J
37/06 (20060101); H01j 033/00 (); H01j 033/04 ();
H01j 001/46 () |
Field of
Search: |
;315/39
;313/82NC,83,74,299 ;328/233 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Schonberg; David
Assistant Examiner: Sacher; Paul A.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. Apparatus for producing a curtain of energetic electrons having,
in combination, a longitudinally extending electron-emitting
cathode, a control grid structure positioned on one side of the
cathode and extending longitudinally therealong and transversely
thereacross, means for applying a space-charge limiting potential
between the cathode and control grid to generate at the egress of
the control grid a longitudinally extending electron beam
substantially uniform in density longitudinally but non-uniform
transversely with substantially greater density centrally than
transversely to the sides, a Faraday cage structure surrounding the
cathode and control grid and provided with a further grid
substantially aligned with the cathode and control grid for shaping
the non-uniform transverse electron beam density into a
substantially uniform density curtain, an anode structure
surrounding the Faraday cage structure and having an
electron-pervious window substantially aligned with the control and
further grids, and means for establishing an accelerating-voltage
gradient field between the further grid and the window such that
the substantially uniform density electron curtain may expand along
the lines of the field and pass through the window with a current
density distribution at the window determined substantially by the
electron distribution at the further grid.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and in which the said potential
applying means maintains the said control grid negative with
respect to the cathode and the said anode structure is grounded but
at positive potential with respect to the said further grid.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and in which the said Faraday
cage structure and the surrounding anode structure are
cylindrically substantially coaxially disposed.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and in which means is provided
for carrying objects with longitudinal dimensions corresponding to
that of the window past the same in order to permit substantially
uniform and simultaneous longitudinal energetic electron
irradiation by the electron curtain.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 and in which the longitudinal
dimension of said curtain is large compared with the distance
between the control grid and anode structure.
6. A method of energetic electron beam irradiation, that comprises,
simultaneously emitting electrons along a longitudinal line,
space-charge limiting the emitted electrons to produce a
longitudinally extending electron beam substantially uniform in
density longitudinally, but non-uniform transversely, shaping the
longitudinal electron beam to convert the non-uniform transverse
beam density thereof into a substantially uniform density electron
curtain, directing said curtain into an accelerating electric field
to expand the electron curtain along the lines of said field, and
ejecting the expanded electron curtain with a current density
distribution determined substantially by the electron distribution
just prior to expansion.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6 and in which said accelerating
electric field lines are set up in the pattern of radial lines
between cylindrical surfaces such that the electron curtain expands
along said radial lines.
Description
The present invention relates to apparatus for and methods of
producing an energetic electron curtain, being more particularly,
though not exclusively, directed to the electron irradiating of
relatively long articles.
In order to enable the electron beam irradiation of articles of
substantial dimensions, resort has been had to scanning a focused
beam along such dimensions as described, for example, in "The
Industrial Electron Processing System," High Voltage Engineering
Corporation Catalogue -- 5/69. Such techniques not only require
scanning or deflection apparatus and driving circuits therefor, but
require collimating or focusing structures, as well, to produce a
defined beam that can be scanned. In addition, though scanning may
be effected rapidly, all parts of the objects are not actually
simultaneously irradiated, and differences in electron density are
produced in different positions of the scan in view of different
path lengths of the beam. It has also been proposed, accordingly,
to produce a strip or line of electrons to enable simultaneity of
irradiation, as, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,887,599 to Trump;
but such proposals have not proven practical because of variation
of electron emission at different points of the long cathode, in
view of inherently different points of the long cathode, in view of
inherently different temperatures therealong, and in view of wide
variation in current density along the line of electrons.
It is to the solution of the problem of providing a substantially
uniform density, longitudinally extending, high energy electron
curtain, not subject to the above disadvantages, that the present
invention is accordingly primarily directed.
A further object of the invention is to provide a novel apparatus
for and method of producing energetic electrons of more general
utility, as well.
Other and further objects will be explained hereinafter and are
more particularly delineated in the appended claims. In summary,
the invention contemplates, in one of its broad aspects, the
shaping of a longitudinal space-charge-limited line of electrons
into a substantially uniform electron density curtain, accelerating
the same along field lines that expand the curtain, and then
passing the expanded curtain through a longitudinal window for
irradiation purposes and the like.
The invention will now be described with reference to the
accompanying drawing, the single FIGURE of which is an isometric
view of a preferred apparatus operating in accordance with the
method of the invention, with regions partly broken away to
illustrate details of construction.
Referring to the drawing, a longitudinal cathode is shown at 1 in
the form of a tungsten or other electron-emitting line filament or
indirectly heated strip or the the like, suspended from a gun
structure or channel 3 provided with heat shielding walls 5, as of,
for example, multifoil thermal barrier as made by Thermoelectron
Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts, and described in their 1970
catalogue, "Multi-Foil Thermal Insulation." The channel 3 is
provided at the bottom with a control grid 7 extending
longitudinally parallel to and coextensively with the cathode 1 and
transversely thereof to the walls of the channel structure 3. By
controlling the potential applied between the control grid 7 and
the cathode 1, which can be achieved easily via low voltage control
connections which pass within the high voltage connection tube 20,
such that the former is negative with respect to the latter, the
electrons leaving the different-temperature portions of the cathode
1 become space-charge limited such that a substantially
longitudinally uniform charge-density beam is emitted through the
grid 7, but usually with a non-uniform transverse charge density of
greater density centrally under the cathode 1 than transversely at
the sides thereof near the walls 5 of the channel structure 3.
This beam is shaped by a preferably coaxially surrounding
cylindrical electrostatic shield or Faraday cage structure 11
substantially axially containing the cathode 1 and having a further
longitudinal grid structure 13 aligned with the cathode 1 and
control grid 7. This cage structure 11 is supported by a dielectric
structure such as the vacuum feed through bushing. With an
appropriate positive potential applied at 11 with respect to the
control grid 7, the non-uniform transverse charge density become
converted into a substantially uniform electron curtain. An
anode-cylinder 15 coaxially surrounds the cage 11, with the whole
system vacuum-sealed at 2, and the anode cylinder contains a
longitudinal electron-pervious window 17, as of aluminum, aligned
with the control and further grid structures 7 and 13. The anode
structure 15-17 is maintained at an accelerating potential above
the cage 11, though grounded to avoid shock hazard. The radial
lines of the voltage gradient or field thus set up between the
cylinders 11 and 15 (or other geometrical configurations, if used)
will cause the electron curtain at the further grid 13 to expand in
the gap or space between 11 and 15 along the radial lines of force,
broadening the electron curtain so as uniformly and simultaneously
to irradiate, through the window 17, all parts of corresponding
longitudinal or long-dimension objects-to-be-treated (not shown),
carried transversely past the window 17 by a conveyor or other
mechanism 19, in the direction of the arrow. With this structure
wherein the longitudinal dimension of the electron curtain is very
large compared with the cathode-to-window separation, and with
appropriate potentials, as later illustrated, the uniform current
density of the expanded energetic electron curtain at the window 17
will be determined substantially by the electron distribution at
the beam-shaping grid 13, and substantially independent of the
accelerating potential, the large field of which only serves to
expand and accelerate the electron curtain.
As an example of practical apparatus of this design, energetic
electron curtains of uniform current density of from 200 to
2,000.mu.amperes/cm..sup.2 may be obtained with a control
grid-to-cathode potential of about -20 volts, a beam-shaping grid
potential of from about +800 to 1,000 volts, and an accelerating
potential between the grounded anode and window structure 15-17
(about 8 inches in diameter) of about 150 kilovolts. With a 6-inch
long tungsten filament cathode 1, very long compared to the
approximately 0.010 inch width thereof, a 6-inch long control grid
7 about one-fourth inch wide, a 6-inch long beam-forming grid 13
about one-half inch wide, a 6-inch long wider window 17 (about
1-inch in width) for receiving the expanded curtain, current
density uniformity of .+-. 10 percent and better has been obtained
over about a 6-inch beam width.
Further modifications will occur to those skilled in this art, and
all such are considered to fall within the spirit and scope of the
invention as defined in the appended claims.
* * * * *