U.S. patent number 3,767,228 [Application Number 05/192,916] was granted by the patent office on 1973-10-23 for inflation time control for safety device.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Allied Chemical Corporation. Invention is credited to Donald J. Lewis.
United States Patent |
3,767,228 |
Lewis |
October 23, 1973 |
INFLATION TIME CONTROL FOR SAFETY DEVICE
Abstract
Apparatus for transmitting an electrical current from a power
supply to a gas source during a time interval which varies in
direct proportion to the ambient temperature within the portion of
a vehicle in which the apparatus is disposed. A portion of the gas
is released from the gas source upon receipt of the electrical
pulse. Another portion of the gas is released from the gas source
independently of the pulse. The released gas passes into a bag,
which inflates during a time interval independent of the ambient
temperature, thereby serving to protect occupants or other mobile
objects within the vehicle.
Inventors: |
Lewis; Donald J. (Troy,
MI) |
Assignee: |
Allied Chemical Corporation
(New York, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
22711554 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/192,916 |
Filed: |
October 27, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
280/735;
338/25 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B60R
21/015 (20130101); B60R 2021/2633 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B60R
21/01 (20060101); B60R 21/26 (20060101); B60r
021/08 () |
Field of
Search: |
;280/15AB ;180/103
;340/57 ;338/25 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Betts; Kenneth H.
Assistant Examiner: Silverstrim; John P.
Claims
I claim:
1. Apparatus for transmitting an electrical current to a gas source
disposed in a portion of a motor vehicle subject to impact, within
a time interval which varies in direct proportion to the ambient
temperature within said portion of the vehicle, comprising:
a. a power source for supplying the electrical current;
b. first circuit means for transmitting the current from the power
source to a first portion of the gas source during a first fixed
time interval;
c. second circuit means for transmitting the current from the power
source to a second portion of the gas source during a second
variable time interval;
d. impact detecting means for causing the current to pass through
said first and second circuit means upon impact of the vehicle;
and
e. control means connected to the second circuit means and
responsive to the ambient temperature, for varying the second time
interval in direct proportion to the ambient temperature.
2. Apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the control means
comprises a resistance element connected to the second circuit
means, and means for varying the resistance of the resistance
element in direct proportion to the ambient temperature.
3. Apparatus as recited in claim 2 wherein the resistance element
is connected at one end to the second circuit means and the
resistance of the resistance element is varied by means which
comprise an electroconductive component connected to the power
source, the electroconductive component being in continuous contact
with the resistance element, and means for displacing the
electroconductive component along the surface of the resistance
element a variable distance from the end of the resistance element
connected to the second circuit means, the distance varying in
direct proportion to the ambient temperature.
4. Apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein the electroconductive
component is displaced by means which comprise at least two
thermally conductive members each having a different thermal
coefficient of expansion, said thermally conductive members joined
together to form a composite member, one end of the composite
member being fixed and the other end of the composite member being
connected to the electroconductive component, whereby the
electroconductive component is deflected over at least a portion of
the deflection characteristic curve of the composite member in
proportion to an increase in the ambient temperature.
5. Apparatus as recited in claim 4 wherein the composite member is
in the form of a spiral.
6. Apparatus as recited in claim 2 wherein the control means
comprises a resistance element connected to the second circuit
means and having a positive temperature coefficient of resistance
which varies in direct proportion to the ambient temperature.
7. Apparatus as recited in claim 6 wherein the resistance element
is a thermistor.
8. Apparatus as recited in claim 3 which has associated therewith
an auxiliary power supply connected between said power source and
each of said first and second circuit means.
9. Apparatus as recited in claim 8 wherein the first and second
circuit means include a firing circuit connected to the power
source and to the impact detecting means, said firing circuit
comprising means for transmitting the electrical current from the
power source or from the auxiliary power supply to the impact
detecting means upon impact of the vehicle.
10. Apparatus as recited in claim 9 wherein the power source
comprises the battery of the motor vehicle.
11. Apparatus as recited in claim 10 wherein the first and second
circuit means having such a configuration that either the power
source or the auxiliary power supply is capable of discharging
through the firing circuit upon impact of the vehicle.
12. Apparatus as recited in claim 10 wherein the auxiliary power
supply comprises a capacitor, and the firing circuit includes the
capacitor connected in parallel with the battery, and a diode
connected between the battery and the capacitor and in series with
the battery and the impact detecting means.
13. Apparatus as recited in claim 12 wherein the diode comprises
redundant diodes connected in parallel.
14. Apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein the first portion of
the gas source comprises an enclosed gas containing means filled
with a pressurized gas and provided with an inlet and outlet means;
and the second portion of the gas source comprises a gas generating
material within an enclosed gas generating means, disposed adjacent
to the gas containing means and separated therefrom by a pressure
sensitive barrier.
15. Apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein the gas source
comprises a hollow housing, a plug removably mounted within the
housing, said plug extending through a full thickness of the
housing and into contact with a pressurized gas within the housing,
an explosive charge located adjacent to the plug, and a resistance
material structurally connected to the explosive charge and
electrically connected to the first circuit means, for exploding
the charge when the current flows through the resistance material,
whereby the plug is removed from the housing.
16. Apparatus as recited in claim 15 wherein an outlet is provided
in the housing by removal of the plug, said outlet being in
communication with the pressurized gas and with an inflatable bag,
whereby gas flows from within the housing through the outlet and
into the inflatable bag.
17. Apparatus as recited in claim 15 wherein the first portion of
the gas source includes a pressurized gas within the housing, and
the second portion of the gas source includes a gas generating
material disposed within the housing adjacent to the pressurized
gas and separated therefrom by a pressure sensitive barrier.
18. Apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein the second circuit
means includes a transmission circuit, connected to the impact
detecting means, said transmission circuit comprising a variable
resistor in series with means for transmitting an electrical pulse
to the second portion of the gas source.
19. Apparatus as recited in claim 18 wherein the electrical pulse
is transmitted by means which include a unijunction transistor and
a rectifier in series with the variable resistor and a second
resistor with the second portion of the gas source, and a capacitor
connected in parallel with the power source.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a safety device for passengers of motor
vehicles, such as automobiles, and more particularly to apparatus
for inflating a bag with gas upon collision of a vehicle equipped
with the apparatus, wherein the inflation time is independent of
the ambient temperature within the portion of the vehicle in which
the apparatus is disposed.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The recent development of passive vehicle occupant restraint
systems gives promise of significantly decreasing the number of
fatalities and serious injuries resulting from motor vehicle
accidents. Among the passive restraint systems suggested in the
prior art, the inflatable bag restraint system is the most
promising.
One of the problems encountered in adapting inflatable bag
restraint systems for use in different seasons and geographical
regions is the difficulty of controlling the time interval during
which the bag is inflated. The inflation time interval commences at
impact of a vehice, whereupon an electrical signal is transmitted
from a power source to a gas source housed within the vehicle. Gas
released from the gas source is directed into a bag or cushion
which inflates during a preselected time interval to protect
passengers or other mobile objects within the vehicle. Changing
climatic conditions within the different environments to which the
inflatable bag restraint system is ordinarily exposed can markedly
alter the ambient temperature within the portion of the vehicle in
which the gas source is located. When vehicular impact occurs at
higher ambient temperatures, gas is released from the gas source at
a higher pressure than if the impact occurs at lower ambient
temperatures. The inflation time interval is inversely
proportionate to the pressure of the released gas. Thus, upon
impact of the vehicle at higher ambient temperatures, the bag
inflates during a time interval considerably shorter than obtains
if the impact occurs at lower ambient temperatures.
I have found that, particularly at lower impact velocities, a bag
inflated at relatively high ambient temperatures moves in the
direction of an occupant within the vehicle at excessively high
speeds. An occupant moving forward at the time of impact can be
pushed backward with considerable force by the rapidly inflating
bag. Use of increased inflation time intervals provides protection
against such rebound problems but reduces the protection afforded
at lower ambient temperatures, wherein the bag is both filled and
caused to move in the direction of the occupant at a much slower
speed. Under the latter temperature conditions, and particularly at
relatively higher impact velocities, gas released from the gas
source upon impact of the vehicle may flow into the bag in
insufficient volume and pressure to prevent an occupant moving
forward at the time of impact from penetrating through the front of
the bag and into contact with hard portions of the vehicle on the
reverse side of the bag.
The protection afforded to an occupant disposed within a vehicle
can be significantly increased if, upon impact of the vehicle at a
given velocity, the bag inflates during a preselected time interval
calculated as that best suited to protect the occupant. Such
preselected inflation time interval cannot be consistently achieved
if the inflation time interval at the given velocity tends to vary
in proportion to the ambient temperature. An inflation assembly not
equipped with means to compensate for changes in the ambient
temperature can result in inflation time intervals somewhat faster
or slower than those best suited to protect the occupant. In
accordance with the invention, the bag inflates during a time
interval which is independent of the ambient temperature, whereby
upon impact of the vehicle at the given velocity the preselected
inflation time interval can consistently be achieved.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly stated, the invention provides an apparatus for
transmitting an electrical current from a power source to a first
portion of a gas source within a fixed first time interval, and to
a second portion of the gas source within a second time interval
which varies in direct proportion to the ambient temperature of the
portion of the vehicle in which the apparatus is disposed,
hereinafter referred to as the ambient temperature. An impact
detecting means causes the current to pass from the power source to
a first and second circuit means upon impact of the vehicle. Part
of the current is transmitted through the first circuit means to
the first portion of the gas source during the first time interval.
Another part of the current is transmitted through the second
circuit means to the second portion of the gas source during the
second time interval. The first and second portions of the gas
source each respectively comprise a pressurized gas, a gas
generating material, or a hybrid combination of the same housed
within a container. Means are provided for releasing the
pressurized gas, gas developed by combustion of the gas generating
material, or mixture thereof from the container upon receipt of the
electrical current. Preferably, the first and second portions of
the gas source are separated within a pressurized tank by a
pressure sensitive barrier. Such barrier forms a wall common to a
first and second container in which the first and second gas
portions are respectively housed. The second time interval is
caused to vary in direct proportion to the ambient temperature, by
a control means, responsive to the ambient temperature. Gas
released from combined portions of the gas source flows into an
inflatable bag during a time interval which is then independent of
the ambient temperature whereby upon impact of the vehicle, the bag
can be consistently inflated during the said time interval.
More specifically, the impact detecting apparatus includes an
electroconductive material connected to the power source. The
current is caused to flow from the power source to the first and
second circuit means when forces resulting from impact of the
vehicle displace the electroconductive material against a
preselected resisting force and into contact with an
electroconductive member connected to the first and second circuit
means. A control means is additionally provided which comprises an
electroconductive component connected to the power source, a
control element connected to the second circuit means, and means
for varying the control element in direct proportion to the ambient
temperature.
In one embodiment of the invention a resistance element is
connected at one end to the second circuit means. An
electroconductive component connected to the power source is
maintained in continuous contact with the resistance element. The
electroconductive component is displaced along the surface of the
resistance element a variable distance from the end of the
resistance element connected to the second circuit means. The
distance varies in direct proportion to the ambient temperature. As
the ambient temperature decreases, for example, the
electroconductive component is displaced toward the end of the
resistance element connected to the second circuit means. The
electroconductive component contacts the resistance element at a
shorter distance from the end of the resistance element connected
to the second circuit means, and the current travels through a
shorter portion of the resistance element. The electroconductive
component is displaced by means which comprise at least two
thermally conductive members, each respectively having a different
thermal coefficient of expansion. Such members are joined together
to form a composite member. One end of the composite member is
fixed. The other end of the composite member is connected to the
electroconductive component, thereby permitting the
electroconductive component to be displaced over at least a portion
of the deflection characteristic curve of of the composite member
by a change in the ambient temperature. Such composite member may
be in the form of a spiral having one end fixed and the other end
connected to the electroconductive component. An increase or
decrease in the ambient temperature causes the electroconductive
component to be angularly displaced over a portion of the
deflection characteristic curve of the composite member. In either
case, the electroconductive component is displaced relative to the
resistance element so that the current is caused to pass through a
portion of the resistance element which varies in direct proportion
to the ambient temperature. In another embodiment of the invention,
the control means is comprised of a resistance element, such as a
thermistor, having a temperature coefficient of resistance which
varies in proportion to the ambient temperature.
Upon impact of the vehicle, the impact detector causes part of the
current to flow from the power source through the first circuit
means to the first portion of the gas source during the first fixed
time interval. Another part of the current reaches the second
portion of the gas source via the second circuit means during the
second time interval. The electroconductive member of the control
means cooperates with the resistance element to make the time
interval during which the electrical current is transmitted from
the power source through the second circuit means to the second
portion of the gas source proportional to the temperature. The
electrical current is transmitted from the power source through the
first circuit means to the first portion of the gas source during a
constant time interval which may equal but not exceed the time
interval during which the electrical current is transmitted to the
second portion of the gas source. Gas is released from the first
portion of the gas source upon receipt of the electrical current
from the first circuit means. Such release does not cause gas to be
released from the second portion of the gas source; such gas is not
released until receipt of the electrical current from the second
circuit means. The released gas is preferably discharged from the
gas source through a conduit and into a shock-absorbing bag or
cushion. For example, as the ambient temperature increases, the
electroconductive component is displaced along the surface of the
resistance element in a direction away from the end of the
resistance element which is connected to the second circuit means.
Upon impact of the vehicle the current travels through a
correspondingly larger portion of the resistance element.
Alternatively, as the ambient temperature increases, the resistance
of the thermistor correspondingly increases. In either case, the
electrical current reaches the second portion of the gas source
within a longer time interval. Thus, the time interval during which
the electrical current is transmitted from the power source to the
second portion of the gas source to effect the release of gas
therefrom varies in direct proportion to the ambient
temperature.
A unique means is thereby furnished for variably controlling the
time during which an air bag or cushion is inflated. For
substantially any impact velocity the bag can be consistently
inflated during a preselected time interval despite changes in the
ambient temperature. Since the noise associated with inflation of
air cushions of the type described generally increases with
decreased inflation time intervals, and since, in accordance with
the invention, bags need not be inflated during a time interval
shorter than the preselected time interval, it is also possible to
reduce the sound resulting from inflation. Accordingly, the
invention affords increased protection against sound and rebound
problems and, in general, results in a safer disposition of the bag
when the vehicle which carries it is involved in a collision.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be more fully understood and further advantages
will become apparent when reference is made to the following
detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention
and the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of apparatus for
transmitting an electrical current to a first portion of a gas
source within a fixed time interval, and to a second portion of the
gas source within a variable time interval.
FIG. 2 is a schematic electrical diagram of the firing circuit of
FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the impact detector of FIGS. 1 and
2, including an electrically conductive material and a conductive
element.
FIG. 4 is a sectional front elevation of an electronic means for
controlling the time during which the electrical current is
transmitted from the power source to the gas source.
FIG. 5 is a sectional side elevation of an alternate means for
controlling the time during which the electrical current is
transmitted from the power source to the gas source.
FIG. 6 is a schematic electrical diagram of a transmission circuit
employing the means of FIGS. 4 and 5.
FIG. 7 is a schematic electrical diagram of a transmission circuit
employing another form of transmission control apparatus for use
with the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the pressure of gas within the gas
source as a function of time after impact.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to the drawings, there is illustrated in FIG. 1 a
preferred form of electrical apparatus for transmitting an electric
current to a first portion of a gas source within a first fixed
time interval and to a second portion of the gas source within a
second variable time interval. The apparatus, shown generally at
10, includes a power source 12, which may comprise a battery of the
type conventionally used in a motor vehicle. An auxiliary power
supply, such as a capacitor connected in parallel to the battery,
may be used as the power source in the event that the battery is
not supplying power to the system. Under normal operating
conditions an electrical current 20 flows from the power source 12
through firing circuit 22 and back to the power source 12. When a
vehicle in which apparatus 10 is disposed is involved in a
collision, impact detector 24 directs current 20 by switch means,
shown at 26 in FIG. 2, to a first portion 28 of a gas source, shown
generally at 30. The current 20 also passes through transmission
circuit 32 to a second portion 36 of gas source 30 during a time
interval controlled by transmission control means 34. Thus, current
20 passes from power source 12 to the first and second portions 28
and 36 of the gas source 30 by a first and second circuit means,
both of which may include the firing circuit 22 and the impact
detector 24. The first circuit means connects the power source 12
to the first portion 28 of gas source 30. The second circuit means
connects the power source 12 to the second portion 36 of gas source
30.
The first and second gas portions of which gas source 30 is
comprised may each respectfully utilize a pressurized gas, gas
generated by combustion of a gas generating material, or a hybrid
combination of the same. In a preferred embodiment of the
invention, the gas source comprises a hybrid combination of
pressurized gas and a gas generating material, separately housed
within a vessel having means for releasing the pressurized gas and
gas developed by combustion of the gas generating material from the
vessel upon receipt of the electrical current 20. Nitrogen, or
other suitable gas which can be stored for prolonged periods
without leaking from a gas containing vessel is generally used as
the pressurized gas. Black powder nitro-cellulose, composite
propellants, or other material which generates gas and heat upon
combustion can be used as the gas generating material. The volume
and pressure of the stored gas selected will depend upon the volume
of the bag, the pressure to which it is filled and the volume of
gas produced by the gas generating material in combination with its
heat liberation. Preferably, the volume and pressure of the stored
gas is at least about 25 percent of the volume and pressure of gas
generated by combustion of the gas generating material.
In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1, 2, 6 and 7, the first portion
28 of gas source 30 comprises a pressurized gas, and the second
portion 36 comprises a gas generating material. A pressure
sensitive barrier 42 separates the first portion 28 from the second
portion 36 of gas source 30. Gas can be released from the first
portion 28 by detonating an electroexplosive device comprised, for
example, of a detonator, a pressure cartridge, or a shape charge
41, upon receipt of the electrical current 20. The shape charge is
located adjacent to a plug 40, which is removabl mounted in and
extends through a full thickness of the housing of gas source 30.
The explosion of shape charge 41 dislodges plug 40 and creates a
conduit in communication with the first portion 28 of gas source 30
and an inflatable bag 101. When the electrical current reaches the
second portion 36 of the gas source 30, combustion of the gas
generating material commences. The gas pressure within the second
portion 36 increases to a preselected level, whereupon barrier 42
ruptures, and the gas sequentially flows through the first portion
28 and the conduit into bag 101. The construction and operation of
the gas source 30, including the first portion 28, the second
portion 36 and apparatus connected thereto for inflating an air
cushion is described in the copending application of Robert L.
Stephenson, Ser. No. 81,947, filed Oct. 9, 1970, which disclosure
is specifically incorporated by reference.
Although the invention will be described hereinafter with reference
to apparatus for releasing gas from a single gas source upon a
single vehicular impact, it is intended that the invention can be
used with apparatus for successively inflating a bag with gas from
a plurality of gas sources when multiple impacts occur within a
short period of time. In such apparatus, the electrical current can
be transmitted from the power source through the first and second
circuit means to a primary gas source upon a first impact of the
vehicle, and to a secondary gas source upon a subsequent impact. A
pressure sensitive control means electrically connected to the
circuit means and responsive to the pressure of gas within the
primary gas source electrically connects the primary gas source to
the circuit means prior to an impact of the vehicle and
electrically connects the secondary gas source to the circuit means
after the impact. The bag is successively inflated and reinflated
upon a first and second impact of the vehicle by gas sequentially
released from the primary and secondary gas source upon receipt of
the electrical current. Moreover, for one or more gas sources, the
invention as described herein can additionally be used with
apparatus in which the electrical current is transmitted from a
power source through the first circuit means to the first portion
of a gas source during a fixed time interval, and through the
second circuit means to the second portion of the gas source during
a variable time interval of at least the same duration as the fixed
time interval; but wherein the variable time interval is inversely
proportional to the impact velocity of the vehicle. The
construction and operation of apparatus for successively inflating
a bag with gas from a plurality of gas sources disposed in a
vehicle subject to a plurality of impacts, and for inflating the
bag during a a time interval which varies in inverse proportion to
the impact velocity of the vehicle, is respectively disclosed in
the copending applications of Donald G. Radke et al., Ser. No.
192,971 and Donald J. Lewis, Ser. No. 192,850 filed of even date
with the present application, which disclosures are specifically
incorporated by reference.
In FIG. 2 there is illustrated a schematic electrical diagram
showing the firing circuit of FIG. 1. Upon application of voltage
from battery 14, current 20 flows through line 16 and at least one
diode 18 to capacitor 38. The resistance of resistor 40 is higher
than the resistance of the uncharged capacitor 38. Accordingly,
current 20 flows through and charges the capacitor 38. The
capacitor is large, having a capacitance of from about 10,000 to
about 20,000 microfarads, for example. In the preferred embodiment
of the invention the capacitor 38 is charged to substantially the
potential of the battery during a time period of from about 1-5
seconds after the ignition switch 15 is closed. When the capacitor
38 has been charged, the resistance value of resistor 40 is lower
than the resistance of capacitor 38. Thus, the current passes
through resistor 40 instead of capacitor 38 and returns to battery
14 through line 44. Diode 18 functions to prevent an external short
circuit resulting from a collision, for example, from discharging
capacitor 38 through line 16. The system is more reliable if
redundant diodes are connected in parallel in one or more sets in
place of the single diode 18. This redundant arrangement of the
diodes insures proper operation of the system despite the failure
of any one of the diodes. If any of the diodes becomes open
circuited, its companion diode in the parallel set is operative to
carry the current. If any of the diodes become short circuited, the
other parallel pair provides the unidirectional current limiting
capability. Resistor 40 may also be replaced by redundant resistors
to provide increased reliability to the apparatus 10. In a
preferred embodiment, the resistors 40 have a relatively low
resistance, such as approximately 180 ohms each. Redundant
resistors 40 are connected in parallel so that in the event one of
the resistors becomes open, the path resistance will not be
increased appreciably.
Normally, switch 26 is open and the current 20 is prevented from
passing through line 46 and line 48 to the gas source 30. When a
vehicle carrying apparatus 10 is involved in a collision, the
impact detector 24 throws switch 26, which is connected to line 46
in the direction of the arrow and into contact with line 48. Lines
46 and 48 have a lower resistance than the resistor 40. Thus, the
current 20 flows from the power source 12 through the firing
circuit 22 and lines 46 and 48 to gas source 30. In the event that
the battery 14 fails or is disconnected from the system by impact
of the vehicle, the capacitor 40 discharges through lines 46 and
48. The capacitor 40 thus forms an auxiliary source for supplying
electrical power to the first and second portions of gas source
30.
In FIG. 3 there is illustrated the impact detection means of FIGS.
1 and 2. Such means may comprise at least one roller 56 of metal
such as stainless steel, gold plated copper, or other suitable
conductive material. The roller 56 is electrically connected to the
power source 12 and moveably mounted on a nonconductive support 53
made, for example of plastic, lexon, polycarbonate, glass or
ceramics. A thin band of electrically conductive material 54, such
as stainless steel, gold plated copper, or the like, wrapped around
roller 56 and spot welded or otherwise secured to support 53
provides a resisting force against which the roller 56 acts.
Conductive element 58, comprised of electroconductive material of
the type used to make band 54 is fixedly mounted on support 53. If
roller 56 is displaced along the surface 60 of support 53 in the
direction of the arrow, band 54 is brought into contact with
conductive element 58. When the vehicle is involved in an impact of
the type intended to inflate bag 101, the roller 56 is displaced
along the surface 60 of support 53 until band 54 contacts
conductive element 58. The current 20 flows from the power source
12 or from the capacitor 40, as the case may be, through the firing
circuit 22, line 46, switch 26 and line 48. Thereafter the current
20 flows through line 50 to the first portion 28 of gas source 30
during a constant time interval and through line 52 and
transmission circuit 32 to the second portion 36 of gas source 30
during a time interval which varies in direct porportion to the
ambient temperature, as will be described hereinafter in more
detail.
In FIG. 4 there is shown a control means 34 for controlling the
time during which the electrical current is transmitted from the
power source to the second portion of the gas source. Such means
may include at least two thermally responsive members 62 and 64
comprised, for example, of such metals as copper, tin, stainless
steel, iron, nickel, brass, or other suitable conductive metal,
each respectively having a different thermal coefficient of
expansion. Such members are welded or otherwise adhered together to
form a composite member, shown generally as 66. In the embodiment
of the invention shown in FIG. 4, the composite member 66 forms a
relatively straight bimetallic element. Invar (iron-nickel alloy)
and brass are commonly paired to create such bimetallic elements,
and these metals are suitable for use in the embodiment of FIG. 4.
One end 68 of the composite member 66 is fixed, as by riveting 67,
spot welding or otherwise firmly securing the end 68 to a
stationary support 70. The other end 72 of composite member 66 is
connected to a rigid arm 73 by spot welding, metallic fasteners 69
such as rivets, or the like. Arm 73 is connected by metallic
fasteners 75, such as rivets or the like to an electroconductive
component 74. Such electroconductive component 74 is electrically
connected to the power source through lines 52 and 48. As the
ambient temperature increases, end 72 of composite member 66
deflects throughout a portion of a deflection characteristic curve
in direct proportion to the temperature increase. Resistance
element 76, comprised of carbon film or other material that will
provide a suitable value of resistivity, is fixedly mounted on a
nonconductive support 78 for continuous contact with
electroconductive component 74 during movement of the component 24
throughout a preselected portion of the deflection characteristic
curve of composite member 66. A protective sheath or armor 77
surrounds the assembly. The resistance element 76 is electrically
connected to the second portion 36 of the gas source 30. End 72 of
composite member 66 is deflected in the direction of the arrow by
an increase in the ambient temperature, thereby causing
electroconductive component 74 to be displaced relative to the
resistance element 76 so that upon impact of the vehicle the
current 20 flows through a correspondingly larger portion of the
resistance element 76. The current 20 thus passes through the
resistance element 76 during a longer time interval. Accordingly,
the time interval during which the electrical current 20 travels
from the power source through the second circuit means to the
second portion 36 of the gas source 30 increases.
It will be understood that current 20 from firing circuit 22 which
is directed by impact detector 24 through lines 48 and 50 to the
first portion 28 of the gas source 30 is not delayed in the above
manner. Thus, at a higher ambient temperature gas is released from
the first portion 28 before gas is released from the second portion
36, and the air cushion inflates during a longer time interval than
would obtain if gas were to be simultaneously released from the
first and second portions 28 and 36 of the gas source 30 at the
higher ambient temperature. The same result can be achieved if the
first and second portions 28 and 36 of gas source 30 each comprise
pressurized gas within a gas containing vessel; or alternatively,
gas generated within a vessel upon receipt of the electrical
current 20. The time interval between release of gas from the first
portion 28 and the second portion 36 of gas source 30 is, in
effect, the time during which current 20 passes from firing circuit
22 through impact detector 24 and transmission circuit 32 to gas
source 30. Control means 34 makes that time interval vary in direct
proportion to the ambient temperature. As long as the gas source 30
comprises a first gas portion which can be released, as described,
independently of a second gas portion 36, the air cushion can be
consistently inflated during a preselected time interval, despite
marked changes in the ambient temperature. In a preferred
embodiment, such preselected inflation time interval can be
consistently achieved even though the ambient temperature ranges
from about 40.degree. to 185.degree. F.
In FIG. 5 there is illustrated an alternate means for controlling
the time during which the electrical current is transmitted from
the power source to the second portion of the gas source. Such
means may include a bimetallic element of the type described in
connection with FIG. 4. The composite member 88 comprising the
bimetallic element is in the form of a spiral. One end 80 of
composite member 88 is fixed by rivet 81, othermetallic or
nonmetallic fasteners or the like to a rigid member 83. Member 83
is secured by rivet 84 or other suitable fastening means to a
stationary support 82. The other end 89 of the composite member 88
is connected to a link 86 which is connected to bar 90. The bar 90
pivotally connects link 86 with one end 92 of pen arm 94. The other
end 96 of the pen arm 94 is spot welded, riveted or other wise
firmly connected to electroconductive component 98. Such
electroconductive component is electrically connected to the power
source through lines 52 and 48. As the ambient temperature
increases, end 89 of the composite member 88 is angularly deflected
through a portion of a deflection characteristic curve in direct
proportion to the temperature increase. Link 86, bar 90 and pen arm
94 cooperate to linearize displacement of the electroconductive
component 98 resulting from ambient temperature changes. Resistance
element 100, comprised of a deposited carbon film or other material
that will provide a suitable value of resistivity is fixedly
mounted on support 102 beneath electroconductive component 98. The
resistance element 100 is electrically connected to the second
portion 36 of the gas source 30. As end 89 of the composite member
88 is angularly deflected by an increase in the ambient
temperature, the electroconductive component 98 is displaced along
the resistance element 100 in the direction of the arrow. Upon
impact of a vehicle in which apparatus 10 is disposed, the current
20 is caused to flow through a correspondingly larger portion of
the resistance element 100 than would obtain if the impact occurred
at a lower ambient temperature. Thus, at higher ambient
temperatures, the current 20 passes through the resistance element
during a longer time interval. The time interval during which
current 20 travels from the power source 12 through the second
circuit means to the second portion 36 of the gas source 30
increases, and the system compensates for the increased gas
pressure resulting during inflation at higher ambient
temperatures.
In FIG. 6 there is shown a schematic electrical diagram of the
means of FIGS. 4 and 5. Current 20 from power source 12 and firing
circuit 22 passes through switch 26, which is thrown by impact
detector 24. Part of the current 20 travels through line 50
directly to the first portion 28 of gas source 30. Another part of
the current travels through a portion of variable resistor 104,
charging capacitor 106. When the peak point of unijunction
transistor 108 is reached, the current 20 is emitted from the
unijunction transistor 108 in the form of an electrical pulse. Such
pulse passes through resistor 118 and produces a voltage at the
gate of silicon controlled rectifier 110, which allows current 20
to flow through line 112 and silicon controlled rectifier 110 to
bridgewire 114 within the second portion 36 of gas source 30.
The time interval during which current 20 is allowed to pass
through the transmission circuit 32 to gas source 30 is directly
proportional to the resistance value of the variable resistor 104.
Since the value time interval is determined by the transmission
control means 34, gas can be released from the gas source 30 at a
preselected pressure which is independent of the ambient
temperature.
In the schematic electrical diagram of FIG. 7, another form of
transmission control apparatus is employed. As illustrated, current
20 from power source 12 travels through firing circuit 22 and
switch 26 thrown by impact detector 24. Part of the current 20
passes through line 50 directly to the first portion 28 of gas
source 30. As noted above, portion 28 may comprise either a
pressurized gas or a gas generating material. Another part of the
current 20 passes through a resistance element 116 having a
temperature coefficient of resistance which varies in direct
proportion to the ambient temperature. In a preferred embodiment
such resistance element comprises a thermistor, which remains
stable and is particularly suited to offset changes in the ambient
temperature at relatively high impact velocities. When the peak
point of unijunction transistor 108 is reached, current 20 is
emitted from the unijunction transistor 108 in the form of an
electrical pulse, which passes through resistor 118 and produces a
voltage at the gate of silicon controlled rectifier 110. The system
then functions in the same manner as the transmission circuit of
FIG. 6 to inflate bag 101 during a preselected time interval which
is independent of the ambient temperature.
Resistor 118 limits the current passing through the gate of the
silicon controlled rectifier 110. Resistor 120 functions to bleed
down capacitor 106 when power is not supplied to apparatus 10 by
power source 12.
Referring to FIGS. 8a, 8b, and 8c, the gas pressure in the first
portion of gas source 30 is shown as a function of time after
impact. The impact occurs at time T.sub.o. In each of FIGS. 8a, 8b
and 8c an equal volume of pressurized gas 122 and an equal mass of
gas generating material is stored within the gas source 30. Plug 40
is removed by means described above and an outlet is thereby
created in the first portion 28 of gas source 30 at time T.sub.o.
The pressurized gas 122 starts to flow from the first portion 28 of
gas source 30 through the outlet and into the inflatable bag 101. A
second gas 124, generated by combustion of the gas generating
material, enters the first portion 28 of gas source 30 at times
T.sub.1, T.sub.2 and T.sub.3.
The pressure of gas 122 stored within the first portion 28 of gas
source 30 is increased by contact with generated gas 124, which is
generally at a higher temperature and pressure than the stored gas
122. Such contact occurs when the pressure of gas within the second
portion 36 of gas source 30 reaches a preselected pressure. The
pressure sensitive barrier 42 is removed to create an inlet to the
first portion 28 of gas source 30. Gas 124, generated by combustion
of the gas generating material, passes through the inlet and mixes
with a portion of the pressurized gas 122 within the first portion
28 of gas source 30. In FIG. 8c the pressure in the first portion
28 is reduced initially as the pressurized gas 122 passes through
the outlet of gas source 30. Upon contact with the generated gas at
time T.sub.1, the pressure of the stored gas increases. The ambient
temperature is higher in FIG. 8b than in FIG. 8c. Thus, at time
T.sub.o gas 122 is released at a higher pressure, and the gas
pressure within portion 28 is initially decreased at a faster rate.
Upon contact with the generated gas 124 at time T.sub.2, the volume
of the gas 122 of FIG. 8b is lower than the volume of the
pressurized gas 122 of FIG. 8c at time T.sub.1, and the pressure of
the stored gas 122 is increased to a lesser extent by contact with
the generated gas 124. The ambient temperature is highest and the
volume of pressurized gas 122 is smallest when the generated gas
124 enters the first portion 28 at time T.sub.3. Accordingly, the
pressure of gas 122 is increased by the least amount upon contact
with the generated gas 124.
The air cushion will inflate during a preselected time interval
which is independent of ambient temperature changes so long as the
sequential release of gas from the gas source 30 is correlated to
the ambient temperature as hereinbefore described. When the ambient
temperature decreases, the pressure of gas 122 within gas source 30
is proportionately decreased. The transmission control means 34
provides for transmission of the current 20 through transmission
circuit 32 within a shorter time interval. Generated gas 124
contacts and heats a proportionately larger volume of the
pressurized gas 122 within portion 28 of gas source 30, and bag 101
is inflated during the preselected time interval. When the ambient
temperature and the pressure of gas 122 within gas source 30
increase, the transmission control means 34 provides for
transmission of the current 20 through transmission circuit 32
within a longer time interval. Generated gas 124 contacts and heats
a proportionately smaller volume of the pressurized gas 122 within
portion 28 of gas source 30, and bag 101 is inflated during the
preselected time interval. Passengers or other mobile objects
stationed relatively near portions of a vehicle from which the air
cushion inflates will be pushed backward with less force as the air
cushion is filled, than if the inflation time interval were to
increase in proportion to an increase in the ambient
temperature.
The preselected time interval at which the bag 101 can be inflated
by apparatus 10 will depend on many factors, including the volume
and construction of the air cushion, and the weight of an occupant
or mobile object. Such factors can be controlled by auxiliary means
known to those skilled in the art. For substantially any ambient
temperature, sound, rebound and other problems resulting from
inflation of air cushions during a time interval somewhat shorter
or longer than the preselected time interval calculated to best
protect the occupant can be eliminated.
The apparatus disclosed is relatively simple in construction, and
is easily fabricated and installed. No difficulty is encountered
with respect to the ability of the apparatus to consistently
compensate for ambient temperature changes in the above described
manner. When employed to inflate bag 101 during a preselected time
interval within environment in which the ambient temperature ranges
from -40.degree.. to 185.degree. F., for example, the apparatus
accurately compensates for the ambient temperature of the
environment and causes the bag 101 to be consistently inflated
during the preselected time interval.
Having thus described my invention in rather full detail, it will
be understood that these details need not be strictly adhered to
but that various changes and modifications may suggest themselves
to one skilled in the art, all falling within the scope of the
invention as defined by the subjoined claims.
* * * * *