U.S. patent number 3,766,844 [Application Number 05/210,344] was granted by the patent office on 1973-10-23 for protective system for contaminated atmosphere.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army. Invention is credited to Thomas G. Donnelly, James A. Haueter, William J. Krisko, Chester S. Lind, Donald W. Schoen.
United States Patent |
3,766,844 |
Donnelly , et al. |
October 23, 1973 |
PROTECTIVE SYSTEM FOR CONTAMINATED ATMOSPHERE
Abstract
A system and method to provide protective shelter in
contaminated atmosph areas utilizing a protective shelter, a
portable protective entrance, gas-particulate filter unit and
associated components, pressure sensing network and associated
components and controls, sliding-plate airflow valves, and a power
distribution unit.
Inventors: |
Donnelly; Thomas G.
(Minneapolis, MN), Haueter; James A. (Burnsville, MN),
Krisko; William J. (Eden Prairie, MN), Schoen; Donald W.
(Saint Paul, MN), Lind; Chester S. (Bloomington, MN) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
22782535 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/210,344 |
Filed: |
December 21, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
454/238; 49/68;
55/385.2; 135/93; 135/116; 135/904; 454/251; 454/255; 454/334;
96/113; 96/18; 95/2; 135/148; 135/153; 96/421; 52/66 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F24F
8/10 (20210101); F24F 3/167 (20210101); F24F
2221/12 (20130101); Y10S 135/904 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F24F
3/16 (20060101); F24f 013/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;98/1.5,33R,39,40,41,DIG.7 ;128/204 ;135/1,4 ;52/66,71 ;49/68 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Perlin; Meyer
Claims
We claim:
1. A system to provide protection in a contaminated atmosphere area
comprising: a protective shelter means; a portable protective
entrance means adapted to be connected to the shelter means, said
entrance means having a top and bottom and flexible, foldable
sidewalls and adapted to contain all entrance structure members and
to be closed into a suitcase-like container with the structure
members therein for transport from place to place; a
gas-particulate filter unit adapted to be connected to the shelter
and entrance means to purify contaminated air for supply of pure
air to the shelter and entrance means; conduit means adapted to
connect the gas-particulate filter unit to the shelter and entrance
means, a power distribution unit to supply electrical power to all
electrical components of the system; a pressure sensing network
adapted to sense and control the pressure differential between
ambient and the shelter means and the entrance means and to
transmit an electrical signal to activate a plurality of
sliding-plate valves, and a plurality of sliding-plate valves
adapted to control the air flow through the system.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the entrance means structure
members comprise a pair of support members adapted to be erected
between said top and bottom; a door frame means adapted to be
erected between the top and bottom opposite to the support members;
a pair of brace means adapted to be erected between the midpoint of
the support members and the bottom; means adapted to permit the
support members, the door frame means, and the brace means to be
folded for storage in the bottom; locking means adapted to maintain
the support members, the door frame means, and the brace means in
the erected position; a door adapted to be erected on the door
frame means to provide an airtight seal for the entrance means,
means adapted to permit the door to be folded for storage in the
said bottom; means adapted to maintain the door in an erected mode;
an opening defining means in the said top to permit a sliding-plate
valve to be superimposed thereon; and wherein said side walls
comprise a butyl coated cloth fixedly and sealingly attached to the
top, bottom, support members, and door frame means and adapted to
be folded and stored in the bottom, and sealing means to prevent
contaminated air leakage into the entrance.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the gas-particulate filter unit
comprises a mount means, a housing means, an air inlet means
integral with one end of the housing means, an air outlet means
integral with a side of the housing means adapted to have a
sliding-plate valve superimposed thereon, dust exhaust means
integral with the air inlet means, dust collector means integral
with an end of the air inlet means and within the housing means,
fan means integral with the dust collector means at the end
opposite to the air inlet means and within the housing means, gas
filter means adjacent to the housing inner wall, particulate filter
means nested within the gas filter means and surrounding the dust
collector means and the fan means, a plenum chamber means located
between the inner wall of the housing means and the outer wall of
the gas filter means, and access cover means to retain the gas
filter means and the particulate filter means within the filter
unit.
4. The system of claim 3 wherein the particulate filter means
comprises a course material backing media to support a high
efficiency filtering material, said particulate filter means having
an airflow resistance of 2.0 inches wg at 200 cfm and 99.97 percent
collection efficiency on 0.3 micron particles.
5. The system of claim 3 wherein the gas filter means contains
activated impregnated charcoal and has an airflow resistance of 4.0
inches wg at 200 cfm.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein the power distribution unit is a
28 volt direct current source.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein the power distribution unit is a
208 volt alternating current, 60Hz, three phase source having a
60Hz transformer/rectifier system in combination therewith to
convert the alternating source current to 28 volts direct
current.
8. The system of claim 1 wherein the power distribution unit is a
208 volt alternating current, 400Hz, three phase source having a
400Hz transformer/rectifier system in combination therewith to
convert the alternating source current to 28 volts direct
current.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein the sliding-plate valves comprise
a housing means; a pair of ports within the housing means; a pair
of rail means fixedly mounted to the housing means adjacent to the
ports to permit travel of a door means therebetween; a door means
to travel between the rail means to open and close the ports; a
gear rack fixedly mounted on the door means on the side thereof
opposite to the ports; a motor means fixedly mounted within the
housing means above the horizontal plane of the door means and
adjacent thereto; a spur gear integral with the motor means adapted
to engage the gear rack and activate the door means upon receipt of
an electrical signal by the motor means from the pressure sensing
network; a pair of limit stop switches fixedly mounted on a side of
the housing, one switch being located adjacent to each end of the
housing means; and a leaf spring fixedly mounted on each end of the
housing means adjacent to the switches.
10. The system of claim 1 having a control panel in combination
therewith, the panel comprising an electrical terminal board means;
an electrical connector means; a main electrical power switch; an
audible alarm means; an alarm means switch; an hour meter; a
holding coil means; an indicator light means; a plurality of
circuit breaker means; and an electrical filter means.
11. The system of claim 1 wherein the pressure sensing network
comprises a pressure transducer means, a first electrical connector
means to connect the transducer means to an electrical circuit
means, an electrical circuit means to receive imput from the
transducer means and to transmit an electrical signal to operate
the sliding-plate valves, and a second electrical connector means
to connect the electrical circuit means to the sliding-plate
valves.
12. The system of claim 11 wherein the electrical circuit means
comprises a plurality of capacitor means, a plurality of diode
means, a plurality of resistor means, a plurality of transistor
means, and a plurality of operational amplifier means.
13. A method of providing protection in a contaminated atmosphere
area comprising the steps of: erecting a protective shelter, with
an access way; providing a collapsed suitcase shaped entrance means
having a top and bottom encasing joined folded support members and
folded coated cloth walls connecting said top and bottom and the
support members, said entrance means also having folded door and
frame means and associated folded coated cloth covering said door;
unfolding the support members and door frame thereby moving the
said top and bottom away from each other to erected position while
contemporaneously unfolding the associated said cloth and securing
said support members and door frame in the unfolded erected
position; connecting the erected entrance means to the shelter at
said access way in sealing engagement to prevent the entrance of
contaminated air therein; connecting electrical component means of
the shelter and the entrance to a power distribution unit,
activating the power distribution unit, passing contaminated air
through a gas-particulate filter unit to purify the air for supply
to the shelter and the entrance, monitoring the pressure within the
shelter and the entrance to control the airflow therein;
transmitting the monitored pressure to an electrical circuit means
to convert the pressure to an electrical signal to activate
sliding-plate valves; transmitting an electrical signal from the
electrical circuit means to the sliding-plate valves to activate
the valves, and activating the valves to control the airflow
through the shelter and the entrance.
Description
DEDICATORY CLAUSE
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and
licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposes without
the payment to us of any royalty thereon.
Our invention relates to a new method and system having utility for
providing protective shelter in a contaminated atmosphere.
A problem has long existed to provide an easily erected means and
simple method for providing protective shelter in contaminated
atmosphere areas; including means for personnel to perform
necessary decontamination procedures before entering a protective
shelter while not in a contaminated atmosphere and a means and
method to permit personnel to enter and exit the protective shelter
without loss of compartment pressurized protection. Our invention
was conceived and reduced to practice to solve the aforementioned
problem and to satisfy the long felt need for the aforementioned
protective shelter and method.
A principal object of our invention is to provide an apparatus and
method which is easily erected and simple to use to permit
performance of decontamination procedures outside of a contaminated
atmosphere but prior to entering a protective shelter.
Another object of our invention is to provide an apparatus and
method to permit personnel to enter and exit a protective shelter
witout loss of compartment pressurized protection.
Other objects of our invention will be obvious or will appear from
the specification hereinafter set forth.
FIG. 1 is a view showing the utility of our apparatus.
FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of the apparatus shown in FIG.
1.
FIG. 3 is a view of the storage or transit package of our
apparatus.
FIG. 4 is a cutaway view of our apparatus and the entrance to a
protective shelter.
FIG. 5 is a view through 5--5 of our apparatus shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a view of the pin locking means to connect our apparatus
to a protective shelter as shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the components shown in FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 is a view through 8--8 of our apparatus shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 9 is a view through 9--9 of our apparatus shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 10 is a view of the inlet airflow valve with dust cover for
our apparatus.
FIG. 11 is a view of the top of our apparatus which also forms one
half of the container means of the package shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 12 is a view of the door for our apparatus in the assembled
mode.
FIG. 13 is a view of the door for our apparatus in the unassembled
mode.
FIG. 14 is a view through 14--14 of FIG. 12.
FIG. 15 is a view through 15--15 of FIG. 12.
FIG. 16 is a partial view of the frame of the door shown in FIG.
12, wall, and a storage pocket of our apparatus.
FIG. 17 is a view of the door shown in FIG. 12 and a cover means
for the door window.
FIG. 18 is a view of the pressure sensing module mounted within our
apparatus.
FIG. 19 is a view of the asembly means for our apparatus to connect
the supports to the top shown in FIG. 11.
FIG. 20 is a view of the connector means shown in FIG. 19.
FIG. 21 is a view of the supports for our apparatus in the storage
mode in the bottom of our apparatus.
FIG. 22 is a view of the sliding-plate airflow valve of our
apparatus to control the protective shelter pressurization.
FIG. 23 is a view of the supports for our apparatus in the folded
or storage mode.
FIG. 24 is a view of the top, bottom and supports of our apparatus
in the partially erected mode.
FIG. 25 is a view of the support brace for our apparatus.
FIG. 26 is a view of the support for our apparatus in the partially
erected mode.
FIG. 27 is an enlarged view of the pull pin for the support for our
apparatus shown in FIG. 26.
FIG. 28 is a side view of the support for our apparatus.
FIG. 29 is a front view of the support for our apparatus.
FIG. 30 is a view of the gas-particulate filter unit assembly of
our apparatus.
FIG. 31 is a view of the control/pressure sensing module for our
apparatus.
FIG. 32 is a view of the stand for the gas-particulate filter unit
of our apparatus.
FIG. 33 is a view of the gas filter for our apparatus.
FIG. 34 is a view of the particulate filter for our apparatus.
FIG. 35 is a schematic view showing the air flow through our
apparatus.
FIG. 36 is an end view of our apparatus shown in FIG. 30.
FIG. 37 is a view through 37--37 of our apparatus shown in FIG.
36.
FIG. 38 is a top view of the outer access cover which retains the
gas filter shown in FIG. 33 within the assembly for our apparatus
shown in FIG. 30.
FIG. 39 is a view through 39--39 of FIG. 38.
FIG. 40 is a side view of the outer access cover with the bar
retaining means in the open position.
FIG. 41 is a view of the inner access cover which retains the
particulate filter shown in FIG. 34 within the assembly for our
apparatus shown in FIG. 30.
FIG. 42 is a detail view of the latching means for the bar
retaining means shown in FIGS. 38, 39, and 40.
FIG. 43 is a view of the inner access cover securing means mounted
within the bar retaining means shown in FIGS. 38, 39, and 40.
FIG. 44 is a view of the hinge means which connects the bar
retaining means to the outer access cover shown in FIGS. 38, 39,
and 40.
FIG. 45 is a cutaway top view of our apparatus sliding-plate
airflow valve showing the internal structure of the valve.
FIG. 46 is a side view of the sliding-plate airflow valve shown in
FIG. 45.
FIG. 47 is a partial cutaway top view of the sliding-plate airflow
valve shown in FIG. 45 to show the sliding-plate structure.
FIG. 48 is an end view of the sliding-plate airflow valve shown in
FIG. 45 to show the motor means which activates the sliding
plate.
FIG. 49 is an exploded view of the sliding-plate airflow valve
shown in FIG. 45 to show components in detail and motor gear track
integral with the sliding plate.
FIG. 50 is a top view of the micro switch assembly limit stop means
to control the travel of the sliding-plate.
FIG. 51 is a side view of the switch means shown in FIG. 50.
FIG. 52 is an exploded view of the motor and motor mount means
shown in FIG. 48.
FIG. 53 is an exploded view of the micro switch assembly shown in
FIGS. 50 and 51.
FIG. 54 is a schematic electrical diagram of the control panel
circuitry of our control/pressure sensing module.
FIG. 55 is a schematic electrical diagram to show the circuitry of
our pressure sensing network to operate our sliding-plate
valves.
FIG. 56 is a block diagram of the power distribution through our
gas-particulate filter unit components for 28 volt direct current
input.
FIG. 57 is the same as FIG. 56 for a 208 volt alternating current,
60 Hz, three phase input.
FIG. 58 is the same as FIG. 56 for a 208 volt alternating current,
400Hz, three phase input.
FIG. 59 is a graphical representation of a 250 cfm fan airflow
resistance through our system.
FIG. 60 is a graphical representation of a 400 cfm fan airflow
resistance through our system.
FIG. 61 is a graphical representation of a 600 cfm fan airflow
resistance through our system.
FIG. 62 is a graphical representation of flexible duct airflow
resistance in our system.
Our invention and FIGS. 1 to 62 will now be described in detail as
follows.
Our protective system can be applied to a wide variety of vans,
vehicles or shelters. Several application considerations must be
evaluated, however, prior to selecting an appropriate system. The
considerations to be evaluated include operational structure,
performance characteristics, and application of the system. Our
invention will be described in the light of the aforementioned
considerations to permit those of ordinary skill in the art to
determine the applicability of our system to any particular
application.
Regarding operational structure, a flow diagram of the
gas-particulate filter unit assembly shown at 10 in FIG. 30 is
shown in FIG. 35 to illustrate the gas particulate filter unit
filtering operation. Air enters the inlet shown at 1 in FIG. 35 and
is drawn into dust collector 2 where 90 percent of the airborne
dust is separated and exhausted back to ambient through dust
exhaust 3. The partially cleaned air is then drawn through fan
assembly 4 and forced through the particulate filter 5 and gas
filter 6 which removes essentially all the particulate and gas
contaminants, respectively. The purified air then passes through
outlet airflow valve 7 which controls the airflow quantity required
for pressurization of protected shelter 8; air being exhausted from
compartment 8 to ambient by conventional exhaust means 9. A
preferred arrangement of our system is schematically illustrated in
FIG. 2 which shows the gas-particulate filter unit, hereinafter
referenced as GPFU, remotely placed outside of a protected shelter.
The GPFU is shown mounted in a ground stand 11 and provided with an
air inlet protective cap 12. Purified air is pushed through the
GPFU by the fan assembly and is ducted through the shelter 8 wall
by means of duct 13 and entrance 17 by means of duct 76, as shown
in FIG. 1. Electrical power is directed to the power distribution
unit 14 mounted on the GPFU. From there, power is distributed
through interconnecting cables 16, as shown in FIG. 36, to fan
assembly 4, dust exhaust blower in the dust collector 2, GPFU
outlet airflow valve 7, as shown in FIG. 35, and control/pressure
sensing module 15, as shown in FIG. 30. GPFU operation is
controlled and monitored by control/pressure sensing module 15
which, installed within the shelter, senses the pressure
differential between the shelter and ambient atmosphere and
controls the GPFU outlet airflow valve 7 to maintain the
predetermined pressure differential by varying the airflow. The
GPFU can be mounted outside or inside shelter 8 and can be operated
in either a "push-through" or a "pull-through" structure. When the
GPFU is mounted outside of shelter 8, as shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and
35, fan assembly 4, as shown in FIG. 35, is mounted inside the
GPFU, and air through the primary filtering elements (gas and
particulate filters) is pushed through. When the GPFU is mounted
inside shelter 8, not shown in the drawing, fan assembly 4 is
mounted downstream from the GPFU and is connected to the GPFU
outlet airflow valve by a flexible duct. This is called a
pull-through structure, because the fan assembly "pulls" the air
through the primary filtering elements. The GPFU can utilize a
single, double, or triple filter to suit a given application and
airflow requirement; the airflow range in cubic feet per minute for
each filter arrangement being as set forth below.
GPFU Airflow Range (cfm) One-Filter Up to 200 Two-Filter Up to 400
Three-Filter Up to 600
All of the basic components of the GPFU, except for the housings
and stands, are interchangeable from one unit to any other unit.
However, fan assembly 4 and power distribution unit 14, as shown in
FIG. 2, selected for a given GPFU are interdependent and must be
compatible with the electrical power source. The inlet flanges (not
shown in the drawing) on fan assembly 4 are identical, so that any
fan assembly can be used in any GPFU. The fan assemblies are
applied as in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1
Primary Alternate GPFU Fan Assembly Fan Assembly One-Filter 250 cfm
ac None 250 cfm dc Two-Filter 400 cfm ac 250 cfm ac 400 cfm dc 250
cfm dc Three-Filter 600 cfm ac 400 cfm ac 600 cfm dc 400 cfm dc
The alternate fan assemblies provide lower flows and power
consumptions for each size GPFU as shown in the Summary of GPFU
Weight and Power of Table 2 below. Fan assemblies should not be
used with GPFUs smaller than those designated in Table 1 above.
##SPC1## The power distribution units used on all arrangements of
GPFUs must be selected to be compatible with the type of applied
electrical power and fan size as indicated in Table 3 below.
TABLE 3
Power Source Fan Assembly 208 V ac 400 Hz 250 cfm 208 V ac 400 Hz
400 cfm 208 V ac 400 Hz 600 cfm 28 V dc or 208 V ac 60 Hz 250 cfm
28 V dc or 208 V ac 60 Hz 400 cfm 28 V dc or 208 V ac 60 Hz 600
cfm
Figs. 56 to 58 show the power distribution through GPFU components
for the different types of powers, and the legends thereon are
self-explanatory. Protective Entrance 17 and related hardware and
airflow and pressure regulating controls is provided as an entry
and exit means to shelter 8; the entrance structure being
subsequently described in detail. In addition to allowing entry or
exit to shelter 8, the protective entrance provides a place where
personnel can don protective clothing before entering the
contaminated environment and to perform decontamination procedures
before entering the shelter. The protective entrance is scavenged
with purified air to provide a 1000: 1 reduction of a completely
airborne contaminant concentration within 5 minutes while retaining
protective entrance internal pressure between 0.4 - 0.8 inches wg.
The purified air may be supplied either by a one, two or three
filter GPFU which simultaneously supplies purified air to
pressurize shelter 8 or by a separate recirculating filter unit.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a remotely-mounted GPFU in the push
through configuration simultaneously supplying purified air to both
shelter 8 and protective entrance 17.
Regarding performance characteristics, FIGS. 59 through 61
illustrate the fan head and the airflow resistance of the GPFUs for
push-through operation of a 250 cfm fan, 400 cfm fan, and 600 cfm
fan respectively. The difference between the fan head curve and the
curve for GPFU airflow resistance is the amount of reserve head
available for particulate filter dust loading, duct losses and
enclosure pressurization. As an example, in FIG. 59, at 200 cfm,
the pan provides approximately 17.6 in. wg fan head, and the
airflow resistance (pressure loss) of the assembled one-filter.
GPFU is 5.6 in. wg, approximately composed of:
Air Inlet Protective Cap 0.2 in. wg
Dust Collector 0.3 in. wg
Particulate Filter 1.4 in. wg
Gas Filter 3.7 in. wg
Airflow Valve and Housing 0.0 in. wg
Total 5.6 in. wg
The difference (12.0 in. wg) is available for airflow resistance of
air ducts, air conditioner transitions, diffusers, etc., and for
increase of particulate filter airflow resistance as particulate
matter is accumulated on the filter. Table 2 above illustrates the
weight and power requirements for variations of each of the three
GPFUs. The data includes the basic GPFU in push-through
configuration with the fan assembly and all of the controls
required for system operation, without a protective entrance.
Regarding application considerations, the GPFU size or airflow
capacity is dependent on numerous considerations; discussed
subsequently and individually below. Airflow requirements for the
user should be determined initially for the ventilation requirement
for personnel in the shelter per Human Factors guidelines, the
equipment cooling requirements if ventilated with purified air,
heater combustion air requirements, the flow necessary to
pressurize the shelter to 1.2 in. wg minimum, and necessary
scavenging for any internally generated noxious gases. The GPFU
size required is based on the maximum of the flow requirements and
whether a protective entrance is employed. Application
considerations of mounting location, personnel ventilation,
equipment ventilation, leakage of the protected compartment,
heaters, air conditioners, and protective entrances are disucssed
below; and an example of a typical shelter analysis is included
last.
Gas-particulate filter unit (GPFU) assembly 10 can be mounted in
the interior of shelter 8, on the exterior wall of shelter 8, or
ground-mounted externally of shelter 8. The selection of location
depends on several factors, such as weight distribution, space
limitations, structural strength, shelter mobility, etc. Where
mobility and protection of the system are prime requirements and
space is available, internal mounting is the most advantageous.
Specific location of the unit within the enclosure will be dictated
by possible restrictions of center of gravity, wall/ceiling
structural strength, internal system equipment configuration,
location of heaters, air conditions, etc. When internal space is
not available, but mobility is critical, an external mounting to
the shelter may provide the best solution. Here, again, weight,
center of gravity and structural strength are of prime
consideration, especially in regard to shelters mounted on trailers
or trucks. In addition, locating the GPFU on the outside of a
trailer-mounted shelter may interfere with the vehicle which pulls
the trailer. Here the various departure angles between the trailer
and the vehicle must be considered. When mobility and quick
reaction are secondary considerations or when no shelter mounting
locations are available, ground mounting of the GPFU in a stand may
be the best solution, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. When ground
mounting a GPFU, the usual problems of weight and volume are not so
severe. The location of the GPFU assembly 10 with reference to
shelter 8 must also be considered as excessive duct lengths or
bends will reduce the GPFU airflow capactiy due to increased
airflow resistance. FIG. 62 demonstrates the airflow resistance of
a 6 in. diameter flexible duct 20 ft. long or a 6 in. diameter
flexible duct 10 ft. long and curved in an 8 ft. radius.
When using protective entrance 17, several GPFU application choices
are available. If it is envisioned that shelter 8 may require
protection at times when the protective entrance is not utilized, a
standard GPFU shelter application could be used in any of the above
GPFU locations, and a protective entrance and recirculating filter
unit (for pressurization and scavenging of the protective entrance)
could then be provided and used only when necessary. If the
protective entrance is required under all operating conditions, one
GPFU providing protection for both the protective entrance and
shelter is the best selection; as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
Application of our system to two shelters, one for personnel and
one for equipment, is also possible. A single GPFU of the
appropriate size can be used for both shelters with the personnel
shelter containing the controls and having priority on the airflow
from the GPFU. A modification to the GPFU application
configurations is possbile, to extend filter life when a protective
entrance is used, by using a recirculating duct from the protective
entrance outlet to an adapter on the GPFU inlet. All applications
of our system to shelters require air duct and electrical
feedthrough in the shelter walls, as well as internal space for
mounting of the control module(s). When an air conditioner is used,
filtered air may be directed to an air makeup intake port through
an adapter.
Personnel ventilation requirements for a given shelter are set by
human engineering requirements, and the requirements are dependent
on the number of people operating within the shelter and the types
of activities that the personnel might be performing during their
normal mission. The general fresh air requirements range from 10 to
25 cfm per person, depending on the energy expended due to physical
exercise or metabolism rate. Ventilation air should also be
sufficient to remove any fumes or odors to an acceptable level of
concentration. Normally, in a shelter without protection equipment,
this ventilation is supplied by ventilation fans. However, when
protection equipment is installed, all of the air entering the
compartment must be filtered. The ventilation requirement defines
the minimum requirement for leakage from the shelter. For example,
assume a situation where the shelter houses only personnel, with no
heat generating equipment, and only wind and diffusion conditions
are considered. The optimum condition would be an airflow into the
shelter of a value just sufficient to meet the personnel
ventilation requirements while maintaining shelter pressurization.
The situation may arise where the shelter leakage is below the
ventilation requirements of the personnel. In such a situation,
leakage must be created in the shelter if it does not exceed
make-up air requirements for an air conditioner. In order not to
waste purified air, the purified air should be ducted through the
personnel door of the shelter and into the protective entrance, if
used, to assist in the scavenging of the protective entrance. Such
a built-in leakage device should be designed so as to allow passage
of the desired flow rate of air and also serve as a check valve to
prevent flow of air from the protective entrance back into the
shelter.
Equipment associated with the function of our system may be cooled
by means of an air conditioner or with ambient air. When cooled by
an air conditioner, the equipment can be located within the same
enclosure as the personnel. The cooled air from the air conditioner
is directed to the personnel area from which it is drawn through
equipment cabinets and to the return of the air conditioner to be
recirculated. Outside make-up air is provided to satisfy personnel
ventilation requirements. When protection equipment is used, the
filtered air is introduced into the air conditioner outside air
intake port. The air conditioner should have sufficient capacity to
cool the additional air required to pressurize the enclosure. When
ambient air is used for cooling, the equipment can be located as an
integral part of the personnel compartment or may be in a separate
adjacent compartment with interconnecting cabinet doors. When
protection equipment is used in a personnel compartment with
integral equipment, the use of an air conditioner as compared with
the large volume of filtered air required to cool the equipment
should be considered. When protection equipment is used in a
personnel compartment with integral equipment, the use of an air
conditioner as compared with the large volume of filtered air
required to cool the equipment should be considered. If the
equipment is in a separate compartment and requires access through
interconnecting cabinet doors during operation, the equipment
should be cooled and pressurized with filtered air. The filtered
air requirement may be high if an air conditioner is not added. If
access to the adjacent compartment is not required during operation
and the adjacent compartment is protected from direct
contamination, filtered air is not essential. However, the cooling
fan should be located so that the adjacent compartment is under
negative static pressure. It should be noted in these
considerations that air passing through the GPFU increases in
temperature 10 to 15.degree. F., depending upon the size unit and
airflow rate.
In order to prevent the migration of contaminants into the shelter,
the protection equipment must be capable of providing pressure
within the compartment which is greater than the stagnation
pressure which could be encountered due to external wind conditions
and/or the diffusion pressure which could be encountered from the
difference in concentration internally and externally of the
protected compartment. To prevent the migration of contaminants
into the shelter, a positive pressure, ranging from 1.2 to 1.7 in.
wg above atmospheric pressure, is maintained in the shelter. The
range of internal pressures is dictated by the requirement that
shelters must be protected under operational conditions of a 50 mph
wind. Such air velocity value causes a stagnation pressure on the
upstream face of the shelter of approximately 1.2 in. wg. A second
consideration is the transfer of contaminants from the outside to
the inside of the shelter through gas diffusional forces. In this
case, one must consider the velocity of the air through a given
opening and ensure that the air velocity developed from the
pressure gradient is greater than the diffusion velocity of the
contaminants from the concentration gradients. The internal
pressures necessary to overcome these gas diffusion forces are
generally lower than the internal pressures required to exceed wind
stagnation pressure. The two foregoing phenomena require that the
pressure within a protected shelter be maintained in the range
given. Further, the pressure must be maintained above the pressures
of any contaminated area in or around the shelter. Another
consideration is the possibility of high pressure areas within
environmental control equipment when this equipment is operating in
contaminated air. The latter situation arises in the combustor/heat
exchanger section of heaters or in the condenser section of air
conditioning units. Leakage reduction measures may have to be
performed on a particular shelter to keep the filter unit to a
minimum capacity for air conditioner or heater make-up air and to
keep the volume, weight and power requirements of the GPFU to a
minimum. However, for non-environmental controlled shelters, the
cost of reduction may surpass the additional cost of a larger
filter unit that would accommodate the higher leakage. This
condition must be considered when leakage reduction measures are
evaluated. In order to reduce leakages and locate the major sources
thereof, one must first be able to detremine the magnitude of the
leakage. The method used to determine magnitude is to pressurize
the compartment to a constant pressure and monitor the air flow
required to maintain pressure in the compartment when various areas
in the shelter are covered with impermeable material. By recording
the reduction in leakage after each major step in sealing leakage
paths, all of the significant shelter leakages can be accounted for
and the magnitude of leakage determined. Leakage areas can also be
located visually in some cases, such as by introducing highly
visible, persistent smoke into the pressurized compartment. Another
method is to use an ultrasonic leak detector in conjunction with an
ultrasonic sound generator. The generator is placed on one side of
the shelter, such as inside, and the detector is used on the
opposite side of the shelter, such as outside the shelter, to
locate the transmission of sound through leak passages. Some common
leakage shelter components are ceiling panels and filters,
conventionally-hinged doors, bi-fold doors, door knobs, locks,
handles, windows, hinges, heating ducts, heating plant, water
pipes, wires, cables, light switches, fixtures, electrical
receptacles, air exhausts, vents in eaves and roof, root hatches,
air conditioners, etc. Sealing materials that minimize air leakage
and provide protection against contamination must be impermeable to
air, resistant to the contaminant and easily installed.
Furthermore, sealing materials must be durable enough to meet
environmental extremes and field operation conditions, and they
must have shelf lives compatible with normal procurement and usage
practice. Use of toxic, flammable, or explosive compounds should be
avoided. Many materials can be used for sealing leakage areas in
shelters, either permanently or temporarily, such as caulking
compounds, non-hardening extruded tapes. non-hardening mastics,
spray coatings, pressure sensitive tapes, gaskets, adhesives,
plugs, fabrics, and films.
Air conditioning units must be carefully evaluated when installing
protection equipment as their design and performance have
considerable influence on the selection and installation of
protection equipment. Air conditioner parameters which must be
defined include leakage, internal pressure variations, make-up air
requirements, cooling capacity, and provisions for make-up air. Air
conditioners are limited in the quantity of make-up or ambient air
they can use while providing their required temperature reduction
for a given compartment heat load. For example, the 18,000 and
36,000 Btu equipment currently in use are rated at a maximum
make-up air capacity of 90 and 150 cfm, respectively. If more flow
than this is required to pressurize the shelter for protection, the
air conditioner may not be able to sufficiently cool the shelter
equipment under high ambient temperatures. If shelter leakage
cannot be reduced, a larger air conditioner may be required. Our
system fan assembly is cooled by the filtered air and adds about
10.degree. F to 15.degree. F temperature to this air, depending on
fan size and flow. This effectively increases the temperature of
the make-up air to the air conditioner when the GPFU is operating
and must be considered when sizing the air conditioner. An
effective interface must be assured for compatible operation of the
air conditioner and our system. Two approaches are available,
namely; duct the filtered air directly into the shelter and operate
the air conditioner in the recirculation mode, or duct the filtered
air into the air conditioner external make-up air port and operate
the air conditioner with make-up air. In the first case, the two
units are operated in parallel, and, in the second, they are in
series. With the FPFU mounted within the shelter, the first method
would be required; with the FPFU external, either method could be
used. The second method is preferred because it allows the air to
be conditioned prior to entry into the personnel compartment.
Provisions should always be made to ensure that air conditioner
ambient make-up ports are sealed during system operation in either
installation.
When using our protective entrance 17 with shelter 8, one must
consider airflow capacity required for scavenging the protective
entrance within the specified essential time limit of 5 minutes,
space available around the personnel entry door for an interface,
and provision for supporting the floor of the protective entrance
when used on a shelter that has the entry door higher than 8.5 in.
off of the ground. The minimum airflow required to scavenge the
protective entrance within the specified 5 minutes is 150 cfm at
0.4 in. wg. and a maximum of 200 cfm at 0.9 in. wg. Consequently,
when determining the GPFU size for protecting both a compartment
and the protective entrance at least 150 cfm must be allowed for
the protective compartment. The alternative is to use a
recirculating filter unit for the protective entrance. Space must
be allowed around the shelter door for a protective entrance
interface. In some cases this cannot be done if there is equipment
mounted close to the door hinges or in an area needed to mount the
interface channel. It may be necessary to make provisions for
supporting the floor of the protective entrance on some shelters.
For example, the personnel door of the shelter that is
trailer-mounted could be as much as 40 in. off of the ground. Our
present interface design can accomodate a door which is 37 in.
wide, 66-1/2 in. high and whose lower edge is less than 8-1/2 in.
off of the ground. Should this door be off of the ground more than
8-1/2 in., the interface will no longer align, unless the top of
the door is an equal amount shorter. A platform also precludes the
need to level the ground under the protective entrance. However,
there can be instances where the protective entrance must be used
directly on the ground. When the entrance is used directly on the
ground, large projections under the floor, such as rocks, must be
removed.
The following example demonstrates the preliminary analysis which
one might make in selecting the proper protective system for a
specific application. Assume that one knows the compartment type,
such as a S-280 shelter; the environmental control unit (heater/air
conditioner): 18,000 Btu compact horizontal; personnel ventilation:
3 men (1000 cu. ft./person/hr., per HEL-STD-S-3-65); protective
entrance required; and shelter leakage with equipment installed:
130 cfm. The airflows as follows can be determined from the
foregoing known information.
Required Item Flow at 1.5 in. wg. Heater 0 (electric) Air
Conditioner 90 cfm (maximum) Personnel 50 cfm Protective Entrance
150 cfm Shelter Leakage 130 cfm
The minimum required shelter flow is defined by the personnel
ventilation requirement of 50 cfm. If the shelter leakage can be
reduced by sealing to less than 90 cfm, the present air conditioner
can be retained. A one-filter GPFU then can be used for the
combined shelter and protective entrance protection. If shelter
leakage cannot be reduced, a large air conditioner and larger or
more GPFUs are necessary. This could be accomplished by providing
the protective entrance with a recirculating filter unit or by
using a two-filter GPFU. Should equipment cooling requirements
exist, a larger GPFU and air conditioner are necessary.
To assemble our system, shelter 8 is constructed in the
conventional manner, but it is provided with an interface 18
fixedly attached around the perimeter of door 19. The case shown at
20 in FIG. 3 is opened, as in FIG. 24, so that section 21 of case
20 forms the bottom and section 22 of case 20 forms the top of
protective entrance 17. Impermeable fabric, such as butyl coated
cloth 101, which forms the walls of the protective entrance, as
shown in FIGS. 1 and 4 for example, is not shown in FIG. 24 for
clarity purposes, but the impermeable fabric is fixedly sealed to
supports 23 and the door frame shown at 28 and stored in a folded
posture in bottom 21. Also, door 24, shown in FIGS. 12, 13, and 17,
is stored in bottom 21 in the folded position shown in FIG. 13.
Supports 23 are opened by hinge means 69 and 70, as shown in FIGS.
23, 26 to 29, and top mounts 25 are inserted within support 23 and
secured therein by the thumb nut connection shown at 26, as shown
in FIGS. 19 and 20. There are two top mounts 25 fixedly connected
to top 22, as shown in FIG. 24, at the side of protective entrance
17 which connects to shelter 8. Supports 23 are opened from the
folded position shown in FIG. 26 to the open position shown in
FIGS. 28 and 29 and maintained in the open position by knobs 68 in
the same manner as discussed below regarding knobs 29. Support
braces 44 are opened, as shown in FIGS. 24 and 25, and the braces
are held in open position by retaining pin 27. Top 22 is supported
on the side opposite to supports 23 by the door frame shown at 28
which is opened, as shown in FIG. 24, and locked in the open
position by pushing down on knob 29 which causes a protrusion
fixedly connected to knob 29 to be inserted within member 30 to
lock member 30 to member 31. Support braces 44 are similarly locked
by pin 27. Anchor means shown at 33 in FIG. 21 are utilized to
store the supports in bottom 21 in the storage mode, and valve 34
is provided to eliminate any water that may accumulate in
protective entrance 17. Supports 23 are locked in the storage
position by pull pins 35 held within retainer means 71 under
tension by springs 36, as shown in FIGS. 23 and 25 to 29. After
assembly of entrance 17, as described above, the entrance is
attached to interface 18, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, by inserting
pin 37 within notch 38 and mating hole 39 with holes 40 and
inserting pin 41 through the mated holes, as shown in FIGS. 6 and
7. Door 24 is assembled, as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, by opening
from the folded position shown in FIG. 13 to the standard door mode
position shown in FIG. 12 by means of hinges 42 mounted in the
middle of the door and securing the door in the open position by
thumb nut means 43 in the same manner discussed above regarding
knob 29 for lokcing the door frame member 30 and 31 together. Door
24, after assembly as described above, is hung in the door frame,
shown at 28 in FIG. 24, in the conventional manner by means of
hinges 45. Door 24 is provided with conventional window 46,
conventional door knob and latching mechanism 47, and a window
cover 48 to use as desired;
window cover 48 being removably attached by means of conventional
fabric fastener means member 49 sewed to cover 48 and conventional
fabric fastener member 50 sewed to the butyl coated cloth fabric of
the door, as shown in FIG. 17. Cover 48 is held in the open
position by fastening fabric fastener 59 to fabric fastener 60.
Pressure sensing module 52 and entrance light 53 are mounted within
protective entrance 17, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 18. Electrical
power is supplied to light 53 by electrically connecting, in the
conventional manner, the light to module 52 by means of electrical
cable 54, and module 52 is in turn electrically connected, in the
conventional manner, to power distribution unit 14 by means of
electrical cable 56 through conventional electrical feed through
57. Light 53 is provided with a conventional three position switch
61 and a conventional white and red bulb, not shown in drawing, to
permit use during blackout conditions; the light having electrical
requirements of one ampere at 28 volts direct current. Conventional
pneumatic tube 62 is connected to control/pressure sensing module
15, mounted within shelter 8 in any convenient location, through
feed through 57, as shown in FIG. 18. Pressure sensing module 52
contains the pressure sensing electrical network shown in FIG. 55
which senses and controls the pressure differential between 17 and
ambient to operate the sliding-plate airflow valve shown at 64;
module 52 pressure sensing network being adjusted to control the
pressure within entrance 17 at 0.4 to 0.8 inches wg. and having an
electrical power input of 28 volts direct current and a power
consumption of less than one ampere. Control/pressure sensing
module 15 contains the main GPFU control panel having the
electrical circuitry shown in FIG. 54 and the pressure sensing
network shown in FIG. 55 which monitors the pressure differential
between shelter 8 and ambient; the pressure sensing network of
module 15 being present to maintain pressure in shelter 8 between
1.2 inches wg and 1.7 inches wg. The designations on FIG. 54 are as
set forth in the legend below, and the electrical component values
in FIG. 55 are as set forth below. ##SPC2##
LEGEND (FIG. 54)
FL6-Filter CB1-Circuit DE2-Indicator P20-Connector Breaker Light
CB2-Circuit K1-Holding S1-Power On Switch Breaker Coil CB3-Circuit
LS1-Audible S2-Horn Off Switch Breaker Alarm DS1-Indicator M1-Hour
TB1-Terminal Board Light Meter
The GPFU control panel of module 15 contains the system main power
switch, a conventional low pressure warning horn with a silencing
button, an elapsed time meter, circuit breakers as required, and
any other suitable and desirable accessories within the skill of
the art. Module 15 is provided with means to connect to pneumatic
tube 62 from module 52 to sense ambient air pressure by the network
shown in FIG. 55 and conventional 28 volt direct current electrical
cable 55 to connect to power distribution unit 14. The electrical
power supply to module 15 to 28 volt direct current input, and the
power consumption is a maximum of one ampere. Power distribution
unit 14 is a 28 volt direct current and 3.5 KW capacity power
supply which can utilize 60Hz , 208 volt alternating current, three
phase power converted to the 28 volt direct current by
transformer/rectifier unit 63, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 36,
electrically connected to power distribution unit 14 in the
conventional manner. Power from distribution unit 14 is utilized to
operate fan assembly 4, the dust exhause blower (not shown in the
drawing), control/pressure sensing module 15, pressure sensing
module 52, and sliding plate airflow valves shown at 64 in FIGS. 1,
4, 22, 45 to 47, and 48. If 400Hz three phase input power is
utilized, transformer/rectifier unit 63 must have an output power
capacity of 7.0 amperes at 28 volts direct current and 4.0 maximum
peak to peak ripple voltage. 60Hz three phase input power requires
transformer/rectifier unit 63 to have an output power capacity of
110 amperes at 27 volts direct current and 4.0 maximum peak to peak
ripple voltage. Electrical cables are utilized as set forth in
Table 4 below. Where jacks are not indicated in Table 4, individual
terminal connections are provided. ##SPC3##
Port 65 is provided in entrance 17 in case it is desired to use a
separate recirculating filter unit as discussed above. In the event
that a separate recirculating filter unit is used for entrance 17,
a conduit the same as conduit 13 shown in FIG. 1 would be connected
between port 65 and the recirculating filter unit. Storage pockets
66 can be provided in any location and number, as desired, by
mounting the pocket on the butyl cloth by means of conventional
fabric fasteners 67 sewn to the butyl cloth and pocket 66, as shown
in FIGS. 1, 4, and 16. After entrance 17 is attached to shelter 8,
as described above, dust cover 72 is removed to expose opening 73
with diffuser means 74 therebelow, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 24, and
sliding-plate airflow valve shown at 64 is mounted over opening 73,
as shown in FIG. 4. Dust covers, such as cover 75 shown in FIG. 10,
are then removed from each sliding-plate airflow valve at 64, on
top of entrance 17 and mounted on FPFU 10 as shown in FIG. 1; port
65; and the port to which conduit 13 is connected. After removal of
the dust covers, conduits 13 and 76 are connected, as shown in FIG.
1.
To place our system in operation, power as described above is
supplied to our system by turning on the main power switch of
control/pressure sensing module 15 to cause power distributon unit
14 to supply the necessary electrical power to system components as
described above. Purified airflow begins to circulate through our
system as shown in FIG. 35, and the airflow is controlled by the
pressure sensing network, described above, which in turn operates
the sliding-plate airflow valves. When a pressure change occurs in
shelter 8 or entrance 17, the change is monitored by the pressure
sensing network shown in FIG. 55, and an electrical signal from the
network activates drive motor 77 which causes door 78 to open or
close, depending on the direction motor 77 is driven by the
pressure sensing network, to supply more airflow to increase the
pressure or to decrease airflow as required; door 78 being operated
by connection of the door with the motor through cooperation of
spur gear 79 of motor 77 with gear rack 80 fixedly connected to
door 78; the valve structures being shown in FIGS. 45 to 53. Door
78 is slidably mounted within housing 81 by means of rails 82
fixedly mounted within housing 81, and motor 77 is fixedly mounted
within housing 81 by means of motor mount 83. Limit switch
assemblies shown at 84, fixedly mounted within housing 81, stop the
travel of door 78 in the fully closed and fully open positions, but
leaf spring 85, fixedly mounted within housing 81, provided as a
safety means in the event of failure of switch assembly 84 to
permit spur gear 79 to run off of gear rack 80 and allow motor 77
to continue to run without damage to the motor or the valve shown
at 64. When motor 77 receives an electrical signal from the network
shown in FIG. 55 to reverse direction when gear 79 is off of rack
80, pressure by leaf spring 85 causes spur gear 79 to again engage
rack 80, and the valve shown at 64 continues to function. Regarding
GPFU shown at 10, particulate filters 5 nest within gas filters 6,
and each particulate filter contains a gasket 86 at each end of the
filter within a recess in the end of the filter to permit
installation of the filter within the GPFU with either end first.
Filters 5 are made of two layers of conventional filtering media
similar to an automobile carburetor air cleaner; a secondary layer
being a relatively coarse material to extend dust loading and to
serve as a support for the primary layer, and the other layer being
a high efficiency material for primary particulate filtration and
to serve as a backing to the coarse layer. Filters 5 have an
airflow resistance of 2.0 inches WG at 2000 cfm and a 99.97 percent
collection efficiency on 0.3 micron particles. Pressure taps are
mounted within the GPFU and connect to power distribution unit 14
by means of tubing 87 to indicate when filter 5 airflow resistance
is at a high level due to dust loading in order to monitor our
system to determine when filters 5 should be replaced. Filters 6
have gaskets 88 mounted on the ends thereof in the same manner and
for the same purpose described above regarding filters 5 and
gaskets 86, and filter 6 contain conventional ASC Grade 1
activated, impregnated charcoal as the filter medium. Filters 6
have an airflow resistance of 4.0 inches WG at 200 cfm, and they
are supported and positioned radially by means of guides 89 and
held in position longitudinally by means of cover 90 removably
attached to the GPFU housing by bolt means, not shown in the
drawing, through boss 91; handles means 92 being fixedly attached
to cover 90 to permit a grasping means for removal or placement of
cover 90 and conventional gasket means 93 fixedly attached to cover
90 as a sealing means. Filters 5 are radially positioned by
insertion within filters 6, and they are held longitudinally in
position by means of access cover 94 held in place by retaining
member 95, which is fixedly attached to cover 90 by the swivel
joint shown at 96, as shown in FIGS. 38 to 40 and 44, which is
closed by means of the latching assembly shown at 97 in FIG. 42 and
the hand screw spring loaded assembly shown at 98 in FIG. 43 for
preloading filter(s) 5 to assure positive compression on gaskets
88; access cover 94 having handles 99 fixedly attached thereto for
removal and positioning of the cover and conventional gasket means
32 fixedly mounted thereon as shown in FIG. 41 for sealing
purposes. In the closed position shown at 20 in FIG. 3, our
apparatus is transported by means of handle 100.
It is obvious that other modifications can be made of our
invention, and we desire to be limited only by the scope of the
appended claims.
* * * * *