U.S. patent number 3,696,393 [Application Number 05/141,890] was granted by the patent office on 1972-10-03 for analog display using light emitting diodes.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Hughes Aircraft Company. Invention is credited to Thomas W. McDonald.
United States Patent |
3,696,393 |
McDonald |
October 3, 1972 |
ANALOG DISPLAY USING LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
Abstract
A scanned solid state planar display wherein two successive rows
are simultaneously energized. Only the latest row energized is
written as the columns are driven because the light emitting
elements are polarized the same in alternate rows and are
oppositely polarized for each suceeding row, and the column
generators reverse their driving current polarity for each
suceeding row. Interlaced scanning is provided in one embodiment of
the invention. Light emitting diodes are used as the display
elements. Other light sources with series rectifiers are optionally
used.
Inventors: |
McDonald; Thomas W. (Dana
Point, CA) |
Assignee: |
Hughes Aircraft Company (Culver
City, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
22497689 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/141,890 |
Filed: |
May 10, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
345/82;
348/E3.016; 348/801 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G09G
3/32 (20130101); H04N 3/14 (20130101); G09G
3/20 (20130101); G09G 2310/0224 (20130101); G09G
2310/0275 (20130101); G09G 2310/0267 (20130101); G09G
2310/0205 (20130101); G09G 2310/0254 (20130101); G09G
2300/0885 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G09G
3/32 (20060101); G09G 3/20 (20060101); H04N
3/14 (20060101); G08b 005/36 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/324R,166EL
;178/7.3D ;315/169TV |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Trafton; David L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An analog planar device for displaying a unipolar electrical
signal, said device comprising elemental unidirectional conducting
light cell units mounted in rows and columns;
an orthogonal set of conductors connected across each of said
unidirectionally conducting light cell units at the respective
junctions thereof, the light cell units in any row being poled in a
common direction and the next succeeding row to be scanned being
poled in an opposite direction;
means responsive to said unipolar electrical signal for reversing
the polarity thereof commencing with each horizontal scan thereby
to provide a bipolar electrical signal;
means for taking successive samples of said bipolar electrical
signal during each horizontal scan; and
means for generating currents in proportion to said successive
samples and for directing said currents to corresponding light cell
units in the row being scanned and the prior row scanned whereby a
composite row of light cell units remain energized during
presentation of the display.
2. The analog planar device for displaying a unipolar electrical
signal as defined in claim 1 wherein said elemental
unidirectionally conducting light cell units are light-emitting
diodes.
3. The analog planar device for displaying a unipolar electrical
signal as defined in claim 1 wherein said elemental
unidirectionally conducting light cell units are serially connected
light and diode combinations.
4. An analog planar device for displaying a unipolar electrical
signal having associated horizontal and vertical synchronizing
pulses, said device comprising elemental unidirectionally
conducting light cell units mounted in rows and columns;
an orthogonal set of conductors connected across each of said
unidirectionally conducting light cell units at the respective
junctions thereof, the light cell units in any row being poled in a
common direction and the light cells in alternate rows being poled
in opposite directions;
means responsive to said horizontal and vertical synchronizing
pulses for successively connecting two adjacent row conductors to a
terminal maintained at a reference potential level concurrent with
each horizontal scan period commencing from the extremities of the
display upon the occurrence of each successive vertical
synchronizing pulse and moving one row conductor in a non-changing
direction upon the occurrence of each successive horizontal
synchronizing pulse;
means responsive to said unipolar electrical signal and said
horizontal synchronizing pulses for making the polarity thereof
commencing with each horizontal synchronizing pulse conform to
current flow through said light cells connected to said last row
conductor connected to said terminal maintained at said reference
potential level thereby to provide a bipolar electrical signal;
means for taking periodic successive samples of said bipolar
electrical signal; and
means for generating direct currents in proportion to the amplitude
of said successive samples and for directing said currents from the
time of said respective samples to corresponding light cell units
connected to said last row conductor connected to said terminal
maintained at said reference potential level.
5. An analog planar device for displaying a unipolar electrical
signal having associated horizontal and vertical synchronizing
pulses, said device comprising elemental unidirectionally
conducting light cell units mounted in rows and columns;
an orthogonal set of conductors connected across each of said
unidirectionally conducting light cell units at the respective
junctions thereof, the light cell units in any row being poled in a
common direction and the light cells in alternate rows being poled
in opposite directions;
means responsive to said horizontal and vertical synchronizing
pulses for successively connecting two row conductors spaced one
row apart to a terminal maintained at a reference potential level
concurrent with each horizontal scan period commencing from
alternate adjacent row conductors at the extremities of the display
upon the occurrence of each successive vertical synchronizing pulse
and moving two row conductors in a non-changing direction upon the
occurrence of each successive horizontal synchronizing pulse;
means responsive to said unipolar electrical signal and said
horizontal synchronizing pulses for making the polarity thereof
commencing with each horizontal synchronizing pulse conform to
current flow through said light cells connected to said last row
conductor connected to said terminal maintained at said reference
potential level thereby to provide a bipolar electrical signal;
means for taking periodic successive samples of said bipolar
electrical signal; and
means for generating direct currents in proportion to the amplitude
of said successive samples and for directing said currents from the
time of said respective samples to corresponding light cell units
connected to said last row conductor connected to said terminal
maintained at said reference potential level.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The planar display device of the present invention performs the
basic functions of a cathode ray tube, e.g., analog display with
half tones, storage and raster type scan without the requirement of
high voltages and weighs only a fraction of the weight of a
comparable cathode ray tube display unit. The planar display device
of the present invention employs light emitting diodes which are
fast, easily addressable, do not require high voltages and have
long lifetimes. Electroluminescent displays, on the other hand, are
slow, very difficult to address, require high voltages (A.C.
electroluminescence) and have a comparatively short life.
Other contemporary light emitting diode displays are exclusively
alpha-numeric. Those that do provide storage in the display do not
employ raster type scan and are thereby inherently incompatible
with many sensor devices, such as vidicons, that must employ a
raster scan. Other displays that do provide raster scan, but which
do not have storage, are quite dim due to the low duty cycle on
which the light emitting diodes operate. In providing half tones,
line storage and raster scan, the planar display device of the
present invention overcomes the aforementioned deficiencies of
contemporary display devices.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A planar television type display device comprising a rectangular
array of light emitting diodes or light-diode combinations arranged
in rows and columns each having a common conductor. In a first
embodiment of the invention, alternate rows of the light emitting
diodes or light-diode combinations are poled in an opposite sense
between the respective intersections of the orthogonal column and
row conductors. Each column conductor is driven by a "sample and
hold" apparatus responsive to unipolar video that is reversed for
alternate rows. A first shift register controls the taking of video
samples along successive rows and a second shift register controls
switches which progressively ground adjacent row conductors from
top to bottom.
In operation, the first shift register is stepped with a clock
pulse that is sufficiently fast to sample each horizontal line of
video. The second shift register is stepped with horizontal
synchronizing pulses and recycled with vertical synchronizing
pulses. The changes in polarity of the video samples which occur
for successive horizontal scans for alternate rows automatically
switch the luminous element to the next succeeding row, leaving an
entire row of luminous elements illuminated at all times during
operation.
In an alternate embodiment of the invention, the array of light
emitting diodes or light-diode combinations are programmed to
accommodate the interlaced scan generally used in television video
signals.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic block diagram of the planar display
device of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a schematic circuit diagram of a sample and old
current generator in the apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2 a is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating the switching
from a light emitting diode in row n to a light emitting diode in
row (n+1) in the apparatus of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2b is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating the switching
from row n to row (n+1) when light-diode combinations are used in
the apparatus of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic block diagram of a planar display
device in accordance with the invention programmed to be compatible
with television scanning.
Referring now to FIG. 1 of the drawings, there is shown a schematic
block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In particular, the planar display is composed of light emitting
diodes or light-diode combinations D.sub.ij where i is the row and
j the column arranged as follows:
D.sub.11 d.sub.12 d.sub.13 . . . d.sub.in
D.sub.21 d.sub.22 d.sub.23 . . . d.sub.2n
D.sub.31 d.sub.32 d.sub.33 . . . d.sub.3n
. . .
. . .
. . .
D.sub.m1 D.sub.m2 D.sub.m3 . . . D.sub.mn
wherein m is the number of rows and n the number of columns.
Normally m will correspond to the number of horizontal lines in the
display and n will correspond to the number of elements of each
line to be presented. In the typical case, n is made equal to the
number of horizontal lines, m, times the aspect ratio of the
display in order to have horizontal and vertical resolution the
same.
In addition to the above, the planar display includes horizontal
conductors 10-1, 10-2, . . . 10-m and vertical conductors 12-1,
12-2, . . . 12-n corresponding to each row and column of the light
emitting diodes, D.sub.ij. Each light emitting diode D.sub.ij is
connected between the horizontal conductor 10-i and the vertical
conductor 12-j with the diodes D.sub.ij being poled in opposite
directions from the diodes D.sub.(i.sub.+l)j. That is, light
emitting diodes D.sub.ij in alternate rows are poled in opposite
directions between the horizontal and vertical conductors 10,
12.
Electronically actuated switches S.sub.1, S.sub.2, S.sub.3 . . .
S.sub.m are connected, respectively, from the row conductors 10-1,
10-2, 10-3, . . . 10-m to a common bus 14 which is connected to
ground. A shift register 16 possesses m outputs, a clock input and
a set input which when energized causes the shift register 16 to
revert to its initial load setting. The clock input receives
horizontal synchronizing pulses available at a terminal 17 and the
set input of register 16 receives vertical synchronizing pulses
available at a terminal 18. The shift register 16 is initially
loaded with two adjacent 1's which revert, when the register 16 is
set, to the first and last outputs. The outputs of register 16 are
connected to actuate the electronically actuatable switches
S.sub.1, S.sub.2, S.sub.3 . . . S.sub.m from top to bottom in
sequence, as viewed in the drawing. Thus, switches S.sub.1 and
S.sub.m are closed in response to a vertical synchronizing pulse,
then S.sub.1 and S.sub.2 in response to the first horizontal
synchronizing pulse, and S.sub.i and S.sub.i.sub.+1 in response to
the i .sup.th horizontal synchronizing pulse following the set
pulse. That is, two successive switches S.sub.i and S.sub.i.sub.+1
are always closed as shown in FIGS. 2a and 2b except in the initial
case when switches S.sub.1 and S.sub.m are closed. It is thus
desirable that there be an even number of horizontal lines so as to
have a continuity of scan, as will hereinafter be explained.
The column conductors 12-1, 12-2, . . . 12-n are driven by sample
and hold current generators 20 each of which receive polarized
video through a polarity reversal network 22. The polarity reversal
network 22 receives unipolar video to be displayed available at a
terminal 24 and horizontal synchronizing pulses available at the
terminal 17. Video sampling by the sample and hold current
generators 20 is controlled by a shift register 26 which is
initially loaded with a single "1". The shift register 26 has
outputs connected to the sample inputs of the sample and hold
current generators 20 corresponding to the column conductors 12-1
to 12-n, respectively. In addition, shift register 26 receives
inputs from a clock generator 28 which controls the rate at which
the "1" is stepped along the outputs thereof from left to right, as
viewed in the drawing, and horizontal synchronizing pulses at a set
input thereto which causes the "1" to revert to the far left output
thereof, as viewed in the drawing. The clock generator 28 also
receives horizontal synchronizing pulses at a set input thereto
which causes the first clock pulse to be generated thereafter to
have a fixed relationship to the horizontal synchronizing pulse
received so that the samples in each horizontal line occur at the
same time.
The light emitting diode, D.sub.ij is a solid state device having
characteristics that are readily predictable on theoretical grounds
and that differ little from the characteristics of other well-known
semiconductor devices. In general, the light emitting diode
operates on the principle of injection electroluminescence.
Electrons injected into the p region radiatively recombine with
holes, emitting light. The wavelength of the emitted light is
determined by the energy gap in the material. Efficiency
considerations dictate the selection of materials which exhibit
direct rather than indirect transitions. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is
an efficient direct emitter, but of infrared energy (9,000A), while
gallium phosphide is an inefficient indirect emitter of green
visible light (5,600A). An appropriate alloy, Ga(As.sub.0.4
P.sub.0.6) remains sufficiently direct to exhibit reasonable
efficiency, while emitting red light. Amber, green and blue are
other possible colors. Contemporary light emitting diodes generally
require of the order of 1.6 volts d.c. excitation, have a cell size
of from 0.010 to 0.100 inch, switch in less than 10 nanoseconds and
have a maximum light output of the order of 1,000 Foot-lamberts. It
is contemplated that a mozaic approach would be desirable but not
essential in fabricating the display apparatus of the present
invention.
A segment of the light emitting diode matrix in the apparatus of
FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 2a wherein the light emitting diode is
illustrated with an open diode mark. An alternative to light
emitting diodes is illustrated in FIG. 2b wherein a light and diode
are connected in series. The solid diode mark is employed to
indicate a conventional diode element. A light connected in series
with a diode may be useful in very large displays.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a schematic circuit diagram of
an illustrative embodiment of the sample and hold current generator
20. Bipolar video available from the polarity reversal network 22
is applied to a video input terminal 30 which is connected to a
source terminal 31 of a low leakage insulated gate field-effect
transistor 32. The drain 33 of transistor 31 is connected to a gate
38 of an N-type channel junction field-effect transistor 37; the
substrate 34 of transistor 31 is biased to a point slightly above
the peak positive excursions of the input video at terminal 30 by a
connection to the junction between serially connected resistors 40,
41 from sources of potential +V to -V, respectively; and the gate
terminal 35 is connected to an appropriate output of the shift
register 26. Next, a resistor 43, diodes 44, 45 and resistor 46 are
serially connected in the order named between sources of potential
+V and -V with the diodes 44, 45 poled in a direction to allow
current flow therethrough. The source terminal 48 of field-effect
transistor 37 is connected to the source of potential +V, and the
drain terminal 49 to the junction between the diodes 44, 45. An
n-p-n transistor 50 and p-n-p transistor 52 are connected between
the sources of potential +V and -V with the base of transistor 50
connected to the junction between resistor 46 and diode 45 and the
base of transistor 52 connected to the junction between resistor 43
and diode 44. Lastly, the junction between the emitters of
transistors 50, 52 is connected to an output 54 and, in addition,
is connected through a feedback capacitor 53 to the drain terminal
33 of field-effect transistor 32. Field-effect transistors 32, 37
may be of types designated commercially as FN1034 and 2N3823,
respectively.
In operation of the sample and hold current generator 20, bipolar
video at input terminal 30 is applied to source terminal 31 of
field-effect transistor 32. Since transistor 32 is normally "biased
off," no current flows until a negative pulse available from shift
register 26 represented by waveform 55 is applied to the gate
terminal 35. At this time, transistor 32 provides a high
conductance path between the source and drain terminals 31, 33
thereof thereby allowing capacitor 53 to charge to the
instantaneous video level during the duration of the pulse 55. This
potential will remain on the capacitor 53 until the next pulse 55
from the shift register 26 which will normally be at the same point
during the next horizontal scan. The voltage at the drain terminal
33, determined by the charge on capacitor 53, is applied to the
gate of N-type channel junction field-effect transistor 37, which
is configured as a source follower. Thus, the potential on the
drain terminal 49 will be the same as that applied to the gate 38
and is applied through the diodes 44, 45 to the respective bases of
transistors 50, 52 thereby to provide a bipolar output. It will be
appreciated that sample and hold current generators are considered
within the state of the electronics art.
In the operation of the apparatus of the present invention,
unipolar video is applied through terminal 24 to polarity reversal
network 22 which alternates the polarity of the output thereof in
synchronism with the horizontal synchronizing pulses available at
terminal 17. The bipolar video thus generated is applied to the
video input 30 of each of the sample and hold current generators
20. Shift register 26 and clock generator 28 are both "set" by the
horizontal synchronizing pulses. In the case of shift register 26,
the "1" is shifted to the left output, as viewed in the drawing,
while the clock generator 28 is set to a predetermined reference.
The "1" in shift register 26 which corresponds to the pulse 55,
FIG. 2 is stepped along the outputs of shift register 26 at a rate
determined by the clock pulses generated by clock generator 28.
This will normally be fast enough to take the appropriate number of
samples compatible with the resolution desired such as the aspect
ratio of the display times the number of horizontal lines. These
samples are taken during each of the intervals between the
horizontal synchronizing pulses.
Concurrently with the above, vertical synchronizing pulses
available at terminal 18 "set" the shift register 16 to place the
two successive "1's" to the first and last outputs (top and bottom
outputs as viewed in the drawing). Subsequent occurrence of the
horizontal synchronizing pulses applied to the clock input step the
"1's" along the outputs of the shift register 16 from top to
bottom, as viewed in the drawing. Occurrence of a one at an output
of the shift register 16 closes the corresponding switch S.sub.i.
The two successive 1's thus close switches S.sub.i and
S.sub.i.sub.+1 as illustrated in FIGS. 2a and 2b. Inasmuch as light
emitting diodes D.sub.i1, D.sub.i2 . . . D.sub.in are poled in a
direction opposite from light emitting diodes D.sub.(i.sub.+1)1,
D.sub.(i.sub.+1)2, . . . D.sub.(i.sub.+1)n, current from the sample
and hold current generators 20 will flow through only one diode in
any one column at any one time. When an entire row has been
completed, the sample and hold current generators 20 will be
developing current of the same polarity whereby all the light
emitting diodes D.sub.i1, D.sub.i2, . . . D.sub.in in an entire row
i will be lit. A horizontal synchronizing pulse will then cause the
polarity of the output of polarity reversal network 22 to change
and will step the shift register 16 to close switches S.sub.i and
S.sub.i.sub.+1. The clock generator 28 will continue to "step" the
shift register 26 to now cause samples of opposite polarity to be
taken by the sample and hold current generators 20 whereby current
flow will switch and flow through diodes D.sub.(i.sub.+1)j. From
the foregoing, it is apparent that each row of diodes D.sub.ij
remains lit for an entire horizontal scan irrespective of the
position of the diode. In order to have proper switching from
bottom to top, as viewed in the drawing, it is evident that the
number of rows should but not essentially be even. Also, the light
diode combinations of FIG. 2b will operate in the same manner, with
respect to switching, as the light emitting diodes D.sub.ij.
Referring to FIG. 3 there is shown a planar display device in
accordance with the invention programmed to present an interlaced
scan so as to be compatible with television video. In the apparatus
of FIG. 3, like reference numerals designate like elements. One
significant difference is the light emitting diodes D.sub.ij are
poled the same for two rows and then poled oppositely for two rows.
Consequently, the rows are numbered 10-1(a), 10-1(b), 10-2(a),
10-2(b), . . . 10-m(a), and 10-m(b). Switches .sub.1(a),
S.sub.1(b), S.sub.2(a), S.sub.2(b), . . . S.sub.m(a), S.sub.m(b),
are connected in a manner to ground the row conductors 10-1(a),
10-1(b), 10-2(a), 10-2(b), . . . 10-m(a), 10-m(b), respectively, as
before. Switches S.sub.1(a), S.sub.1(b), S.sub.2(a), S.sub.2(b), .
. . S.sub.m(a), S.sub.m(b), in the apparatus of FIG. 3, however,
respond to an information level signal on the respective outputs of
two-input "and" gates G.sub.1, G.sub.2, . . . G.sub.m. A flip-flop
60 which responds to vertical synchronizing pulses has a first
output 61 connected to respective inputs of "and" gates G.sub.1,
G.sub.3, G.sub.5, . . . G.sub.m.sub.-1 and a second output 62
connected to respective inputs of "and" gates G.sub.2, G.sub.4,
G.sub.6, . . . G.sub.m. Lastly, a shift register 64 of one-half the
capacity of shift register 16 in the apparatus of FIG. 1 has
outputs, commencing from top to bottom, as viewed in the drawing,
connected to the remaining inputs of each successive pair of "and"
gates G.sub.1, G.sub.2, G.sub.3, G.sub.4, . . . G.sub.m.sub.-1,
G.sub.m, respectively. It is necessary that each pair of "and"
gates so connected correspond to rows of the planar display wherein
the diodes D.sub.ij are poled in the same direction. A manual
change at an input 65 is provided to change the output state of
flip-flop 60 in the event that it is desired to reverse the
interlacing of the planar display so as to correspond to the video
presented.
The operation of the apparatus of FIG. 3 is generally the same as
that of FIG. 1 with the exception that shift register 64 together
with flip-flop 60 and "and" gates G.sub.1, G.sub.2, . . . G.sub.m
program the display to lite the light emitting diodes D.sub.ij in
one set of alternate rows before lighting the light emitting diodes
in the intervening rows. In the event the display does not
correspond to the video to be presented, the sets of interlaced
rows of light emitting diodes, D.sub.ij, can be reversed by means
of the manual change input to flip-flop 60. In particular, a
vertical synchronizing pulse applied to flip-flop 60 causes the
shift register 64 to close only switches S.sub.i(a) and S.sub.(i+1)
(a) whereby only diodes D.sub.ij in the rows 10-i(a) and 10-(i+1)
(a) are lit, i.e., only diodes in the a rows are lit. Subsequently,
upon the occurrence of an immediately succeeding vertical
synchronizing pulse, flip-flop 60 changes state whereby shift
register 64 closes only switches S.sub.i(b) and S.sub.(i.sub.+1(b)
whereby only diodes D.sub.ij in the rows 10-i(b) and 10-(i+1) b)
are lit. As before, each diode D.sub.ij stays lit for an entire
horizontal scan. The switching, however, occurs between alternate
rows thereby to achieve interlacings.
* * * * *