U.S. patent number 3,609,747 [Application Number 04/781,534] was granted by the patent office on 1971-09-28 for solid-state display circuit with inherent memory.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated. Invention is credited to Dinh-Tuan Ngo.
United States Patent |
3,609,747 |
Ngo |
September 28, 1971 |
SOLID-STATE DISPLAY CIRCUIT WITH INHERENT MEMORY
Abstract
The need for external memory and image regeneration circuitry in
light-emitting semiconductor diode display circuits is eliminated
by providing each light-emitting diode with a respective capacitive
storage element and bilateral breakdown switch. The bilateral
switch and storage element function as inherent memory for the
light-emitting diode, operating in conjunction with an AC bias
voltage to maintain the diode lighted upon application of a write
pulse.
Inventors: |
Ngo; Dinh-Tuan (Colts Neck,
NJ) |
Assignee: |
Bell Telephone Laboratories,
Incorporated (Murray Hill, NJ)
|
Family
ID: |
25123048 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/781,534 |
Filed: |
December 5, 1968 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
345/46;
348/E3.016; 315/228; 327/189; 327/196; 315/254 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G09G
3/32 (20130101); H04N 3/14 (20130101); G09G
2300/088 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G09G
3/32 (20060101); H04N 3/14 (20060101); H05b
033/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;340/324,334,378,166,324R ;315/184,227,228,254,169
;307/287,258,324,325,252.21,311,320 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin; Electroluminescent Display; K.
L. Konnerth; Vol. 8, No. 11, Apr. 1966; 340-324 .
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin; Electroluminescent Display; R.
W. Landauer; Vol. 8, No. 11, Apr. 1966; 340-324.
|
Primary Examiner: Caldwell; John W.
Assistant Examiner: Trafton; David L.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A two-terminal display cell comprising the serially connected
combination of a bilateral breakdown switch, a light-emitting
semiconductor device and charge storage means.
2. A display cell in accordance with claim 1 wherein said
semiconductor device comprises a light-emitting diode and said
charge storage means comprises a capacitor, said display cell
further comprising a second diode connected in parallel with said
light-emitting diode and poled opposite thereto.
3. A display cell in accordance with claim 1 wherein said
semiconductor device comprises a light-emitting diode and said
charge storage means comprises a second diode poled opposite to
said light-emitting diode.
4. A display cell in accordance with claim 3 wherein said second
diode is a light-emitting diode.
5. A display circuit comprising an array of display cells
individually including the serially connected combination of
light-emitting semiconductor device means and bilateral switch
means, said light-emitting means including a pair of serially
connected light-emitting diodes poled opposite to one another.
6. A display circuit comprising an array of display cells
individually including the serially connected combination of
light-emitting semiconductor device means, bilateral switch means
and charge storage means connected in circuit with said switch
means.
7. A display circuit in accordance with claim 6 wherein said charge
storage means comprises a capacitor.
8. A display circuit in accordance with claim 7 wherein said switch
means are normally nonconducting and are operable to a conducting
state, said display circuit further comprising means for
selectively addressing said display cells to initially operate said
switch means at said addressed cells, said initial operation of
said switch means placing a charge on said respective charge
storage means connected to said switch means at said addressed
cells, and alternating bias signal means connected to each of said
cells, said bias signal means operative in conjunction with said
charge on said respective charge storage means for periodically
operating said switch means connected to said charge storage
means.
9. A display circuit comprising an array of display cells
individually including the serially connected combination of
light-emitting semiconductor device means and bilateral switch
means, said switch means being normally nonconducting and being
operable to a conducting state; means for selectively addressing
individual ones of said display cells to initially operate said
switch means thereat; and bias means connected to each of said
display cells and operative upon the initial operation of
individual ones of said switch means for thereafter periodically
operating said individual switch means.
10. A display circuit in accordance with claim 9 wherein said bias
means comprises an alternating signal source connected to each of
said display cells and of a magnitude insufficient to initially
operate said switch means at said cells.
11. A display circuit in accordance with claim 9 wherein said
display cells are arranged in a coordinate array and said
addressing means comprises respective pulse transformers having
secondary windings connected to the individual rows and columns of
said coordinate array, each said transformer having a primary
winding connected to a respective address signal input lead and
wherein said bias means comprises an alternating signal source
connected to the secondary windings of each of said pulse
transformers.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to display systems and, more particularly,
to display systems upon which images are generated by the selective
energization of independent display cells or elements.
Display systems are typically used for generating patterns of
information, or images, in a two-dimensional raster for information
display media, computer input/output terminals, telemetered data,
instrumentation, high-speed printing, and the like. The principal
types of display systems currently available include matrix
arrangements of light bulbs and various forms of cathode-ray tube
presentations, both of which suffer from well-known disadvantages
related to size, cost, ruggedness and power requirements. The need
for a display system which would overcome these disadvantages has
been apparent for some time and considerable effort has been
expended toward achieving such a display system. The solution was
thought initially to lie in phosphor-type electroluminescent panels
which, however, present problems related to rather high voltage
requirements and to the need for an audiofrequency poser supply for
operation.
Currently one of the areas of greatest promise appears to be
solid-state semiconductor displays. Known solid-state semiconductor
displays eliminate the need for high operating voltages and are
compatible with semiconductor switching circuitry, but they suffer
from certain limitations in that they require external memory
storage and associated circuitry to regenerate the display image.
This substantially increases the cost and complexity of such
solid-state display systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is accordingly a general object of this invention to provide a
new and improved arrangement for displaying patterns of information
without the disadvantages of known display arrangements.
More particularly, it is an object of this invention to provide a
solid-state semiconductor display circuit with inherent memory,
thereby eliminating the requirement in known solid-state display
circuits for external memory and image regeneration circuitry.
According to a feature of my invention the above and other objects
are attained in a simple and economical manner in an illustrative
embodiment of a display circuit comprising a coordinate array of
display cells, each cell including the serially connected
combination of a light-emitting electroluminescent diode, a charge
storage element, and a bilateral switch. The bilateral switch and
charge storage element provide the inherent memory for the display
cell, operating in conjunction with an alternating current bias
voltage, to maintain the cell diode "lighted " upon application of
a write pulse.
In operation the alternating current bias voltage is continually
applied across each display cell of the array. A particular cell is
turned ON, i.e., is lighted, by a write pulse applied to the
particular cell row and column conductors, the write pulse being
sufficient to switch the cell bilateral switch to a conducting
state. The resulting current flow charges the cell storage element
and energizes the electroluminescent diode for light emission.
During succeeding half-cycles of the bias voltage, the stored
charge, in combination with the bias voltage, causes periodic
operation of the bilateral switch to permit sufficient current flow
to maintain the electroluminescent diode lighted. The display cell
is turned OFF by an erase pulse applied to the cell row and column
conductors to operate the bilateral switch to a conducting state at
a time when the bias voltage is near zero, thereby removing the
charge from the storage element and preventing the recharging
thereof.
It is desirable in many display circuit applications that an
operator or user be able to draw images directly on the display by
manual manipulation of a pen-shaped instrument. According to a
further aspect of my invention this feature is provided
advantageously by the use of a low voltage pen, manual placement of
the pen adjacent a display cell causing operation of the cell
bilateral switch. Thus, as an operator manipulates the pen, each
cell of the array that the pen passes adjacent is lighted to create
the desired image.
A display circuit, in accordance with my invention, is compact,
rugged, and reliable and is inexpensive to manufacture, being
susceptible to integrated circuit manufacturing techniques.
Further, it has low operating power requirements, simple addressing
circuit requirements, and may be operated directly by high-speed
digital signals of the amplitude generated by integrated circuits,
thereby eliminating the need for interface or buffer circuitry.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The above and other objects and features of the invention may be
fully apprehended from the following detailed description and the
accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an illustrative embodiment of a solid-state
display circuit with inherent memory in accordance with the
principles of my invention;
FIG. 2 A -2C are time charts useful in describing the operation of
the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 depicts an alternative illustrative embodiment of a display
circuit with inherent memory in accordance with the principles of
my invention; and
FIG. 4 depicts a typical voltage-current characteristic for an
illustrative bilateral switch employed in the embodiments of FIGS.
1 and 3.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In FIG. 1 of the drawing an illustrative embodiment of the
invention comprising an n times m display matrix 50 is shown for
generating images by the selective energization of individual ones
of display cells 100. For example, matrix 50 may comprise a
conventional 5 .times.7 array for generating characters of the
ASCII alphanumeric code. However, it will be apparent from the
description herein that display cells 100 may be employed
individually or in combination in any form of array desired for
particular display system applications.
Each display cell 100 includes the serially connected combination
of a light-emitting electroluminescent diode 116, a charge storage
element 113, and a bilateral breakdown switch 112 extending between
a particular row and column conductor of matrix 50. A diode 114 is
connected in parallel with electroluminescent diode 116 and is
poled opposite thereto. Electroluminescent diodes 116 may, for
example, be red light-emitting gallium-aresnide-phosphide diodes,
green light-emitting gallium-phosphide diodes, or any other of the
known types of light-emitting diodes. Charge storage element 113
may comprise a capacitor as shown illustratively in FIG. 1, and
bilateral switch 112 may comprise, for example, a silicon PNPN
breakdown diode, an Ovonic threshold switch, or the like, having
the typical voltage-current characteristic shown in FIG. 4.
Specifically referring to FIG. 4, when the magnitude of the voltage
across switch 112 equals or exceeds the forward breakdown voltage
V.sub.BF or the reverse breakdown voltage V.sub.BR, which are
typically of substantially like magnitude, switch 112 breaks down
to a low impedance conducting state. Switch 112 remains in the low
impedance conducting state until the voltage across the switch
falls below the sustaining voltage level V.sub.SF or V.sub.SR, at
which point switch 112 returns to its quiescent high impedance non
conducting state. For an illustrative silicon PNPN switch, by way
of example, the breakdown voltage may be on the order of .+-.8
volts and the sustaining voltage level on the order of .+-.0.5
volts.
Alternating current bias voltage provided by source 20, which may
be either sinusoidal or pulsed, is extended by control circuit 80
across each display cell 100 via row conductors R1 through Rm and
column conductors C1 through Cn. The bias voltage extended by
source 20 across each cell 100 is of a magnitude less than the
breakdown voltage level for switch 112 but advantageously is
greater than the sustaining voltage level therefor. Assuming use of
the illustrative PNPN switches mentioned above, for example, the
bias voltage provided by source 20 may be on the order of 5 or 6
volts 0 to peak with a frequency on the order of 10 kHz., for
example.
Addressing of a selected display cell 100 is effected by
application of coincident signals to the particular row and column
conductors connected to the display cell under control of control
circuit 80. The voltage thus extended across the selected display
cell by the coincident row and column signals, in conjunction with
the bias voltage applied to the row and column conductors, is
sufficient to effect breakdown of switch 112 at the selected cell.
At the same time, however, the voltage extended across the other
display cells connected to the addressed row conductor and to the
addressed column conductor is insufficient to effect breakdown of
the bilateral switches at these other cells.
The addressing signals, as well as the bias voltage in the
embodiment of FIG. 1, are applied to the row and column conductors
of matrix 50 through respective row drivers 40 and column drivers
30, illustratively shown in FIG. 1 as pulse transformers. Thus
source 20 is connected to each column conductor C1 through Cn via
the secondary winding 302 of a respective column driver 30 and to
each row conductor R1 through Rm via the secondary winding 402 of a
respective row driver 40. Column conductors C1 through Cn are
addressed selectively by signals from write-erase circuitry 81 on
leads X1 through Xn, respectively connected to the primary windings
301 of respective column drivers 30. Similarly, row conductors R1
through Rm are addressed selectively by signals from write-erase
circuitry 82 on leads Y1 through Ym, respectively connected to
primary windings 401 of respective row drivers 40.
With the above description in mind and with reference to FIGS. 2A,
2B and 2C, consider now the operation of the illustrative
embodiment of FIG. 1. Assume initially that display cell 100
located at the intersection of row conductor R1 and column
conductor C1 is OFF, i.e., that no charge appears on charge storage
element 113, that switch 112 is in a high impedance nonconducting
state, and that electroluminescent diode 116 is thus not lighted.
The bias voltage from source 20, extended through the respective
row and column drivers to row conductor R1 and column conductor C1,
appears across the display cell, as shown in FIG. 2A. Since the
bias voltage is less than the breakdown voltage of switch 112, no
significant current flow through the display cell occurs.
Assume now that it is desired to turn ON the display cell 100
located at the intersection of row conductor R1 and column
conductor C1. This is accomplished by addressing row conductor R1
and column conductor C1 with coincident signals in the form of a
write pulse which, in conjunction with the bias voltage applied
across the display cell, is sufficient to effect breakdown of
switch 112 at the addressed cell. In the manner mentioned above, in
the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1 the write pulse is extended
over row conductor R1 and column conductor C1 to the selected
display cell via coincident signals applied on leads Y1 and X1 from
write-erase circuitry 82 and 81, which signals are reflected
through the corresponding row and column drivers. Advantageously,
to minimize the magnitude of the write pulse required, the write
pulse is applied to the selected display cell under control of
control circuit 80 near a peak of the bias voltage, as shown at
time t.sub.w, by way of example, in FIG. 2A.
The write pulse is shown in FIG. 2A as applied to the right side of
the peak of the bias voltage to minimize loading of the write pulse
circuitry, which is particularly important in the case of
integrated write pulse circuitry. Although the write pulse can be
applied at the peak or to the left of the peak of the bias voltage,
as will be apparent from the description below other cells of
matrix 50 which are ON will be operating during this interval to
break down the respective switches thereat. Any such ON cells
connected to row conductor R1 or column conductor C1, therefore,
will tend to provide low impedance shunt paths for the write pulse
during the interval to the left of the bias voltage peak. However,
during the interval to the right of the bias voltage peak the other
cells of matrix 50 will present a high impedance state to the write
pulse, and thus will minimize loading of the write pulse
circuitry.
The write pulse applied to row conductor R1 and column conductor C1
causes momentary breakdown of switch 112 at the selected display
cell, permitting current flow therethrough to charge storage
element 113 and to energize electroluminescent diode 116. The
resulting current flow through the display cell during breakdown of
switch 112 is in the form of a current pulse, shown as pulse 201 in
FIG. 2C, which may illustratively be on the order of 80 ma.
magnitude with a duration on the order of several hundred
nanoseconds.
The current flow through the display cell charges storage element
113, as depicted in FIG. 2B, to a level V.sub.c determined
principally by the net voltage across switch 112 during breakdown.
During the following negative half-cycle of bias voltage applied
across the display cell the charge on storage element 113 adds to
the bias voltage, as shown in FIG. 2A. At time t.sub.1 the combined
voltage exceeds the breakdown voltage V.sub.BR of switch 112,
momentarily switching switch 112 to a low impedance conducting
state. The resulting negative current pulse 202 through diode 114
discharges storage element 113 and charges element 113 in a reverse
direction, as indicated in FIG. 2B.
During the following positive half-cycle of bias voltage,
therefore, the reverse charge on storage element 113 adds to the
bias voltage, as shown in FIG. 2A, reaching a level sufficient to
break down switch 112 again at time t.sub.2. The positive current
pulse 203 resulting therefrom through electroluminescent diode 116
reverses the charge on element 113 and lights diode 116. During
succeeding half-cycles of the bias voltage the charge stored on
element 113, in combination with the bias voltage, causes periodic
breakdown of switch 112 to permit sufficient current flow to
maintain electroluminescent diode 116 lighted.
It will be noted, of course, that current flow through
electroluminescent diode 116 occurs only during the positive
current pulses, such as current pulses 201 and 203 in FIG. 2C.
Thus, diode 116 is advantageously energized for light emission only
briefly during each cycle of bias voltage from source 20; however,
diode 116 appears to an observer to emit light continuously at a
steady level during the period the display cell is ON. Moreover, it
will be apparent that diode 114 may also be a light-emitting
electroluminescent diode if desired for a particular application,
diode 114 then being energized by the negative current pulses such
as current pulses 202 and 204 in FIG. 2C.
An important advantage arises through the above-described current
pulsed energization of electroluminescent diodes 116 in accordance
with my invention. In particular, the operating power requirements
are substantially lower, up to several orders of magnitude lower,
than for known solid state display arrangements. Further, driving
diodes 116 with high current pulses permits the diodes to be
operated at or near maximum efficiency, unlike known semiconductor
display arrangements, thereby increasing the apparent brightness of
the display image while reducing the power required.
Additional ones of display cells 100 in matrix 50 are turned ON in
a similar manner by application of a write pulse to the particular
row and column conductors to which the additional cells are
connected. Conversely, a selected display cell is turned OFF by
applying an erase pulse to the row and column conductors to which
the selected cell is connected such that the erase pulse removes or
erases the charge stored at the selected cell. This is effected
advantageously by applying an erase pulse to the particular row and
column conductors of sufficient magnitude to break down switch 112
at a point when the instantaneous magnitude of the bias voltage
applied to the row and column conductors is at or near zero. During
the resulting momentary breakdown of switch 112, therefore, no
significant charge is stored on element 113. Accordingly, when
switch 112 returns to its high impedance state the net voltage
across the display cell is approximately equal to the bias voltage
and is thus insufficient to cause subsequent breakdown of switch
112.
For example, assume that display cell 100 connected to row
conductor R1 and column conductor C1 is ON and that it is desired
to turn if OFF. Row conductor R1 and column conductor C1 are
addressed via coincident signals applied on leads Y1 and X1 in the
form of an erase pulse at a time when the instantaneous value of
the bias voltage is near zero, as shown at time t.sub.e, by way of
example, in FIG. 2A.
The erase pulse is assumed to be sufficient in magnitude to cause
momentary breakdown of switch 112 at the selected display cell. The
resulting current flow, depicted in FIG. 2C by current pulse 210,
discharges charge storage element 113, as shown in FIG. 2B, and
energizes electroluminescent diode 116. As mentioned above, since
the instantaneous value of bias voltage across the cell at time
t.sub.e is approximately zero, no significant charge builds up on
storage element 113 during the momentary breakdown of switch 112.
As switch 112 returns to its high impedance nonconducting state,
therefore, diode 116 is deenergized and remains so until another
write pulse is applied to the particular display cell.
Although in the description above it is tacitly assumed that only a
single display cell is addressed by a write or erase pulse during
each cycle of the bias voltage, it will be apparent that more than
one cell can be addressed during each bias voltage cycle by
consecutively or concurrently addressing a number of cells in each
cycle. Further, although a capacitor is illustratively depicted as
charge storage element 113 in the embodiment of FIG. 1, as the
frequency of the bias voltage is increased, the capacity required
for storage decreases such that other types of charge storage
elements may be employed advantageously.
An alternative display cell embodiment is shown in FIG. 3
comprising the serially connected combination of bilateral switch
312, electroluminescent diode 316, and charge storage diode 315
poled opposite to electroluminescent diode 316. The operation of
the display cell embodiment of FIG. 3 is substantially the same as
that described above for the embodiment of FIG. 1, except that
charge storage is provided by back-to-back diodes 315 and 316
rather than by a capacitor. The display cell is turned ON by the
application of a write pulse across the cell, advantageously near a
peak of the bias voltage, and the cell is turned OFF by application
of an erase pulse when the bias voltage is at or near zero.
During the flow of current in the forward direction through
electroluminescent diode 316, diode 316 is energized and diode 315
is charged. During the flow of current in the opposite direction
through diode 315, diode 315 is discharged and diode 316 is charged
in the reverse direction. Thus, when the display cell is ON the
charge stored on diode 315 adds to the bias voltage to breakdown
switch 312 during one polarity half-cycle of the bias voltage, and
the charge stored on diode 316 adds to the bias voltage to
breakdown switch 312 during the opposite polarity half-cycle.
Of course it will be appreciated that if desired in the embodiment
of FIG. 3 charge storage diode 315 also may be an
electroluminescent diode poled opposite to diode 316, diode 315
thereby providing a charge storage function for one polarity
current and a light emission function for the other polarity
current, while diode 316 emits light for the one polarity current
and provides a charge storage function for the other polarity
current. The use of a pair of back-to-back electroluminescent
diodes for diodes 315 and 316 in FIG. 3 further advantageously
facilitates fabrication of the display cell since the two diodes in
each cell can then be manufactured as a single unit, without the
need for subsequent electrical interconnection or for affixing
electrical leads to the diode light emission surfaces.
As mentioned above, it is desirable in many display circuit
applications that an operator or user be able to draw images
directly on the display, such as by manual manipulation of a low
voltage pen. According to an aspect of my invention manual
placement of a low voltage pen adjacent a display cell, the pen
providing a voltage sufficient in conjunction with the bias voltage
to effect breakdown of the cell bilateral switch, energizes the
electroluminescent diode at the cell. Thus, as an operator
manipulates the pen adjacent the display matrix to draw a desired
image, each cell of the matrix that the pen passes adjacent is
lighted. The image can be erased subsequently by applying erase
pulses to each display cell, such as in the manner described
above.
The write pulses and the erase pulses may be applied consecutively
to the display cells one cell at a time, as described above; or
they may be applied to a plurality of cells concurrently, such as
to a row or a column of cells, as may be desired for high-speed
display applications. When a narrow write or erase pulse,
illustratively on the order of 100 nanoseconds in duration, is
applied across a display cell in accordance with my invention, very
little current is drawn from the pulsing circuitry due to the
slight delay inherent in the bilateral switch switching from a high
impedance state to a low impedance state. Thus, the narrow write or
erase pulse sees a high impedance and the cell storage element is
charged by the bias voltage, after termination of the pulse, while
the bilateral switch is momentarily in a low impedance state.
Accordingly, a plurality of display cells advantageously can be
addressed concurrently with substantially little loading of the
write or erase pulse circuitry.
What has been disclosed herein, therefore, is a simple, rugged and
reliable, high-speed solid-state display circuit having inherent
memory, which display circuit is operable at low power levels and
is addressable with digital signals derived from integrated
circuits.
It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are
but illustrative of the application of the principles of my
invention. Numerous other arrangements may be devised by those
skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of
the invention.
* * * * *