U.S. patent number 3,643,305 [Application Number 05/049,288] was granted by the patent office on 1972-02-22 for method of fabricating a piezoelectric device.
This patent grant is currently assigned to General Motors Corporation. Invention is credited to Thomas J. Furnival.
United States Patent |
3,643,305 |
Furnival |
February 22, 1972 |
METHOD OF FABRICATING A PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICE
Abstract
A method of fabricating a piezoelectric device which includes
providing a resilient metallic unit, bonding an insulating base
member between two leg members of the unit, severing a bar element
of the unit to provide facing projections, and compressively
supporting a piezoelectric element therewith prior to permanently
bonding it in place.
Inventors: |
Furnival; Thomas J.
(Logansport, IN) |
Assignee: |
General Motors Corporation
(Detroit, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
21959049 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/049,288 |
Filed: |
June 24, 1970 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
29/25.35;
310/352 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H03H
9/09 (20130101); Y10T 29/42 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
H03H
9/05 (20060101); H03H 9/09 (20060101); B01j
017/00 (); H04r 017/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;29/25.35,63G
;310/9.1,9.4,9.7 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Campbell; John F.
Assistant Examiner: Hall; Carl E.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method of fabricating a piezoelectric device which comprises
the steps of
providing a resilient metal unit having spaced apart generally
parallel leg members interconnected at one end by a bar
element,
securing a rigid insulating base member between the leg members of
the unit,
trimming the bar element intermediate the leg members so as to
provide facing projections, the ends of which include a contact
surface,
coating said facing projections with solder,
placing a piezoelectric element between the contact surfaces by
spreading the facing projections apart so as to compressively
support the element therewith,
heating said projections in order to reflow the solder to
permanently bond the element therebetween, and
encapsulating said element by securing a cover to said base
member.
2. A method of fabricating a piezoelectric device which comprises
the steps of
providing a resilient metal unit having spaced apart generally
parallel leg members interconnected at one end by a bar
element,
securing a rigid insulating base member across the middle portion
of the leg members of the unit in order to maintain a predetermined
spacing therebetween,
trimming the bar element intermediate the leg members so as to
provide facing projections, the facing ends of which each includes
a contact surface generally parallel and aligned with each
other,
coating said facing projections with solder,
placing a ceramic resonator disc, having metal contacts on the
opposed major surfaces thereof, between the contact surfaces by
spreading the facing projections apart, each of the contact
surfaces bearing against a central portion of one of the opposed
major surfaces so as to compressively support the disc,
heating said projections in order to reflow the solder to
permanently bond the element therebetween, and
encapsulating said element by securing a cover to said base
member.
3. A method of fabricating piezoelectric devices which comprises
the steps of
providing a resilient striplike connector frame including
successive units each having a pair of spaced generally parallel
leg members interconnected adjacent one end by a bar element, each
unit being connected to an adjacent unit by a linking segment
extending therebetween adjacent the opposite end,
securing a rigid insulating base member across the middle portion
of the leg members of each unit in order to maintain a
predetermined spacing between the leg members,
trimming the bar element of each unit intermediate the leg members
so as to provide facing projections, the facing ends of which each
includes a contact surface generally parallel and aligned with each
other,
coating the facing projections of each unit with solder,
placing a piezoelectric element between the contact surfaces of
each unit by spreading the facing projections apart so as to
compressively support the elements therewith,
heating the facing projections of each unit in order to reflow the
solder to permanently bond the elements therebetween,
severing the linking segment between each unit of the striplike
connector frame, and
encapsulating the piezoelectric element of each unit by securing a
cover to the base member.
4. A method of fabricating ceramic resonator devices each having a
ceramic resonator disc of the radial resonator mode with metal
contacts over the opposed major surfaces thereof, which method
comprises the steps of
providing a striplike, at least 1/2-hard copper connector frame
including successive units each having spaced generally parallel
leg members interconnected adjacent one end by a bar element
extending generally perpendicular thereto, each unit being
connected to an adjacent unit by a linking segment extending
therebetween adjacent the opposite end,
molding a rigid plastic base member around the middle portion of
the leg members of each unit to provide predetermined spacing
between the leg members,
trimming the bar element of each unit midway between the leg
members so as to provide facing projections, the facing ends of
which each includes a contact surface generally parallel and
aligned with each other and an outwardly extending bevelled surface
adjacent thereto, the spacing between the contact surfaces being
about 60-90 percent of the disc thickness,
coating the facing projections of each unit with solder,
placing a resonator disc between the contact surfaces of each unit
by spreading the facing projections apart, each of the contact
surfaces bearing against a central portion of one of the opposed
major surfaces of the discs so as to compressively support the
discs therebetween,
severing the linking segment between each unit of the connector
frame,
radiantly heating the projections of each unit in order to reflow
the solder to permanently bond the discs therebetween, and
encapsulating each of the discs by securing a cover to each base
member.
5. The method as recited in claim 4 wherein the striplike connector
frame is 3/4-hard copper and the spacing between the contact
surfaces of each unit is about 75 percent the disc thickness.
Description
This invention relates to piezoelectric devices and more
particularly to a method of fabricating a ceramic resonator
device.
Recently, many vehicular devices, such as the passenger car voltage
regulator, have been miniaturized by the use of the integrated
circuit technology. Contrastingly, the intermediate frequency (IF)
transformer appears by comparison large and physically incompatible
with the hybrid integrated circuitry of some vehicular radios.
Attempts are continually being made to replace this type of IF
transformer with piezoelectric devices and in particular with
ceramic resonator devices.
One impediment to the wider utilization of ceramic resonator
devices in such applications has been the lack of a reliable and
commercially practical method of fabricating the device. A suitable
method should generally have relatively few processing steps; be
commercially practical, economically feasible, and provide a
reliable device compatible with the integrated circuit
technology.
Briefly, a method of fabricating a piezoelectric device includes
providing a resilient metallic unit which includes spaced generally
parallel leg members interconnected at one end by a bar element,
bonding an insulating base across the leg members of the unit,
severing the bar element of the unit to provide facing projections;
coating the projections with solder; placing a piezoelectric
element between the projections allowing it to be compressively
suspended there and reflowing the solder to permanently bond the
element in place.
Other objects, features and advantages of this invention will
become more apparent from the following description and figures in
which:
FIGS. 1-4 depict stages in the fabrication of a device according to
this invention; and
FIG. 5 depicts, in cross section, a device fabricated according to
this invention.
Referring now to the figures and more particularly to FIG. 1, it
shows a nickel plated copper connector frame in the form of a flat
strip. The strip includes successive inverted generally U-shaped
units having spaced parallel leg members, each designated by
numeral 10, interconnected at one end by a bar element 12 extending
perpendicular thereto. Each unit is connected to a successive unit
by a linking segment 14 which is connected between adjacent leg
members of adjacent units at the open end thereof. The strip is
made of resilient three-quarter hard copper, each part of which
being rectangular in cross section with dimensions of 20 .times. 30
mils.
For clarity of presentation, the fabrication of only one
piezoelectric device out of the connector frame will be discussed.
Accordingly, FIG. 2 shows a unit of the strip, labeled by numeral
16, which includes the parallel leg members interconnected by bar
element 12.
A rigid rectangular base member 18 surrounds the middle portion of
each of the parallel leg members and extends therebetween. Base
member 18 is a thermosetting heat resistant epoxy type of plastic
and is placed onto the unit by conventional transfer molding
techniques. The base member maintains a predetermined spacing
between the parallel leg members during subsequent operations.
Once base member 18 is in place, bar element 12 is sectioned by
trimming it therethrough midway between the parallel leg members to
form facing projections or leads 19. The projections include ends
which face each other. These facing ends each have a contact
surface 20, aligned with and extending parallel to each other,
adjacent the plastic base member, and a bevelled surface 22
extending outward therefrom. The trimming operation, which can be
performed by conventional punching techniques, provides facing
projections with a minimum separation between the parallel contact
surfaces, designated by the letter d in FIG. 3. The maximum
separation therebetween, designated by the letter D in FIG. 3, is
three times the minimum spacing.
The projections are then immersed in a molten solder bath of 95
percent lead and 5 percent tin for five seconds and removed. A thin
solder coating has been found to give best results and is therefore
preferred. Accordingly, excess solder is removed therefrom by
rapidly vibrating the unit. The solder is allowed to solidify in
the ambient and a thin coating thereof forms over the projections
including the end faces.
A ceramic resonator element 24, in the form of a disc, is depicted
in FIGS. 4 and 5. Resonator element 24, which is designed to
operate in a radial resonant mode, has a diameter of 370 mils, a
thickness of 20 mils and a weight of 1 gram. Accordingly, the
resonator should be mounted in a manner which allows it to radially
expand and contract freely. Each major surface of the disc is
coated with a thin, on the order of 1 mil, metallic contact, not
shown, containing layers of chrome, gold and copper adhesively
secured thereto by conventional bonding techniques. The unit for
such a disc has a length of 570 mils and a width of 220 mils, both
of which are outside measurements. The plastic base member, which
has a rectangular outline of 125 .times. 280 mils and is 125-mils
thick, is located 275 mils from the interconnecting bar member. The
minimum spacing, between the contact surface of the projection is
15 mils; while the maximum spacing, between the outermost edge of
the bevelled surfaces, is 45 mils.
To continue, after projections 19 have been solder coated, the
disc-shaped resonator is inserted between the solder coated
projections, forcing them outwardly, from the side adjacent
separation D. As the disc is inserted between contact faces 20,
they compressively bear thereagainst creating a sufficient
frictional force to support the disc and provide a good thermal
contact. The disc is positioned such that the contact surfaces,
each with dimensions of 20 .times. 20 mils, bear against a central
portion of an opposing major surface of the disc 24. Thus
positioned, leads 19 are extending generally perpendicular to the
major surfaces of the disc. It should also be pointed out that the
bevelled surfaces form a separation therebetween which facilitates
disc insertion.
When the disc is centrally positioned between the facing
projections the solder thereon can be reflowed. Although any
suitable heating means may be used to reflow the solder, radiant
heat is preferred. As heat is applied to the projections, solder
pools form, via capillary action, at the interface of contact
surface 22 and the metallic contacts of the resonator disc. The
heat source is removed and the solder pools are allowed to solidify
in the ambient thereby forming a permanent bond between the disc
and and the projections.
The disc may now be encapsulated by a springlike plastic cap or
cover 26, as is shown in FIG. 5. The cap has an inwardly extending
circumferential free end 28 and is fastened thereat around an
exterior surface of the base member. Other methods can be used to
encapsulate the device such as adhesively securing a cover to the
base. However, it has been found that such a flexible cap, as
herein described, can be simply and economically utilized, and is
therefore preferred.
While the aforesaid explanation has focused primarily on the
fabrication of only one resonator device to facilitate discussion,
a plurality of devices can be fabricated simultaneously by
duplicating the aforementioned operations on a plurality of the
units. Each device may be detached from the connector frame by
severing the linking segments 16 therebetween. Thus, an individual
device may be bonded into a circuit board or substrate of a hybrid
integrated circuit.
An important aspect of this invention is the fact that the leads
contacting the disc are formed from a unitary piece such as the
interconnecting bar element. It has been found that perpendicular
orientation of the leads with respect to the major surfaces of the
disc and lead alignment is easily obtained as a result thereof.
Accordingly, the characteristics of the device can be more easily
controlled. Moreover, this method reduces the number of solder
joints from the four required in a typical resonator device of this
type to two which results in a more reliable device.
Further, while the type of copper used herein is described as
three-quarter hard, which is preferred, other hardnesses can be
used. However, a hardness of less than one-half hard may not
provide sufficient compressive support to hold the disc in place
prior to reflowing the solder. On the other hand, while whole-hard
copper has superior compressive strength, care should be exercised
to prevent damage to the disc as it is inserted when using harder
materials. Likewise, although copper, nickel plated to inhibit
oxidation is preferred, other materials such as aluminum, tin or
the like may be used.
Notwithstanding the preferred use of three-quarter hard copper, the
projection spacing should still be controlled. A minimum contact
surface spacing, d, of less then about 60 percent of the disc
thickness can cause damage to the disc as it is inserted between
the facing projections. On the other hand, a contact spacing of
more than about 90 percent of the disc thickness can result in
inadequate compressive support for the disc prior to reflowing the
solder. Additionally, the maximum spacing, D, between projections
should be at least about 1.5 the disc thickness to facilitate
insertion therebetween.
Moreover, while the solder composition as used herein was described
as 95 percent lead and 5 percent tin, other compositions can be
used. However, it has been found that a 95 percent lead and 5
percent tin solder effectively inhibits leaching of the silver in
the disc contacts, and is accordingly, preferred. Besides, the
preferred solder generally has a higher liquidus temperature than
the solder used to make many circuit board and substrate
connections. Consequently, the resonator element remains securely
attached to the leads during subsequent solder operations
thereabout.
While the method herein described provides a commercial practical
means of fabricating a piezoelectric device with few processing
steps, it is not intended that the invention be limited to such
disclosure, but that changes and modifications obvious to those
skilled in the art be made and incorporated within the scope of the
claims.
* * * * *