U.S. patent number 3,584,245 [Application Number 04/801,118] was granted by the patent office on 1971-06-08 for piezoelectric resonator utilizing electrodes larger than the polarized region for controlling the coupling coefficient thereof.
This patent grant is currently assigned to P. R. Mallory & Co., Inc.. Invention is credited to Ralph K. Helfen.
United States Patent |
3,584,245 |
Helfen |
June 8, 1971 |
PIEZOELECTRIC RESONATOR UTILIZING ELECTRODES LARGER THAN THE
POLARIZED REGION FOR CONTROLLING THE COUPLING COEFFICIENT
THEREOF
Abstract
Only part of the center of a ceramic body, such as a circular
disc, is subjected to a polarizing voltage. In the case of a radial
mode resonator this poled area may be a circular area in the center
of the major faces of the resonator. This poling is accomplished by
using temporary electrodes, which may or may not become part of the
final electrode structure. After the element has been thus poled, a
new or added electrode is applied to the resonator. This electrode
is greater in area than the area of the poling electrode, and can
be placed immediately over the poling electrodes, while still
making electrical contact to the adjacent area of the ceramic body,
or to the poling electrode, which in turn is in contact to the
ceramic. By controlling the percentage area of the final electrode
that is poled it is possible to decrease the separation of the
resonant and antiresonant frequencies of the piezoelectric
resonator, thereby decreasing the coupling factor of the
element.
Inventors: |
Helfen; Ralph K. (Chicago,
IL) |
Assignee: |
P. R. Mallory & Co., Inc.
(Indianapolis, IN)
|
Family
ID: |
26792319 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/801,118 |
Filed: |
February 20, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
310/352; 310/358;
310/365 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H03H
3/04 (20130101); H03H 9/176 (20130101); Y10T
29/42 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
H03H
3/00 (20060101); H03H 9/00 (20060101); H03H
3/04 (20060101); H03H 9/17 (20060101); H01v
007/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;310/9.7,9.5,9.4,9.3,9.1,8.9,8.2,8.0 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Hirshfield; Milton D.
Assistant Examiner: Budd; Mark O.
Claims
What I claim is:
1. A piezoelectric resonator comprising a piezoelectric wafer
having a substantially uniform thickness between two opposite
faces, a central axial polarized thickness region and a peripheral
unpolarized thickness region with each of said regions having a
capacitance; and an electrode means on each face for electrical
connection to an external circuit for energizing said resonator,
said electrode means covering all of the surface area overlying the
polarized capacitance region and at least a part of the unpolarized
capacitance region and connecting said regions electrically in
parallel to increase the capacitance and thereby reduce the
coupling factor of the resonator.
2. A piezoelectric resonator according to claim 1, wherein said
electrode means are oppositely opposed and of substantially the
same surface area.
3. A piezoelectric resonator according to claim 1, wherein said
electrode means are oppositely opposed and of substantially the
same surface area.
4. A piezoelectric resonator according to claim 1 further including
an electrical terminal including finger means for resiliently
engaging each of said electrodes, a base means including post means
for supporting said finger means, and a cap means enclosing said
resonator, base means and finger means to provide a housing
therefor.
Description
DESCRIPTION
This invention relates to peizoelectric resonators. It specifically
relates to a method of preparing a piezoelectric resonator and its
construction, to provide for controlling the coupling coefficient
of the resonator when finally completed. Such coupling
characterizes the frequency range of operation of the resonator.
Thus, the relationship between the physical characteristics and the
parameters of a piezoelectric resonator element, such as a plate of
disc, determines the electrical characteristics or parameters, such
as the mass, the compliance, and the loading or energy dissipation,
which collectively govern and control the natural frequency output
of the piezoelectric element. That output frequency is the ultimate
parameter, or output, desired from the resonator for appropriate
control of an associated electrical circuit.
In the prior art, the coupling or frequency characteristic of a
piezoelectric resonator has been varied by altering the composition
of the material employed to constitute the resonator element, or by
altering the processes associated with the manufacturing of those
materials in producing the resonator element. Such prior art
practice and techniques required different material compositions
for applications which require different coupling factors.
The bandwidth of a piezoelectric resonator, when used individually
as a bypass element or in combinations as in a filter array, is
proportional to a coupling coefficient of the device. This coupling
is determined by the separation of the resonant and antiresonant
frequencies. For a given resonant frequency, the greater separation
of the two characteristic frequencies indicates an increase in
coupling.
Previous methods to alter the resonator coupling factor either
decreased the mechanical Q of the vibrator, thereby (1) increasing
losses, or (2) utilized a process which demanded a decrease in the
polarization field, and was very difficult to control.
The process of adjusting the coupling factor of a resonator, under
this invention, used full poling strength, which reduces the
tendency to change the poling of the object once it is installed in
a circuit and subjected to a voltage. Parts constructed in
accordance with this invention, can be subjected to higher
potentials without affecting the original coupling factor or
bandwidth characteristics of the resonator or filter.
In accordance with the present invention, a piezoelectric element,
illustrated in a preferred form as a circular disc in the present
description, is polarized in the central coaxial region of the disc
to establish two polar areas coaxially aligned and spaced by the
thickness of the disc or plate, which is ordinarily quite uniform.
After this polarized region is established, two electrodes are
applied coaxially to the opposite faces of the disc, over an area
that is larger in diameter than the treated area which was
polarized. A small annular border area on each of the opposite
major faces of the resonator is left exposed to permit a greater
freedom to be available at the border and peripheral edge of the
disc during vibrational operation at the operating frequency of the
resonating plate or disc.
A primary object of the invention is to provide a method of
preparing and conditioning a piezoelectric resonator disc or plate,
in order to compensate for batch variations where the plates are
manufactured from materials taken from different batches or
mixtures, or to compensate for the use of materials from the same
batch, and are to be applied in a variety of applications, where,
normally, materials from different mixtures with different coupling
characteristics would be required.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method of
manufacturing and treating a resonator plate or disc, to modify the
electrical parameters, and thereby to modify the coupling factor
and the range of operating frequency of the resonator disc.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method of
manufacture and treatment of the resonator disc that will
artificially increase the effective capacitance parameter of the
piezoelectric disc, in order thereby to modify and control and
reduce the operating antiresonant frequency of the disc, and
thereby shift such operating antiresonant frequency closer to the
natural resonant frequency of the disc, with a resultant reduction
in the coupling factor and in the range of frequency operation of
the resonator disc. As a result, the tuning band will be narrower
and sharper and permit finer control response and reaction between
the resonator and the associated circuits with which it may be
combined.
A particularly important feature of this invention is that it
permits the detection of poor dielectric material, or of a poor
sample of the dielectric material, during pretreatment, that is
unsuitable as a resonator. By such early detection of a poor sample
of material that will be unsuitable for an ultimate high quality
resonator, the costly expense of putting final electrodes on these
poor material waste elements is thereby eliminated.
Thus, another object of the invention is to provide as part of the
conditioning process of the invention, a conditioning step, which,
in the treatment of the disc, detects a poor material or inadequate
sample at an early stage in the preparation of the sample for
manufacture as a resonator.
Thus, for example, where a sample is to be polarized to operate at
a certain predetermined frequency range, the polarizing step at
high voltage would cause a breakdown in a poor sample and thus
would eliminate that sample from further attention in making a
resonator, and particularly would eliminate the expense of the
costly step in the operation of applying finished electrodes to the
plate, and then discovering inadequacy of the plate for service as
an electrical resonator.
In treating a resonator plate for polarization, the region in the
plate that is to be polarized is disposed between two polarizing
electrodes for 4 minutes in mineral oil at a temperature of
100.degree. C., at a voltage adjusted to the value that is at least
100 volts per mil of thickness of the plate.
With the procedure of the present invention, full polarizing
voltage is applied, and any deficient condition in the dielectric
material, that is being treated, is immediately detected by a
breakdown in the material, with consequent short circuiting of the
applied voltage, to indicate the deficient nature of the material
being treated.
Thus, a further object of the invention is the provision of a
piezoelectric resonator whose method of manufacture is such as to
inherently assure that the ultimately finished resonator will be
adequate and satisfactory in operation.
A further object of the invention is to provide a method of
manufacture that is inherently economical by reason of assuring
such early elimination of faulty samples, which would represent a
substantial economic waste if their detection were necessarily
deferred until after the completion of the manufacturing operation,
which involves the expensive step of applying operating electrodes
to the opposite faces of the disc.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the invention,
and the manner in which these objects and advantages are obtained,
will be apparent to those conversant with the art from the
following description and subjoined claims taken in conjunction
with the annexed drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a front view in elevation of a resonator disc with a
poling electrode in place;
FIG 2 is a side elevational view of the disc of FIG. 1, showing
both poling electrodes;
FIG. 3 is an equivalent circuit diagram of a resonator disc alone,
shown in solid line, with an added condenser shown in the broken
line circuit to represent the equivalent added capacitance which is
added to the resonator disc by the manufacturing procedure and
treatment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the frequency-spectrum relationship
between the natural inherent series resonance frequency of the
resonator disc and the natural inherent antiresonance frequency of
the untreated resonator disc, and shows how the antiresonance
frequency is shifted to the broken line position in the resonator
when the disc is treated and constructed according to this
invention;
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a circular disc of piezoelectric material,
and shows the central inner poled area of the region that is
polarized according to this invention, and the enlarged electroded
area which includes an additional annular space beyond the
polarized region, but not extending to the periphery of the ring,
at which periphery an uncovered annular border portion is left
uncovered to permit unimpeded edge vibration of the disc during
operation;
FIG. 6 is a front elevational view of a resonator disc of this
invention, as ultimately electroded, and mounted within its sealed
enclosing housing, with the front wall removed to show the
construction of the base and its support for the disc;
FIG. 7 is a vertical sectional view, taken along the line 7-7 of
FIG. 6, as a view from the side of the assembled structure of FIG.
6, cut open to show the disposition and structure of the inside of
the housing and the disposition of the disc;
and FIG. 8 is a downward view in section taken along the line 8-8
of FIG. 7 .
Generally speaking, the present invention describes a piezoelectric
resonator, as modified to increase its normal capacitance parameter
by polarizing a portion of the resonator within the area usually
covered by a working electrode. As a consequence, the effective
capacitance of the resonator plate is increased beyond the normal
value of that parameter for an untreated plate, and the
antiresonance frequency of the resonator plate due to its inherent
parameters is decreased, the coupling factor is thus diminished and
the bank width of the resonator during operation is diminished.
The manner in which the resonator of this invention is treated and
constructed to achieve the improvement may be more readily
understood upon referring to the drawings.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a piezoelectric resonator disc 12 is
disposed between two circular poling electrodes 14 and 16 coaxially
applied to the opposite faces of the disc 12. The two electrodes 14
and 16 are connected to two leads 18 and 20 for connection to an
external electric circuit, through which a high voltage is applied
to the electrodes to polarize the volume of the disc 12 between the
electrodes, and to establish two fixed poles of opposite polarity
on opposite faces of the disc. Those two fixed poles represent
bound charges which add an artificial increase to the capacitance
parameter of the disc.
In FIG. 3 the elements shown in solid line represent the equivalent
circuit diagram of the parameters of the conventional piezoelectric
disc shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, before polarizing treatment, and the
two terminals 22 and 24 to represent their electrical
equivalents.
In the series circuit between the two terminals 22 and 24 of the
diagram in FIG. 3, the inductor L represents the vibrational mass
of the resonator, C represents the compliance of the plate, and R
represents the motional loss of the plate. The parallel capacitor
C.sub.0 represents the natural intrinsic dielectric capacitance of
the resonator plate. The natural resonant frequency is controlled
by the motional resonance, at the value where the reactance of the
mass L is equal but opposite to the reactance of the series
capacitor C, and represents a series resonant condition. When the
frequency is greater than that resonant frequency, the inductive
reactance increases so that the series branch is inductive and then
at an appropriate resonance value will resonate with the parallel
capacitance C.sub.0, which then represents the parallel resonance
condition.
Thus far, that is all prior art and represents the usual prior art
operation of a resonator.
Referring now again to FIG. 3, if the dielectric capacitance of the
resonator is increased by the addition of capacitance represented
by C.sub.0.sub.-1, as indicated by the broken line circuit, to
establish additional capacitance in parallel to C.sub.0, the
natural dielectric capacitance of the plate, the parallel or
antiresonance frequency will be diminished to a value less than the
natural antiresonance frequency of the plate in which only the
normal dielectric value of capacitance C.sub.0 was available as an
operating parameter.
In FIG. 4, the solid-line graph shows the natural impedance
relationship relative to frequency over the short range between
natural resonant frequency and natural antiresonant frequency. The
broken line graph represents the modified shifted curve to shift
the antiresonant frequency toward resonant frequency, and thus
diminish the spacing between them that represents coupling.
FIG. 5 shows a disc 12 with the relative areas indicated for the
poling area 32 which is to be polarized, and the electrode area 34
which is to be ultimately covered by an electrode on each opposite
face of the disc 12 after the polarized condition has been
established in the area within the circle 32 on each face of the
disc. Thus, the area covered by the electrode 34 exceeds the area
that is polarized within the circle 32. An outer annular region 36
is left unpolarized and uncovered by the electrode and provides an
unimpeded region that is free to adjust itself in response to the
vibrations at resonance frequency.
FIG. 6 shows the fully electroded disc 12 with the electrodes 38,
one on each major surface of the disc 12.
The disc 12, when provided with the full electrodes 38 as in FIG.
6, is then mounted to be supported between two fingers 22 and 24 of
the stanchions 18 and 20 with the two fingers 22 and 24 engaging
the resonator disc coaxially by engagement with the two electrodes
38. A cap 45 is fitted over the base 47 to provide a complete
enclosure as a housing for the resonator. Two posts 52 and 54 are
shown as integrally formed on the base 47 and are separated to
define a space to accommodate the resonator plate 12, and they
serve also as support for the two upper fingers 22 and 24 which
engage and press against the two sides of the electroded disc 12 to
hold the disc in coaxially aligned position.
As shown in FIG. 8, the disc is supported by the two fingers 22 and
24 engaging the two electrodes 38 and 40 coaxially at the node
points of the disc 12 for substantially single point support
axially, with maximum freedom of vibration available to the disc
without any impediment from any of the other supporting
structures.
Thus, as disclosed herein, the invention includes the primary step
of poling or polarizing a central region of the disc, over an area
that is less than the full operating electrode area of the disc. A
feature of this preliminary polarizing operation at relatively high
voltage is the possibility of causing breakdown in poor dielectric
material or in any improper mixture of the piezoelectric material,
which permits detection of a faulty or defective piezoelectric disc
before it has been fully processed through all steps of
manufacture, and then found to be defective. Such preliminary
detection of a defective disc is a substantial factor in the
economy of the process of manufacture in accordance with the
present invention.
Moreover, this procedure of polarizing and poling a central region
of the disc after the material of the piezoelectric disc has been
fired, provides a new took for treating a fired disc after such
firing has ordinarily completed any control over the material while
it is being prepared and formed as a piezoelectric disc.
A further feature of the invention is that this step of poling or
polarizing a region of the material, by varying the ratio of the
poled area to the electrode area, permits the discs from one batch
of basic material to be variably treated to make a resonator
available for various applications where different frequencies are
desired, or where different coupling factors are desired.
Since the poling treatment can be applied independently of the
nature of the material which enters into the piezoelectric disc, it
will be obvious that various ratios between the poling area and the
electrode area may be utilized to control the operational
characteristics of the disc when finally formed. As indicated in
the foregoing description, a reduction in the coupling and
therefore the frequency range of operation, is related to the ratio
of the parallel resonant frequency to the series resonant
frequency.
It will also be realized that when a portion of the disc is poled,
and driven electrically, it must activate or vibrate the entire
mechanical structure. Therefore, the dimensions of the complete
resonator will determine the resonant frequency.
When the larger electrodes are applied for operation, an added
capacitance is placed across the natural inherent capacitor C.sub.0
in FIG. 3. With the increased capacitance, the parallel resonant
frequency is lowered. Consequently, for a given physical structure,
having a corresponding series resonant frequency, a decrease in the
parallel resonant frequency will result in the decrease of the
planar coupling factor. This added capacitance is determined by the
passive section of the resonator, that is, that portion of the
material contained between and covered by the final electrodes,
which is unpoled.
The treatment and construction of the disc, and the ratio between
poled and electroded areas, may be modified and varied without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as
particularly defined in the claims.
* * * * *