U.S. patent number 3,576,099 [Application Number 04/818,228] was granted by the patent office on 1971-04-27 for solid state timepiece having electro-optical time display.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Hamilton Watch Company. Invention is credited to Richard S. Walton.
United States Patent |
3,576,099 |
Walton |
April 27, 1971 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
SOLID STATE TIMEPIECE HAVING ELECTRO-OPTICAL TIME DISPLAY
Abstract
There is disclosed herein an electronic solid-state time piece
having an electro-optical display such as an integrated
semiconductor light emitting diode structure. The display is
provided by four or six digit forming display indicators giving a
digital readout of hours, minutes and, if desired, second. The
device includes electronic time signal generating circuitry,
display drive circuitry and display interrogation and scanning
means. A time setting mechanism is also provided.
Inventors: |
Walton; Richard S. (Lancaster,
PA) |
Assignee: |
Hamilton Watch Company
(Lancaster, PA)
|
Family
ID: |
25225010 |
Appl.
No.: |
04/818,228 |
Filed: |
April 22, 1969 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
368/83; 368/201;
968/916; 368/241; 968/450; 968/961 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G04G
5/043 (20130101); G04G 9/107 (20130101); G04C
3/005 (20130101); H01L 2924/0002 (20130101); H01L
2924/00 (20130101); H01L 2924/0002 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G04C
3/00 (20060101); G04G 5/00 (20060101); G04G
9/10 (20060101); G04G 9/00 (20060101); G04G
5/04 (20060101); G04b 019/30 () |
Field of
Search: |
;58/50,23 ;340/334 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Wilkinson; Richard B.
Assistant Examiner: Simmons; Edith C.
Claims
I claim:
1. A solid-state timekeeping device having sufficiently small power
consumption for use as a wristwatch comprising means for generating
periodic timekeeping signals, code generator means responsive to
said timekeeping signals to establish a multielement code having a
unique code word for each unit time interval in a period, a digital
display comprised of a plurality of multistate electro-optical
indicators responsive to said code words to provide a unique visual
display for each time interval in said time period, and a manually
operable interrogator switch coupled to said code generator means
whereby said digital display is energized by said code generator
means only upon operation of said switch.
2. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 1 wherein said digital
display includes indicators for minutes between zero and 59, and
for hours in a time period of at least 12 hours.
3. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 2 wherein said digital
display includes additional indicators for seconds between zero and
59.
4. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 1 wherein each
indicator in said digital display comprises a plurality of
individually actuatable electro-optical devices disposed in such a
configuration that actuation of selective ones of said devices in
response to said code words produces said unique visual
displays.
5. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 4 wherein each of said
display indicators comprises a 13-element array of electro-optical
devices.
6. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 4 wherein each of said
display indicators comprises a 7-element array of electro-optical
devices.
7. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 1 wherein said display
indicators are formed of a plurality of semiconductor elements
including a layer of P-type and a layer of N-type materials, said
elements being characterized by a light emission spectrum under
current excitation between about 4500 Angstroms and 6500 Angstroms
and a band gap energy between about 1.9 electron volts and about
2.75 electron volts.
8. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 7 wherein said
light-emitting semiconductor elements provide a surface brightness
of at least 30 foot Lamberts.
9. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 7 wherein said
semiconductor elements provide a surface brightness of about 38
foot Lamberts.
10. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 7 wherein the
semiconductor material for said P-N junction devices is selected
from the group consisting of gallium phosphide, silicon carbide,
gallium arsenide phosphide, and gallium phosphide-aluminum
arsenide.
11. A solid-state timekeeping device having sufficiently small
power consumption for use as a wristwatch comprising means for
generating periodic timekeeping signals, code generator means
responsive to said timekeeping signals to establish a multielement
code having a unique code word for each unit time interval in a
period, a digital display comprised of a plurality of multistate
electro-optical indicators responsive to said code words to provide
a unique visual display for each time interval in said time period,
and means coupled to said code generator means for periodically
interrupting the energization of said display from said code
generator means.
12. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 11 wherein said
interruption means comprises scanning means for interrupting the
energization of said display at a frequency of at least about 30
Hz.
13. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 11 wherein said
generating means includes means for generating a first signal
having a lower frequency and a second signal of higher frequency,
means coupling said first signal to said code generator means, and
means coupling said second higher frequency signal to said
interrupting means.
14. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 10 wherein the
frequencies of said first and second signals are binarily
related.
15. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 14 wherein said first
signal has a frequency of 1 Hz. and said second signal has a
frequency of at least 32 Hz.
16. A solid-state timekeeping device having sufficiently small
power consumption for use as a wristwatch comprising means for
generating periodic timekeeping signals including a primary timing
signal generator and a frequency divider, code generator means
coupled to the output of said divider and including at least hours
and minutes display drive channels, a digital display coupled to
said drive channels and comprised of a plurality of multistate
electro-optical indicators responsive to said drive channels to
provide a visual time display in the form of digital numbers to the
base 10, first switch means for coupling a signal from said divider
having a frequency of at least 2 Hz. to one of said drive channels
for coarse time setting, and second switch means coupling said
signal to another of said drive channels for fine time setting.
17. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 16 including third
switch means for disconnecting said code generator from the output
of said divider during fine time setting.
18. A solid-state timekeeping device having sufficiently small
power consumption for use as a wristwatch comprising a primary
timing signal generator, a frequency divider coupled to the output
of said generator, a code generator coupled to the output of said
divider and including at least hours and minutes display drive
channels, a digital display coupled to said drive channels and
comprised of a plurality of multistate electro-optical indicators
responsive to said drive channels to provide a visual time display
in the form of digital numbers to the base 10, a manually operable
interrogator switch coupled to said code generator whereby said
digital display is energized by said code generator only upon
operation of said switch, and interrupting means coupling said
divider to said code generator for periodically interrupting the
energization of said display from said code generator at a rate
determined by an interrupting signal from said divider.
19. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 18 wherein said signal
from said divider is at a frequency of at least 32 Hz.
20. A timekeeping device according to claim 18 wherein said display
includes a plurality of light-emitting diodes.
21. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 18 including means
coupling a setting signal from said divider to one of said drive
channels.
22. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 21 including a first
switch for coupling the output of said divider to said code
generator, a second switch for coupling said setting signal from
said divider to said code generator, and a third switch for
coupling said interrupting signal from said divider to said
interrupter.
23. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 22 wherein said
switches are ganged multiposition switches.
24. A timekeeping device as defined in claim 23 including means for
coupling said setting signal through said second switch to
different ones of said drive channels for both coarse and fine
setting, said first switch being in the open position during fine
setting.
Description
BACKGROUND AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION
The present invention relates to electronic timekeeping devices,
and more particularly to timepieces such as wristwatches and the
like having electro-optic displays which are readily perceivable
under variable light conditions, with realistically low power
consumption.
In spring driven timepieces, or currently available electric
watches various electromechanical energy converters are employed as
the time display. To enhance the visibility of the display under
low light conditions, watch or clock dials are commonly formed with
luminous numerals displayed against a nonluminous background, or
vice versa. Sometimes, watch and clock dial faces are provided with
auxiliary light sources to illuminate the dial for visibility under
low light conditions. It is also known to provide clocks utilizing
fluorescent materials adapted to be made visible upon irradiation
by ultraviolet rays.
In general, all of the foregoing arrangements have been employed
with varying degrees of success in timepieces having a mechanically
driven display. On the other hand, attempts to develop fully
electronic time keeping devices without mechanically driven
displays have resulted in significantly different problems, both
with regard to effectiveness of the display under variable lighting
conditions, and also in creating an optically efficient display
having low power consumption to permit practical use in
wristwatches.
In attempting to eliminate the electromechanical display, efforts
have naturally been directed toward utilization of electro-optic
devices providing an illuminated display. For such devices, the
problems have been essentially the reverse of those previously
encountered in that the electro-optic devices provide a display
much more readily visible under low light conditions than under
conditions of ordinary daylight. Providing a sufficiently bright
display for satisfactory daylight visibility without excessive
power consumption has been an extremely serious obstacle to the
development of an electro-optic watch display.
Excessive power consumption has manifested itself as a problem in
other areas of electronic watch development as well. For the most
part, integrated transistor circuitry has been recognized as the
only feasible approach to electronic time keeping for wristwatches
due to inherent space limitations. Nevertheless, attempts to devise
an all solid-state timekeeping device of high accuracy, small size,
and low power consumption, yet compatible with electro-optic time
displays has also proven to be a serious obstacle to the
development of a completely solid-state wristwatch.
Many of the aforementioned difficulties have been resolved by
employment of circuit techniques such as those disclosed in
applicant's copending U.S. Pat. application, Ser. No. 768,076,
filed Oct. 16, 1968, and commonly assigned herewith. The techniques
disclosed in the aforementioned copending application allow
construction of compact solid-state timekeeping circuitry with
adequately low power consumption levels for incorporation in an
electronic wristwatch.
In accordance with the present invention utilization of electronic
circuitry like that disclosed in applicant's aforementioned
copending application, together with an integrated electro-optic
display are incorporated in a timekeeping system capable of
providing an effectively visible display under daylight conditions
without excessive power consumption.
Briefly, the improved electronic timekeeping device of the present
invention comprises an integrated light emitting diode display, an
integrated circuit for generating a timekeeping signal, a display
drive unit, adapted to be manually interrogated, and a suitable
time setting mechanism. The electro-optic display may be provided
in one of several forms, with the preferred arrangement being a
13-element array for each of the time digits to be presented.
Alternatively, a seven bar segment array for each time digit may be
substituted.
The timekeeping signal generating unit comprises a primary timing
signal generator operating at a frequency which is high in relation
to the highest frequency required for time keeping, and a series of
frequency dividers responsive to the primary timing signal to
generate the low frequency timing signal to generate the low
frequency timing signal actually required for operating the
display. The display drive unit includes suitable counting and
other digital logic and memory circuitry which operates in response
to the low frequency output of the frequency divider to actuate the
time display indicators in the proper manner to present an accurate
time display.
In order to assure minimum power consumption, the display drive
unit includes an interrogation and scanning mechanism to eliminate
power consumption when the time display is not actually being
consulted. When the user wishes to determine the time, an actuator
is manually operated and power is provided to the display
indicators. For additional power conservation, the display is
periodically interrupted, but at a sufficiently rapid rate to
exceed the time of persistance of human vision thereby providing
the view with an illusion of a continuous display.
The time setting function is accomplished by selectively adjusting
the memory states of the display drive unit to produce gross
variations in the indicated time.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a
fully electronic timekeeping device suitable for wristwatch
use.
A further object of this invention is to provide an electronic
wristwatch having a completely nonmechanical time display.
It is yet a further object of this invention to provide a
wristwatch with an electro-optical time display and with
solid-state integrated circuitry to provide timekeeping signals and
display actuation.
It is yet a further object of this invention to provide a
completely nonmechanical wristwatch with an illuminated digital
time display in the form of a plurality of integrated arrays of
light emitting diode elements selectively actuated to present an
illuminated time display.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a wristwatch
having an electro-optical time display including a plurality of
selectively illuminated elements and circuitry for periodically
interrupting the illumination of the display at a rate sufficiently
rapid to present an illusion of a continuous display.
It is another object of the invention to provide a timekeeping
device having such an interrupted electro-optical timekeeping
display which is normally inactivated to reduce the power
consumption of the display.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an electronic
timekeeping device providing a nonmechanical digital timekeeping
display in the form of a plurality of integrated arrays of
solid-state light-emitting diode elements selectively activated by
an electronic translating circuit responsive to periodic
timekeeping pulses and having means for periodically interrupting
the illuminated display at a rate sufficiently rapid to provide the
illusion of a continuous display together with means for
maintaining the display in normally inactive condition and subject
to interrogation on demand to provide the time display readout and
having semiautomatic means for resetting the time display to
maintain accurate timekeeping.
The exact nature or this invention, as well as other objects and
advantages thereof will be apparent from consideration of the
following detailed description in conjunction with the drawing in
which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electronic timekeeping device
having a digital time display and constructed in accordance with
the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of the display face
illustrating the preferred 13-element digital display devices;
FIGS. 3a--3f are enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional views showing
the construction of the integrated light-emitting diode dot matrix
of FIG. 2, taken generally along line 3-3 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the construction and operation of
the timing signal generating unit, the display interrogation and
scanning unit, the display drive unit and the time setting
mechanism;
FIG. 5 is a representation of a combined setting control and
display interrogating mechanism; and
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view showing a digital display indicator in
the form of a 7- bar-segment array.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
With reference now to the drawings, particularly to FIG. 1, there
is illustrated a wristwatch generally indicated at 10, having a
watchband 12, and a time display face, generally indicated at 14.
Wristwatch 10 includes a casing 16 for housing the time display
unit, and an electronic system including a time signal generating
unit circuitry for translating the time signal into numerical form
for the electro-optical display, a setting mechanism, and display
interrogation and scanning means described in more detail
hereinafter. A slide actuator 18 is mounted in a slot 20 in the
side of casing 16 to actuate the setting mechanism also as
hereinafter described.
In the embodiment shown, four digital display indicators 22, 24, 26
and 28 are provided for presenting the time display in digital
form. Face 14 inclines upwardly at an angle from housing 16 to be
readily viewable by the wearer of the watch when the wearer's arm
is naturally raised to bring the watch into view.
Digital display indicators 22 through 28 are preferably formed of a
plurality of display elements selectively actuable to provide a
readily visible time display. In the preferred arrangement, the
indicators each comprise an array of 13 properly arranged
semiconductor light-emitting diodes. As illustrated, the four
display indicators are arranged across face 14, to present a
4-digit display of hours and minutes, but it should be understood
that a six unit display including two seconds digits may be
provided.
The nature and construction of the light-emitting diode arrays will
be described more fully hereinafter in connection with FIGS.
3a--3f. However, as illustrated in FIG. 2, each array is formed of
three columns of diodes 30, 32, and 34. Left and right columns 30
and 34 each comprise five diodes, while center column 32 comprises
three diodes.
Each diode is provided with a separate path for electrical
actuation. The thirteen individual leads 36 are connected
respectively to one of the diode elements, e.g. on the reverse side
as indicated in FIG. 2. A common return path 38 connects all the
diodes, and terminates as shown in a single return path 40. By
selectively actuating various combinations of diodes over leads 36
and 40, all of the digits between zero and 9 may readily be
synthesized. Thus, to represent the numeral zero, all of the diodes
would be illuminated except that at the center, i.e., the middle
element of column 32. Likewise, to display the numeral 1, all of
the elements in either of columns 30 or 34 would be illuminated.
Other numerals would be represented in a similar fashion.
It should be pointed out that light-emitting solid-state diodes,
and even 13-element display indicators as described above are known
for alphanumeric display purposes and it should therefore be
understood that the use per se of such an arrangement does not
constitute part of this invention. However, employment of an
integrated solid-state matrix of light-emitting diodes having
certain carefully selected properties as hereinafter detailed, in
conjunction with the electronic system disclosed herein has been
found to be quite important to successful practice of the
invention.
As mentioned above, display indicator 22 comprises a 13-element
array coupled to suitable logic and memory circuits to display
minutes in units from zero to 9. The adjacent indicator 24 is
arranged to display tens of minutes from zero through 5. By
selective actuation of indicators 22 and 24, the full range of
minutes from zero to 59 may be displayed.
Correspondingly, display indicator 26 is arranged to display hours
in selected units from zero to 9, while indicator 28 is arranged to
display selected tens of hours in units from zero through 2,
whereby the hours from 1 through 24 may be displayed.
It should be appreciated, however, that it may be preferable to
provide only a 12 hour time cycle. In that event, indicator 28 need
not comprise an entire 13-element array. Rather, it may be formed
of a column of five diode elements such as column 30 or 34 (in FIG.
2). In that case, all of the elements are illuminated to display
the hours 10, 11, and 12, but are otherwise not illuminated.
Accordingly, for the hours 1 through 9, only a three-digit display
is necessary.
FIGS. 3a--3f shown the construction of one of the 13-element
display indicators such as indicator 22. As previously mentioned,
each of the indicators comprises an integrated array of 13-light
emitting semiconductor diodes. As illustrated in FIG. 3a,
individual diode elements denoted at 42a, 42 b and 42c are
supported in a matrix 44 of transparent insulating material such as
glass or plastic having suitable dielectric properties. Each of the
diodes 42a--42c is formed of a substrate layer 46 of semiconductor
material having substantially intrinsic properties, and two layers
48 and 50 of P-type and N-type semiconductor material respectively
which actually form the diode. Electrical connections for leads 36
and 38 to each diode are made to substrate layers 46 and P-type
layers 50 at 51a and 51b, respectively. The actual conductors are
omitted from FIG. 3a in the interest of clarity, but it should be
appreciated that the required connections may be made in any
suitable fashion. For example, thin conductive leads are evaporated
onto the P-type layer 50 to provide the desired common return path
38. Similarly, individual conductors 38 are evaporated on the
reverse side of the indicator in an appropriate pattern to lie on
the dielectric matrix 44 with contact only to one of the substrate
areas 46 for each lead.
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, several
techniques are available for manufacturing the above-described
integrated display indicators. The manufacturing technique per se
does not constitute a part of this invention, and therefore only a
brief description is presented in the interest of brevity. With
reference therefore to FIG. 3b, the manufacturing process begins
with a composite diode element in the form of a monolithic
substrate 46a having epitaxially deposited N-type and P-type layers
48a and 50a. The composite structure constitutes a single diode
approximately equal in size to the ultimately manufactured
13-element array.
Individualizing the diode elements is accomplished as shown in FIG.
3c by transforming the epitaxially deposited N-type and P-type
layers into an array of 13 mesas or lands in the required
configuration e.g., by use of a commercially available ultrasonic
cutting tool. As illustrated in FIG. 3c, substrate 46a is partially
cut away leaving upwardly extending substrate bodies 46 of
approximately the same thickness as the N-type and P-type layers 48
and 50.
After cutting, a thin layer 52 of Silicon Dioxide is applied to the
array as a passivation layer, and the transparent supporting matrix
44 is provided. (See FIG. 3d) This may be done in several ways. For
example, a glass blank may be heated, and the partially processed
display indicator pressed into the glass so that the latter fully
occupies the interelement spacing resulting from the cutting
operation. Alternatively, suitable transparent polymer material
having appropriate dielectric properties may be used to encapsulate
the partially processed structure.
At this point, the partially finished array is ready for the final
processing steps and attachment of electrical contacts. As shown in
FIG. 3e, a series of small openings 54 are formed in the surface of
supporting matrix 44 directly above each of the diode elements.
Then, the remaining portion of the monolithic substrate 46a is
removed, e.g., by lapping to the lower surface of the matrix 44.
This provides a flat surface with substrate bodies 46 only in the
areas of the 13-diode elements. Then, the electrical connectors are
attached, as previously noted. The openings 54 may then be filled
if desired to produce the integrated display indicator array shown
in FIG. 3a.
An alternative finishing technique is illustrated in FIG. 3f. Here,
instead of providing openings 54 in matrix 44, the latter is lapped
down to expose the tops of P-type layers 50, and the thin
conductive path 38 applied as before. Then, a unitary lens array 55
of epoxy or the like, is formed, e.g., by molding on the upper
surface of matrix 44. Lens array 55 includes 13 raised lens
elements 56 axially aligned with the diode elements to concentrate
the light output for more efficient operation.
The lower surface of the array may be finished as before.
Alternatively, it may be coated with a phosphorescent layer 58 as
illustrated in FIG. 3f to permit s shorter duty cycle during
scanning as later explained.
While the foregoing represent suitable techniques for manufacturing
the diode indicator arrays, it should be understood that other
techniques may also be employed. In addition, it might be noted
that the above description pertains to manufacture of a single
indicator. However, an integrated structure of the four or six
required indicators constituting the entire time display for the
watch could also be provided.
As pointed out above, light-emitting diodes are well know. However,
it has been found that most such diodes are totally unsuitable for
use in a display indicator for an electronic wristwatch. It is also
found that the nature of the semiconductor materials employed, the
doping, etc. are the primary factors in determining
suitability.
More specifically, satisfactory operation requires utilization of
semiconductor materials and constructions yielding a satisfactory
brightness level at an appropriate wavelength and with reasonable
power consumption. Thus, it has been found that the semiconductor
material employed should be such that the emission spectrum of the
diode is centered at a wavelength between about 4500 Angstroms and
about 6500 Angstroms and preferably centered between 5000 Angstroms
and about 6300 Angstroms. Such materials would exhibit band gap
energies varying between 1.9 and 2.75 electron volts, and
preferably varying between 2.0 and about 2.5 electron volts.
Satisfactory operation under varying lighting conditions requires
not only attention to the primary emitted wavelength, but also to
the brightness level at a realistic level of current excitation. As
will be appreciated, a brightness level sufficient for satisfactory
perception under relatively dark conditions may be insufficient for
visibility in full daylight. Accordingly, it has been found that
the diode elements should produce a brightness level on the order
of at least about 30 foot Lamberts for a current flow of between
about 1 ma. and 5 ma. at about 1.5 volts to about 2.5 volts. Diode
elements exhibiting a lower brightness may be employed depending
upon the primary wavelength of emission as long as satisfactory
visual stimulation is achieved.
To meet the foregoing requirements, it has been found that several
different semiconductor materials may be utilized. These include
gallium phosphide which produces a green emission in the vicinity
of 5500 Angstroms. Silicon carbide, which is capable of producing
emissions varying in wavelength between about 4100 and about 5600
Angstroms may also be employed. Further, certain semiconductor
alloys, particularly gallium phosphide-aluminum arsenide or gallium
arsenide-phosphide can be employed. This latter, for example, may
be employed to produce light-emitting diodes having a peak emission
at about 6300 Angstroms with good radiation efficiency. The
required P-N junction can be formed by depositing the semiconductor
alloy on an appropriate substrate such as gallium arsenide. The
junction is formed by diffusion of a suitable acceptor material
such as zinc. The 13-element display indicator as described herein
may be formed in the manner described in connection with FIGS. 3a
through 3f above.
With reference now to FIGS. 4 and 5, there is shown an electronic
timekeeping system employing the 13-element integrated display
indicator previously described.
As illustrated in FIG. 4, the timekeeping system includes a time
signal unit 60 including a primary timing signal generator 62 and a
frequency divider 64. A display drive unit generally noted 66
includes six separate drive channels 68a through 68f, each
including a digital counter 70a through 70f and a decoding or
translating unit 72a through 72f functioning in the manner
hereinafter described. Each of display drive channels 68a through
68f is coupled to an individual time display indicator 74a through
74f, preferably of the type described in connection with FIGS. 2
and 3a through 3f above.
Associated with display drive unit 66 is a time setting-display
interrogation switch 76 and a scanner control unit 78. Switch 76 is
a three stage five position switch described in detail hereinafter.
A first stage 80 provides an interconnection between frequency
divider 64 and counters 70c and d to reset the time display. A
second stage 82 provides an interconnection between frequency
divider 64 and counter 70a and serves as the input for the
timekeeping drive signal. Switch stage 84 provides an
interconnection between frequency divider 64 and the scanner
control unit 78 to periodically interrupt the display during
interrogation whereby substantial saving in power consumption may
be effected.
Time signal unit 60 serves to generate the display drive signal,
the time setting signal, and the interruption control signal for
scanner control unit 78. To permit display of time to the nearest
second, a timekeeping signal at a frequency of 1 Hz. is needed.
This is provided by frequency divider 64 over lead 86. For time
display setting, it is found that a faster drive rate may be
employed, e.g. 2 Hz. This is provided by frequency divider 64 over
lead 114.
As noted the display is scanned or interrupted at a rapid rate
during viewing, to conserve power. However, if the interruptions
are frequent enough, and the duty cycle or "on time" is sufficient,
an illusion of continuous display can be produced. For this
purpose, an interruption rate of at least 30 Hz. is preferred in a
binary counting chainlike frequency divider 64, a signal at 32 Hz.
(2.sup.6) is available, and is provided on lead 116. The signals on
leads 86, 114, and 116 are provided through switch 76 for the
various purposes as herein described.
Because several frequencies are needed, it will be appreciated that
the two stage arrangement shown including primary timing signal
generator 62 and frequency divider 64 should be employed. In
addition, it is found that the frequency of generator 62 should be
substantially in excess of the frequencies needed for operating the
display. This is because it has been found that production of a low
frequency timing signal generator having a sufficient level of
accuracy, and meeting the necessary size and power consumption
requirements is quite difficult. In contrast, employment of a high
frequency ultrastable multivibrator, for example, such as that
shown and described in applicant's aforementioned U.S. Pat.
application, Ser. No. 768,076 or in copending U.S. Pat.
application, Ser. No. 802,571 filed Feb. 26, 1969 in the name of C.
H. Rahell and commonly assigned herewith, produces excellent
results.
Frequency divider 64 may be of any suitable and desired circuit
configuration, but preferably employs circuitry of the type
disclosed in applicant's aforementioned patent application, Ser.
No. 768,076. In a preferred embodiment, primary timing signal
generator 62 is a free running multivibrator pulse generator
operating at a frequency of 524,288 (2.sup.19 Hz., while frequency
divider 64 comprises 19 stages of complementary MOS integrated
circuit frequency dividers. This provides the output signal on lead
86 at the required 1 Hz. frequency.
When connected to frequency divider 64 through switch stage 82,
display drive channels 68a through 68f respond to the 1 Hz. timing
signal to provide an accurate second, minutes and hours display on
time indicator units 74a through 74f. From comparison of FIGS. 1
and 4, it will be noted that the timekeeping device of FIG. 4 makes
provisions for a seconds display while that of FIG. 1 does not.
However, it will be appreciated that the seconds time display
provided by indicators 74a and 74b may be added to the wristwatch
of FIG. 1 (or removed from that of FIG. 4) without any significant
departure from the techniques described herein.
Referring still to FIG. 4, the 1 Hz. drive signal is connected
through stage 82 of switch 76 and through lead 88 to the input of
counter stage 70a which operates as a scale of 10 divider (i.e.,
mod 10). The output of counter stage 70a is connected to the input
of counter stage 70b which operates mod 6. Accordingly, counters
70a and 70b together operate mod 60, whereby the 1 Hz. input signal
on lead 88 is divided down to produce an output signal from stage
70b on lead 90 at a frequency of 1 pulse per minute.
The latter signal is connected through a third counter stage 70c
operating mod 10, and a fourth stage 70d operating mod 6 to produce
a second mod 60 divider having an output signal on lead 92 at the
rate of 1 pulse per hour. This signal in turn is connected to a
fifth counter stage 70e operating mod 10, and sixth stage 70f
operating mod 2 to control the hour portion of the time
display.
Appropriate output connections are made from the internal stages of
counters 70a through 70f to produce a unique binary code output
assemblage for each second of the 12 or 24 hour timing period. For
example, the output code may be in the form of binary coded decimal
in an 8-4-2-1 code, or in any other appropriate code. These 12 in
turn are transformed by decoders 72a through 72f including
appropriate logic circuitry into a multielement output code for
actuation of the display indicators 74a through 74f. In the case of
the 13-element display indicators described in connection with
FIGS. 2 and 3a through 3f, decoder units 72a through 72f each
provide a 13-element output code to the respective display
indicators. However, the details of the logic circuitry
incorporated in counters 70a through 70f and the coders 72a through
72a do not constitute a portion of this invention per se, and
therefore are omitted in the interest of brevity.
In FIG. 5, there is shown a specific representation of the time
setting-display interrogation switch 76 shown in FIG. 4. Switch 76
comprises an elongated composite slide member formed of three
electrically conducting portions 94, 96 and 98 with insulating
spacers 100 and 102 separating conductive portions 94 and 96 and 96
and 98 respectively. Contact projections 104, 106 and 108 extend
from conductive portions 94, 96 and 98 respectively to engage with
various ones of a plurality of fixed contact members generally
denoted 109. A nonconductive actuator portion 18 extends from the
end of conductive portion 94 out through the housing 16 as
illustrated in FIG. 1. A compression spring 110 is secured in
electrical isolation to conductive portion 98 to maintain slide
switch 76 normally in the position shown. This corresponds to the
normal operating position as hereinafter explained. Also, spring
110 allows switch 76 to be moved to the right as illustrated in
FIG. 5 against the compressive spring force, and to return to the
normal position when the switch is released. This corresponds to
the interrogate position for the time display. In contrast, a
detent mechanism 112 cooperates with actuator 18 when switch 76 is
moved to the left making such motion relatively difficult in
comparison to movement to the right. These positions are used for
the timesetting functions or to stop the watch completely.
As illustrated, the electrical input for switch stage 82 is
provided by lead 86 from the 1 Hz. output of frequency divider 64
through switch conductive portion 96. A suitable sliding contact
mechanism provides the electrical connection. Switch stages 80 and
84 are energized by signals over leads 114 and 116 respectively
from outputs of frequency dividers 64 at frequencies of 2 Hz. and
32 Hz. Again, suitable sliding contact mechanisms provide the
electrical interconnection.
The first five fixed contact members 109 (from the left) are
associated with switch stage 80, the second five fixed contacts are
associated with switch stage 82, and the last five fixed contacts
are associated with switch stage 84. As illustrated, for stage 80,
the rightmost position, the normal position, and the leftmost
position are electrically unconnected while the second position
from the left, and the center position are connected by leads 118
and 120 to the input of divider stages 70c and 70d respectively.
For switch stage 82, the two left-hand positions are electrically
unconnected, while the three right-hand positions are connected in
common by lead 88 to the input of divider stage 70a. In switch
stage 84, the leftmost position and the normal position are
unconnected, while the center position, the rightmost position and
the second position from the left are electrically connected in
common to an input of scanner control unit 78 by a lead 122.
Referring back to FIG. 4, scanner control unit 78 is an electronic
logic circuit whose purpose is to actuate decoders 72a through 72f
in synchronism with the input drive signal on lead 122. The
circuitry itself may be of any suitable form, for example, it may
be a six input "inhibit" circuit which completes the power supply
path for decoders 72a through 72f over signal leads 124a through
124f respectively. When switch stage 84 is in the rightmost center
and second from left positions as shown in FIG. 5, the 32 Hz output
of frequency divider 64 is connected over lead to periodically
actuate scanner control unit 78. This periodically actuates
decoders 72a through 72f which in turn periodically actuate time
display indicators 74a through 74f with a changing pattern of drive
signals to effect the desired time display. In other words, the
input code provided by dividers 70a through 70f periodically is
converted into the desired actuating code for the display
indicators to produce the required time display, but only when
switch 76 is actuated to the interrogate position or during setting
as later explained.
As will be appreciated, the persistence of human vision may be
utilized to substantial advantage here since a relatively slow
scanning rate may be employed with good perception while effecting
a drastic reduction in power consumption. For example, an
interrogation rate of 25 times per day for a period of about 5
seconds each may be assumed. In that case, with the 13-element
display drawing about 1 ma. per diode for a brightness of 38 foot
Lamberts a scanning rate of 32 times per second with an "on time"
of approximately 4 milliseconds may be employed. This would produce
an approximate power consumption of 25 ma. hours per year. In
contrast, a continuously operating display using the same elements
but without interrogation and scanning would result in a power
consumption on the order of 50 ampere-hours per year. Since
marketability and consumer acceptance of battery operated
timepieces appear to require a battery replacement rate not
exceeding approximately 1 per year, it should be appreciated that
the power consumption reduction affected by the interrogation and
scanning is a substantial factor in achieving success in accordance
with this invention.
The operation of time interrogation and setting switch 76 may be
described as follows. As illustrated, in FIGS. 4 and 5, the normal
operating position for switch 76 is with the moving contact
projections 104, 106 and 108 on the second fixed contacts, i.e.,
the second position from the right as illustrated in FIG. 5. In
this position, counters 70a through 70f continue to operate
responsive to the 1 Hz. signals from frequency divider 64 on lead
88. In this way, accurate time continues to be kept even when the
display is inactive.
Interrogation is achieved by moving switch actuator 18 to the right
to engage the contact projections 104 through 108 on slide members
94 through 98 respectively, with the rightmost fixed contacts 109.
Movement to the right is resisted by compression spring 110 which
normally biases the switch in the position illustrated, When switch
76 has been moved to the rightmost position, it may be seen that an
electrical connection exists between lead 116 from the 32 Hz.
output of frequency divider 64 through lead 122 to scanner control
unit 78. This actuates decoders 68a through 68f as previously
described thereby allowing the time display to be operated. In
order to determine the time, the wearer simply moves the actuator
lever 18 to the right. This causes time to be displayed on display
indicators 74a through 74f for the duration of the time that the
actuator is maintained depressed. The display is interrupted as
previously explained, but the illusion of a constant display is
produced by the persistence of human vision. When actuator 18 is
released, spring 110 causes slide switch 76 to return to its normal
position whereby the timekeeping function produced by divider 70a
through 70f continues but the display is disabled.
Various time setting functions are achieved by moving actuator
lever 18 to the three positions to the left of normal in FIG. 5.
Detent 112 serves to make movement of actuator to the left somewhat
difficult, thereby avoiding inadvertent operation of the setting
mechanism, e.g., when time interrogation is intended. The first
position to the left of normal for switch 76 provides a coarse time
adjustment. Here, an electrical connection exists through switch
stage 84 from the 32 Hz. output of frequency divider 64 to scanner
control unit 78, from the 1 Hz. output of frequency divider 64 to
divider 70a, and from the 2 Hz. output of frequency divider 64 to
the input of divider 70d. Hence, the watch continues to run (via
stage 82) the display is actuated (via stage 84) and the time
represented by divider 70d, vis, the tens portions of the minutes
display is changed at the rate of 2 counts per second. In this way,
the minutes display may be advanced 20 minutes per second and
correspondingly, the hour display may be advanced 1 hour in 3
seconds. This effects a coarse time correction as mentioned, or may
be used to advance the watch rapidly during time zone changes.
Movement of slide switch 76 to the second position left of normal
provides a fine adjustment of the time display by advancing the
unit digit of the minutes display. In this position, an electrical
circuit exists through switch stage 80 from the 2 Hz. output of
frequency divider 64 over lead 114, and lead 118 to divider stage
70c. Also, an electrical path exists between the 32 Hz. output of
divider stage 64 through switch stage 84 over lead 116, and lead
122 to scanner control unit 78. This is necessary so the user can
observe the time change being effected. However, the watch itself
preferably does not run at this time to facilitate accurate
setting. Therefore, no electrical connection exists through switch
stage 82 from the 1 Hz output of frequency divider 64 to divider
stage 70a in this mode of operation.
Under these circumstances, the count of frequency divider stage 70c
is changed at the rate of 2 counts per second whereby the time
display may be changed a total of 9 minutes in 41/2 seconds and a
total of 1 hour in 30 seconds. This alone, or in combination with
the coarse adjustment provided in the previously described
operating mode, allows rapid and convenient time setting.
Finally, the leftmost position for switch 76 provides no electrical
connections between frequency divider 64 and display drive unit 66.
Under these conditions, the wristwatch is effectively stopped. This
allows the timepiece to be preset and then held in readiness prior
to actuation at a precise instant, or permits the watch to be
maintained completely inactive if desired for power conservation.
(In the latter case, it may also be desirable to provide an
additional switch contact or other means for disabling primary
timing signal generators 62 and frequency divider 64 whereby a
complete shutdown of the timepiece is achieved).
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that there has been
provided a totally electronic wristwatch having no mechanical parts
except the interrogation and setting actuator switch. At the same
time, various problems encountered in past efforts to design such a
wristwatch are overcome by the employment of an electro-optical
display of small size and good visibility without excessive power
consumption. However, several alternatives to the above-described
construction are also possible.
Thus, in addition to variations in the design of the logic circuit
elements as previously suggested, in the primary timing signal
frequency, and in the corresponding number of stages of frequency
divider 64, other display indicator configurations may also be
employed. One such configuration is illustrated in FIG. 6 in the
form of a seven bar segment indicator comprised of seven relatively
elongated light-emitting diode elements formed as an integrated
unit in the manner described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3a
through 3f. In such an arrangement, the diode elements themselves
are substantially larger than in the 13-element display indicator,
with a correspondingly greater total illumination. On the other
hand, an increase in power consumption by a factor of approximately
5 is encountered whereby it will be appreciated that a trade off
between low power consumption and increased visibility may be
necessary.
A further alternative would be to provide a suitable phosphorus
screen in association with the light-emitting diode display
indicators. This 5 be applicable either to the configuration of
FIG. 2, as noted above, or the configuration of FIG. 6. This could
permit a somewhat shorter "on time" for the interrogated display
without substantial reduction in the level of visual
perception.
As a further alternative, electro-optical display elements of the
type disclosed in copending application, Ser. No. 794,551, filed
Jan. 28, 1969, in the name of John M. Bergey, and commonly assigned
herewith, or miniature incandescent lamps arranged in seven or
13-element arrays may be substituted for the light-emitting diodes
herein disclosed. Other modifications within the scope of this
invention will likewise occur to those skilled in the art in light
of the foregoing description.
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