U.S. patent application number 13/163404 was filed with the patent office on 2011-10-13 for methods of forming strained semiconductor channels.
Invention is credited to Arup Bhattacharyya, Paul A. Farrar, Leonard Forbes.
Application Number | 20110248353 13/163404 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39100585 |
Filed Date | 2011-10-13 |
United States Patent
Application |
20110248353 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Bhattacharyya; Arup ; et
al. |
October 13, 2011 |
METHODS OF FORMING STRAINED SEMICONDUCTOR CHANNELS
Abstract
In various method embodiments, a device region in a
semiconductor substrate and isolation regions adjacent to the
device region are defined. The device region has a channel region
and the isolation regions have strain-inducing regions laterally
adjacent to the channel regions. The channel region is strained
with a desired strain for carrier mobility enhancement, where at
least one ion type is implanted with an energy resulting in a peak
implant in the strain-inducing regions of the isolation regions.
Other aspects and embodiments are provided herein.
Inventors: |
Bhattacharyya; Arup; (Essex
Junction, VT) ; Forbes; Leonard; (Corvallis, OR)
; Farrar; Paul A.; (Bluffton, SC) |
Family ID: |
39100585 |
Appl. No.: |
13/163404 |
Filed: |
June 17, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11506986 |
Aug 18, 2006 |
7968960 |
|
|
13163404 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
257/369 ;
257/368; 257/E27.062 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 29/7849 20130101;
H01L 29/66568 20130101; H01L 29/0653 20130101; H01L 29/7846
20130101; H01L 29/7833 20130101; H01L 21/76232 20130101; H01L
29/7843 20130101; H01L 29/7842 20130101; H01L 21/26506 20130101;
H01L 21/7621 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
257/369 ;
257/368; 257/E27.062 |
International
Class: |
H01L 27/092 20060101
H01L027/092 |
Claims
1. A semiconductor structure, comprising: a device region and
isolation regions adjacent to the device region; the device region
including a first source/drain region, a second source/drain
region, and a channel region between the first source/drain region
and the second source drain region; the isolation regions having
strain-inducing regions laterally adjacent to the channel region
and having a depth generally corresponding to a depth of the
channel region; and the channel region including a strain induced
by the strain-inducing regions in the isolation regions.
2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the strain-inducing regions
include implanted helium ions.
3. The structure of claim 1, wherein the strain-inducing regions
include nanocavities.
4. The structure of claim 3, wherein the strain-inducing regions
include an oxide.
5. The structure of claim 4, wherein the oxide includes silicon
dioxide.
6. The structure of claim 4, wherein the strain-inducing regions
include an oxide formed using implanted oxygen ions.
7. The structure of claim 1, wherein the strain-inducing regions
includes implanted argon ions.
8. The structure of claim 1, wherein the strain-inducing regions
includes implanted hydrogen ions.
9. The structure of claim 1, wherein the strain-inducing regions
includes implanted argon ions and implanted hydrogen ions.
10. The structure of claim 1, wherein the channel region includes a
tensile strain.
11. The structure of claim 10, wherein the tensile strain is within
a range of approximately 0.75% to approximately 1.5%.
12. The structure of claim 1, wherein the channel region includes a
compressive strain.
13. The structure of claim 12, wherein the compressive strain is
within a range of approximately 0.2% to approximately 1.0%.
14. The structure of claim 1, wherein the strain is a predominantly
uniaxial strain.
15. The structure of claim 1, wherein the strain is a predominantly
biaxial strain.
16. The structure of claim 1, further comprising an epitaxial
semiconductor layer on the device region and the isolation
region.
17. A semiconductor structure, comprising: a p-channel device,
including a p-channel device region and p-channel isolation regions
on opposing sides of the p-channel device region, the p-channel
device region including first and second source/drain regions and a
p-channel region between the first and second source drain regions,
the p-channel isolation regions having strain-inducing regions
laterally adjacent to the p-channel region and having a depth
generally corresponding to a depth of the p-channel region, and the
p-channel region including a compressive strain induced by the
strain-inducing regions in the p-channel isolation regions; and an
n-channel device, including an n-channel device region and
n-channel isolation regions on opposing sides of the n-channel
device region, the n-channel device region including first and
second source/drain regions and a n-channel region between the
first and second source drain regions, the n-channel isolation
regions having strain-inducing regions laterally adjacent to the
n-channel region and having a depth generally corresponding to a
depth of the n-channel region, and the n-channel region including a
tensile strain induced by the strain-inducing regions in the
n-channel isolation regions.
18. The structure of claim 17, wherein the strain-inducing regions
of the n-channel isolation regions and the p-channel isolation
regions include implanted helium ions.
19. The structure of claim 18, wherein the strain-inducing regions
of the p-channel isolation regions include an oxide formed using
implanted oxygen ions.
20. The structure of claim 18, wherein the strain-inducing regions
of the n-channel isolation regions include implanted argon
ions.
21. The structure of claim 20, wherein the strain-inducing regions
of the n-channel isolation regions include implanted hydrogen
ions.
22. The structure of claim 17, further comprising an epitaxial
silicon layer on the p-channel isolation regions and the n-channel
isolation regions.
23. The structure of claim 22, wherein the strain-inducing regions
of the p-channel isolation regions include implanted helium
ions.
24. The structure of claim 22, wherein the strain-inducing regions
of the n-channel isolation regions include implanted argon
ions.
25. The structure of claim 22, wherein the strain-inducing regions
of the n-channel isolation regions include implanted hydrogen
ions.
26. A semiconductor structure, comprising: a device region; a first
isolation trench on a first side of the device region and a second
isolation trench on a second side of the device region, and
isolation regions adjacent to the device region; the device region
including a first source/drain region, a second source/drain
region, and a channel region between the first source/drain region
and the second source drain region; each of the first and second
isolation trenches having a strain-inducing region laterally
adjacent to the channel region, the strain-inducing regions having
a depth generally corresponding to a depth of the channel region,
the isolation trenches having a stepped cross-sectional profile,
wherein a step in the profile of the isolation trenches corresponds
to a bottom of the strain-inducing region; and the channel region
including a strain induced by the strain-inducing regions in the
isolation regions.
27. The structure of claim 26, wherein the step in the profile
reflects expanded strain-inducing regions that induce a compressive
strain in the channel region.
28. The structure of claim 27, wherein the compressive strain
includes a strain within a range of approximately 0.2% to
approximately 1.0%.
29. The structure of claim 26, wherein the step in the profile
reflects contracted strain-inducing regions that induce a tensile
strain in the channel region.
30. The structure of claim 29, wherein the tensile strain includes
a strain greater than approximately 0.5%.
31. The structure of claim 29, wherein the tensile strain includes
a strain within a range of approximately 0.75% to approximately
1.5%.
Description
PRIORITY APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser.
No. 11/506,986, filed Aug. 18, 2006, which is incorporated herein
by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This disclosure relates generally to semiconductor devices,
and more particularly, to strained semiconductor, devices and
systems, and methods of forming the strained semiconductor, devices
and systems.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The semiconductor industry continues to strive for
improvements in the speed and performance of semiconductor devices.
Strained silicon technology has been shown to enhance carrier
mobility in both n-channel and p-channel devices, and thus has been
of interest to the semiconductor industry as a means to improve
device speed and performance. Currently, strained silicon layers
are used to increase electron mobility in n-channel CMOS
transistors. There has been research and development activity to
increase the hole mobility of p-channel CMOS transistors using
strained silicon germanium layers on silicon.
[0004] One approach involves a silicon germanium layer on a silicon
substrate, and a silicon capping layer on the silicon germanium
layer. Both the silicon germanium and the silicon capping layers
are strained if they are thin. The crystalline silicon layer is
strained by a lattice mismatch between the silicon germanium layer
and the crystalline silicon layer. The silicon germanium layer may
be graded to a relaxed or unstrained layer to create more stress in
the silicon cap layer. Strained silicon layers have been fabricated
on thicker relaxed silicon germanium layers to improve the mobility
of electrons in NMOS transistors. Structures with strained silicon
on silicon germanium on insulators have been described as well as
structures with strained silicon over a localized oxide insulator
region. These structures yield high mobility and high performance
transistors on a low capacitance insulating substrate.
[0005] Known techniques to strain channels and improve carrier
mobilities in CMOS devices include improving electron mobility in
NMOS transistors using a tensile strained silicon layer on silicon
germanium, improving hole mobility using silicon germanium
source/drain regions in trenches adjacent to the PMOS transistor to
introduce uniaxial compressive stress in the channel of the PMOS
transistor, improving electron mobility using silicon-carbide
source/drain regions in trenches adjacent to an NMOS transistor to
introduce tensile stress, and improving mobility for both NMOS and
PMOS transistors using silicon nitride capping layers formed to
introduce tensile stress for NMOS transistors and formed to
introduce compressive stress for PMOS transistors.
[0006] Wafer bending has been used to investigate the effect of
strain on mobility and distinguish between the effects of biaxial
stress and uniaxial stress. Bonding a semiconductor onto bowed or
bent substrates has been disclosed to introduce strain in the
semiconductor. Stress can also be introduced by wafer bonding.
Packaging can introduce mechanical stress by bending.
Compressively-strained semiconductor layers have been bonded to a
substrate.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate p-channel transistor embodiments with
a channel under compressive strain.
[0008] FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate n-channel transistor embodiments with
a channel under tensile strain.
[0009] FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate a process to form nanocavities in
stress-inducing regions of isolation regions, according to various
embodiments.
[0010] FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate a process to expand stress-inducing
regions of isolation regions using the nanocavities formed in FIGS.
3A-3B, according to various embodiments.
[0011] FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate a process to contract stress-inducing
of isolation regions using the nanocavities formed in FIGS. 3A-3B,
according to various embodiments.
[0012] FIGS. 6A-6F illustrate a process to form nanocavities in
stress-inducing regions of isolation regions, according to various
embodiments.
[0013] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate a process to expand stress-inducing
regions using the nanocavities formed in FIGS. 6A-6F, according to
various embodiments.
[0014] FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate a process to contract stress-inducing
regions using the nanocavities formed in FIGS. 6A-6F, according to
various embodiments.
[0015] FIGS. 9A-9E illustrate an embodiment to compressively strain
p-channel transistors and tensilely strain n-channel transistors,
according to various embodiments.
[0016] FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate an expanding stress-inducing region
and corresponding stresses, including a compressive stress, in
adjacent channel regions, according to various embodiments of the
present subject matter.
[0017] FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate a contracting stress-inducing
region and corresponding stresses, including a tensile stress, in
adjacent channel regions, according to various embodiments of the
present subject matter.
[0018] FIG. 12 illustrates a top view of device channel regions
under compressive stress due to expanded isolation regions.
[0019] FIG. 13 illustrates a top view of device channel regions
under tensile stress due to contracted isolation regions.
[0020] FIG. 14 illustrates a method for forming a device with a
strained channel, according to various embodiments of the present
subject matter.
[0021] FIG. 15 illustrates a method for forming p-channel and
n-channel devices with appropriately strained channels, according
to various embodiments of the present subject matter.
[0022] FIG. 16 illustrates embodiments for forming p-channel and
n-channel transistors with strained channels.
[0023] FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment for forming isolation
regions between device regions.
[0024] FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment for forming p-channel and
n-channel devices with strained channels.
[0025] FIG. 19 is a simplified block diagram of a high-level
organization of various embodiments of a memory device according to
various embodiments of the present subject matter.
[0026] FIG. 20 illustrates a diagram for an electronic system
having one or more transistors with strained channels for improved
mobility, according to various embodiments of the present subject
matter.
[0027] FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiment of a system having a
controller and a memory, according to various embodiments of the
present subject matter.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0028] The following detailed description refers to the
accompanying drawings which show, by way of illustration, specific
aspects and embodiments in which the present subject matter may be
practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to
enable those skilled in the art to practice the present subject
matter. The various embodiments of the present subject matter are
not necessarily mutually exclusive as aspects of one embodiment can
be combined with aspects of another embodiment. Other embodiments
may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may
be made without departing from the scope of the present subject
matter. In the following description, the terms "wafer" and
"substrate" are interchangeably used to refer generally to any
structure on which integrated circuits are formed, and also to such
structures during various stages of integrated circuit fabrication.
Both terms include doped and undoped semiconductors, epitaxial
layers of a semiconductor on a supporting semiconductor or
insulating material, combinations of such layers, as well as other
such structures that are known in the art. The term "horizontal" as
used in this application is defined as a plane parallel to the
conventional plane or surface of a wafer or substrate, regardless
of the orientation of the wafer or substrate. The term "vertical"
refers to a direction perpendicular to the horizontal as defined
above. Prepositions, such as "on", "side", "higher", "lower",
"over" and "under" are defined with respect to the conventional
plane or surface being on the top surface of the wafer or
substrate, regardless of the orientation of the wafer or substrate.
The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken
in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is
defined only by the appended claims, along with the full scope of
equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
[0029] Disclosed herein, among other things, is a process to adjust
volumes of strain-induced regions of isolation regions to provide
device channels regions with a desired strain. Thus, the
strain-induced region is expanded to provide a compressive strain
for p-channel device, and the strain-induced region is reduced or
contracted to provide a tensile strain for n-channel devices.
According to various embodiments, a depth of the strain-induced
region generally corresponds to a depth of a channel region. In
various embodiments, the depth of the strain-induced region is
about 200 .ANG.. In various embodiments, the depth of the
strain-induced region is about 100 .ANG..
[0030] For example, some embodiments implant helium ions in an
amorphous silicon device isolation regions to create nanocavities.
Oxygen is selectively implanted into the PMOS isolation regions,
and forms a silicon oxide (SiO.sub.x) during a subsequent anneal.
The formation of the silicon oxide expands the PMOS isolation
regions, and thereby compressively strains the adjacent PMOS
channel. Hydrogen and argon are selectively implanted into the NMOS
isolation regions. An anneal after the implantation of hydrogen and
argon recrystallizes the amorphous silicon in the NMOS isolation
regions, compressing the NMOS isolation regions and thereby
inducing tensile strain in the adjacent NMOS channel.
[0031] Various method embodiments strain the channel region with a
desired strain for carrier mobility enhancement, including
implanting at least one ion type with an energy resulting in a peak
implant in the strain-inducing regions of the isolation regions.
Various embodiments strain the channel region with a desired strain
for carrier mobility enhancement, including forming nanocavities in
the strain-inducing regions. Various embodiments strain the channel
region with a desired tensile strain for electron mobility
enhancement, including implanting helium in the strain-inducing
regions, annealing to form nanocavities in the strain-inducing
regions, implanting argon and hydrogen in the strain-inducing
regions, and annealing to recrystallize the strain-inducing regions
and tensilely strain the channel region. Various embodiments strain
the channel region with a desired compressive strain for hole
mobility enhancement, including implanting helium in the
strain-inducing regions, annealing to form nanocavities in the
strain-inducing regions, implanting oxygen in the strain-inducing
regions, and annealing to form an oxide in the strain-inducing
regions and compressively strain the channel region. In an
embodiment, isolation regions are defined for both PMOS and NMOS,
and silicon is etched to form isolation trenches. The
outer-sidewalls of the trenches are selectively oxidized, where the
inner sidewalls are protected by nitride. Amorphous silicon is
deposited, and the surface is planarized. A shallow ion implant of
helium (dose at least 3.times.10.sup.20 ions/cm.sup.3) only into
the isolation regions to ensure implant distribution within 200
.ANG. from the surface. The structure is annealed to create
nanocavities. A thin oxide and nitride are deposited to seal the
isolation surface. Prior to forming a gate oxide, oxygen is
selectively implanted for the PMOS isolation region and hydrogen or
hydrogen and Argon is selectively implanted for the NMOS region.
The dose is at least 3.times.10.sup.20 ions/cm.sup.3 and the
implant distribution is within 200 .ANG. from the surface. Standard
gate oxidation, post oxidation anneal, and gate and device
processing can be performed. The thermal budget creates
preferential oxidation of near-surface silicon at the
helium-induced bubbles to induce compressive stress and strain for
PMOS channels. Near-surface helium-hydrogen and argon bubble
regions facilitate recrystallization of amorphous silicon at the
near surface region for NMOS, shrinking the volume and inducing
tensile stress and strain for the NMOS channel.
[0032] Various embodiments define isolation regions and amorphous
silicon regions. A thin epitaxial silicon layer less than 1000
.ANG. is formed on the surface of the silicon wafer. Helium is
selectively implanted (with a dose greater than 3.times.10.sup.20
ions/cm.sup.3) for the PMOS region and Ar/H.sub.2 (each with a dose
greater than 3.times.10.sup.20 ions/cm.sup.3) for the NMOS region.
The implant peak is confined to a depth corresponding to the
thickness of the epitaxial layer and 100 .ANG. into the substrate,
and a distribution of +/-100 .ANG. from the peak. The surface is
sealed until the gate oxidation steps. Standard gate oxidation,
post oxidation anneal, and gate and device processing can be
performed. The thermal budget creates stable helium bubbles in the
PMOS isolation regions to induce compressive stress/strain for
PMOS, and recrystallizes and forms epitaxial silicon top-down to
the damaged Argon/H2 region, inducing tensile stress/strain in the
NMOS channel region.
[0033] Various structure embodiments include a device region and
isolation regions adjacent to the device region. The device region
includes a first source/drain region, a second source/drain region,
and a channel region between the first source/drain region and the
second source drain region. The isolation regions have
strain-inducing regions laterally adjacent to the channel region
and have a depth generally corresponding to a depth of the channel
region. The channel region includes a strain induced by the
strain-inducing regions in the isolation regions.
[0034] Various structure embodiments include a p-channel device and
an n-channel device. The p-channel device includes a p-channel
device region and p-channel isolation regions on opposing sides of
the p-channel device region. The p-channel device region includes
first and second source/drain regions and a p-channel region
between the first and second source drain regions. The p-channel
isolation regions have strain-inducing regions laterally adjacent
to the p-channel region and have a depth generally corresponding to
a depth of the p-channel region. The p-channel region includes a
compressive strain induced by the strain-inducing regions in the
p-channel isolation regions. The n-channel device includes an
n-channel device region and n-channel isolation regions on opposing
sides of the n-channel device region. The n-channel device region
includes first and second source/drain regions and a n-channel
region between the first and second source drain regions. The
n-channel isolation regions have strain-inducing regions laterally
adjacent to the n-channel region and having a depth generally
corresponding to a depth of the n-channel region. The n-channel
region includes a tensile strain induced by the strain-inducing
regions in the n-channel isolation regions.
[0035] Various structure embodiments include a device region, a
first isolation trench on a first side of the device region and a
second isolation trench on a second side of the device region, and
isolation regions adjacent to the device region. The device region
includes a first source/drain region, a second source/drain region,
and a channel region between the first source/drain region and the
second source drain region. Each of the first and second isolation
trenches have a strain-inducing region laterally adjacent to the
channel region. The strain-inducing regions have a depth generally
corresponding to a depth of the channel region. The isolation
trenches have a stepped cross-sectional profile, where a step in
the profile of the isolation trenches corresponds to a bottom of
the strain-inducing region. The channel region includes a strain
induced by the strain-inducing regions in the isolation
regions.
[0036] FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate p-channel transistor embodiments with
a channel under compressive strain. The illustrated p-channel
device 100 is formed in a substrate 101. For example, the substrate
can be an n-doped crystalline silicon wafer or n-well in a
crystalline silicon wafer. The present subject matter is not
limited to silicon technology, however, as it can be implemented
using germanium, compound semiconductors such as GaAs or InP, or
other semiconductor technologies. Thus, for example, embodiments
that specifically refer to silicon or amorphous silicon can be more
generally referred to as a semiconductor or an amorphous
semiconductor. An isolation region 102, also referred to as
isolation regions or isolation trenches, isolates a device region
103 from other regions on the substrate. The transistor 104 is
formed in the device region, and includes a first source/drain
region 105, a second source/drain region 106, and a channel region
107 extending between the first and second source/drain regions. A
gate stack is positioned over the channel region, and includes a
gate insulator 108, such as silicon dioxide or silicon oxi-nitride,
formed over the channel region and a gate 109 formed on the gate
insulator. The present subject matter is not limited to a
particular gate insulator or gate stack design.
[0037] The illustrated isolation trenches or regions include a
strain-inducing region 110, as illustrated by the dotted line
separating a top portion and bottom portion of the isolation
region. The illustrated strain-inducing region has a depth that
generally corresponds to a depth of the channel region. In the
illustrated figures, ions are implanted into the strain-inducing
region of the isolation region as part of a process to expand the
strain-inducing region and compress the channel region. Various
embodiments form nanocavities 111 in the strain-inducing region
110. FIG. 1A illustrates an embodiment in which the strain-inducing
region expands in opposing directions, as illustrated by the
arrows. FIG. 1B illustrates an embodiment in which an oxide 113 is
on a wall of an isolation trench, and the strain-inducing region
expands only near the channel, as illustrated by the arrows.
[0038] FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate n-channel transistor embodiments with
a channel under tensile strain. The illustrated n-channel device
200 is formed in a substrate 201. For example, the substrate can be
a p-doped crystalline silicon wafer or p-well in a crystalline
silicon wafer. The present subject matter is not limited to silicon
technology, however, as it can be implemented using germanium or
other semiconductor technologies. An isolation region 202, also
referred to as isolation regions or isolation trenches, isolates a
device region 203 from other regions on the substrate. A transistor
204 is formed in the device region, and includes a first
source/drain region 205, a second source/drain region 206, and a
channel region 207 extending between the first and second
source/drain regions. A gate stack is positioned over the channel
region, and includes a gate insulator 208, such as silicon dioxide
or silicon oxi-nitride, formed over the channel region and a gate
209 formed on the gate insulator.
[0039] The illustrated isolation regions or trenches 202 include a
strain-inducing region 210, as illustrated by the dotted line
separating a top portion and bottom portion of the isolation
region. The illustrated strain-inducing region has a depth that
generally corresponds to a depth of the channel region. In the
illustrated figures, ions are implanted into the strain-inducing
region of the isolation region as part of a process to contract the
strain-inducing region and tensile strain the channel region.
Various embodiments form nanocavities 211 in the strain-inducing
region. FIG. 2A illustrates an embodiment in which the
strain-inducing region contracts in opposing directions, as
illustrated by the arrows. FIG. 2B illustrates an embodiment in
which an oxide 213 is on a wall of an isolation trench, and the
strain-inducing region contracts only near the channel region, as
illustrated by the arrows.
[0040] The isolation trenches correspond to a first isolation
region proximate to the first source/drain region and a second
isolation region proximate to the second source drain region. These
isolation regions or trenches can form part of an integrated
isolation region (e.g. an isolation region surrounding an island
device region). FIGS. 1A-1B and 2A-2B illustrate an isolation
trench on opposing sides of the device region. Each isolation
trench has a strain-inducing region laterally adjacent to the
channel region. The strain-inducing region has a depth generally
corresponding to a depth of the channel region. For example, the
strain-inducing region can have a depth of approximately 200 .ANG.
or less or can have a depth of approximately 100 .ANG. or less. The
isolation trench has a stepped cross-sectional profile, where a
step (112 or 212) in the profile of the isolation trenches
corresponds to a bottom of the strain-inducing region. The step 112
illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1B steps outward corresponding to an
expanded strain-inducing region 110; and the step 212 illustrated
in FIGS. 2A-2B steps inward corresponding to a contracted
strain-inducing region 210.
[0041] FIGS. 1A-B and 2A-B illustrate p-channel and n-channel
devices, respectively. Examples of these devices include PMOS and
NMOS devices. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand how
to provide strained channels for other p-channel and n-channel
devices, including non-volatile memories such as floating gate
devices.
[0042] FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate a process to form nanocavities in
stress-inducing regions of isolation regions, according to various
embodiments. FIG. 3A illustrates a substrate 313, such as a silicon
substrate, along with a defined isolation region 314. The
illustrated isolation region 314 includes a trench in the silicon
substrate, where the trench is filled with amorphous silicon. A
mask 315 is positioned on the substrate and ions are implanted, as
illustrated by arrows 316, into the substrate. The ions are
implanted using an implant dose and energy to provide a desired
distribution in a desired strain-inducing region. Various
embodiments implant a noble element, such as helium. The structure
is annealed, which transforms the implanted ions into nanocavities
317, as illustrated in FIG. 3B.
[0043] FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate a process to expand stress-inducing
regions of isolation regions using the nanocavities formed in FIGS.
3A-3B, according to various embodiments. In the illustrated
embodiment, oxygen ions are implanted, illustrated by arrows 418 in
FIG. 4A, into the strain-inducing region of the amorphous silicon.
A silicon oxide (SiO.sub.x) forms around the nanocavities 417 when
the structure is subsequently annealed, which causes the
strain-inducing region 410 to expand as illustrated in FIG. 4B. A
transistor device can be formed in the device region, as
illustrated in FIG. 4C.
[0044] FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate a process to contract stress-inducing
of isolation regions using the nanocavities formed in FIGS. 3A-3B,
according to various embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment,
argon and hydrogen ions are implanted, illustrated by arrows 519 in
FIG. 5A, into the strain-inducing region of the amorphous silicon.
The argon ions damage the amorphous silicon in preparation for
recrystallization, and the hydrogen ions assist with the
recrystallization by bonding to dangling silicon bonds. When the
structure is subsequently annealed, the strain-inducing region 510
recrystallizes and contracts as illustrated in FIG. 5B. A
transistor device can be formed in the device region, as
illustrated in FIG. 5C.
[0045] FIGS. 6A-6F illustrate a process to form nanocavities in
stress-inducing regions of isolation regions, according to various
embodiments. FIG. 6A illustrates a substrate 620, and trenched
isolation regions 621. The illustrated substrate is a crystalline
semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon wafer. The trench can
be etched using conventional techniques. As illustrated in FIG. 6B,
a native oxide 622 (e.g. silicon oxide on a silicon wafer) forms
after the trenches are formed due to air exposure. The oxide is
selectively removed from the substrate surface. For example, the
native oxide is left on one side of the trench. As will be
described in more detail below, the other side of the trench will
serve to seed a recrystallization process. However,
recrystallization will not be initiated on surfaces with the native
oxide. The oxide also restricts the expansion/contraction of the
strain-inducing region at the interface of the strain-inducing
region with the oxide. As illustrated in FIG. 6C, an amorphous
semiconductor 623 is deposited to fill the trenches. Where the
substrate is a crystalline silicon wafer, for example, an amorphous
silicon can be deposited. The resulting structure is planarized,
such as by a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process, to the
level of the original substrate surface, as illustrated in FIG. 6D.
As illustrated in FIG. 6E, a mask layer 624 is formed, and ions are
implanted, as illustrated by arrows 625, into the strain-inducing
region of the isolation trench. As illustrated in FIG. 6F, the
structure is annealed, causing the implanted ions to transform into
nanocavities 626 in the strain-inducing regions.
[0046] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate a process to expand stress-inducing
regions using the nanocavities formed in FIGS. 6A-6F, according to
various embodiments. The isolation surface is sealed by depositing
an oxide 727 and a nitride 728, and oxygen is implanted as
illustrated by arrows 729. The mask, oxide, and nitride layers are
removed as illustrated in FIG. 7B. The structure is annealed to
cause oxide to form and expand the isolation region, as illustrated
at 730 in FIG. 7C, and compress a channel region. A transistor
device can be formed using the compressed channel region.
[0047] FIGS. 8A-8C illustrate a process to contract stress-inducing
regions using the nanocavities formed in FIGS. 6A-6F, according to
various embodiments. The isolation surface is sealed by depositing
an oxide 827 and a nitride 828, and argon and hydrogen are
implanted as illustrated by arrows 829. The mask, oxide, and
nitride layers are removed as illustrated in FIG. 8B. The structure
is annealed to cause the strain-inducing regions of the isolation
regions to contract and tensile strain the channel region, as
illustrated at 830 in FIG. 8C, and compress a channel region. A
transistor device can be formed using the tensile strained channel
region.
[0048] FIGS. 9A-9E illustrate an embodiment to compressively strain
p-channel transistors and tensilely strain n-channel transistors,
according to various embodiments. The illustrated figure includes a
p-doped substrate 931, and an n-well 932 within the substrate.
Dashed lines indicate that substrate and n-well include other
structures than that shown in the figures. FIG. 9A illustrates a
trench 933 with an amorphous semiconductor (e.g. amorphous silicon)
934 on the sidewalls of the trench, and the trench filled with an
oxide (e.g. silicon oxide) 935.
[0049] FIG. 9B illustrates a semiconductor layer 936 formed on the
structure. For example, the layer can include an epitaxial layer of
silicon with a thickness less than approximately 1000 .ANG.. As
illustrated in FIG. 9C, helium is implanted, as illustrated by
arrows 937, into the isolation region in the n-well 932, and argon
and hydrogen are implanted, as illustrated by arrows 938, in the
isolation region in the p-type substrate. An appropriate mask layer
939 is used to assist with the implants. The amorphous silicon
sidewalls expand where the helium was implanted, and contract due
to recrystallization where the argon and hydrogen were implanted.
An oxide 940 and nitride layer 941 are used to seal the surface, as
illustrated in FIG. 9D. Devices, including a gate insulator 942,
gate 943, and source/drain regions 944 are formed. The expanded or
contracted sidewalls induce a desired strain for the channel
regions of the device.
[0050] It has been illustrated how the adjusted volume of the
strain-inducing regions can provide the desired compressive or
tensile strain in the channel direction, referred to herein as the
x-direction. There are also stresses applied in the direction into
the paper (referred to herein as the y-direction) and the vertical
direction (referred to herein as the z-direction). FIGS. 10A-10C
illustrate forces associated with an expanding isolation region;
and FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate forces associated with a contracting
isolation region.
[0051] FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate an expanding stress-inducing region
and corresponding stresses, including a compressive stress, in
adjacent channel regions, according to various embodiments of the
present subject matter. With respect to the expanding isolation
regions 1045, the volume tends to grow in all directions (x, y and
z), as illustrated in FIG. 10A. The corresponding compressive
forces in the x-direction (the channel direction) are illustrated
in FIGS. 10B and 10C by arrows 1046. However, as the volume
expands, the volume pulls vertically on the surrounding crystalline
regions, resulting in a vertically-oriented tensile strain,
illustrated in FIG. 7B by arrows 1047. Additionally, the expanding
volume pulls on the surrounding crystalline regions in the
y-direction too, resulting in a corresponding tensile strain 1048
illustrated in FIG. 10C.
[0052] The tensile strain 1048 in the y-direction can be avoided by
having the isolation regions constrained in the y-direction. In the
z-direction, the edges of the implanted region are constrained by
the un-implanted material. The implanted material wishes to move
vertically and the un-implanted material does not. At the interface
between the implanted and unimplanted material, the implanted
material is under compression and the un-implanted material is in
tension. With proper modeling, there can still be a large
compressive strain in the direction of the transistor channel of a
PMOS transistor.
[0053] FIGS. 11A-11C illustrate a contracting stress-inducing
region and corresponding stresses, including a tensile stress, in
adjacent channel regions, according to various embodiments of the
present subject matter. With respect to the contracting isolation
regions 1145, the volume tends to contract in all directions (x, y
and z), as illustrated in FIG. 11A. The corresponding tensile
forces in the x-direction (the channel direction) are illustrated
in FIGS. 11B and 11C by arrows 1149. However, as the volume
contracts, the volume pulls vertically on the surrounding
crystalline regions, resulting in a vertically-oriented compressive
strain, illustrated in FIG. 11B by arrows 1150. Additionally, the
contracting volume pulls on the surrounding crystalline regions in
the y-direction too, resulting in a corresponding compressive
strain 1151 illustrated in FIG. 11C.
[0054] FIG. 12 illustrates a top view of device channel regions
under compressive stress due to expanded isolation regions. Device
regions 1252, including device channel regions, are illustrated in
a substrate. Isolation regions 1253 define the device regions 1252.
As illustrated in FIG. 12, as the isolation regions expand, the
device regions are compressively strained. The expanding
strain-inducing regions within the isolation regions can be defined
to provide uniaxial compressive strain or biaxial compressive
strain.
[0055] FIG. 13 illustrates a top view of device channel regions
under tensile stress due to contracted isolation regions. Device
regions 1354, including device channel regions, are illustrated in
a substrate. Isolation regions 1355 define the device regions 1354.
As illustrated in FIG. 13, as the isolation regions contract, due
to recrystallization of an amorphous semiconductor for example, the
device regions have a tensile strain. The contracting isolation
regions can be defined to provide uniaxial tensile strain or
biaxial tensile strain.
[0056] The isolation regions can be appropriately defined to
provide a desired strain when the volume of the isolation regions
are adjusted. Thus, for example, various embodiments adjust the
volumes of isolation regions on a first side and on an opposing
second side of the device region to provide a predominantly
uniaxial strain. Various embodiments adjust volumes of isolation
regions surrounding the device region to provide a predominantly
biaxial strain.
[0057] FIG. 14 illustrates a method for forming a device with a
strained channel, according to various embodiments of the present
subject matter. At 1456, device channel regions and isolation
regions are defined. The volume of the strain-inducing regions of
the isolation regions are adjusted at 1457. The adjusted volume
induces a desired strain in the adjacent device channel regions. A
compressive strain to improve hole mobility for a PMOS transistor
can be induced by expanding the adjacent isolation regions. A
tensile strain to improve electron mobility for an NMOS transistor
can be induced by contracting the adjacent isolation regions. At
1458, devices are formed using the strained channel regions.
P-channel devices, such as a PMOS transistor, are formed using the
compressive strained channel regions, and N-channel devices, such
as a NMOS transistor, are formed using the tensile strained channel
regions.
[0058] FIG. 15 illustrates a method for forming p-channel and
n-channel devices with appropriately strained channels, according
to various embodiments of the present subject matter. Those of
ordinary skill in the art, upon reading and comprehending this
disclosure, will understand that the disclosed methods for
straining semiconductor can be used in CMOS technology. Appropriate
masking of isolation regions adjacent to NMOS devices and isolation
regions adjacent to PMOS devices can be used to selectively expand
the isolation regions adjacent to the PMOS channels to
compressively strain the PMOS channels and improve hole mobility,
and to selectively contract the isolation regions adjacent to the
NMOS channels to tensile strain the NMOS channels and improve
electron mobility. At 1556, device channel regions and isolation
regions are defined, and devices are formed using the strained
channel regions. At 1557, the volume of isolation regions is
adjusted to provide the desired strain for adjacent channel
regions. Devices are formed using the strained channel regions. For
p-channel transistors, the top volume, also referred to as the
strain-inducing region, of isolation regions are expanded at 1558
to provide the desired compressive strain for adjacent p-channel
regions. For n-channel transistors, the top volume, also referred
to as the strain-inducing region, of the isolation regions are
contracted at 1560 to provide the desired tensile strain for
adjacent n-channel regions. P-channel transistors are formed using
the compressed channel regions at 1559, and n-channel transistors
are formed using the tensile strained channel regions at 1561.
[0059] According to various embodiments, the process to provide a
desired compressive strain for a p-channel device includes
engineering the process to induce a compressive strain within a
range of approximately 0.2% and 1.0%. According to various
embodiments, the process to provide a desired tensile strain for an
n-channel device includes engineering the process to induce a
tensile strain greater than approximately 0.5%. For example,
various embodiments provide a tensile strain within a range of
approximately 0.75% to approximately 1.5%. It is also desirable to
reduce unnecessary strain and provide a margin for error without
unduly affecting the mobility enhancement. Thus, it is desirable to
provide a tensile strain in the range of approximately 1% to
approximately 1.2%.
[0060] FIG. 16 illustrates embodiments for forming p-channel and
n-channel transistors with strained channels. At 1662, nanocavities
are formed in the top volume, also referred to as strain-inducing
regions, of isolation regions. According to various embodiments,
forming the nanocavities includes implanting a noble gas and
annealing as illustrated at 1663. According to various embodiments,
helium is implanted as illustrated at 1664.
[0061] The top volume of isolation regions is expanded at 1665.
According to various embodiments, expanding the top volume includes
adding oxygen as illustrated at 1666, which can include implanting
oxygen ions as illustrated at 1667. Expanding the top volume also
includes annealing as illustrated at 1668. A p-channel transistor
is formed at 1669.
[0062] The top volume of isolation regions are contracted at 1670.
According to various embodiments, contracting the top volume
includes creating damage in preparation to recrystallize the
region, as illustrated at 1671. Various embodiments create damage
using a noble gas implant 1672, a carbon, silicon or germanium
implant 1673, or an argon and hydrogen implant 1674. Contracting
the top volume also includes annealing as illustrated at 1675.
Annealing 1675 can be the same process as 1668. N-channel
transistors are formed at 1676.
[0063] FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment for forming isolation
regions between device regions, such as illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6D.
At 1777, trenches are formed in semiconductor isolation regions. A
native oxide is removed from a side of the trenches 1778. At 1779,
trenches are filled with amorphous semiconductor, and the structure
is planarized at 1780.
[0064] FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment for forming p-channel and
n-channel devices with strained channels. At 1881, trenches are
formed in isolation regions. Native oxide is removed at 1882. An
amorphous silicon is formed along trench sides at 1883, and a
silicon oxide is formed in the trench at 1884. An epitaxial silicon
layer is formed at 1885. As illustrated at 1886, appropriate ion
implants are performed for p-channel and n-channel devices, and an
anneal is performed. Gates are formed at 1887, and source/drain
regions are formed at 1888.
[0065] FIG. 19 is a simplified block diagram of a high-level
organization of various embodiments of a memory device according to
various embodiments of the present subject matter. The illustrated
memory device 1989 includes a memory array 1990 and read/write
control circuitry 1991 to perform operations on the memory array
via communication line(s) or channel(s) 1992. The illustrated
memory device 1989 may be a memory card or a memory module such as
a single inline memory module (SIMM) and dual inline memory module
(DIMM). One of ordinary skill in the art will understand, upon
reading and comprehending this disclosure, that semiconductor
components in the memory array and/or the control circuitry are
able to be fabricated using the strained semiconductor, as
described above. For example, in various embodiments, the memory
array and/or the control circuitry include p-channel transistors
with compressively-strained channels for improved hole mobility
and/or n-channel transistors with tensile-strained channels for
improved electron mobility. The structure and fabrication methods
for these devices have been described above.
[0066] The illustrated memory array 1990 includes a number of
memory cells 1993 arranged in rows and columns, where word lines
1994 connect the memory cells in the rows and bit lines 1995
connect the memory cells in the columns. The read/write control
circuitry 1991 includes word line select circuitry 1996, which
functions to select a desired row. The read/write control circuitry
1991 further includes bit line select circuitry 1997, which
functions to select a desired column. The read/write control
circuitry 1991 further includes read circuitry 1998, which
functions to detect a memory state for a selected memory cell in
the memory array 1990.
[0067] FIG. 20 illustrates a diagram for an electronic system
having one or more transistors with strained channels for improved
mobility, according to various embodiments of the present subject
matter. Electronic system 2000 includes a controller 2001, a bus
2002, and an electronic device 2003, where the bus 2002 provides
communication channels between the controller 2001 and the
electronic device 2003. In various embodiments, the controller
and/or electronic device include p-channel transistors with
compressively-strained channels and/or n-channel transistors with
tensile-strained channels as previously discussed herein. The
illustrated electronic system 2000 may include, but is not limited
to, information handling devices, wireless systems,
telecommunication systems, fiber optic systems, electro-optic
systems, and computers.
[0068] FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiment of a system 2104 having a
controller 2105 and a memory 2106, according to various embodiments
of the present subject matter. The controller 2105 and/or memory
2106 may include p-channel transistors with compressively-strained
channels and/or n-channel transistors with tensile-strained
channels fabricated according to various embodiments. The
illustrated system 2104 also includes an electronic apparatus 2107
and a bus 2108 to provide communication channel(s) between the
controller and the electronic apparatus, and between the controller
and the memory. The bus may include an address, a data bus, and a
control bus, each independently configured; or may use common
communication channels to provide address, data, and/or control,
the use of which is regulated by the controller. In an embodiment,
the electronic apparatus 2107 may be additional memory configured
similar to memory 2106. An embodiment may include a peripheral
device or devices 2109 coupled to the bus 2108. Peripheral devices
may include displays, additional storage memory, or other control
devices that may operate in conjunction with the controller and/or
the memory. In an embodiment, the controller is a processor. Any of
the controller, the memory, the electronic apparatus, and the
peripheral devices may include p-channel transistors with
compressively-strained channels and/or n-channel transistors with
tensile-strained channels formed according to various embodiments.
The system may include, but is not limited to, information handling
devices, telecommunication systems, and computers. Applications
containing strained semiconductor films, such as p-channel
transistors with compressively-strained channels, as described in
this disclosure include electronic systems for use in memory
modules, device drivers, power modules, communication modems,
processor modules, and application-specific modules, and may
include multilayer, multichip modules. Such circuitry can further
be a subcomponent of a variety of electronic systems, such as
cameras, video recorders and players, televisions, displays, games,
phones, clocks, personal computers, wireless devices, automobiles,
aircrafts, industrial control systems, and others.
[0069] The memory may be realized as a memory device containing
p-channel transistors with compressively-strained channels formed
according to various embodiments. It will be understood that
embodiments are equally applicable to any size and type of memory
circuit and are not intended to be limited to a particular type of
memory device. Memory types include a DRAM, SRAM (Static Random
Access Memory) or Flash memories. Additionally, the DRAM could be a
synchronous DRAM commonly referred to as SGRAM (Synchronous
Graphics Random Access Memory), SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random
Access Memory), SDRAM II, and DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate
SDRAM).
[0070] This disclosure includes several processes, circuit
diagrams, and semiconductor structures. The present subject matter
is not limited to a particular process order or logical
arrangement. Although specific embodiments have been illustrated
and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary
skill in the art that any arrangement which is calculated to
achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific
embodiments shown. This application is intended to cover
adaptations or variations of the present subject matter. It is to
be understood that the above description is intended to be
illustrative, and not restrictive. Combinations of the above
embodiments, and other embodiments, will be apparent to those of
skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of
the present subject matter should be determined with reference to
the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to
which such claims are entitled.
* * * * *