U.S. patent application number 12/868812 was filed with the patent office on 2010-12-16 for hexahydro-cyclooctyl pyrazole cannabinoid modulators.
Invention is credited to Fina Liotta, Huajun Lu, Mark J. Macielag, Meng Pan, Michael P. Wachter, Mingde Xia.
Application Number | 20100317633 12/868812 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40262663 |
Filed Date | 2010-12-16 |
United States Patent
Application |
20100317633 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Xia; Mingde ; et
al. |
December 16, 2010 |
HEXAHYDRO-CYCLOOCTYL PYRAZOLE CANNABINOID MODULATORS
Abstract
This invention is directed to a hexahydro-cyclooctyl pyrazole
cannabinoid modulator compound of formula (I): ##STR00001## and a
method for use in treating, ameliorating or preventing a
cannabinoid receptor mediated syndrome, disorder or disease.
Inventors: |
Xia; Mingde; (Belle Mead,
NJ) ; Liotta; Fina; (Westfield, NJ) ; Lu;
Huajun; (Bridgewater, NJ) ; Pan; Meng;
(Neshanic Station, NJ) ; Wachter; Michael P.;
(Bloomsbury, NJ) ; Macielag; Mark J.; (Branchburg,
NJ) |
Correspondence
Address: |
PHILIP S. JOHNSON;JOHNSON & JOHNSON
ONE JOHNSON & JOHNSON PLAZA
NEW BRUNSWICK
NJ
08933-7003
US
|
Family ID: |
40262663 |
Appl. No.: |
12/868812 |
Filed: |
August 26, 2010 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11688589 |
Mar 20, 2007 |
7825151 |
|
|
12868812 |
|
|
|
|
11525573 |
Sep 22, 2006 |
|
|
|
11688589 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/170 ;
514/171; 514/217; 514/242; 514/249; 514/392; 514/406 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 1/16 20180101; A61P
31/04 20180101; A61P 11/00 20180101; A61P 1/14 20180101; A61P 25/20
20180101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61P 25/28 20180101; A61P 37/00
20180101; A61P 3/00 20180101; A61P 25/08 20180101; A61P 3/10
20180101; A61P 17/02 20180101; A61P 29/02 20180101; A61P 43/00
20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; A61P 25/04 20180101; A61P 37/02
20180101; A61P 25/02 20180101; A61P 15/18 20180101; A61P 25/30
20180101; C07D 231/54 20130101; C07D 403/12 20130101; A61P 25/00
20180101; A61P 13/02 20180101; A61P 29/00 20180101; A61P 21/02
20180101; A61P 3/04 20180101; A61P 1/00 20180101; A61P 1/18
20180101; A61P 1/04 20180101; A61P 27/06 20180101; A61P 27/00
20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/170 ;
514/406; 514/217; 514/242; 514/392; 514/171; 514/249 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/56 20060101
A61K031/56; A61K 31/416 20060101 A61K031/416; A61K 31/55 20060101
A61K031/55; A61K 31/53 20060101 A61K031/53; A61K 31/4166 20060101
A61K031/4166; A61K 31/57 20060101 A61K031/57; A61K 31/519 20060101
A61K031/519; A61P 15/18 20060101 A61P015/18; A61P 25/08 20060101
A61P025/08 |
Claims
1.-20. (canceled)
21. The method of treating, ameliorating or preventing a
cannabinoid receptor mediated syndrome, disorder or disease in a
subject in need thereof, wherein the cannabinoid receptor is a CB1
or CB2 receptor, said method comprising administering to said
subject an effective amount of the compound of formula (I):
##STR00040## or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph
thereof wherein the dashed lines between positions 2-3 and
positions 3a-9a in formula (I) represent locations for each of two
double bonds present when X.sub.1R.sub.1 is present; the dashed
lines between positions 3-3a and positions 9a-1 in formula (I)
represent locations for each of two double bonds present when
X.sub.2R.sub.2 is present; the dashed line between position 9 and
X.sub.4R.sub.4 in formula (I) represents the location for a double
bond; X.sub.1 is absent or lower alkylene; X.sub.2 is absent or
lower alkylene; wherein only one of the X.sub.1R.sub.1 and
X.sub.2R.sub.2 are present; X.sub.3 is absent, lower alkylene,
lower alkylidene or --NH--; when the dashed line between position 9
and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is absent, X.sub.4 is absent or lower alkylene;
when the dashed line between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is
present, X.sub.4 is absent; X.sub.5 is absent or lower alkylene;
R.sub.1 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl (optionally substituted at
one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), lower
alkyl-sulfonyl, aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl,
wherein aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each
optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen,
aminosulfonyl, lower alkyl-aminosulfonyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), hydroxy or alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more
positions by halogen or hydroxy); R.sub.2 is selected from
hydrogen, alkyl (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), lower alkyl-sulfonyl, aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, aminosulfonyl,
lower alkyl-aminosulfonyl, alkyl (optionally substituted at one or
more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), hydroxy or
alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen
or hydroxy); R.sub.3 is --C(O)--Z.sub.1(R.sub.6),
--SO.sub.2--NR.sub.7--Z.sub.2(R.sub.8) or
--C(O)--NR.sub.9--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); when the dashed line between
position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is absent, X.sub.4 is absent or lower
alkylene and R.sub.4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower
alkoxy, halogen, aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl,
wherein aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each
optionally substituted at one or more positions by hydroxy, oxo,
lower alkyl (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), lower alkoxy (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen or hydroxy) or
halogen; when the dashed line between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4
is present, is absent and R.sub.4 CH-aryl or CH-heterocyclyl,
wherein aryl or heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted at one
or more positions by hydroxy, oxo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or
halogen; R.sub.5 is absent, hydroxy, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl,
alkyl (optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen,
hydroxy or lower alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or
more positions by halogen or hydroxy), carboxy, carbonylalkoxy,
carbamoyl, carbamoylalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy or
heterocyclyl; R.sub.6 is aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or
heterocyclyl, wherein aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or
heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted by one or more
hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen or hydroxy), carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, carbamoyl,
carbamoylalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy or heterocyclyl; R.sub.7
is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R.sub.8 is aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12
cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12
cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted by one
or more hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen or hydroxy), carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, carbamoyl,
carbamoylalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy or heterocyclyl; R.sub.9
is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R.sub.10 is aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12
cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12
cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted by one
or more hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen or hydroxy), carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, carbamoyl,
carbamoylalkyl, aminosulfonyl, lower alkyl-aminosulfonyl, aryl,
aryloxy, arylalkoxy or heterocyclyl; Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are each
absent or alkyl; and, Z.sub.3 is absent, --NH--, --SO.sub.2-- or
alkyl (wherein alkyl is optionally substituted at one or more
positions by halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, carboxy
or carbonylalkoxy) is an agonist, antagonist or inverse-agonist of
the receptor.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the compound is a CB1 receptor
inverse-agonist.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the compound is a CB2 receptor
agonist.
24. The method of claim 21, wherein the syndrome, disorder or
disease is related to appetite, metabolism, diabetes,
glaucoma-associated intraocular pressure, social and mood
disorders, seizures, substance abuse, learning, cognition or
memory, organ contraction or muscle spasm, bowel disorders,
respiratory disorders, locomotor activity or movement disorders,
immune and inflammation disorders, unregulated cell growth, pain
management or neuroprotection.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein bowel related syndromes,
disorders, or diseases associated with inflammation, with or
without pain, are selected from inflammatory bowel disease,
disordered bowel motility associated with inflammation arising from
surgery, traumatic injury or any sequelae resulting from traumatic
injury, intraperitoneal inflammation, basal pneumonia, myocardial
infarction, metabolic disturbances or any combination thereof.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein inflammatory bowel diseases are
selected from ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or celiac
disease.
27. The method of claim 25 wherein surgery is selected from
abdominal surgery, transplantation surgery, bowel resection,
orthopedic surgery, cardiovascular surgery or gynecological
surgery.
28. The method of claim 25 wherein traumatic injury is selected
from falls, car accident or personal assault.
29. The method of claim 25 wherein sequelae resulting from
traumatic injury are selected from limb fractures, rib fractures,
fractures of the spine, thoracic lesions, ischemia or
retroperitoneal hecatomb.
30. The method of claim 25 wherein intraperitoneal inflammation is
selected from intraabdominal sepsis, acute appendicitis,
cholecystitis, pancreatitis or ureteric colic.
31. The method of claim 21, wherein the effective amount of the
compound of Formula I is from about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 300
mg/kg/day.
32. The method of claim 21, wherein the syndrome, disorder or
disease is a CB1 receptor inverse-agonist mediated appetite
related, obesity related or metabolism related syndrome, disorder
or disease.
33. The method of claim 21, wherein the syndrome, disorder or
disease is a CB2 receptor agonist mediated bowel related syndrome,
disorder, or disease associated with inflammation, with or without
pain, selected from inflammatory bowel disease, disordered bowel
motility associated with inflammation arising from surgery,
traumatic injury or any sequelae resulting from traumatic injury,
intraperitoneal inflammation, basal pneumonia, myocardial
infarction, metabolic disturbances or any combination thereof.
34. The method of claim 21, further comprising the step of
administering to the subject a combination product and/or therapy
comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I and a
therapeutic agent.
35. The method of claim 34 wherein the therapeutic agent is an
anticonvulsant or a contraceptive agent.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein the anticonvulsant is
topiramate, analogs of topiramate, carbamazepine, valproic acid,
lamotrigine, gabapentin, phenyloin and the like and mixtures or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
37. The method of claim 35 wherein the contraceptive agent is a
progestin-only contraceptive, a contraceptive having a progestin
component and an estrogen component, or an oral contraceptive
optionally having a folic acid component.
38. A method of contraception in a subject comprising the step of
administering to the subject a composition, wherein the composition
comprises a contraceptive and a CB1 receptor inverse-agonist or
antagonist compound of Formula I, wherein the composition reduces
the urge to smoke in the subject and/or assists the subject in
losing weight.
39.-41. (canceled)
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application is a Divisional Application of
Continuation-In-Part U.S. application Ser. No. 11/688,589 filed
Mar. 20, 2007, which claims the benefits of the filing of
Nonprovisional U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/525,573, filed
Sep. 22, 2006; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.
60/719,884, filed Sep. 23, 2005. The complete disclosures of the
aforementioned related patent applications are hereby incorporated
herein by reference for all purposes.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention is directed to hexahydro-cyclooctyl pyrazole
cannabinoid (CB) modulator compounds and a method for use in
treating, ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor
mediated syndrome, disorder or disease.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Before the discovery of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2
receptors, the term cannabinoid was used to describe the
biologically active components of cannabis sativa, the most
abundant of which are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and
cannabidiol.
##STR00002##
[0004] THC is a moderately potent partial agonist of the CB1 and
CB2 receptors and is considered the "classical cannabinoid," a term
now used to refer to other analogues and derivatives that are
structurally related to the tricyclic dibenzopyran THC core. The
term "nonclassical cannabinoid" refers to cannabinoid agonists
structurally related to cannabidiol.
[0005] Pharmacological investigations have concentrated on
selective CB receptor modulators of the pyrazole structural class,
which include SR 141716A (the monohydrochloride salt of SR 141716)
and SR 144528.
##STR00003##
[0006] Pyrazole cannabinoid modulators are one among the many
different structural classes which have aided the development of CB
pharmacology, have helped to determine the biological effects
mediated by the cannabinoid receptors, will lead to further
refinement of current compounds and will be a source of new
chemical classes in the future.
[0007] Certain compounds (including SR 141716, SR 144528 and the
like) that were originally classified as selective antagonists are
now considered to act as "inverse agonists" rather than pure
antagonists. Inverse agonists have the ability to decrease the
constitutive level of receptor activation in the absence of an
agonist instead of only blocking the activation induced by agonist
binding at the receptor. The constitutive activity of CB receptors
has important implications since there is a level of continuous
signaling by both CB1 and CB2 even in the absence of an agonist.
For example, SR 141716A increases CB1 protein levels and sensitizes
cells toward agonist action, thus indicating that inverse agonists
may be another class of ligands used to modulate the
endocannabinoid system and the downstream signaling pathways
activated by CB receptors.
[0008] PCT Application WO2006/030124 describes pyrazole derivatives
as CB1 or CB2 receptor agonists.
[0009] Advances in the synthesis of CB and cannabimimetic ligands
have furthered the development of receptor pharmacology and
provided evidence for the existence of additional cannabinoid
receptor sub-types. However, there remains an ongoing need for the
identification and development of CB1 or CB2 receptor cannabinoid
modulators for the treatment of a variety of CB receptor modulated
syndromes, disorders and diseases.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0010] This invention is directed to a compound of formula (I):
##STR00004##
or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof wherein
[0011] the dashed lines between positions 2-3 and positions 3a-9a
in formula (I) represent locations for each of two double bonds
present when X.sub.1R.sub.1 is present; [0012] the dashed lines
between positions 3-3a and positions 9a-1 in formula (I) represent
locations for each of two double bonds present when X.sub.2R.sub.2
is present; [0013] the dashed line between position 9 and
X.sub.4R.sub.4 in formula (I) represents the location for a double
bond; [0014] X.sub.1 is absent or lower alkylene; [0015] X.sub.2 is
absent or lower alkylene; [0016] wherein only one of X.sub.1R.sub.1
and X.sub.2R.sub.2 are present; [0017] X.sub.3 is absent, lower
alkylene, lower alkylidene or --NH--; [0018] when the dashed line
between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is absent, X.sub.4 is absent
or is lower alkylene; [0019] when the dashed line between position
9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is present, X.sub.4 is absent; [0020] X.sub.5
is absent or lower alkylene; [0021] R.sub.1 is selected from
hydrogen, alkyl (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), lower alkyl-sulfonyl, aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, aminosulfonyl,
lower alkyl-aminosulfonyl, alkyl (optionally substituted at one or
more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), hydroxy or
alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen
or hydroxy); [0022] R.sub.2 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl
(optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen,
hydroxy or lower alkoxy), lower alkyl-sulfonyl, aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, aminosulfonyl,
lower alkyl-aminosulfonyl, alkyl (optionally substituted at one or
more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), hydroxy or
alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen
or hydroxy); [0023] R.sub.3 is --C(O)--Z.sub.1(R.sub.6),
--SO.sub.2--NR.sub.7--Z.sub.2(R.sub.8) or
--C(O)--NR.sub.9--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); [0024] when the dashed line
between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is absent, X.sub.4 is absent
or lower alkylene and R.sub.4 is hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl,
lower alkoxy, halogen, aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or
heterocyclyl, wherein aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or
heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted at one or more
positions by hydroxy, oxo, lower alkyl (optionally substituted at
one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), lower
alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen
or hydroxy) or halogen; [0025] when the dashed line between
position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is present, X.sub.4 is absent and
R.sub.4 is CH-aryl or CH-heterocyclyl, wherein aryl or heterocyclyl
are each optionally substituted at one or more positions by
hydroxy, oxo, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or halogen; [0026] R.sub.5
is absent, hydroxy, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen or hydroxy), carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, carbamoyl,
carbamoylalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy or heterocyclyl; [0027]
R.sub.6 is aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl,
wherein aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each
optionally substituted by one or more hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino,
aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally substituted at one or more positions
by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen or hydroxy),
carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, carbamoyl, carbamoylalkyl, aryl, aryloxy,
arylalkoxy or heterocyclyl; [0028] R.sub.7 is hydrogen or lower
alkyl; [0029] R.sub.8 is aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or
heterocyclyl, wherein aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or
heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted by one or more
hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen or hydroxy), carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, carbamoyl,
carbamoylalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy or heterocyclyl; [0030]
R.sub.9 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; [0031] R.sub.10 is aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each optionally
substituted by one or more hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino,
aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally substituted at one or more positions
by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen or hydroxy),
carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, carbamoyl, carbamoylalkyl, aminosulfonyl,
lower alkyl-aminosulfonyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy or
heterocyclyl; [0032] Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 are each absent or alkyl;
and, [0033] Z.sub.3 is absent, --NH--, --SO.sub.2-- or alkyl
(wherein alkyl is optionally substituted at one or more positions
by halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, carboxy or
carbonylalkoxy).
[0034] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein X.sub.1 is absent or lower alkylene; and, R.sub.1 is
selected from hydrogen, alkyl (optionally substituted at one or
more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl are each optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), hydroxy or alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more
positions by halogen or hydroxy).
[0035] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein X.sub.1 is absent; and, R.sub.1 is selected from aryl or
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl, wherein aryl is optionally substituted
at one or more positions by halogen.
[0036] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein X.sub.1 is absent; and, R.sub.1 is hydrogen.
[0037] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--Z.sub.1(R.sub.6),
--SO.sub.2--NH--Z.sub.2(R.sub.8) or
--C(O)--NH--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10).
[0038] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--Z.sub.1(R.sub.6); X.sub.3 is absent,
lower alkylene, lower alkylidene or --NH--; Z.sub.1 is absent or
alkyl; and, R.sub.6 is aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or
heterocyclyl, wherein aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or
heterocyclyl are each optionally substituted by one or more
hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen or hydroxy), carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, carbamoyl,
carbamoylalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy or heterocyclyl.
[0039] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--Z.sub.1(R.sub.6); X.sub.3 is absent;
Z.sub.1 is absent; and, R.sub.6 is heterocyclyl.
[0040] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --SO.sub.2--NR.sub.7--Z.sub.2(R.sub.8); X.sub.3
is absent or lower alkylidene; R.sub.7 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
Z.sub.2 is absent or alkyl; and, R.sub.8 is aryl optionally
substituted at one or more positions by alkoxy.
[0041] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --SO.sub.2--NH--Z.sub.2(R.sub.8); X.sub.3 is
absent or lower alkylidene; Z.sub.2 is absent or alkyl; and,
R.sub.8 is aryl optionally substituted at one or more positions by
alkoxy.
[0042] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--NR.sub.9--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); X.sub.3 is
absent, lower alkylene, lower alkylidene or --NH--; R.sub.9 is
hydrogen or lower alkyl; Z.sub.3 is absent, --NH--, --SO.sub.2-- or
alkyl (wherein alkyl is optionally substituted at one or more
positions by halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, carboxy
or carbonylalkoxy); and, R.sub.10 is aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12
cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl each optionally substituted by one or
more hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), alkoxy (optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen or hydroxy), carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, carbamoyl,
carbamoylalkyl, aminosulfonyl, lower alkyl-aminosulfonyl, aryl,
aryloxy, arylalkoxy or heterocyclyl.
[0043] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--NH--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); X.sub.3 is
absent; Z.sub.3 is absent, --NH-- or alkyl (wherein alkyl is
optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen,
hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, carboxy or carbonylalkoxy);
and, R.sub.10 is aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl
each optionally substituted by one or more hydroxy, oxo, halogen,
amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally substituted at one or more
positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy), alkoxy, carboxy,
carbonylalkoxy, aryl or heterocyclyl.
[0044] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--NH--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); X.sub.3 is
absent; Z.sub.3 is absent or alkyl; and, R.sub.10 is
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more
hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, aryl or heterocyclyl.
[0045] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--NH--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); X.sub.3 is
absent; Z.sub.3 is absent or alkyl; and, R.sub.10 is
C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more
alkyl or carbonylalkoxy.
[0046] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--NH--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); X.sub.3 is
absent; Z.sub.3 is absent, --NH-- or alkyl (wherein alkyl is
optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen,
hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, carboxy or carbonylalkoxy);
and, R.sub.10 is aryl optionally substituted by one or more
hydroxy, oxo, halogen, amino, aminoalkyl, alkyl (optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy), alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylalkoxy, aryl or heterocyclyl.
[0047] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--NH--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); X.sub.3 is
absent; Z.sub.3 is absent, --NH-- or alkyl (wherein alkyl is
optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy
or lower alkoxy); and, R.sub.10 is aryl optionally substituted by
one or more halogen.
[0048] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein R.sub.3 is --C(O)--NH--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); X.sub.3 is
absent; Z.sub.3 is absent or alkyl (wherein alkyl is optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy, lower
alkyl, lower alkoxy, carboxy or carbonylalkoxy); and, R.sub.10 is
heterocyclyl optionally substituted by one or more alkyl.
[0049] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein the dashed line between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is
absent; X.sub.4 is absent or is lower alkylene; and, R.sub.4 is
hydrogen or aryl optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen.
[0050] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein the dashed line between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is
present, X.sub.4 is absent and R.sub.4 is CH-aryl optionally
substituted on aryl at one or more positions by halogen.
[0051] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(I) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein X.sub.5 is absent and R.sub.5 is absent.
[0052] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(Ia):
##STR00005##
or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof wherein
X.sub.1 is absent; X.sub.3 is absent or lower alkylidene; when the
dashed line between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is absent,
X.sub.4 is absent or is lower alkylene and R.sub.4 is hydrogen or
aryl optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen;
when the dashed line between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is
present, X.sub.4 is absent and R.sub.4 is CH-aryl, wherein aryl is
optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen; R.sub.1
is selected from hydrogen, aryl or C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl,
wherein aryl is optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen; R.sub.3 is --C(O)--Z.sub.1(R.sub.6),
--SO.sub.2--NH--Z.sub.2(R.sub.8) or --C(O)--NH--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10);
R.sub.6 is heterocyclyl; R.sub.8 is aryl optionally substituted at
one or more positions by alkoxy; R.sub.10 is aryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.12
cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, wherein aryl or C.sub.3-C.sub.12
cycloalkyl are each optionally substituted by one or more halogen,
alkyl or carbonylalkoxy; Z.sub.1 is absent; Z.sub.2 is alkyl; and,
Z.sub.3 is absent, --NH-- or alkyl (wherein alkyl is optionally
substituted at one or more positions by halogen, hydroxy or lower
alkoxy).
[0053] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(Ia) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein X.sub.1 is absent; X.sub.3 is absent or lower alkylidene;
when the dashed line between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 is
absent, X.sub.4 is absent or is lower alkylene and R.sub.4 is
hydrogen or aryl optionally substituted at one or more positions by
halogen; when the dashed line between position 9 and X.sub.4R.sub.4
is present, X.sub.4 is absent and R.sub.4 is CH-aryl, wherein aryl
is optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen;
R.sub.1 is selected from hydrogen or aryl, wherein aryl is
optionally substituted at one or more positions by halogen; R.sub.3
is --SO.sub.2--NH--Z.sub.2(R.sub.8) or
--C(O)--NH--Z.sub.3(R.sub.10); R.sub.8 is aryl optionally
substituted at one or more positions by alkoxy; R.sub.10 is aryl
optionally substituted by one or more halogen, alkyl or
carbonylalkoxy; Z.sub.2 is alkyl; and Z.sub.3 is absent or alkyl
(wherein alkyl is optionally substituted at one or more positions
by halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy).
[0054] An example of the present invention is a compound of formula
(Ia) or a salt, isomer, prodrug, metabolite or polymorph thereof
wherein X.sub.1R.sub.1, X.sub.3R.sub.3 and X.sub.4R.sub.4 are
dependently selected from
TABLE-US-00001 Cpd X.sub.1R.sub.1 X.sub.3R.sub.3 X.sub.4R.sub.4 1
cyclohexyl C(O)NH-1,3,3-(CH.sub.3).sub.3- H bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl
2 cyclohexyl C(O)NH--CH.sub.2-adamantan-1-yl H 3 cyclopentyl
C(O)NH--CH.sub.2-adamantan-1-yl H 4 cyclohexyl
C(O)NH-2-CO.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3- H bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl 5
cyclopentyl C(O)NH--CH(CH.sub.3)-adamantan-1-yl H 6 cyclohexyl
C(O)NH--CH(CH.sub.3)-adamantan-1-yl H 7 cyclopentyl
C(O)NH-1,3,3-(CH.sub.3).sub.3- H bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl 8
cyclobutyl C(O)NH-1,3,3-(CH.sub.3).sub.3- H bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl
9 cyclobutyl C(O)NH--CH.sub.2-adamantan-1-yl H 10 cyclobutyl
C(O)NH--CH(CH.sub.3)-adamantan-1-yl H 11 2,4-Cl.sub.2-phenyl
C(O)NHNH-(2,4-Cl.sub.2)-phenyl (E)-4-F-benzylidene 12
2,4-Cl.sub.2-phenyl C(O)NH--(R--CH)(phenyl)-CH.sub.3
(E)-4-F-benzylidene 13 2,4-Cl.sub.2-phenyl
C(O)NH--(R--CH)(pyridin-2-yl)-CH.sub.3 (E)-4-F-benzylidene 14
2,4-Cl.sub.2-phenyl C(O)-piperidin-1-yl (E)-4-F-benzylidene 15
2,4-Cl.sub.2-phenyl C(O)NH--(S--CH)(phenyl)-CH.sub.3
(E)-4-F-benzylidene 16 2,4-Cl.sub.2-phenyl
C(O)NH--(S--CH)(cyclohexyl)-CH.sub.3 (E)-4-F-benzylidene 17
2,4-Cl.sub.2-phenyl C(O)NH--(R--CH)(cyclohexyl)-CH.sub.3
(E)-4-F-benzylidene 18 2,4-Cl.sub.2-phenyl C(O)NH-hexahydro-
(E)-4-F-benzylidene cyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2-yl 19 2,4-Cl.sub.2-phenyl
C(O)NH-piperidin-1-yl (E)-4-F-benzylidene 20 H
(E)--(CH).sub.2SO.sub.2NH--CH(4-OCH.sub.3-phenyl)- 3-Cl-benzyl
(S)--CH.sub.3 21 H
(E)--(CH).sub.2SO.sub.2NH--CH(phenyl)-(S)--CH.sub.3 3-Cl-benzyl 22
H C(O)NH--CH-[(R)-phenyl]-CH.sub.2OH (S*)-3-Cl-benzyl 23 H
C(O)NH--CH-[(R)-phenyl]-CH.sub.2OH (R*)-3-Cl-benzyl 24 H
C(O)NH--CH-[(S)-phenyl]-CH.sub.2OH (R*)-3-Cl-benzyl 25 H
C(O)NH--CH-[(S)-phenyl]-CH.sub.2OH (S*)-3-Cl-benzyl 26 H
C(O)NH--CH-[(R)-phenyl]-CH.sub.2OCH.sub.3 (S*)-3-Cl-benzyl 27 H
C(O)NH--CH-[(R)-phenyl]-CH.sub.2OCH.sub.3 (R*)-3-Cl-benzyl 28 H
C(O)NH--CH(phenyl)-(R)--CH.sub.3 (E)-3-Cl-benzylidene 29 H
C(O)NH--CH(phenyl)-(S)--CH.sub.3 (E)-3-Cl-benzylidene 30 H
C(O)NH--CH(phenyl)-(S)--CH.sub.2OH (E)-3-Cl-benzylidene 31 H
C(O)NH--CH(phenyl)-(R)--CH.sub.2OH (E)-3-Cl-benzylidene
[0055] Compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable
forms thereof include those selected from:
##STR00006## ##STR00007## ##STR00008## ##STR00009## ##STR00010##
##STR00011## ##STR00012## ##STR00013## ##STR00014##
##STR00015##
DEFINITIONS
[0056] As used herein, the following terms have the following
meanings:
[0057] The term "alkyl" means a saturated branched or straight
chain monovalent hydrocarbon radical of up to 10 carbon atoms.
Alkyl typically includes, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl,
propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and the
like.
[0058] The term "lower alkyl" means an alkyl radical of up to 4
carbon atoms. The point of attachment may be on any alkyl or lower
alkyl carbon atom and, when further substituted, substituent
variables may be placed on any carbon atom.
[0059] The term "alkylene" means a saturated branched or straight
chain monovalent hydrocarbon linking group of up to 10 carbon
atoms, whereby the linking group is derived by the removal of one
hydrogen atom each from two carbon atoms. Alkylene typically
includes, but is not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene,
isopropylene, n-butylene, t-butylene, pentylene, hexylene,
heptylene and the like. The term "lower alkylene" means an alkylene
linking group of up to 4 carbon atoms. The point of attachment may
be on any alkylene or lower alkylene carbon atom and, when further
substituted, substituent variables may be placed on any carbon
atom.
[0060] The term "alkylidene" means an alkylene linking group of
from 1 to 10 carbon atoms having at least one double bond formed
between two adjacent carbon atoms, wherein the double bond is
derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom each from the two
carbon atoms. Atoms may be oriented about the double bond in either
the cis (E) or trans (Z) conformation. Alkylidene typically
includes, but is not limited to, methylidene, vinylidene,
propylidene, iso-propylidene, methallylene, allylidene
(2-propenylidene), crotylene (2-butenylene), prenylene
(3-methyl-2-butenylene) and the like. The term "lower alkylidene"
means a radical or linking group of from 1 to 4-carbon atoms. The
point of attachment may be on any alkylidene or lower alkylidene
carbon atom and, when further substituted, substituent variables
may be placed on any carbon atom.
[0061] The term "alkoxy" means an alkyl, alkylene or alkylidene
radical of up to 10-carbon atoms attached via an oxygen atom,
whereby the point of attachment is formed by the removal of the
hydrogen atom from a hydroxide substituent on a parent radical. The
term "lower alkoxy" means an alkyl, alkylene or alkylidene radical
of up to 4-carbon atoms. Lower alkoxy typically includes, but is
not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and the like. When
further substituted, substituent variables may be placed on any
alkoxy carbon atom.
[0062] The term "cycloalkyl" means a saturated or partially
unsaturated monocyclic, polycyclic or bridged hydrocarbon ring
system radical or linking group. A ring of 3 to 20 carbon atoms may
be designated by C.sub.3-20 cycloalkyl; a ring of 3 to 12 carbon
atoms may be designated by C.sub.3-12 cycloalkyl, a ring of 3 to 8
carbon atoms may be designated by C.sub.3-8 cycloalkyl and the
like.
[0063] Cycloalkyl typically includes, but is not limited to,
cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl,
cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, indanyl, indenyl,
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalenyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalenyl,
6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocycloheptenyl,
5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-benzocyclooctenyl, fluorenyl,
bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl,
bicyclo[3.1.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octenyl,
bicyclo[3.2.1]octenyl, adamantanyl,
octahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indenyl, octahydro-2,5-methano-pentalenyl
(also referred to as hexahydro-2,5-methano-pentalenyl) and the
like. When further substituted, substituent variables may be placed
on any ring carbon atom.
[0064] The term "heterocyclyl" means a saturated, partially
unsaturated or unsaturated monocyclic, polycyclic or bridged
hydrocarbon ring system radical or linking group, wherein at least
one ring carbon atom has been replaced with one or more heteroatoms
independently selected from N, O or S. A heterocyclyl ring system
further includes a ring system having up to 4 nitrogen atom ring
members or a ring system having from 0 to 3 nitrogen atom ring
members and 1 oxygen or sulfur atom ring member. When allowed by
available valences, up to two adjacent ring members may be a
heteroatom, wherein one heteroatom is nitrogen and the other is
selected from N, O or S. A heterocyclyl radical is derived by the
removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon or nitrogen ring
atom. A heterocyclyl linking group is derived by the removal of two
hydrogen atoms each from either carbon or nitrogen ring atoms.
[0065] Heterocyclyl typically includes, but is not limited to,
furyl, thienyl, 2H-pyrrole, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl,
pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl,
imidazolyl, 2-imidazolinyl (also referred to as
4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolyl), imidazolidinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl,
pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl,
triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, 2H-pyran, 4H-pyran, pyridinyl,
piperidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl, 1,4-dithianyl,
thiomorpholinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl,
azepanyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl,
benzo[6]furyl, benzo[6]thienyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl,
benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,
cinnolinyl, phthalzinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl,
1,8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinuclidinyl,
hexahydro-1,4-diazepinyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl (also known as
1,3-methylenedioxyphenyl), 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxinyl (also
known as 1,4-ethylenedioxyphenyl), benzo-dihydro-furyl,
benzo-tetrahydro-pyranyl, benzo-dihydro-thienyl,
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-cyclohepta(6)thienyl,
5,6,7-trihydro-4H-cyclohexa(6)thienyl,
5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta(6)thienyl, 2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl,
1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, 8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octyl,
7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl and the like.
[0066] The term "aryl" means an unsaturated, conjugated n electron
monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon ring system radical or linking
group of 6, 9, 10 or 14 carbon atoms. An aryl radical is derived by
the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon ring atom. An
arylene linking group is derived by the removal of two hydrogen
atoms each of two carbon ring atoms. Aryl typically includes, but
is not limited to, phenyl, naphthalenyl, azulenyl, anthracenyl and
the like.
[0067] The term "amino" means a radical of the formula or
--NH.sub.2.
[0068] The term "aminoalkyl" means a radical of the formula
--NH-alkyl or --N(alkyl).sub.2.
[0069] The term "aminosulfonyl" means a radical of the formula or
--SO.sub.2NH.sub.2.
[0070] The term "arylalkoxy" means a radical of the formula
--O-alkyl-aryl.
[0071] The term "aryloxy" means a radical of the formula
--O-aryl.
[0072] The term "carbamoyl" means a radical of the formula or
--C(O)NH.sub.2.
[0073] The term "carbamoylalkyl" means a radical of the formula
--C(O)NH-alkyl or --C(O)N(alkyl).sub.2.
[0074] The term "carbonylalkoxy" means a radical of the formula
--C(O)O-alkyl.
[0075] The term "carboxy" means a radical of the formula --COOH or
--CO.sub.2H.
[0076] The term "halo" or "halogen" means fluoro, chloro, bromo or
iodo.
[0077] The term "lower alkyl-amino" means a radical of the formula
--NH-alkyl or --N(alkyl).sub.2.
[0078] The term "lower alkyl-aminosulfonyl" means a radical of the
formula --SO.sub.2NH-alkyl or --SO.sub.2N(alkyl).sub.2.
[0079] The term "lower alkyl-sulfonyl" means a radical of the
formula --SO.sub.2-alkyl or --C(O)N(alkyl).sub.2.
[0080] The term "substituted" means one or more hydrogen atoms on a
core molecule have been replaced with one or more radicals or
linking groups, wherein the linking group, by definition is also
further substituted. The ability of a particular radical or linking
group to replace a hydrogen atom is optimally expected by one
skilled to art to result in a chemically stable core molecule.
[0081] The term "dependency selected" means one or more substituent
variables are present in a specified combination (e.g. groups of
substituents commonly appearing in a tabular list).
[0082] The substituent nomenclature used in the disclosure of the
present invention was derived using nomenclature rules well known
to those skilled in the art (e.g., IUPAC).
Pharmaceutical Forms
[0083] The compounds of the present invention may be present in the
form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. For use in medicines,
the "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" of the compounds of this
invention refer to non-toxic acidic/anionic or basic/cationic salt
forms.
[0084] Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds
of this invention include acid addition salts which may, for
example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compound according
to the invention with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable
acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, maleic
acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid,
tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid.
[0085] Furthermore when the compounds of the present invention
carry an acidic moiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g. sodium or potassium
salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g. calcium or magnesium salts;
and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g. quaternary
ammonium salts. Thus, representative pharmaceutically acceptable
salts include the following: acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate,
bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium,
camsylate (or camphosulfonate), carbonate, chloride, clavulanate,
citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, fumarate, gluconate, glutamate,
hydrabamine, hydrobromine, hydrochloride, iodide, isothionate,
lactate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, nitrate, oleate,
pamoate, palmitate, phosphate/diphosphate, salicylate, stearate,
sulfate, succinate, tartrate, tosylate.
[0086] The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs and
metabolites of the compounds of this invention. In general, such
prodrugs and metabolites will be functional derivatives of the
compounds that are readily convertible in vivo into an active
compound.
[0087] Thus, in the methods of treatment of the present invention,
the term "administering" shall encompass the means for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a syndrome, disorder or disease
described herein with a compound specifically disclosed or a
compound, or prodrug or metabolite thereof, which would obviously
be included within the scope of the invention albeit not
specifically disclosed for certain of the instant compounds.
[0088] The term "prodrug" means a pharmaceutically acceptable form
of a functional derivative of a compound of the invention (or a
salt thereof), wherein the prodrug may be: 1) a relatively active
precursor which converts in vivo to an active prodrug component; 2)
a relatively inactive precursor which converts in vivo to an active
prodrug component; or 3) a relatively less active component of the
compound that contributes to therapeutic biological activity after
becoming available in vivo (i.e., as a metabolite). Conventional
procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug
derivatives are described in, for example, "Design of Prodrugs",
ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
[0089] The term "metabolite" means a pharmaceutically acceptable
form of a metabolic derivative of a compound of the invention (or a
salt thereof), wherein the derivative is a relatively less active
component of the compound that contributes to therapeutic
biological activity after becoming available in vivo.
[0090] The present invention contemplates compounds of various
isomers and mixtures thereof. The term "isomer" refers to compounds
that have the same composition and molecular weight but differ in
physical and/or chemical properties. Such substances have the same
number and kind of atoms but differ in structure. The structural
difference may be in constitution (geometric isomers) or in an
ability to rotate the plane of polarized light (stereoisomers).
[0091] The term "stereoisomer" refers to isomers of identical
constitution that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in
space. Enantiomers and diastereomers are stereoisomers wherein an
asymmetrically substituted carbon atom acts as a chiral center. The
term "chiral" refers to a molecule that is not superposable on its
mirror image, implying the absence of an axis and a plane or center
of symmetry. The term "enantiomer" refers to one of a pair of
molecular species that are mirror images of each other and are not
superposable. The term "diastereomer" refers to stereoisomers that
are not related as mirror images. The symbols "R" and "S" represent
the configuration of substituents around a chiral carbon atom(s).
The symbols "R*" and "S*" denote the relative configurations of
substituents around a chiral carbon atom(s).
[0092] The term "racemate" or "racemic mixture" refers to a
compound of equimolar quantities of two enantiomeric species,
wherein the compound is devoid of optical activity. The term
"optical activity" refers to the degree to which a chiral molecule
or nonracemic mixture of chiral molecules rotates the plane of
polarized light.
[0093] The term "geometric isomer" refers to isomers that differ in
the orientation of substituent atoms in relationship to a
carbon-carbon double bond, to a cycloalkyl ring or to a bridged
bicyclic system. Substituent atoms (other than H) on each side of a
carbon-carbon double bond may be in an E or Z configuration. In the
"E" (opposite sided) or "chair" configuration, the substituents are
on opposite sides in relationship to the carbon-carbon double bond;
in the "Z" (same sided) or "boat" configuration, the substituents
are oriented on the same side in relationship to the carbon-carbon
double bond. Substituent atoms (other than H) attached to a
carbocyclic ring may be in a cis or trans configuration. In the
"cis" configuration, the substituents are on the same side in
relationship to the plane of the ring; in the "trans"
configuration, the substituents are on opposite sides in
relationship to the plane of the ring. Compounds having a mixture
of "cis" and "trans" species are designated "cis/trans".
Substituent atoms (other than H) attached to a bridged bicyclic
system may be in an "endo" or "exo" configuration. In the "endo"
configuration, the substituents attached to a bridge (not a
bridgehead) point toward the larger of the two remaining bridges;
in the "exo" configuration, the substituents attached to a bridge
point toward the smaller of the two remaining bridges.
[0094] It is to be understood that the various substituent
stereoisomers, geometric isomers and mixtures thereof used to
prepare compounds of the present invention are either commercially
available, can be prepared synthetically from commercially
available starting materials or can be prepared as isomeric
mixtures and then obtained as resolved isomers using techniques
well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0095] The isomeric descriptors "R," "S," "S*," "R*," "E," "Z,"
"cis," "trans," "exo" and "endo" are used as described herein for
indicating atom configuration(s) relative to a core molecule and
are intended to be used as defined in the literature (IUPAC
Recommendations for Fundamental Stereochemistry (Section E), Pure
Appl. Chem., 1976, 45:13-30).
[0096] The compounds of the present invention may be prepared as
individual isomers by either isomer-specific synthesis or resolved
from an isomeric mixture. Conventional resolution techniques
include forming the free base of each isomer of an isomeric pair
using an optically active salt (followed by fractional
crystallization and regeneration of the free base), forming an
ester or amide of each of the isomers of an isomeric pair (followed
by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary)
or resolving an isomeric mixture of either a starting material or a
final product using preparative TLC (thin layer chromatography) or
a chiral HPLC column.
[0097] Furthermore, compounds of the present invention may have one
or more polymorph or amorphous crystalline forms and as such are
intended to be included in the scope of the invention. In addition,
some of the compounds may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates)
or common organic solvents, and such are also intended to be
encompassed within the scope of this invention.
[0098] During any of the processes for preparation of the compounds
of the present invention, it may be necessary and/or desirable to
protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules
concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting
groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic
Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T. W.
Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,
John Wiley & Sons, 1991. The protecting groups may be removed
at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known in the
art.
Therapeutic Use
[0099] CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors belong to the
G-protein-coupled receptor (GCPR) family, a receptor super-family
with a distinctive pattern of seven transmembrane domains, which
inhibits N-type calcium channels and/or adenylate cyclase to
inhibit Q-type calcium channels. CB1 receptors are present in the
CNS, predominately expressed in brain regions associated with
memory and movement such as the hippocampus (memory storage),
cerebellum (coordination of motor function, posture and balance),
basal ganglia (movement control), hypothalamus (thermal regulation,
neuroendocrine release, appetite), spinal cord (nociception),
cerebral cortex (emesis) and periphery regions such as lymphoid
organs (cell mediated and innate immunity), vascular smooth muscle
cells (blood pressure), gastrointestinal tract (innate
antiinflammatory in the tract and in the esophagus, duodenum,
jejunum, ileum and colon, controlling esophageal and
gastrointestinal motility), lung smooth muscle cells
(bronchodilation), eye ciliary body (intraocular pressure).
[0100] CB2 receptors appear to be primarily expressed peripherally
in lymphoid tissue (cell mediated and innate immunity), peripheral
nerve terminals (peripheral nervous system), spleen immune cells
(immune system modulation) and retina (intraocular pressure). CB2
mRNA is found in the CNS in cerebellar granule cells (coordinating
motor function). Pharmacological and physiological evidence also
suggests that there may be other cannabinoid receptor subtypes that
have yet to be cloned and characterized.
[0101] Where activation or inhibition of a CB receptor appears to
mediate various syndromes, disorders or diseases, potential areas
of clinical application include, but are not limited to,
controlling appetite, regulating metabolism, diabetes, reducing
glaucoma-associated intraocular pressure, treating social and mood
disorders, treating seizure-related disorders, treating substance
abuse disorders, enhancing learning, cognition and memory,
controlling organ contraction and muscle spasm, treating bowel
disorders, treating respiratory disorders, treating locomotor
activity or movement disorders, treating immune and inflammation
disorders, regulating cell growth, use in pain management, use as a
neuroprotective agent and the like.
[0102] Thus, cannabinoid receptor modulators, including the
compounds of the formula (I) or (Ia) of the present invention, are
useful for treating, ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid
receptor mediated syndrome, disorder or disease including, but not
limited to, controlling appetite, regulating metabolism, diabetes,
glaucoma-associated intraocular pressure, pain, social and mood
disorders, seizure-related disorders, substance abuse disorders,
learning, cognition and/or memory disorders, bowel disorders,
respiratory disorders, locomotor activity disorders, movement
disorders, immune disorders or inflammation disorders, controlling
organ contraction and muscle spasm, enhancing learning, cognition
and/or memory, regulating cell growth, providing neuroprotection
and the like.
[0103] The present invention is directed to a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a compound of formula (I).
[0104] The present invention is directed to a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a compound of formulae (Ia) or prodrug, metabolite, or
composition thereof.
[0105] The present invention is directed to a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject a combination
product and/or therapy comprising an effective amount of a compound
of formula (I) and a therapeutic agent.
[0106] The present invention is directed to a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject a combination
product and/or therapy comprising an effective amount of a compound
of formulae (Ia) and a therapeutic agent.
[0107] Therapeutic agents contemplated for use in a combination
product and/or therapies of the present invention include an
anticonvulsant or a contraceptive agent. The anticonvulsant agents
include, and are not limited to, topiramate, analogs of topiramate,
carbamazepine, valproic acid, lamotrigine, gabapentin, phenyloin
and the like and mixtures or pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof. The contraceptive agents include, and are not limited to,
such as progestin-only contraceptives and contraceptives that
include both a progestin component and an estrogen component.
[0108] The invention further includes a pharmaceutical composition
wherein the contraceptive is an oral contraceptive, and wherein the
contraceptive optionally includes a folic acid component.
[0109] The invention also includes a method of contraception in a
subject comprising the step of administering to the subject a
composition, wherein the composition comprises a contraceptive and
a CB1 receptor inverse-agonist or antagonist compound of formulae
(I) or (Ia), wherein the composition reduces the urge to smoke in
the subject and/or assists the subject in losing weight.
[0110] The present invention includes cannabinoid receptor
modulators useful for treating, ameliorating or preventing a CB
receptor mediated syndrome, disorder or disease. The usefulness of
a compound of the present invention or composition thereof as a CB
modulator can be determined according to the methods disclosed
herein. The scope of such use includes treating, ameliorating or
preventing a plurality of CB receptor mediated syndromes, disorders
or diseases.
[0111] The present invention is also directed to a method for
treating, ameliorating or preventing a CB receptor mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof wherein
the syndrome, disorder or disease is related to appetite,
metabolism, diabetes, glaucoma-associated intraocular pressure,
social and mood disorders, seizures, substance abuse, learning,
cognition or memory, organ contraction or muscle spasm, bowel
disorders, respiratory disorders, locomotor activity or movement
disorders, immune and inflammation disorders, unregulated cell
growth, pain management, neuroprotection and the like.
[0112] A compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) for use as a CB receptor
modulator includes a compound having a mean inhibition constant
(IC.sub.50) for CB receptor binding activity of between about 50 to
about 0.01 nM; between about 25 to about 0.01 nM; between about 15
to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between
about 1 to about 0.01 nM; between about 800 nM to about 0.01 nM;
between about 200 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 100 nM to
about 0.01 nM; between about 80 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about
20 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 nM to about 0.1 nM; or
about 0.1 nM.
[0113] A compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) for use as a CB receptor
modulator of the invention includes a compound having a CB1 agonist
IC.sub.50 for CB1 agonist binding activity of between about 50
.mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between about 25 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM;
between about 15 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 .mu.M to
about 0.01 nM; between about 1 to about 0.01 nM; between about 800
nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 200 nM to about 0.01 nM; between
about 100 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 80 nM to about 0.01
nM; between about 20 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 nM to
about 0.1 nM; or about 0.1 nM.
[0114] A compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) for use as a CB receptor
modulator of the invention includes a compound having a CB1
antagonist IC.sub.50 for CB1 antagonist binding activity of between
about 50 to about 0.01 nM; between about 25 to about 0.01 nM;
between about 15 to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 to about 0.01
nM; between about 1 to about 0.01 nM; between about 800 nM to about
0.01 nM; between about 200 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 100
nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 80 nM to about 0.01 nM; between
about 20 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 nM to about 0.1 nM;
or about 0.1 nM.
[0115] A compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) for use as a CB receptor
modulator of the invention includes a compound having a CB1
inverse-agonist IC.sub.50 for CB1 inverse-agonist binding activity
of between about 50 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between about 25 .mu.M
to about 0.01 nM; between about 15 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between
about 10 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between about 1 to about 0.01 nM;
between about 800 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 200 nM to
about 0.01 nM; between about 100 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about
80 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 20 nM to about 0.01 nM;
between about 10 nM to about 0.1 nM; or about 0.1 nM.
[0116] A compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) for use as a CB receptor
modulator of the invention includes a compound having a CB2 agonist
IC.sub.50 for CB2 agonist binding activity of between about 50
.mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between about 25 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM;
between about 15 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 .mu.M to
about 0.01 nM; between about 1 to about 0.01 nM; between about 800
nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 200 nM to about 0.01 nM; between
about 100 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 80 nM to about 0.01
nM; between about 20 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 nM to
about 0.1 nM; or about 0.1 nM.
[0117] A compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) for use as a CB receptor
modulator of the invention includes a compound having a CB2
antagonist IC.sub.50 for CB2 antagonist binding activity of between
about 50 to about 0.01 nM; between about 25 to about 0.01 nM;
between about 15 to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 to about 0.01
nM; between about 1 to about 0.01 nM; between about 800 nM to about
0.01 nM; between about 200 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 100
nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 80 nM to about 0.01 nM; between
about 20 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 10 nM to about 0.1 nM;
or about 0.1 nM.
[0118] A compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) for use as a CB receptor
modulator of the invention includes a compound having a CB2
inverse-agonist IC.sub.50 for CB2 inverse-agonist binding activity
of between about 50 to about 0.01 nM; between about 25 .mu.M to
about 0.01 nM; between about 15 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between
about 10 .mu.M to about 0.01 nM; between about 1 to about 0.01 nM;
between about 800 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 200 nM to
about 0.01 nM; between about 100 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about
80 nM to about 0.01 nM; between about 20 nM to about 0.01 nM;
between about 10 nM to about 0.1 nM; or about 0.1 nM.
[0119] The term "cannabinoid receptor" refers to any one of the
known or heretofore unknown subtypes of the class of cannabinoid
receptors that may be bound by a cannabinoid modulator compound of
the present invention; in particular, a cannabinoid receptor
selected from the group consisting of a CB1 receptor and a CB2
receptor. The term "modulator" further refers to the use of a
compound of the invention as a CB receptor agonist, antagonist or
inverse-agonist.
[0120] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB receptor mediated syndrome,
disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof comprising the
step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a
compound of the present invention or composition thereof, wherein
the cannabinoid receptor is a CB1 or CB2 receptor; and, the
compound is an agonist, antagonist or inverse-agonist of the
receptor.
[0121] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB receptor mediated syndrome,
disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof comprising the
step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a
compound of the present invention in a combination product and/or
therapy with a therapeutic agent such as an anticonvulsant or
contraceptive agent or composition thereof, wherein the cannabinoid
receptor is a CB1 or CB2 receptor; and, the compound is an agonist,
antagonist or inverse-agonist of the receptor.
[0122] It should be understood that contraceptive agents suitable
for use in a combination product and/or therapy are not limited to
oral contraceptives, but also include other commonly available
contraceptives such as those that are administered transdermally,
by injection or via implant.
[0123] Except as further specified, "combination product and/or
therapy" means a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
of formulae (I) or (Ia) in combination with one or more therapeutic
agents. The dosages of the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) and the
one or more therapeutic agents are adjusted when combined to
achieve an effective amount.
[0124] The term "subject" as used herein, refers to a patient,
which may be an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a
human, which has been the object of treatment, observation or
experiment and is at risk of (or susceptible to) developing a CB
receptor mediated syndrome, disorder or disease.
[0125] The term "administering" is to be interpreted in accordance
with the methods of the present invention. Such methods include
therapeutically or prophylactically administering an effective
amount of a composition or medicament of the present invention at
different times during the course of a therapy or concurrently as a
product in a combination form.
[0126] Prophylactic administration can occur prior to the
manifestation of symptoms characteristic of a CB receptor mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease such that the syndrome, disorder or
disease is treated, ameliorated, prevented or otherwise delayed in
its progression. The methods of the present invention are further
to be understood as embracing all therapeutic or prophylactic
treatment regimens used by those skilled in the art.
[0127] The term "effective amount" refers to that amount of active
compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or
medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human, that is
being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or
other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the
syndrome, disorder or disease being treated. The effective amount
of a compound of the invention is from about 0.001 mg/kg/day to
about 300 mg/kg/day.
[0128] Wherein the present invention is directed to the
administration of a combination of a compound of formula (I) and an
anticonvulsant or contraceptive agent, the term "effective amount"
means that amount of the combination of agents taken together so
that the combined effect elicits the desired biological or
medicinal response.
[0129] As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the effective
amounts of the components comprising the combination product may be
independently optimized and combined to achieve a synergistic
result whereby the pathology is reduced more than it would be if
the components of the combination product were used alone.
[0130] For example, the effective amount of a combination product
and/or therapy comprising administration of a compound of formula
(I) and topiramate would be the amount of the compound of formula
(I) and the amount of topiramate that when taken together or
sequentially have a combined effect that is effective. Further, it
will be recognized by one skilled in the art that in the case of
combination product and/or therapy with an effective amount, as in
the example above, the amount of the compound of formula (I) and/or
the amount of the anticonvulsant (e.g., topiramate) individually
may or may not be effective.
[0131] Wherein the present invention is directed to the
administration of a combination product and/or therapy, the instant
compound and the anticonvulsant or contraceptive agent may be
co-administered by any suitable means, simultaneously, sequentially
or in a single pharmaceutical composition. Where the instant
compound(s) and the anticonvulsant or contraceptive agent
components are administered separately, the number of dosages of
each compound(s) given per day, may not necessarily be the same,
e.g. where one compound may have a greater duration of activity,
and will therefore, be administered less frequently.
[0132] The compound(s) of formula (I) and the anticonvulsant(s) or
contraceptive agent(s) may be administered via the same or
different routes of administration. The compound(s) of formula (I)
and the anticonvulsant(s) or contraceptive agent(s) may be
administered via the same or different routes of
administration.
[0133] Suitable examples of methods of administration are orally,
intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), and subcutaneous (sc).
Compounds may also be administrated directly to the nervous system
including, but not limited to the intracerebral, intraventricular,
intracerebroventricular, intrathecal, intracisternal, intraspinal
and/or peri-spinal routes of administration by delivery via
intracranial or intravertebral needles and/or catheters with or
without pump devices.
[0134] The compound(s) of formula (I) and the anticonvulsant(s) or
contraceptive agent(s) may be administered according to
simultaneous or alternating regimens, at the same or different
times during the course of the therapy, concurrently in divided or
single forms.
[0135] Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined
by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular
compound used, the mode of administration, and the strength of the
preparation and the advancement of the disease condition. In
addition, factors associated with the particular patient being
treated, including patient's sex, age, weight, diet, time of
administration and concomitant diseases, will result in the need to
adjust dosages.
[0136] The term "CB receptor mediated syndrome, disorder, or
disease" refers to syndromes, disorders or diseases associated with
a biological response mediated by a CB receptor such that there is
discomfort or decreased life expectancy to the organism.
[0137] CB receptor mediated syndromes, disorders or diseases can
occur in both animals and humans and include appetite, metabolism,
diabetes, obesity, glaucoma-associated intraocular pressure,
social, mood, seizure, substance abuse, learning, cognition,
memory, organ contraction, muscle spasm, bowel, respiratory,
locomotor activity, movement, immune, inflammation, cell growth,
pain or neurodegenerative related syndromes, disorders or
diseases.
[0138] Appetite related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
obesity, overweight condition, anorexia, bulimia, cachexia,
dysregulated appetite and the like.
[0139] Obesity related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
obesity as a result of genetics, diet, food intake volume,
metabolic syndrome, disorder or disease, hypothalmic disorder or
disease, age, reduced activity, abnormal adipose mass distribution,
abnormal adipose compartment distribution and the like.
[0140] Metabolism related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure,
diabetes, insulin sensitivity or resistance, hyperinsulinemia,
hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemias, hypertriglyceridemias,
atherosclerosis, hepatomegaly, steatosis, abnormal alanine
aminotransferase levels, inflammation, atherosclerosis and the
like.
[0141] Diabetes related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
glucose dysregulation, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance,
hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity and the
like.
[0142] Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus) is a metabolic disorder (i.e., a metabolism related
syndrome, disorder or disease) in which glucose dysregulation and
insulin resistance results in chronic, long-term medical
complications for both adolescents and adults affecting the eyes,
kidneys, nerves and blood vessels and can lead to blindness,
end-stage renal disease, myocardial infarction or limb amputation
and the like. Glucose dysregulation includes the inability to make
sufficient insulin (abnormal insulin secretion) and the inability
to effectively use insulin (resistance to insulin action in target
organs and tissues). Individuals suffering from Type II diabetes
mellitus have a relative insulin deficiency. That is, in such
individuals, plasma insulin levels are normal to high in absolute
terms, although they are lower than predicted for the level of
plasma glucose that is present.
[0143] Type II diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following
clinical signs or symptoms: persistently elevated plasma glucose
concentration or hyperglycemia; polyuria; polydipsia and/or
polyphagia; chronic microvascular complications such as
retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy; and macrovascular
complications such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension. These micro-
and macro-vascular complications can lead to blindness, end-stage
renal disease, limb amputation and myocardial infarction.
[0144] Insulin Resistance Syndrome (IRS) (also referred to as
Syndrome X, Metabolic Syndrome or Metabolic Syndrome X) is a
disorder that presents risk factors for the development of Type II
diabetes and cardiovascular disease including glucose intolerance,
hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia (e.g. high
triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol and the like), hypertension and
obesity.
[0145] Social or mood related syndromes, disorders or diseases
include depression, anxiety, psychosis, social affective disorders
or cognitive disorders and the like.
[0146] Substance abuse related syndromes, disorders or diseases
include drug abuse, drug withdrawal, alcohol abuse, alcohol
withdrawal, nicotine withdrawal, cocaine abuse, cocaine withdrawal,
heroin abuse, heroin withdrawal and the like.
[0147] Learning, cognition or memory related syndromes, disorders
or diseases include memory loss or impairment as a result of age,
disease, side effects of medications (adverse events) and the
like.
[0148] Muscle spasm syndromes, disorders or diseases include
multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and the like.
[0149] Locomotor activity and movement syndromes, disorders or
diseases include stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis,
epilepsy and the like.
[0150] Bowel related syndromes, disorders or diseases include bowel
dysmotility associated disorders (either accompanied by pain,
diarrhea or constipation or without), irritable bowel syndrome (and
other forms of bowel dysmotility and the like), inflammatory bowel
diseases (such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and the like)
and celiac disease.
[0151] An example of the invention includes bowel related
syndromes, disorders, or diseases associated with inflammation,
with or without pain, such as inflammatory bowel disease,
disordered bowel motility associated with inflammation arising from
surgery, traumatic injury or any sequelae resulting from traumatic
injury, intraperitoneal inflammation, basal pneumonia, myocardial
infarction, metabolic disturbances or any combination thereof.
[0152] An example of the invention bowel related syndromes,
disorders, or diseases associated with inflammation, with or
without pain, include inflammatory bowel diseases such as
ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or celiac disease. Disordered
bowel motility associated with inflammation arising from surgery
includes abdominal surgery, transplantation surgery, bowel
resection, orthopedic surgery, cardiovascular surgery or
gynecological surgery. Traumatic injury includes falls, car
accident or personal assault. Sequelae resulting from traumatic
injury includes limb fractures, rib fractures, fractures of the
spine, thoracic lesions, ischemia or retroperitoneal hecatomb.
Intraperitoneal inflammation includes intraabdominal sepsis, acute
appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis or ureteric colic.
[0153] Respiratory related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
chronic pulmonary obstructive disorder, emphysema, asthma,
bronchitis and the like.
[0154] Immune or inflammation related syndromes, disorders or
diseases include allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis,
autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency, chronic neuropathic pain and
the like.
[0155] Cell growth related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
dysregulated mammalian cell proliferation, breast cancer cell
proliferation, prostrate cancer cell proliferation and the
like.
[0156] Pain related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
central and peripheral pathway mediated pain, bone and joint pain,
migraine headache associated pain, cancer pain, menstrual cramps,
labor pain and the like.
[0157] Neurodegenerative related syndromes, disorders or diseases
include Parkinson's Disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, ischemia
or secondary biochemical injury collateral to traumatic head or
brain injury, brain inflammation, eye injury or stroke and the
like.
[0158] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a cannabinoid agonist compound of the present invention
or composition thereof.
[0159] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a cannabinoid agonist compound of the present invention
in a combination product and/or therapy with an anticonvulsant or
composition thereof.
[0160] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor inverse-agonist
mediated syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a cannabinoid inverse-agonist compound of the present
invention or composition thereof.
[0161] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor inverse-agonist
mediated syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a cannabinoid inverse-agonist compound of the present
invention in a combination product and/or therapy with an
anticonvulsant or composition thereof.
[0162] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor inverse-agonist
mediated syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a cannabinoid inverse-agonist compound of the present
invention in a combination product and/or therapy with one or more
contraceptives or composition thereof.
[0163] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor antagonist
mediated syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a cannabinoid antagonist compound of the present
invention or composition thereof.
[0164] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor antagonist
mediated syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a cannabinoid antagonist compound of the present
invention in a combination product and/or therapy with an
anticonvulsant or composition thereof.
[0165] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor antagonist
mediated syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject a
therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a
cannabinoid antagonist compound of the present invention in a
combination product and/or therapy with one or more contraceptives
or composition thereof.
[0166] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB1 agonist compound of the present invention or
composition thereof.
[0167] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB1 agonist compound of the present invention in a
combination product and/or therapy with an anticonvulsant or
composition thereof.
[0168] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor inverse-agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB1 inverse-agonist compound of the present invention
or composition thereof.
[0169] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor inverse-agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB1 inverse-agonist compound of the present invention
in a combination product and/or therapy with an anticonvulsant or
composition thereof.
[0170] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor inverse-agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB1 inverse-agonist compound of the present invention
in a combination product and/or therapy with one or more
contraceptives or composition thereof.
[0171] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor inverse-agonist mediated
appetite related obesity related or metabolism related syndrome,
disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof comprising the
step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a CB1
inverse-agonist compound of the present invention or composition
thereof.
[0172] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor inverse-agonist mediated
appetite related obesity related or metabolism related syndrome,
disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof comprising the
step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a CB1
inverse-agonist compound of the present invention in a combination
product and/or therapy with an anticonvulsant or composition
thereof.
[0173] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor inverse-agonist mediated
appetite related obesity related or metabolism related syndrome,
disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof comprising the
step of administering to the subject an effective amount of a CB1
inverse-agonist compound of the present invention in a combination
product and/or therapy with one or more contraceptives or
composition thereof.
[0174] Appetite related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
obesity, overweight condition, anorexia, bulimia, cachexia,
dysregulated appetite and the like.
[0175] Obesity related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
obesity as a result of genetics, diet, food intake volume,
metabolic syndrome, disorder or disease, hypothalmic disorder or
disease, age, reduced activity, abnormal adipose mass distribution,
abnormal adipose compartment distribution and the like.
[0176] Metabolism related syndromes, disorders or diseases include
metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure,
diabetes, insulin sensitivity or resistance, hyperinsulinemia,
hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemias, hypertriglyceridemias,
atherosclerosis, hepatomegaly, steatosis, abnormal alanine
aminotransferase levels, inflammation, atherosclerosis and the
like.
[0177] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor antagonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB1 antagonist compound of the present invention or
composition thereof.
[0178] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor antagonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB1 antagonist compound of the present invention in a
combination product and/or therapy with an anticonvulsant or
composition thereof.
[0179] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB1 receptor antagonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB1 antagonist compound of the present invention in a
combination product and/or therapy with one or more contraceptives
or composition thereof.
[0180] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB2 receptor agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB2 agonist compound of the present invention or
composition thereof.
[0181] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB2 receptor agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB2 agonist compound of the present invention in a
combination product and/or therapy with an anticonvulsant or
composition thereof.
[0182] The present invention includes include a method for
treating, ameliorating or preventing a CB2 receptor inverse-agonist
mediated syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB2 inverse-agonist compound of the present invention
or composition thereof.
[0183] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB2 receptor inverse-agonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB2 inverse-agonist compound of the present invention
in a combination product and/or therapy with an anticonvulsant or
composition thereof.
[0184] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB2 receptor antagonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB2 antagonist compound of the present invention or
composition thereof.
[0185] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a CB2 receptor antagonist mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a CB2 antagonist compound of the present invention in a
combination product and/or therapy with an anticonvulsant or
composition thereof.
[0186] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a metabolism related syndrome, disorder
or disease, an appetite related syndrome, disorder or disease, a
diabetes related syndrome, disorder or disease, an obesity related
syndrome, disorder or disease or a learning, cognition or memory
related syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a compound of the present invention or composition
thereof.
[0187] The present invention includes a method for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a metabolism related syndrome, disorder
or disease, an appetite related syndrome, disorder or disease, a
diabetes related syndrome, disorder or disease, an obesity related
syndrome, disorder or disease or a learning, cognition or memory
related syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof
comprising the step of administering to the subject an effective
amount of a compound of the present invention in a combination
product and/or therapy with an anticonvulsant or composition
thereof.
[0188] The present invention includes a pharmaceutical composition
or medicament comprising an admixture of a compound of the present
invention and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0189] The present invention includes a pharmaceutical composition
or medicament comprising an admixture of two or more compounds of
the present invention and an optional pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier.
[0190] The present invention also includes a pharmaceutical
composition or medicament comprising an admixture of a compound of
formula (I), an anticonvulsant and an optional pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier.
[0191] Such pharmaceutical compositions are particularly useful for
treating a subject suffering from a metabolism related syndrome,
disorder or disease, an appetite related syndrome, disorder or
disease, a diabetes related syndrome, disorder or disease, an
obesity related syndrome, disorder or disease, or a learning,
cognition or memory related syndrome, disorder or disease.
[0192] Anticonvulsants useful in the methods and compositions of
the present invention in combination with a compound of formula (I)
or (Ia) include, but are not limited to, topiramate, analogs of
topiramate, carbamazepine, valproic acid, lamotrigine, gabapentin,
phenyloin and the like and mixtures or pharmaceutically acceptable
salts thereof.
[0193] Topiramate,
2,3:4,5-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-.beta.-D-fructopyranose
sulfamate, is currently marketed for the treatment of seizures in
patients with simple and complex partial epilepsy and seizures in
patients with primary or secondary generalized seizures in the
United States, Europe and most other markets throughout the world.
Topiramate is currently available for oral administration in round
tablets containing 25 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg of active agent, and as
15 mg and 25 mg sprinkle capsules for oral administration as whole
capsules or opened and sprinkled onto soft food. U.S. Pat. No.
4,513,006, incorporated herein by reference, discloses topiramate
and analogs of topiramate, their manufacture and use for treating
epilepsy. Additionally, topiramate may also be made by the process
disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,242,942 and 5,384,327, which are
incorporated by reference herein. The term "analogs of topiramate",
as used herein, refers to the sulfamate compounds of formula (I),
which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,006 (see, e.g., column
1, lines 36-65 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,006).
[0194] For use in the methods of the present invention in
combination with a compound of the formula (I) or (Ia), topiramate
(or an analog of topiramate) can be administered in the range of
about 10 to about 1000 mg daily, preferably in the range of about
10 to about 650 mg daily, more preferably in the range of about 15
to about 325 mg once or twice daily.
[0195] Carbamazepine, 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide, is an
anticonvulsant and specific analgesic for trigeminal neuralgia,
available for oral administration as chewable tablets of 100 mg,
tablets of 200 mg, XR (extended release) tablets of 100, 200, and
400 mg, and as a suspension of 100 mg/5 mL (teaspoon); U.S. Pat.
No. 2,948,718, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety,
discloses carbamazepine and its methods of use.
[0196] For use in the methods of the present invention in
combination with a compound of the formula (I) or (Ia),
carbamazepine can be administered in the range of about 200 to
about 1200 mg/day; preferably, about 400 mg/day.
[0197] Valproic acid, 2-propylpentanoic acid or dipropylacetic
acid, is an antiepileptic agent commercially available as soft
elastic capsules containing 250 mg valproic acid, and as syrup
containing the equivalent of 250 mg valproic acid per 5 mL as the
sodium salt. Valproic acid and various pharmaceutically acceptable
salts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,927, which is
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0198] For use in the methods of the present invention in
combination with a compound of the formula (I) or (Ia), valproic
acid can be administered in the range of about 250 to about 2500
mg/day; preferably, about 1000 mg/day.
[0199] Lamotrigine,
3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine, is an
antiepileptic drug commercially available for oral administration
as tablets containing 25 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg of
lamotrigine, and as chewable dispersible tablets containing 2 mg, 5
mg, or 25 mg of lamotrigine. Lamotrigine and its uses are disclosed
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,354, incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety.
[0200] For use in the methods of the present invention in
combination with a compound of the formula (I) or (Ia), lamotrigine
can be administered in the range of about 50 to about 600 mg/day in
one to two doses; preferably, about 200 to about 400 mg/day; most
preferably, about 200 mg/day.
[0201] Gabapentin, 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid, is
commercially available for the adjunctive treatment of epilepsy and
for postherpetic neuralgia in adults as capsules containing 100 mg,
300 mg, and 400 mg of gabapentin, film-coated tablets containing
600 mg and 800 mg of gabapentin, and an oral solution containing
250 mg/5 mL of gabapentin. Gabapentin and its methods of use are
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,024,175 and 4,087,544, herein
incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0202] For use in the methods of the present invention in
combination with a compound of the formula (I) or (Ia), gabapentin
can be administered in the range of about 300 to about 3600 mg/day
in two to three divided doses; preferably, about 300 to about 1800
mg/day; most preferably, about 900 mg/day.
[0203] Phenyloin sodium, 5,5-diphenylhydantoin sodium salt, is an
anticonvulsant, which is commercially available for oral
administration as capsules containing 100 mg, 200 mg or 300 mg of
phenyloin sodium.
[0204] For use in the methods of the present invention in
combination with a compound of the formula (I) or (Ia), phenyloin
sodium can be administered in the range of about 100 to about 500
mg/day; preferably, about 300 to about 400 mg/day; most preferably,
about 300 mg/day.
[0205] The present invention also includes a pharmaceutical
composition or medicament comprising an admixture of a compound of
formula (I) or (Ia), one or more contraceptives and an optional
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0206] Contraceptives suitable for use in a combination product
and/or therapy include, for example, ORTHO CYCLEN.RTM., ORTHO
TRI-CYCLEN.RTM., ORTHO TRI-CYCLEN LO.RTM., and ORTHO EVRA.RTM., all
available from Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc., Raritan, N.J. It
should also be understood that contraceptives suitable for use in
the invention encompass those contraceptives that include a folic
acid component.
[0207] Smoking and/or obesity have been identified as risk factors
in women taking oral contraceptives. CB1 receptor antagonists and
inverse agonists have been found to be useful therapeutic agents
for reducing the urge to smoke and for assisting patients with
eating disorders to lose weight.
[0208] Accordingly, the invention further includes a method of
reducing the risk factors associated with smoking and/or obesity
for women taking contraceptives by co-administering with a
contraceptive at least one of a CB1 receptor antagonist and/or CB1
receptor inverse-agonist compound of formula (I) or (Ia).
[0209] The use of such compounds or a pharmaceutical composition or
medicament thereof is to reduce the desire to smoke and/or to
assist in weight loss for patients taking contraceptives.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0210] The term "composition" refers to a product comprising the
specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any
product that results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of
the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. The invention
further comprises mixing one or more of the compounds of the
invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and, includes
those compositions resulting from such a process. Contemplated
processes include both traditional and modern pharmaceutical
techniques.
[0211] Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may,
alternatively or in addition to a compound of formula (I) or (Ia),
comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of
formula (I) or (Ia) or a prodrug or pharmaceutically active
metabolite of such a compound or salt in admixture with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0212] The term "medicament" refers to a product for use in
treating, ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor
mediated syndrome, disorder or disease.
[0213] "Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" means molecular
entities and compositions that are of sufficient purity and quality
for use in the formulation of a composition of the invention and
that, when appropriately administered to an animal or a human, do
not produce an adverse, allergic, or other untoward reaction.
[0214] Since both clinical and veterinary uses are equally included
within the scope of the present invention, a pharmaceutically
acceptable formulation would include a composition or medicament
formulation for either clinical or veterinary use.
[0215] The present invention includes a process for making the
composition or medicament comprising mixing any of the instant
compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and include
those compositions or medicaments resulting from such a process.
Contemplated processes include both conventional and unconventional
pharmaceutical techniques. Other examples include a composition or
medicament comprising a mixture of at least two of the instant
compounds in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier.
[0216] The composition or medicament may be administered in a wide
variety of dosage unit forms depending on the method of
administration; wherein such methods include (without limitation)
oral, sublingual, nasal (inhaled or insufflated), transdermal,
rectal, vaginal, topical (with or without occlusion), intravenous
(bolus or infusion) or for injection (intraperitoneally,
subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intratumorally or parenterally)
using a suitable dosage form well known to those of ordinary skill
in the area of pharmaceutical administration. Accordingly, the term
"dosage unit" or "dosage form" is alternatively used to refer to
(without limitation) a tablet, pill, capsule, solution, syrup,
elixir, emulsion, suspension, suppository, powder, granule or
sterile solution, emulsion or suspension (for injection from an
ampoule or using a device such as an auto-injector or for use as an
aerosol, spray or drop). Furthermore, the composition may be
provided in a form suitable for weekly or monthly administration
(e.g. as an insoluble salt of the active compound (such as the
decanoate salt) adapted to provide a depot preparation for
intramuscular injection).
[0217] In preparing a dosage form, the principal active ingredient
(such as a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, racemate, enantiomer, or diastereomer thereof) is
optionally mixed with one or more pharmaceutical carriers (such as
a starch, sugar, diluent, granulating agent, lubricant, glidant,
binder, disintegrating agent and the like), one or more inert
pharmaceutical excipients (such as water, glycols, oils, alcohols,
flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, syrup and the
like), one or more conventional tableting ingredient (such as corn
starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium
stearate, dicalcium phosphate, any of a variety of gums and the
like) and a diluent (such as water and the like) to form a
homogeneous composition (whereby the active ingredient is dispersed
or suspended evenly throughout the mixture) which may be readily
subdivided into dosage units containing equal amounts of a compound
of the present invention.
[0218] Binders include, without limitation, starch, gelatin,
natural sugars (such as glucose, beta-lactose and the like), corn
sweeteners and natural and synthetic gums (such as acacia,
tragacanth, sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate,
sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like).
Disintegrating agents include, without limitation, starch, methyl
cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.
[0219] Because of the ease of administration, tablets and capsules
represent an advantageous oral dosage unit form, wherein solid
pharmaceutical carriers are employed. If desired, tablets may be
sugar or film coated or enteric-coated by standard techniques.
Tablets may also be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a
prolonged therapeutic effect. For example, the dosage form may
comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, whereby the
outer component is in the form of an envelope over the inner
component. The two components may further be separated by a layer,
which resists disintegration in the stomach (such as an enteric
layer) and permits the inner component to pass intact into the
duodenum or a layer which delays or sustains release. A variety of
enteric and nonenteric layer or coating materials may be used (such
as polymeric acids, shellacs, acetyl alcohol, cellulose acetate and
the like) or combinations thereof.
[0220] The liquid forms in which a compound of the present
invention may be incorporated for oral administration include
(without limitation), aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups,
aqueous or oil suspensions (using a suitable synthetic or natural
gum dispersing or suspending agent such as tragacanth, acacia,
alginate, dextran, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose,
polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gelatin and the like), flavored emulsions
(using a suitable edible oil such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil,
coconut oil, peanut oil and the like), elixirs and other similar
liquid forms with a variety of pharmaceutically acceptable
vehicles.
[0221] As is also known in the art, the compounds may alternatively
be administered parenterally via injection. For parenteral
administration, sterile solutions or injectable suspensions may be
parenteral vehicles wherein appropriate liquid carriers, suspending
agents and the like are employed. Sterile solutions are a preferred
parenteral vehicle. Isotonic preparations that generally contain
suitable preservatives are employed when intravenous administration
is desired. A parenteral formulation may consist of the active
ingredient dissolved in or mixed with an appropriate inert liquid
carrier. Acceptable liquid carriers comprise aqueous solvents and
the like and other optional ingredients for aiding solubility or
preservation. Such aqueous solvents include sterile water, Ringer's
solution or an isotonic aqueous saline solution. Alternatively, a
sterile non-volatile oil may be employed as a solvent agent. Other
optional ingredients include vegetable oils (such as peanut oil,
cottonseed oil, sesame oil and the like), organic solvents (such as
solketal, glycerol, formyl and the like), preservatives,
isotonizers, solubilizers, stabilizers, pain-soothing agents and
the like. A parenteral formulation is prepared by dissolving or
suspending the active ingredient in the liquid carrier whereby the
final dosage unit contains from 0.005 to 10% by weight of the
active ingredient.
[0222] Compounds of the present invention may be administered
intranasally using a suitable intranasal vehicle. Compounds of the
present invention may be administered topically using a suitable
topical transdermal vehicle or a transdermal patch. Administration
via a transdermal delivery system requires a continuous rather than
intermittent dosage regimen.
[0223] Compounds of the present invention may also be administered
via a rapid dissolving or a slow release composition, wherein the
composition includes a biodegradable rapid dissolving or slow
release carrier (such as a polymer carrier and the like) and a
compound of the invention. Rapid dissolving or slow release
carriers are well known in the art and are used to form complexes
that capture therein an active compound(s) and either rapidly or
slowly degrade/dissolve in a suitable environment (e.g., aqueous,
acidic, basic, etc). Such particles are useful because they
degrade/dissolve in body fluids and release the active compound(s)
therein. The particle size of a compound of the present invention,
carrier or any excipient used in such a composition may be
optimally adjusted using techniques known to those of ordinary
skill in the art.
[0224] The present invention includes a composition of an instant
compound or prodrug thereof present in a prophylactically or
therapeutically effective amount necessary for symptomatic relief
to a subject in need thereof. A prophylactically or therapeutically
effective amount of an instant compound or prodrug thereof may
range from about 0.01 ng to about 1 g and may be constituted into
any form suitable for the administration method and regimen
selected for the subject.
[0225] Depending on the subject and disease to be treated, the
prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount for a person
of average body weight of about 70 kg per day may range from about
0.01 ng/kg to about 300 mg/kg; from about 0.1 ng/kg to about 200
mg/kg; from about 0.5 ng/kg to about 100 mg/kg; or, from about 0.1
ng/kg to about 50 mg/kg.
[0226] An optimal prophylactically or therapeutically effective
amount and administration method and regimen may be readily
determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary depending on
factors associated with the particular patient being treated (age,
weight, diet and time of administration), the severity of the
condition being treated, the compound and dosage unit being
employed, the mode of administration and the strength of the
preparation.
[0227] Dosage unit(s) may be administered to achieve the
therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount in a regimen
of from about once per day to about 5 times per day. The preferred
dosage unit for oral administration is a tablet containing 0.01,
0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 150,
200, 250 or 500 mg of the active ingredient.
[0228] Representative compounds described herein include compounds
selected from:
TABLE-US-00002 Cpd Name 1
1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (1,3,3-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-amide, 2
1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (adamantan-1-ylmethyl)-amide, 3
1-cyclopentyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (adamantan-1-ylmethyl)-amide, 4
2-[(1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carbonyl)-
amino]-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 5
1-cyclopentyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (1-adamantan-1-yl-ethyl)-amide, 6
1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (1-adamantan-1-yl-ethyl)-amide, 7
1-cyclopentyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (1,3,3-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-amide, 8
1-cyclobutyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (1,3,3-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-amide, 9
1-cyclobutyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (adamantan-1-ylmethyl)-amide, 10
1-cyclobutyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (1-adamantan-1-yl-ethyl)-amide, 11
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro-1H- cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
N'-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-hydrazide, 12
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1R)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 13
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1R)-1-pyridin-2-yl-ethyl]-amide, 14
(9E)-[1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazol-3-yl]-piperidin-1-yl-methanone, 15
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1S)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 16
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1S)-1-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-amide, 17
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1R)-1-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-amide, 18
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
(hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2- yl)-amide, 19
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid piperidin-1-ylamide,
20
(2E)-[9-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazol-3-y-
l]- ethenesulfonic acid [(1S)-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-amide, 21
(2E)-[9-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazol-3-y-
l]- ethenesulfonic acid [(1S)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 22
(9S*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 23
(9R*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 24
(9R*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 25
(9S*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 26
(9S*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-methoxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 27
(9R*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-methoxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 28
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole--
3- carboxylic acid [(1R)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 29
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole--
3- carboxylic acid [(1S)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 30
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole--
3- carboxylic acid [(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, or 31
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole--
3- carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide.
[0229] Representative compounds described herein further include
compounds selected from:
TABLE-US-00003 Cpd Name 1
1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (1,3,3-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-amide, 2
1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (adamantan-1-ylmethyl)-amide, 3
1-cyclopentyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (adamantan-1-ylmethyl)-amide, 4
2-[(1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carbonyl)-
amino]-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 5
1-cyclopentyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (1-adamantan-1-yl-ethyl)-amide, 6
1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid (1-adamantan-1-yl-ethyl)-amide, 11
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
N'-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-hydrazide, 12
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro-1H- cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1R)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 13
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1R)-1-pyridin-2-yl-ethyl]-amide, 14
(9E)-[1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazol-3-yl]-piperidin-1-yl-methanone, 15
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1S)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 16
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1S)-1-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-amide, 17
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1R)-1-cyclohexyl-ethyl]-amide, 18
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
(hexahydro-cyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2- yl)-amide, or 19
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexah-
ydro- 1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid piperidin-1-ylamide.
20
(2E)-[9-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazol-3-y-
l]- ethenesulfonic acid [(1S)-1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-amide, 21
(2E)-[9-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazol-3-y-
l]- ethenesulfonic acid [(1S)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 22
(9S*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 23
(9R*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 24
(9R*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 25
(9S*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 26
(9S*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-methoxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 27
(9R*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-methoxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 28
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole--
3- carboxylic acid [(1R)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 29
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole--
3- carboxylic acid [(1S)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, 30
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole--
3- carboxylic acid [(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide, or 31
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole--
3- carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide.
Synthetic Methods
[0230] Representative compounds of the present invention can be
synthesized in accordance with the general synthetic schemes
described below and are illustrated more particularly in the
specific synthetic examples that follow. The general schemes and
specific examples are offered by way of illustration; the invention
should not be construed as being limited by the chemical reactions
and conditions expressed. The methods for preparing the various
starting materials used in the schemes and examples are well within
the skill of persons versed in the art. No attempt has been made to
optimize the yields obtained in any of the example reactions. One
skilled in the art would know how to increase such yields through
routine variations in reaction times, temperatures, solvents and/or
reagents.
[0231] The terms used in describing the invention are commonly used
and known to those skilled in the art. When used herein, the
following abbreviations and formulae have the indicated
meanings:
Abbreviation Meaning
[0232] Cpd compound EDCI
1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide DCM dichloromethane
DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine EtOAc ethyl acetate Et.sub.2O
anhydrous ether K.sub.2CO.sub.3 potassium carbonate LDA lithium
diisopropylamine LHMDS or LiHMDS lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
min(s)/hr(s) minute(s)/hour(s) N.sub.2 nitrogen RT/rt/r.t. room
temperature SOCl.sub.2 thionyl chloride TEA or EtsN triethylamine
THF tetrahydrofuran
##STR00016##
[0233] A solution of cyclooctanone Compound A1 (in a solvent such
as THF and the like) is reacted with a Compound A2 (in a solvent
such as anhydrous THF and the like, wherein Q-X.sub.y represents a
suitable reaction group and wherein certain portions of Q-X.sub.y
are incorporated into X.sub.4R.sub.4 as a product of the reaction)
under basic conditions to provide Compound A3
##STR00017##
[0234] A solution of Compound A3 (in a solvent such as Et.sub.2O,
THF and the like or a mixture thereof) is added dropwise to a
reagent solution (such as LHMDS and the like in a solvent such as
Et.sub.2O or THF and the like or a mixture thereof) at -78.degree.
C. under an inert atmosphere and stirred at about -78.degree. C.
for about 40 mins. A solution of Compound A4 (in a solvent such as
Et.sub.2O and the like) is added dropwise and the mixture is
stirred at about -78.degree. C. for about 1 hr, then allowed to
warm to r.t. over a period of about 2 hrs to yield Compound A5 as a
crude product used without further purification in the next
step.
##STR00018##
[0235] A reagent (such as K.sub.2CO.sub.3 and the like) and a
substituted hydrazine mono or dihydrochloride Compound A6 are added
to a solution of Compound A5 (in a solvent such as one or more of
MeOH, EtOH, CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 and the like) at a temperature of
about 0.degree. C. under an inert atmosphere. The mixture was
stirred overnight, while warming to r.t., to provide Compound A7
after workup.
[0236] The X.sub.aR.sub.a substituent moiety on Compound A6
represents the possibility that, after isomer separation, the
substituted amine group may be found either on the N.sup.1 position
as X.sub.1R.sub.1 or on the N.sup.2 position as X.sub.2R.sub.2.
Compound A7 represents a mixture of isomers, wherein a mixture of
X.sub.1R.sub.1 and X.sub.2R.sub.2 isomers are present.
[0237] The hydrazine hydrochloride or dihydrochloride Compound A6
may be converted to the free base by methods known to those skilled
in the art. In the examples of the present invention, the free base
is prepared either in situ (as shown for illustrative purposes in
this Scheme) or separately (then added to the reaction mixture) by
reaction with K.sub.2CO.sub.3.
[0238] As illustrated in this Scheme, Compound A6 may also be
further substituted with a variety of X.sub.aR.sub.a substituents
(as previously defined herein). In many instances, the substituted
hydrazine Compound A6 is commercially available. When not
commercially available, a particularly substituted Compound A6 may
be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art.
[0239] More specifically, a halogenated X.sub.aR.sub.a substituent
moiety is reacted with a hydrazine hydrate solution at reflux and
used without further purification in place of Compound A6.
##STR00019##
[0240] The Compound A7 isomeric mixture is separated via flash
chromatography (eluted with a suitable solvent mixture such as from
about 20% to about 30% EtOAc and the like in hexane and the like)
to provide a purified major isomer Compound A8 and a minor isomer
Compound A9.
[0241] The major isomer Compound A8 is substituted on the N.sup.1
position with X.sub.1R.sub.1 (X.sub.2R.sub.2 is necessarily
absent). The minor isomer Compound A9 is substituted on the N.sup.2
position with X.sub.2R.sub.2 (wherein X.sub.1R.sub.1 is
absent).
##STR00020##
[0242] The separated major isomer Compound A8 is treated with a
reagent solution (such as a mixture of NaOH or LiOH in a solvent
such as water, MeOH, THF and the like or a mixture thereof) and
stirred overnight to provide Compound A10 after workup.
##STR00021##
[0243] A reagent solution (such as SOCl.sub.2 and the like in a
solvent such as CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 and the like) is added to Compound
A10 at ambient temperature under an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The
reaction mixture is stirred at reflux temperature for about 15 mins
to provide Compound A11 after workup.
##STR00022##
[0244] A solution of Compound A11 (optionally mixed with TEA and
the like) is added to a solution of a substituted amine Compound
A12 (in a solvent such as CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 and the like) at ambient
temperature under an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture is
stirred at r.t. for a period of time to provide Compound A13 after
workup.
[0245] For purposes of this Scheme, the X.sub.b portion of Compound
A12 is an optionally substituted amino moiety, whereby the Compound
A13 X.sub.3R.sub.3 substituent moiety incorporates the C(O) portion
of the C.sup.3 substituent of Compound A11 and the X.sub.b portion
from X.sub.bR.sub.b of Compound A12.
[0246] In general, Compound A12 is a commercially available
substituted amine. When not commercially available, a particularly
substituted Compound A12 may be prepared by methods known to those
skilled in the art amenable for reaction with a suitably prepared
Compound A11.
[0247] For example, functional group transformations known to those
skilled in the art may be used to prepare Compound A10 for reaction
with a particularly substituted Compound A12 wherein X.sub.bR.sub.b
is an alkylsulfonylamino moiety or an alkylcarbamoyl moiety each
further substituted on the amino portion.
[0248] The synthetic examples that follow herein describe more
completely the preparation of particular compounds included within
the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic
acid(1,3,3-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-amide (Cpd 1)
##STR00023##
[0250] Step 1. A solution of cyclooctanone Compound 1a (25.0 g,
0.20 Mol) in Et.sub.2O (100 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of
LHMDS (0.33 L, 0.20 Mol) in anhydrous Et.sub.2O (200 mL) at
-78.degree. C. under a N.sub.2 atmosphere. The mixture was
maintained at -78.degree. C. and stirred for 60 min. Compound 1b
(29.2 g, 0.20 Mol) in anhydrous Et.sub.2O (100 mL) was added
dropwise and the mixture was stirred at -78.degree. C. for 1 hr,
then allowed to warm to r.t. over 3 hrs and stirred for 1 hr. The
reaction mixture was quenched with water (100 mL) and diluted with
EtOAc (300 mL), then the separated organic layer was washed with
brine, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then filtered and
concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude product was purified by
flash chromatography (eluted with 20% EtOAc in hexane) to provide
Compound 1c (36 g, 80%).
##STR00024##
[0251] Step 2. Cyclohexyl-hydrazine hydrochloride Compound 1d (2.5
g, 16.7 mMol) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (2.31 g, 16.7 mMol) were added to
a solution of Compound 1c (3.7 g, 16.7 mMol) in EtOH (50 mL) at
ambient temperature under a N.sub.2 atmosphere. The reaction
mixture was stirred overnight, then quenched with water (25 mL) and
diluted with EtOAc (500 mL). The organic layer was separated,
washed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, then
filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide Compound 1e (5 g),
which was used in the next step without further purification.
##STR00025##
[0252] Step 3. 1N NaOH (50 mL) was added to Compound 1e (5 g, 16.4
mMol) in THF (25 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 hours,
acidified to pH 2 with 1N HCl and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL).
The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate,
then filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield Compound 1f as a
white solid. Thionyl chloride (5.87 g, 49.3 mMol) was added to a
solution of Compound 1f in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (50 mL) at ambient
temperature under a N.sub.2 atmosphere. The reaction was stirred
for 3 hrs and concentrated in vacuo to provide Compound 1g (4.5 g,
91%) as a light brown solid.
##STR00026##
[0253] Step 4. A solution of Compound 1g (0.130 g, 0.46 mMol) in
DCM (5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of
1,3,3-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamine Compound 1h (0.87 g,
0.46 mMol) and Et.sub.3N (0.10 g, 0.98 mMol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2
(10 mL) at ambient temperature under a N.sub.2 atmosphere. The
reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 hrs, then diluted with
water (10 mL) and CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (50 mL). The organic layer was
separated and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then filtered
and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude oil was purified by
flash chromatography using 20% EtOAc in hexane to provide Compound
1 (0.115 g, 63%) as a white solid. MS m/z All (M+H.sup.+).
[0254] Following the procedure of Example 1, substituting the
appropriate starting materials, reagents and solvents, the
following compounds were prepared:
TABLE-US-00004 Cpd Name MS 2
1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole- 424
3-carboxylic acid (adamantan-1-ylmethyl)-amide 3
1-cyclopentyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole- 410
3-carboxylic acid (adamantan-1-ylmethyl)-amide 4
2-[(1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H- 442
cyclooctapyrazole-3-carbonyl)-amino]-
bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester 5
1-cyclopentyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole- 424
3-carboxylic acid (1-adamantan-1-yl-ethyl)-amide 6
1-cyclohexyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole- 438
3-carboxylic acid (1-adamantan-1-yl-ethyl)-amide 7
1-cyclopentyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole- 398
3-carboxylic acid (1,3,3-trimethyl- bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-amide
8 1-cyclobutyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole- 384
3-carboxylic acid (1,3,3-trimethyl- bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-amide
9 1-cyclobutyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole- 396
3-carboxylic acid (adamantan-1-ylmethyl)-amide 10
1-cyclobutyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole- 410
3-carboxylic acid (1-adamantan-1-yl-ethyl)-amide
Example 2
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydr-
o-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylie acid
[(15)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide (Cpd 15)
##STR00027##
[0256] Step 1. A solution of KOH (0.25 g, 4.46 mMol) in water (4.4
mL), was added to 4-fluoro-benzaldehyde Compound 2a (1.07 mL, 10
mMol) and the mixture was heated to 65.degree. C. Cyclooctanone
Compound 1a (1.26 g, 10 mMol) was added dropwise over a period of
15 mins. The mixture was refluxed for 5 hrs, then allowed to stir
overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was acidified
with 1N HCl (26 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The organic
layer was washed with brine, dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, then
filtered and concentrated. The resulting yellow residue was
purified on silica gel column with 3% EtOAc/Hexane to give
(2E)-2-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-cyclooctanone Compound 2b (1.04 g,
44.8%).
##STR00028##
[0257] Step 2. A solution of Compound 2b (1.04 g, 4.48 mMol) in THF
(5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of LHMDS (5.4 mL, 1M
solution in THF) at -78.degree. C. The resulting mixture was
stirred at -78.degree. C. for 1 hr, then oxalic acid diethyl ester
Compound 1b (0.61 ml, 4.48 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture
was stirred at -78.degree. C. for 1 hr, then allowed to gradually
warm up to room temperature and stirred overnight at room
temperature. The reaction mixture was acidified with 1N HCl and
extracted with EtOAc (150 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1N
HCl (1.times.) and water (2.times.) and dried over
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, then filtered and concentrated to give
(3E)-[3-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-2-oxo-cyclooctyl]-oxo-acetic acid
ethyl ester Compound 2c as a yellow oil, which was used in the next
step without further purification.
##STR00029##
[0258] Step 3. K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.62 g, 4.48 mmol) and
(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-hydrazine hydrochloride Compound 2d (0.96 g,
4.50 mmol) were added to a solution of Compound 2c (4.48 mMol) in
ethanol (30 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature
overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered and washed with
ethanol (20 mL). The filtrate was concentrated and purified on a
silica gel column with 15% EtOAc/Hexane to give
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahyd-
ro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester Compound 2e
(0.37 g, 17.5% for last 2 steps).
##STR00030##
[0259] Step 4. A solution of LiOH (43 mg, 1.8 mMol) in water (2 mL)
was added to a solution of Compound 2e (0.17 g, 0.36 mMol) in a
mixture of THF (6 mL) and ethanol (1 mL). The mixture was stirred
at room temperature overnight, then concentrated and acidified with
1N HCl (10 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EtOAc (100
mL). The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, then filtered and concentrated to give
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahyd-
ro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid Compound 2f (0.15 g,
93.6%) as a yellow solid.
##STR00031##
[0260] Step 5. SOCl.sub.2 (0.3 mL, 4.1 mMol) was added to a
solution of Compound 2f (0.15 g, 0.34 mMol) in DCM (2 mL). The
mixture was refluxed for 3 hrs, then concentrated under high vacuum
to give
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahyd-
ro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carbonyl chloride Compound 2g (0.15 g,
95.3%) as a yellow solid.
##STR00032##
[0261] Step 6. A solution of (1S)-1-phenyl-ethylamine (0.013 g,
0.11 mMol) and TEA (0.03 ml, 0.22 mmol) was added to a solution of
Compound 2g (30 mg, 0.065 mMol) in DCM (2 ml). The reaction mixture
was stirred at room temperature for 1 hr, diluted with DCM and
washed with 1N HCl. The organic layer was washed with water and
dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, then filtered and concentrated. The
resulting yellow residue was purified on a preparative silica gel
plate with 20% EtOAc/Hexane to give Compound 15 (30 mg, 84.2%) as a
pale yellow powder. MS m/z 548 (M+H.sup.+).
[0262] Following the procedure of Example 2, substituting the
appropriate starting materials, reagents and solvents, the
following compounds were prepared:
TABLE-US-00005 Cpd Name MS 11
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
603 hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
N'-(2,4-dichloro- phenyl)-hydrazide 12
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
548 hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1R)-1-phenyl- ethyl]-amide 13
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
549 hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
[(1R)-1-pyridin- 2-yl-ethyl]-amide 14
(9E)-[1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
512 hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazol-3-yl]-piperidin-1-yl-methanone 16
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
554 hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid [(1S)-1-
cyclohexyl-ethyl]-amide 17
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
554 hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid [(1R)-1-
cyclohexyl-ethyl]-amide 18
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
553 hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (hexahydro-
cyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2-yl)-amide 19
(9E)-1-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-9-(4-fluoro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-
527 hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid piperidin-1-
ylamide 28 (9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-
420 cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid [(1R)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide
.sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz) .delta. 10.05 (br, 1H), 7.19-7.39
(m, 10H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 5.28 (m, 1H), 3.18 (m, 2H), 2.72 (m, 2H),
1.76 (m, 2H), 1.68 (m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 5H). 29
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H- 420
cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid [(1S)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide
.sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz) .delta. 10.05 (br, 1H), 7.18-7.39
(m, 10H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 5.29 (m, 1H), 3.17 (m, 2H), 2.72 (m, 2H),
1.75 (m, 2H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.56 (m, 5H). 30
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H- 436
cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid [(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-
ethyl]-amide .sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz) .delta. 10.55 (br,
1H), 7.82 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.38 (m, 9H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 5.33 (m, 1H),
3.95 (m, 2H), 3.30 (br, 1H), 3.12 (m, 2H), 2.72 (m, 2H), 1.75 (m,
4H), 1.49 (m, 2H). 31
(9E)-(3-chloro-benzylidene)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H- 436
cyclooctapyrazole-3-carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-
ethyl]-amide .sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz) .delta. 11.0 (br,
1H), 7.81 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.39 (m, 9H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 5.31 (m, 1H),
3.91 (m, 2H), 3.80 (br, 1H), 3.12 (m, 2H), 2.72 (m, 2H), 1.70 (m,
4H), 1.49 (m, 2H).
Example 3
(2E)-[9-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazol-3-yl]--
ethenesulfonic acid [(15)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide (Cpd 21)
##STR00033##
[0264] Step 1. Cyclooctanone Compound 1a (2.5 g, 19.8 mmol) in THF
(5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of LiHMDS (23.8 mL, 23.8
mmol) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) at -78.degree. C. under a N.sub.2
atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at -78.degree. C. for 60 mins,
then 1-bromomethyl-3-chloro-benzene Compound 3a (4.1 g, 19.9 mmol)
in anhydrous THF (10 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was
stirred for 5 hrs, while warming to r.t. The reaction was quenched
with water (5 mL) and the organic layer was diluted with EtOAc (100
mL), then washed with water and brine. The organic layer was
separated and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then filtered
and concentrated in vacuo to yield a crude oil which was purified
by flash chromatography using 3% EtOAc in hexane to afford
2-(3-chloro-benzyl)-cyclooctanone Compound 3b (4.12 g, 82.6%).
##STR00034##
[0265] Step 2. A solution of Compound 3b (4.12 g, 16.5 mmol) in THF
(5 mL) was added dropwise to a 1M solution of LiHMDS (39.5 mL, 39.5
mmol) in anhydrous THF (25 mL) at -78.degree. C. under a N.sub.2
atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at -78.degree. C. for 60 mins,
then a solution of dimethoxy-acetic acid methyl ester Compound 3c
(2.2 g, 16.4 mmol) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) was added dropwise. The
mixture was stirred for 15 hrs, while warming to r.t. The reaction
was quenched with water (5 mL) and diluted with EtOAc (100 mL). The
organic layer was separated, washed with water and brine and dried
with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then filtered and concentrated in
vacuo to yield a crude oil which was purified by flash
chromatography using 10% EtOAc in hexane to afford
2-(2,2-dimethoxy-acetyl)-8-(3-chloro-benzyl)-cyclooctanone Compound
3d (3.48 g, 60%).
##STR00035##
[0266] Step 3. Hydrazine Compound 3e (0.32 g, 10 mmol) was added to
a solution of Compound 3d (3.48 g, 9.9 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) at
0.degree. C. The mixture was stirred overnight, while warming to
r.t. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) and the organic
layer was diluted with EtOAc (200 mL), then washed with water and
brine. The organic layer was separated and dried with anhydrous
sodium sulfate, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield a
crude oil which was purified by flash chromatography using 40%
EtOAc in hexane to afford
9-(3-chloro-benzyl)-3-dimethoxymethyl-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctap-
yrazole Compound 3f (2.24 g, 65%) as a colorless oil.
##STR00036##
[0267] Step 4. 3N HCl (8 mL) was added to a solution of Compound 3f
(2.24 g, 6.4 mmol) in acetone (50 mL) at 0.degree. C. The mixture
was stirred for 4 hrs, while warming to r.t. The reaction was
quenched with water (20 mL), neutralized to pH 7 with
K.sub.2CO.sub.3 and diluted with DCM (100 mL). The organic layer
was washed with water and brine, separated and dried with anhydrous
sodium sulfate, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield
9-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-carbalde-
hyde Compound 3g (1.84 g, 95%) as a white solid.
##STR00037##
[0268] Step 5. TEA (2.90 mL, 20.9 mmol) and methanesulfonylchloride
(2.0 g, 17.46 mmol). were added to a solution of
(S)-1-phenyl-ethylamine Compound 3h1 (2.13 g, 17.46 mmol) at
0.degree. C., under a N.sub.2 atmosphere. The mixture was stirred
for 3 hrs, while warming to r.t. The reaction was quenched with
water (20 mL) and the organic layer was diluted with
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (100 mL), washed with water and brine, separated
and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then filtered and
concentrated in vacuo to yield
N-(1-phenyl-ethyl)-methanesulfonamide Compound 3h2 as an oil.
##STR00038##
[0269] Step 6. Carbonic acid di-tert-butyl ester Compound 3h3 (4.57
g, 20.95 mmol) and DMAP (8 mg) were added to a solution of Compound
3h2 in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL) at 0.degree. C. under a N.sub.2
atmosphere. The mixture was stirred overnight, while warming to
r.t. The reaction was quenched with a saturated solution of
NaHCO.sub.3 (10 mL). The organic layer was separated and dried with
anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to
yield a crude product which was purified by flash chromatography
using 10% EtOAc in Hexane to afford
N-Boc-N-(1-phenyl-ethyl)-methanesulfonamide Compound 3h (4.31 g,
82%) as a colorless oil.
##STR00039##
[0270] Step 7. A 1M solution of potassium tert-butoxide in THF
(0.75 mL, 0.75 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of Compound
3h (0.075 g, 0.250 mmol) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) at -78.degree. C.
under a N.sub.2 atmosphere. After 45 mins, a solution of Compound
3g (0.076 g, 0.250 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added dropwise. The
mixture was reacted for 15 hrs, while warming to r.t. The reaction
was quenched with water (5 mL) and diluted with EtOAc (100 mL). The
organic layer was separated, washed with water and brine and dried
with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then filtered and concentrated in
vacuo to yield a crude oil which was purified by flash
chromatography using 40% EtOAc in hexane to afford Compound 21
(0.082 g, 70%) as a white solid. .sup.1H NMR (CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2, 300
MHz) .delta. 7.42-7.02 (m, 11H), 6.40 (dd, 1H), 5.10-4.90 (m, 1H),
4.52-4.44 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.12 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.90 (m, 1H). 2.68-2.30
(m, 2H), 1.86-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.08 (m, 8H). MS m/z 484
(M+H.sup.+).
[0271] Following the procedure of Example 3, substituting the
appropriate starting materials, reagents and solvents, the
following compounds were prepared:
TABLE-US-00006 Cpd Name MS 20
(2E)-[9-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H- 514
cyclooctapyrazol-3-yl]-ethenesulfonic acid [(1S)-1-(4-
methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-amide
Example 4
[0272] Following the procedure of Example 2, Steps 2 through 6, and
using the appropriate starting materials, reagents and solvents,
Compound 3b was carried forward to prepare the following
compounds:
TABLE-US-00007 Cpd Name MS 22
(9S*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
438 carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide .sup.1H
NMR (CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2, 400 MHz) .delta. 7.55 (m, 1H), 7.31 (m, 5H),
7.19 (m, 3H), 7.06 (m, 1H), 5.18 (m, 1H), 3.88 (m, 2H), 3.20 (m,
3H), 2.91 (m, 1H). 2.53 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.51-1.15 (m, 7H).
23
(9R*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
438 carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide 24
(9R*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
438 carboxylic acid [(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide 25
(9S*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
438 carboxylic acid [(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide 26
(9S*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
452 carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-methoxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide .sup.1H
NMR (CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2, 400 MHz) .delta. 7.52 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.38 (m,
8H), 7.08 (m, 1H), 5.26 (m, 1H), 3.68 (m, 2H), 3.32 (s, 3H),
3.11-3.24 (m, 3H), 2.92 (m, 1H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 2H),
1.21-1.48 (m, 6H). 27
(9R*)-(3-chloro-benzyl)-4,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-cyclooctapyrazole-3-
452 carboxylic acid [(1R)-2-methoxy-1-phenyl-ethyl]-amide
[0273] Additional compounds may be made according to the synthetic
methods of the present invention by one skilled in the art,
differing only in possible starting materials, reagents and
conditions used in the instant methods.
BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES
[0274] The following examples illustrate that the compounds of the
present invention are CB receptor modulators useful for treating,
ameliorating or preventing a cannabinoid receptor mediated
syndrome, disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof.
Example 1
Binding Assay for CB1 or CB2 Agonists or Inverse Agonists
[0275] The human CB1 and CB2 receptors were stably expressed in
SK-N-MC cells transfected with pcDNA3 CB-1 (human) or pcDNA3 CB-2
(human). The cells were grown in T-180 cell culture flasks under
standard cell culture conditions at 37.degree. C. in a 5% CO.sub.2
atmosphere. The cells were harvested by trysinization and
homogenized in a homogenization buffer (10 mM Tris, 0.2 mM
MgCl.sub.2, 5 mM KCl, with protease inhibitors aprotinin,
leupeptin, pepstatin A and bacitracin) and centrifuged (2000 g).
The supernatant was then centrifuged in 2M sucrose (31,300 g) to
produce a semi-purified membrane pellet. The pellet was resuspended
in homogenization and stored at -80.degree. C.
[0276] On the day of the assay, the pellet was thawed on ice and
diluted in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM MgCl.sub.2, 2.5 mM
EDTA, 0.5 mg/mL fatty acid free bovine serum albumin, pH 7.5). The
diluted membrane pellet was added with buffer, either a test
compound or vehicle standard and the radioligand
[H].sup.3+-CP-55,940 (0.2 nM) to the wells of a 96-well
polypropylene plate. Non-specific binding was measured in wells
containing WIN 55,212 (10 uM). The plate was covered and incubated
for 90 minutes at 30.degree. C. The contents were then aspirated
onto a Packard Unifilter GF/C filter bottom plate prewet with 0.5%
polyethyleneimine. The wells of the polypropylene plate were rinsed
and aspirated seven times with a 0.9% saline-0.5% Tween 20
solution. The Unifilter plate was dried, scintillation cocktail was
added to each well and the counts representing binding were
quantitated in a TopCount scintillation counter.
CB1 and CB2 Receptor Binding Results
[0277] For compounds tested, an IC.sub.50 binding value was
obtained from percent inhibition studies in which various test
concentrations were used. The binding value was calculated by
linear regression.
[0278] For compounds without an IC.sub.50 binding value, the
percent inhibition (%) was obtained at a test concentration of
.sup.(1) 10 .mu.M, .sup.(2) 1 .mu.M, .sup.(3) 0.2 .mu.M, .sup.(4)
0.003 .mu.M, .sup.(5) represents an average value.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 1 Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Binding IC.sub.50
(.mu.M) Cpd IC.sub.50 1 0.04 2 0.04, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2 2.1 3 .sup.(1)
45% 4 0.06 5 .sup.(1) 47% 6 0.3, .sup.(2) 86% 11 .sup.(3) 56% 12
0.008, .sup.(3) 89% 13 0.008, .sup.(3) 90% 14 .sup.(3) 50% 15
.sup.(5) 50% 16 .sup.(5) 59% 17 0.01, .sup.(3) 86% 18 0.05,
.sup.(5) 73% 19 .sup.(5) 65%
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 2 Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor Binding IC.sub.50
(.mu.M) Cpd IC.sub.50 1 0.0001, 0.00009 2 0.001, 0.006, 0.01,
.sup.(4) 86% 3 0.02 4 .sup.(4) 74% 5 0.1 6 0.0006, 0.0007, .sup.(2)
91% 11 .sup.(3) 30% 12 .sup.(3) 18% 13 .sup.(3) 11% 14 .sup.(3) 28%
15 .sup.(5) 25% 16 .sup.(5) 20% 17 .sup.(3) 25% 18 .sup.(5) 44% 19
.sup.(5) 33%
Example 2
Functional Cell-Based Assay for CB1 or CB2 Agonist and Inverse
Agonist Effects on Intra-Cellular Adenylate Cyclase Activity
[0279] The CB1 and CB2 receptors are G-protein coupled receptors
(GPCR), which influence cell function via the Gi-protein. These
receptors modulate the activity of intracellular adenylate cyclase,
which in turn produces the intracellular signal messenger
cyclic-AMP (cAMP).
[0280] At baseline, or during non-ligand bound conditions, these
receptors are constitutively active and tonically suppress
adenylate cyclase activity. The binding of an agonist causes
further receptor activation and produces additional suppression of
adenylate cyclase activity. The binding of an inverse agonist
inhibits the constitutive activity of the receptors and results in
an increase in adenylate cyclase activity.
[0281] By monitoring intracellular adenylate cyclase activity, the
ability of compounds to act as agonists or inverse agonists can be
determined.
Assay
[0282] Test compounds were evaluated in SK-N-MC cells which, using
standard transfection procedures, were stably transfected with
human cDNA for pcDNA3-CRE .beta.-gal and pcDNA3 CB1 receptor
(human) or pcDNA3 CB2 receptor (human). By expressing CRE
.beta.-gal, the cells produced .beta.-galactosidase in response to
CRE promoter activation by cAMP. Cells expressing CRE .beta.-gal
and either the human CB1 or CB2 receptor will produce less
.beta.-galactosidase when treated with a CB1/CB2 agonist and will
produce more .beta.-galactosidase when treated with a CB1/CB2
inverse agonist.
Cell Growth
[0283] The cells were grown in 96-well plates under standard cell
culture conditions at 37.degree. C. in a 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere.
After 3 days, the media was removed and a test compound in media
(wherein the media was supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 1M
sodium pyruvate, 0.1% low fatty acid FBS (fetal bovine serum) and
antibiotics) was added to the cell. The plates were incubated for
30 minutes at 37.degree. C. and the plate cells were then treated
with forskolin over a 4-6 hour period, then washed and lysed. The
.beta.-galactosidase activity was quantitated using commercially
available kit reagents (Promega Corp. Madison, Wis.) and a Vmax
Plate Reader (Molecular Devices, Inc).
CB1 Receptor Mediated Change in CRE .beta.-gal Expression
[0284] For cells expressing CRE .beta.-gal and the CB1 receptor,
CB1 agonists reduced .beta.-galactosidase activity in a
dose-dependent manner and CB1 inverse agonists increased
.beta.-galactosidase activity in a dose-dependent manner.
[0285] The change in .beta.-galactosidase activity was determined
by setting a vehicle treated cell's activity value at 100% and
expressing the .beta.-galactosidase activity measured in a
corresponding compound treated cell as a percent of the vehicle
treated cell activity.
CB1 Receptor Results
[0286] The EC.sub.50 value for functional activity for compounds
tested was calculated by linear regression and was obtained from
studies in which varying compound concentrations were used. Data
provided for certain compounds is represented by percent change (%)
in functional activity at a single test concentration: .sup.(1) 10
.mu.M and .sup.(2) 1 nM.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 3 CB1 Receptor Functional Activity EC.sub.50
(.mu.M) Cpd EC.sub.50 1 .sup.(1) -78% 2 .sup.(2) -71% 3 .sup.(1)
-6% 4 .sup.(2) -71% 5 .sup.(1) 10% 12 0.01 13 0.002 17 0.04 18
0.02
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 4 CB1 Receptor Functional Agonist Activity
EC.sub.50 (.mu.M) Cpd EC.sub.50 20 >5 21 >5 22 0.114 23 0.088
24 >5 25 >5 26 0.070 27 0.043
CB2 Receptor Mediated Change in CRE .beta.-gal Expression
[0287] For cells expressing CRE .beta.-gal and the CB2 receptor,
CB2 agonists reduced .beta.-galactosidase activity in a
dose-dependent manner and CB2 inverse agonists increase
.beta.-galactosidase activity in a dose-dependent manner.
[0288] The change in .beta.-galactosidase activity was determined
by setting a vehicle treated cell's activity value at 100% and
expressing the .beta.-galactosidase activity measured in a
corresponding compound treated cell as a percent of the vehicle
treated cell activity.
CB2 Receptor Results
[0289] The EC.sub.50 value for functional activity for compounds
tested was calculated by linear regression and was obtained from
studies in which varying compound concentrations were used.
[0290] The value of 29% for Compound 5 represents change in
functional activity and was obtained from a study in which one
compound concentration was used.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 5 CB2 Receptor Functional Activity EC.sub.50
(.mu.M) Cpd EC.sub.50 1 0.0016 3 0.2 6 0.029
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 6 CB2 Receptor Functional Agonist Activity
EC.sub.50 (.mu.M) Cpd EC.sub.50 2 0.0066 20 5 21 0.347 22 0.003 23
0.011 24 0.124 25 0.014 26 0.005 27 0.026
Modified Functional Cell-Based Assay for CB1 or CB2 Agonist Effects
on Intra-cellular Adenylate Cyclase Activity
[0291] Additional functional activity studies were performed with
minor modifications. Beta galactosidase activity was quantified
using the luminescent Beta-Glo Assay System (Promega Corp. Madison,
Wis.) and an Orion Microplate Luminometer (Berthold Detection
Systems, Oak Ridge, Tenn.). The EC.sub.50 values were calculated
using GraphPad Prism and a four parameter logistic equation.
CB1/CB2 Receptor Results
[0292] The CB2 agonist functional activity EC.sub.50 value of 18 nM
for Compound 31 was obtained from studies in which varying compound
concentrations were used.
Example 4
Oil of Mustard Induced Colitis Model
[0293] In the distal colon, the oil of mustard colitis model is
characterized by a discontinuous pattern of mucosal epithelial
damage, submucosal edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells
(including macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes) into the
mucosa and submucosa, increased wet weight of the colon, shrinkage
of the colon length, diarrhea and apparent inflammation (see,
Kimball E. S., Palmer J. M., D'Andrea M. R., Hornby P. J. and Wade
P. R., Acute colitis induction by oil of mustard results in later
development of an IBS-like accelerated upper GI transit in mice,
Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol, 2005, 288:
G1266-1273).
Colitis Induction
[0294] Male CD-1 mice (Charles River Laboratories, Kingston, N.C.)
(9-11 weeks old) and fresh oil of mustard (OM) (allyl
isothiocyanate, 98% purity, Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, Mo.) were
used.
[0295] The mice (9 per treatment group) were briefly anesthetized
with ketamine/xylasine (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and a solution of
0.5% OM in 30% ethanol (50 .mu.L) was administered intracolonically
(to a depth of 4 cm) via syringe (equipped with a ball-tipped 22 G
needle).
[0296] A test compound was orally administered one day prior to
colitis induction for assessing a prophylactic regimen or one day
post-induction for assessing a therapeutic regimen. A test compound
was orally administered daily thereafter. Two days after OM
administration, the last test compound dose was administered.
[0297] Three days after OM administration, the animals were
sacrificed. The colons were resected, examined for signs of
inflammation, weighed after removing fecal contents and the length
from the aboral end of the cecum to the anus was measured. The
fecal contents were examined for signs of diarrhea. The distal
colon between the 1.sup.st and the 4.sup.th centimeter was removed
and placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological
analysis.
Macroscopic Observations and Criteria
[0298] The macroscopic observations of colon inflammation (a
measure of colon damage), colon weight and length and stool
consistency and appearance were assigned a score and used to
evaluate colitis severity.
[0299] The four observation scores for each colon were combined,
whereby a combined score of 0 represents a normal colon and a
combined score of 15 represents a maximally affected colon.
Statistical analyses were performed in Graphpad Prism 4.0 using
ANOVA.
TABLE-US-00014 Weight Score 0 1 2 3 4 Weight Gain <5% 5-14%
15-24% 25-35% >35% Length Score 0 1 2 3 4 Shortening <5%
5-14% 15-24% 25-35% >35% Stool Score 0 1 2 3 Fecal Pellet normal
(well- loosely- amorphous, diarrhea Formation formed) shaped, moist
moist, sticky Damage Score 0 1 2 3 4 Inflammation none mild,
moderate, severe, penetrating observed localized more widely
extensively ulcers, bloody erythema distributed distributed lesions
erythema erythema
Microscopic (Histological) Examination
[0300] Histological analyses of tissues consisted of staining
paraffin-embedded tissue sections with hematoxylin-eosin dye. The
tissues were examined using light microscopy by an investigator who
was blinded to the sample groups.
Histological Observations and Criteria
[0301] The microscopic observations of epithelial damage, cellular
infiltration and damage or alteration of smooth muscle architecture
(a measure of muscle damage) were assigned a score and used to
evaluate colitis severity.
[0302] The scores for each colon were combined, whereby a combined
score of 0 represents a normal colon and a combined score of 9
represents a maximally affected colon. Statistical analyses were
performed in Graphpad Prism 4.0 using ANOVA.
Criteria and Observations
TABLE-US-00015 [0303] 0 1 2 3 Epithelial Damage Score Epithelium
Loss intact .ltoreq.1/3 loss >1/3 to 2/3 >2/3 loss loss
Cellular Infiltration Score Focal Areas of Infiltration none 1-2
focal >2 focal areas N/A areas Infiltrated Cell Presence none
.ltoreq.1/3 of entire >1/3 to 2/3 of .gtoreq.2/3 of entire colon
length entire colon colon length length Architecture Score Muscle
Damage (any no damage .ltoreq.1/3 of entire .ltoreq.2/3 of entire
.gtoreq.2/3 of entire evidence of edema, observed colon length
colon length colon length hyperplasia or loss of architecture)
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Colitis Treatment Regimen Results
[0304] The Macroscopic Score and Microscopic Score results for each
treatment group in the prophylactic and therapeutic regimens were
each combined into a mean score and expressed as % inhibition of
colitis (% Inh). Test (#) represents the number of experiments at
each dose level.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 7 Prophylactic Regimen Cpd Dose (mg/kg) Test
(#) % Inh (Macro) % Inh (Micro) 2 5 1 42.3 .+-. 12.6 74.4 .+-.
3.8
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 8 Therapeutic Regimen Dose Cpd (mg/kg) Test
(#) % Inh (Macro) Test (#) % Inh (Micro) 2 5 3 38.7 .+-. 9.1 1 66.0
.+-. 9.8
Example 5
Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) Induced Colitis Model
[0305] In the distal colon, the DSS colitis model is characterized
by a discontinuous pattern of mucosal epithelial damage,
infiltration of inflammatory cells (including macrophages,
neutrophils and lymphocytes) into the mucosa and submucosa,
decreased wet weight of the colon, shrinkage of the colon length
and diarrhea (see, Blumberg R. S., Saubermann L. J. and Strober W.,
Animal models of mucosal inflammation and their relation to human
inflammatory bowel disease, Current Opinion in Immunology, 1999,
Vol. 11:648-656; Egger B., Bajaj-Elliott M., MacDonald T. T.,
Inglin R., Eysselein, V. E. and Buchler M. W., Characterization of
acute murine dextran sodium sulphate colitis: Cytokine profile and
dose dependency, Digestion, 2000, Vol. 62: 240-248; Stevceva L.,
Pavli P., Husband A. J. and Doe, W. F., The inflammatory infiltrate
in the acute stage of the dextran sulphate sodium induced colitis:
B cell response differs depending on the percentage of DSS used to
induce it, BMC Clinical Pathology, 2001, Vol 1: 3-13; and
Diaz-Granados, Howe K., Lu J. and McKay D. M., Dextran sulfate
sodium-induced colonic histopathology, but not altered epithelial
ion transport, is reduced by inhibition of phosphodiesterase
activity, Amer. J. Pathology, 2000, Vol. 156: 2169-2177).
Colitis Induction
[0306] Female Balb/c mice (Taconic Farms, Germantown, N.Y.) (10-13
weeks old) were provided with a solution of 5% DSS (45 kD molecular
weight, ICN chemicals, Newport, Calif.) in tap water ad libitum
over a 7-day period. The DSS solution was replenished daily and the
amount consumed was measured.
[0307] The mice (10 per treatment group) were orally administered a
test compound on the day of colitis induction and then daily
thereafter.
[0308] Six days after the initial DSS administration, the last test
compound dose was administered.
[0309] Seven days after the initial DSS administration, the animals
were sacrificed. The colons were resected, examined for signs of
inflammation, weighed after removing fecal contents and the length
from the aboral end of the cecum to the anus was measured. The
fecal contents were examined for signs of diarrhea. The distal
colon between the 1.sup.st and the 4.sup.th centimeter was removed
and placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological
analysis.
Macroscopic Observations and Criteria
[0310] The macroscopic observations of colon inflammation (a
measure of colon damage), colon length and stool consistency and
appearance were assigned a score and used to evaluate colitis
severity.
[0311] The three observation scores for each colon were combined,
whereby a combined score of 0 represents a normal colon and a
combined score of 11 represents a maximally affected colon.
Statistical analyses were performed in Graphpad Prism 4.0 using
ANOVA.
TABLE-US-00018 Weight Score 0 1 2 3 4 Weight Gain <5% 5-14%
15-24% 25-35% >35% Length Score 0 1 2 3 4 Shortening <5%
5-14% 15-24% 25-35% >35% Stool Score 0 1 2 3 Fecal Pellet normal
(well- loosely- amorphous, severe Formation formed) shaped, moist
moist, sticky diarrhea Damage Score 0 1 2 3 4 Inflammation none
mild, moderate, severe, penetrating observed reddening more widely
extensively ulcers, bloody observed distributed distributed lesions
reddening reddening
Microscopic (Histological) Examination
[0312] Histological analyses of tissues consisted of staining
paraffin-embedded tissue sections with hematoxylin-eosin dye. The
tissues were examined using light microscopy by an investigator who
was blinded to the sample groups.
Histological Observations and Criteria
[0313] The microscopic observations of epithelial damage, cellular
infiltration and damage or alteration of smooth muscle architecture
(a measure of muscle damage) were assigned a score and used to
evaluate colitis severity.
[0314] The scores for each colon were combined, whereby a combined
score of 0 represents a normal colon and a combined score of 9
represents a maximally affected colon. Statistical analyses were
performed in Graphpad Prism 4.0 using ANOVA.
Criteria and Observations
TABLE-US-00019 [0315] 0 1 2 3 Epithelial Damage Score Epithelium
Loss intact .ltoreq.1/3 loss >1/3 to 2/3 >2/3 loss loss
Cellular Infiltration Score Focal Areas of Infiltration none 1-2
focal >2 focal areas N/A areas Infiltrated Cell Presence none
.ltoreq.1/3 of entire >1/3 to 2/3 of .gtoreq.2/3 of entire colon
length entire colon colon length length Architecture Score Muscle
Damage (any no damage .ltoreq.1/3 of entire .ltoreq.2/3 of entire
.gtoreq.2/3 of entire evidence of edema, observed colon length
colon length colon length hyperplasia or loss of architecture)
Colitis Treatment Regimen Results
[0316] The Macroscopic Score and Microscopic Score results for each
treatment group were each combined into a mean score and expressed
as % inhibition of colitis (% Inh). Test (#) represents the number
of experiments at each dose level. ND represents Not
Determined.
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 9 Cpd Dose (mg/kg) Test (#) % Inh (Macro) %
Inh (Micro) 2 1 1 -4.3 .+-. 12.9 ND 2 5 1 21.9 .+-. 15.2 75.7 .+-.
8.9 2 10 1 50.5 .+-. 9.0 ND 2 20 1 31.6 .+-. 8.5 ND
Example 6
Postoperative Inflammatory Ileus
[0317] Acute gastrointestinal inflammation can arise from direct
disturbance to the bowel during surgery, or from severe bodily
trauma. Inflammation typically leads to the development of bowel
stasis, or ileus, defined as the temporary impairment of
coordinated gastrointestinal motility. Ileus can occur in any
portion of the gastrointestinal tract, e.g., the stomach, small
intestine and/or the colon. The ileus can result from any factor
that causes ileus, e.g., surgery: abdominal surgery such as
transplantation surgery or abdominal surgery other than
transplantation surgery, orthopedic surgery; traumatic injury e.g.
falls, car accident, personal assault, or any sequelae resulting
from traumatic injury e.g. limb fractures, rib fractures, fractures
of the spine, thoracic lesions, ischemia, retroperitoneal hecatomb;
intraperitoneal inflammation e.g. intraabdominal sepsis, acute
appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, ureteric colic, basal
pneumonia; myocardial infarction; metabolic disturbances; or any
combination thereof.
[0318] One of the most common causes of acute gastrointestinal
inflammation, and therefore ileus, is disturbance to the bowel
during abdominal surgery. Touching and manipulating the bowel
initiates an inflammatory event within the bowel wall that leads to
suppression of the neuromuscular apparatus and loss of coordinated
gastrointestinal motility. The resulting "postoperative ileus" is
characterized by delayed gastric emptying, dilatation of the small
bowel and colon, abdominal distension, loss of normal propulsive
contractile patterns, and inability to evacuate gas or stool.
Holte, K. and H. Kehlet (2000). "Postoperative ileus: a preventable
event." Br J Surg 87(11): 1480-93. In the clinical setting
postoperative ileus leads to increased patient discomfort
(abdominal distension, nausea, emesis), and is a major contributing
factor to prolonged hospital stay.
[0319] The mechanisms contributing to the development of ileus are
complex and include the activation of sympathetic reflexes, the
release of central inhibitory humoral agents from the
hypothalamic-pituitary axis, norepinephrine release from the bowel
wall, as well as anesthetic and analgesic agents (Livingston, E. H.
and E. P. Passaro (1990) "Postoperative ileus." Digestive Diseases
and Sciences 35(1): 121-132; and Bauer, A. J., N. T. Schwarz, et
al. (2002) "Ileus in critical illness: mechanisms and management."
Curr Opin Crit Care 8(2): 152-7).
[0320] The central event underlying this process, is the initiation
of an acute inflammatory response within the wall of the GI tract.
Studies employing rodent models of post-operative ileus
demonstrated that the muscularis externa is a highly
immunologically active compartment. Normally resident within the
muscularis externa is an impressive array of resident macrophages,
which form an extensive network of cells from the esophagus to the
colon (Mikkelsen, H. B. (1995) "Macrophages in the external muscle
layers of mammalian intestines." Histology and Histopathology 10:
719-736; and, Kalff, J. C, W. H. Schraut, et al. (1998) "Surgical
manipulation of the gut elicits an intestinal muscularis
inflammatory response resulting in paralytic ileus." Annals of
Surgery 228:652-663) and which are poised to defend the
gastrointestinal tract from insult. Disturbances to the bowel
during abdominal surgery activate this macrophage network,
initiating a local molecular inflammatory response. Activated
macrophages release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that
suppress the neuromuscular apparatus and induce the expression of
adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium (Kalff, Schraut, et
al. (1998); Kalff, J. C, N. T. Schwarz, et al. (1998) "Leukocytes
of the intestinal muscularis: their phenotype and isolation." J
Leukoc Biol 63(6): 683-91; Josephs, M. D., G. Cheng, et al. (1999)
"Products of cyclooxygenase-2 catalysis regulate postoperative
bowel motility." J Surg Res 86(1): 50-4; Kalff, J. C, T. M. Carlos,
et al. (1999) "Surgically induced leukocytic infiltrates within the
rat intestinal muscularis mediate postoperative ileus."
Gastroenterology 111: 378-387; Kalff, J. C, W. H. Schraut, et al.
(2000) "Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in postoperative
intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction in rodents." Gastroenterology
118(2): 316-27; and, Wehner, S., N. T. Schwarz, et al. (2005)
"Induction of IL-6 within the rodent intestinal muscularis after
intestinal surgical stress." Surgery 137(4): 436-46).
[0321] This in turn leads to a cellular inflammatory response
characterized by recruitment of leucocytes (monocytes, neutrophils,
t-cells, mast cells) from the systemic circulation (Kalff, J. C, N.
T. Schwarz, et al. (1997) "Phagocyte activation and infiltration of
the intestinal muscularis with impairment of small bowel motility
after surgical manipulation." Langenbecks Archiv fur Chirurgie
Suppl.: 425-428; and, Kalff, J. C, B. M. Buchholz, et al. (1999)
"Biphasic response to gut manipulation and temporal correlation of
cellular infiltrates and muscle dysfunction in rat." Surgery
126(3): 498-509). Infiltrating leukocytes release additional
cytokines as well as prostaglandins, nitric oxide, proteases and
reactive oxygen species that further contribute to neuromuscular
dysfunction (von Ritter, C, R. Be, et al. (1989) "Neutrophilic
proteases: mediators of
formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced ileitis in rats."
Gastroenterology 97(3): 605-9; and, Bielefeldt, K. and J. L.
Conklin (1997) "Intestinal motility during hypoxia and
reoxygenation in vitro." Dig Dis Sci 42(5): 878-84).
[0322] The compounds of the present invention are expected to
prevent or treat ileus by inhibiting the influx of immunologically
activated circulating leukocytes into the muscle wall of the
gastrointestinal tract, or by inhibiting their activity. The
compounds of the present invention are also expected to prevent or
treat ileus by preventing the inflammatory sequelae that lead to
impaired gastrointestinal contractile function.
Induction of Postoperative Ileus
[0323] Male CD-1 mice are anesthetized by inhaled isoflurane and
prepared for surgery. The abdomen is shaved of hair and treated
with antiseptic solution. The animal is then covered with a
surgical drape, leaving the abdomen exposed. A mid-line laparotomy
is performed, and the entire small intestine is exteriorized onto
the sterile drape. Using two moistened, sterile, cotton-tipped
applicators, the small intestine is then gently compressed along
its length from the ligament of Treitz to the ileo-cecal junction.
The small intestine is then returned to the abdominal cavity and
the incision closed by two layers of sutures.
Administration of Compounds
[0324] Age-matched mice are randomly assigned to groups (6 animals
per group) and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with "vehicle" (a
mixture of 5% ethanol/5% Tween80/90% of 5% dextran in water w/v)
containing various doses of a test compound 1 hr prior to
laparotomy. The second group is injected intraperitoneally with
vehicle. The third group is administered intragastrically (1 mg/kg)
a mixture (1 mg/mL) of dexamethasone in 20% hydroxypropyl methyl
dextran in water, once per day for two days prior to surgery and 5
hrs post-laparotomy. The fourth group receives no intervention and
serves as naive controls.
Method of Measuring Gastrointestinal Motility--Upper
Gastrointestinal Transit--Fluorescein-Isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran
Technique:
[0325] Upper gastrointestinal transit is measured 24 hr
post-laparotomy. Mice are fed a test meal consisting of 150 .mu.L
of FITC-dextran solution (5 mg/mL of 70,000 molecular weight
dextran conjugated to fluorescein-isothiocyanate in 0.5%
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/deionized water) administered
intragastrically by an 18 gauge feeding tube. Following oral
administration of the FITC-dextran test meal, animals are returned
to their home cages. Following a 45 min test period, mice are
euthanized by isoflurane overdose and exsanguination. The entire
gastrointestinal tract from the lower esophageal sphincter to the
terminal colon is removed. The bowel segments are opened along the
mesenteric border. The tissue and luminal contents of the stomach,
10 equal segments of small intestine, the cecum, and 3 equal
segments of colon are placed in individual Eppendorf tubes
containing 1 mL of PBS. The tissue is vigorously mixed on a
tabletop vortex, and solid materials are pelletized by
centrifugation. Aliquots of the cleared supernatant are read in
duplicate on a 96-well fluorescence plate reader to quantify the
magnitude of the fluorescent signal in each segment of bowel.
[0326] These values are used to calculate the Geometric Center
(REF), which is defined as the weighted average distribution of the
fluorescent signal along the gastrointestinal tract:
GC=.SIGMA.(% of total fluorescent signal per segment.times.segment
number)/100,
[0327] Higher GC values represent faster rates of transit on scale
of 1 to 15. Normal mice exhibit a GC=8 following a 45 minute test
duration.
Microscopic Myeloperoxidase Histological Examination
[0328] Microscopic histological examination is performed on
harvested tissues 24 hr post-laparotomy. Activated immune cells
such as neutrophils and monocytes exhibit myeloperoxidase activity.
Hanker-Yates reagent (Polysciences Inc.) forms an insoluble,
blue-black polymer in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and
peroxidase enzyme activity. Segments of mid small bowel are
collected from the centrifuge tubes described in the previous
section. Whole mounts of the muscle layer are prepared by opening
the tube of bowel along the mesenteric border and pinning the
tissue flat in a Sylgard.TM. lined Petri dish with the mucosal
surface facing upward. The tissue is stretched to 1.5 times its
length and 2.5 times its width, and the mucosa is removed by fine
dissection. The remaining muscularis whole mounts are then fixed
with 100% ethanol for 45 min, washed 3 times with PBS, and
incubated for 20 min in PBS containing 0.1% hydrogen peroxide and 1
mg/ml Hanker-Yates reagent (Polysciences, Inc). The reagent is
polymerized in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase
activity to form a blue-black deposit. Following a second wash with
PBS, the whole mounts are mounted on glass slides, cover-slipped,
and viewed on an optical microscope. Myeloperoxidase containing
leukocytes are counted in 6 to 8 adjacent 200.times. optical
fields, and the mean cell counts are calculated and recorded.
Postoperative Ileus Results
[0329] The presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive immune cells
in the intestinal muscularis is rare in normal animals. The number
of infiltrating leukocytes is markedly increased following surgical
manipulation of the small bowel. The magnitude of this infiltrate
is significantly reduced following treatment with dexamethasone or
with a test compound of the present invention.
Gastrointestinal Motility Associated with Post-Operative
Inflammatory Ileus
[0330] Surgical manipulation of the small bowel leads to a
significant delay in gastrointestinal transit, going from a
Geometric Center of 8.4 in normal mice to 3.3 in vehicle treated
animals. Treatment with dexamethasone leads to partial recovery.
The test compounds of the present invention are expected to show an
increase in gastrointestinal transit.
[0331] It is to be understood that the preceding description of the
invention and various examples thereof have emphasized certain
aspects. Numerous other equivalents not specifically elaborated on
or discussed may nevertheless fall within the spirit and scope of
the present invention or the following claims and are intended to
be included.
* * * * *