U.S. patent number RE32,701 [Application Number 07/036,103] was granted by the patent office on 1988-06-21 for nmr scanner with motion zeugmatography.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Invention is credited to Paul R. Moran.
United States Patent |
RE32,701 |
Moran |
June 21, 1988 |
NMR scanner with motion zeugmatography
Abstract
An NMR zeugmatographic scanner is modified to produce flow
images. A motion sensitizing gradient field is applied to the
gyromagnetic nuclei after transverse excitation and prior to
emission measurement. The motion sensitized free induction signal
which results is processed using an inverse Fourier transformation
to produce a number of useful images.
Inventors: |
Moran; Paul R. (Winston-Salem,
NC) |
Assignee: |
Wisconsin Alumni Research
Foundation (Madison, WI)
|
Family
ID: |
26712794 |
Appl.
No.: |
07/036,103 |
Filed: |
April 8, 1987 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
Reissue of: |
455596 |
Jan 4, 1983 |
04516075 |
May 7, 1985 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
324/309;
324/306 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01R
33/56308 (20130101); G01R 33/56316 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01R
33/563 (20060101); G01R 33/54 (20060101); G01R
033/20 () |
Field of
Search: |
;324/300,307,309,312,306 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
"The NMR Blood Flowmeter-Theory and History", Battocletti et al.,
Med Phys. 8(4), Jul./Aug. 1981, pp. 435-443. .
"Applications de la Resonance Magnetique Nucleaire en
Hemodynamique(*)", A. Constantiensco et J. Chambron, (Jan. 23,
1981), pp. 127-134. .
"NMR Rheotomography: Feasibility and Clinical Potential"-Grant et
al., Med Phys. 9(2), Mar./Apr. 1982, pp.188-193. .
Packer, K. J.; Rees, C. and Tomlinson, D. J., "A Modification of
the Pulsed Magnetic Field Gradient Spin Echo Method of Studying
Diffusion," Molecular Physics, 1970, vol. 18(3):421-423. .
Kaufman, L. et al., "The Potential Impact of Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Imaging on Cardiovascular Diagnosis," Circulation, An
Official Journal of the American Heart Association, Inc., Feb.,
1983, 67(2):251-257. .
Kaufman, Leon et al., "Evaluation of NMR Imaging for Detection and
Quantification of Obstructions in Vessels," Investigative
Radiology, Nov.-Dec., 1982, 17(6):554-560. .
Hilal et al., "Special Project II-Studies of Two-Dimensional Blood
Flow Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance", a 377 page proposal
submitted to the Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, pp.
208-229. .
J. R. Singer, "NMR Diffusion and Flow Measurements and An
Introduction to Spin Phase Graphing", The Institute of Physics, pp.
281-291. .
"Basic Concepts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging"-Fullerton
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol. 1, pp. 39-53, 1982. .
Torrey, H. C., "Bloch Equations with Diffusion Terms", Phys. Rev.,
1956, 104:563. .
Singer, J. R., "Blood Flow Rates by NMR Measurements," Science,
1959, 130:1652. .
Abragam, A., "The Principles of Nuclear Magnetism," London, Oxford
University Press, 1961, pp. 58-63. .
Stejskal and Tanner, "Spin Diffusion Measurements-," Jour. Chem.
Phys., 1965, 42(1):288-292. .
Stejskal, E. O., "Use of Spin Echoes in a Pulsed Magnetic Field
Gradient to Study Anisotropic, Restricted Diffusion and Flow,"
Jour. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43(10):3597-3603. .
Hahn, Erwin, "Detection of Sea-Water Motion by Nuclear Precession,"
Jour. Geophys. Res., Feb., 1960, 65(2):776-777. .
Packer, K. J., "The Study of Slow Coherent Molecular Motion by
Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance," Molecular Physics, 1969,
17(4):355-368. .
Grover, Thomas Peaks; Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. EE, U.C. Berkeley
(examiners Singer, Woodyard and Hahn), Jun. 15, 1971. .
Hayward, R. J.; Packer, K. J.; Tomlinson, D. J., "Pulsed
Field-Gradient Spin-Echo NMR Studies of Flow in Fluids," Molecular
Physics, 1972, 23(6):1083-1102. .
Garroway, G. N. "Velocity Measurements in Flowing Fluids by NMR,"
Jour. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 1974, vol. 7, pp. L159-L163. .
Libove, Joel, "Instrumentation for Imaging of Fluid Flow Using
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance With an Example of One-Dimensional Flow
Imaging," Doctoral Dissertation. .
Fukuda and Hirai, "A Pulsed NMR Study of the Flow in Fluid,"
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Dec., 1979,
47(6):1999-2006. .
Singer, J. R. and Crooks, L. E., "NMR Flow Imaging," Proc. Int.
Symp. on NMR Imaging, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Oct., 1981,
pp. 185-190. .
Mansfield, P. and Morris, P. G., "NMR Imaging in Biomedicine," pp.
235-238. .
Van As, H, and Schaafsma, T. J., "Non-Invasive Blood Flow
Measurements By the .sup.1 H NMR .pi.-Pulse Method," Society of
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, First Annual Meeting, Aug. 16-18,
1982, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 147-148. .
Crooks, L. et al., "Physical Basis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Imaging," IEEE Transactions of Nuclear Science, vol. NS-29, Nos. 3,
Jun., 1982, pp. 1252-1257. .
Deville, G. and Landesman, A., "Experiences D'Echoes de Spins Dans
Un Liquide En Ecoulement," Le Journal De Physique, Jan., 1971, pp.
67-72. .
Grover, Thomas and Singer, J. R., "NMR Spin-Echo Flow
Measurements," Journal of Applied Physics, Mar. 1, 1971,
43(3):938-939. .
Grover, Thomas and Singer, J. R., "Recent Measurements of Flow
Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques," Modern Developments
in Flow Measurements, Sep., 1971, pp. 38-46, Proc. the Harwell
(Berks, England) Conference, Ed. CG Clayton (The Harwell Atomic
Energy Establishment. Peter Perigrinin, Ltd., pub). .
Pykett, I. L. and Mansfield, P., "A Line Scan Image Study of a
Tumorous Rat Leg by NMR," Phys. Med. Biol., 1978, vol. 23, No. 5,
pp. 961-967. .
Hahn, E. L., "Spin Echoes," Physical Review, Nov. 15, 1950, vol.
80(4):580-594. .
Carr, H. Y. and Purcell, E. M., "Effects of Diffusion on Free
Precession in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Experiments," May 1, 1954,
vol. 94(3):630-639..
|
Primary Examiner: Tokar; Michael J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Quarles & Brady
Claims
I claim:
1. In a gyromagnetic resonance instrument .Iadd.for producing an
image of an extended subject which contains both stationary
gyromagnetic material and moving gyromagnetic material, in
.Iaddend.which .Iadd.the instrument .Iaddend.performs a measurement
cycle by applying a transverse excitation signal to a gyromagnetic
material and to thereby impart a transverse magnetic moment
thereto, and which produces a FID signal responsive to emissions by
the transversely magnetized gyromagnetic material, the improvement
comprising:
.Iadd.means for locating the position of the gyromagnetic material
within the extended subject which is producing a FID signal;
.Iaddend.
means for motion sensitizing a FID signal in which a motion
sensitizing magnetic field gradient F is applied to the
gyromagnetic material for a period of time 2T after its transverse
excitation and prior to the production of the FID signal, and
wherein the motion sensitizing magnetic field gradient F has
alternating polarity with respect to the gyromagnetic material such
that its integral over the time period 2T is substantially zero;
and
detector means for receiving the FID signal and producing therefrom
a signal S.sub.1 (t) which is phase-referenced to the cosine phase
of the transverse excitation signal and a signal S.sub.2 (t) which
is phase-referenced to the sine phase of the transverse excitation
signal.
2. The instrument as recited in claim 1 in which the motion
sensitizing magnetic field gradient F is substantially
anti-symmetrical with respect to time T during the time period
2T.
3. The instrument as recited in claim 1 .Iadd.in .Iaddend.which
.Iadd.the means for locating .Iaddend.includes means for applying a
magnetic field gradient G to the gyromagnetic material such that
the FID signals which are emitted from a selected location
.[.therein.]. .Iadd.in the extended subject .Iaddend.are
.[.frequency.]. encoded during each measurement cycle and the
motion sensitized FID signals are thereby also position
sensitized.
4. The instrument as recited in claim 3 in which the means for
generating said field gradients G and F both employ the same set of
gradient coils which are positioned around the gyromagnetic
material.
5. The instrument as recited in claim 1 which includes:
processor means for performing an inverse Fourier transform on the
S.sub.1 (t) and S.sub.2 (t) signals to produce data indicative of
motion intensity in the direction of the magnetic field gradient
F.
6. The instrument as recited in claim 1 in which the .[.direction
and magnitude.]. .Iadd.value .Iaddend.of the motion sensitizing
magnetic field gradient F is altered for successive measurement
cycles to produce a corresponding set of motion sensitized FID
signals, and corresponding sets of S.sub.1 (t) and S.sub.2 (t)
signals, and which includes:
processor means for receiving the sets of S.sub.1 (t) and S.sub.2
(t) signals and performing an inverse Fourier transform thereon to
produce a corresponding set of output data indicative of motion
intensity in the .[.directions.]. .Iadd.direction .Iaddend.of the
magnetic field gradient F; and
display means connected to receive the output data and produce an
image.
7. A method for producing .Iadd.from a gyromagnetic material
.Iaddend.a FID signal which contains .[.motion.]. information
.Iadd.pertaining to the density of the gyromagnetic material and
information pertaining to the acceleration of the gyromagnetic
material, which information may be used to reconstruct an
image.Iaddend. , the steps comprising:
applying a polarizing magnetic field to the gyromagnetic
material;
exciting the gyromagnetic material with a magnetic field B.sub.1 to
produce a transverse magnetic moment M.sub.1 therein;
applying a motion sensitizing magnetic field gradient F to the
gyromagnetic material for a period .Iadd.of time from 0 to
.Iaddend.2T after its transverse excitation, wherein the polarity
of the field gradient F alternates with respect to the gyromagnetic
material such that the integral of the field gradient F over the
period 2T is substantially zero; .Iadd.and such that the field
gradient F is symmetrical about the time T; .Iaddend.and
sensing .Iadd.both the amplitude and the phase of .Iaddend.the FID
signal produced by the transversely excited gyromagnetic material
over a period of time after the time .[.period.]. 2T.
8. The method as recited in claim 7 in which a position sensitizing
magnetic field gradient G is applied to the gyromagnetic material
while the FID signal is being produced.
9. The method as recited in claim 7 which includes:
processing the FID signal by performing an inverse Fourier
transform thereon; and
displaying the processed FID signal.
10. An NMR scanner, the combination comprising:
means for generating a polarizing magnetic field B.sub.0 within a
gyromagnetic material;
means for generating an excitation magnetic field B.sub.1 which
produces a transverse magnetic moment in the gyromagnetic
material;
means for sensing a FID signal produced by the gyromagnetic
material excited by said excitation magnetic field B.sub.1 ;
means for generating a position magnetic field gradient G in the
gyromagnetic material to position sensitize the sensed FID signal
and to thereby link the sensed FID signal to a location within the
gyromagnetic material;
means for generating a motion magnetic field gradient F in the
gyromagnetic material to motion sensitize the sensed FID signal and
to thereby link the sensed FID signal to the motion of the
gyromagnetic material at said location; and
processor means for receiving sensed FID signals and producing an
image which is modulated by the motion of the gyromagnetic
material.
11. The NMR scanner as recited in claim 10 which includes control
means for cyclically generating a series of said FID signals, said
control means including:
means for altering the position magnetic field gradient G during
successive cycles to link the series of FID signals with a
succession of different locations in the gyromagnetic material.
12. The NMR scanner as recited in claim 11 in which the control
means alters the motion sensitizing magnetic field gradient F
during successive cycles to link a series of FID signals at a
specific location in the gyromagnetic material to a succession of
different motion values.
13. The NMR scanner as recited in claim 10 in which the means for
generating the motion sensitizing magnetic field gradient F
includes control means for producing the field F during each
measurement cycle over a period of time 2T with alternating
polarity such that the integral of F over the time period 2T is
substantially zero.
14. In an NMR scanner which produces images related to the density
distribution of a gyromagnetic phenomena is a gyromagnetic
material, the improvement therein comprising:
means for motion sensitizing NMR signals produced by the
gyromagnetic material, such sensitizing including the application
of a magnetic field gradient F of alternating polarity .Iadd.with
respect to the gyromagnetic material.Iaddend.; and
means for receiving the motion sensitized NMR signals and producing
image data which is related to the density distribution of the
gyromagnetic phenomena in the material and which is modulated by
the motion of the gyromagnetic material.
15. The NMR scanner as recited in claim 14 which includes processor
means for receiving said image data and producing an image which is
related to the motion of the gyromagnetic material, but which is
substantially independent of the density distribution of the
gyromagnetic phenomena.
16. The NMR scanner as recited in claim 14 which includes processor
means for receiving said image data and being operable to produce a
first data file containing data for the production of an image
related to the density distribution of the gyromagnetic phenomena,
and being operable to produce a second data file containing data
for the production of an image related to the density distribution
of the gyromagnetic phenomena modulated by the motion of the
gyromagnetic material. .Iadd.17. The instrument as recited in claim
1 in which the motion sensitizing magnetic field gradient F is
substantially symmetrical with respect to time T during the time
period 2T. .Iaddend. .Iadd.18. An NMR scanner, the combination
comprising:
means for generating a polarizing magnetic field B.sub.0 within a
gyromagnetic material;
means for generating an excitation magnetic field B.sub.1 which
produces a transverse magnetic moment in the gyromagnetic
material;
means for sensing both the amplitude and phase of a FID signal
produced by the gyromagnetic material excited by said excitation
magnetic field B.sub.1 ;
means for generating a magnetic field gradient to produce a
position phase sensitizing field gradient G which imparts a first
phase component in the FID signal that indicates the position of
the gyromagnetic material which is producing the FID signal;
means for generating a magnetic field gradient to produce a motion
phase sensitizing field gradient F which imparts a second phase
component in the FID signal that indicates the motion of the
gyromagnetic material which is producing the FID signal; and
processor means for receiving such sensed FID signal and separating
the phase component therein indicative of gyromagnetic material
position from the phase component therein indicative of
gyromagnetic material motion such that accurate images may be
reconstructed therefrom. .Iaddend.
.Iadd. 9. The NMR scanner as recited in claim 18 in which the means
for generating the motion sensitizing field gradient F includes
control means for producing the field F over a period 2T after
application of the excitation magnetic field B.sub.1 and the
polarity of the field gradient F alternates with respect to the
gyromagnetic material such that the integral of the field gradient
F over the time period 2T is substantially zero. .Iaddend.
.Iadd.20. The NMR scanner as recited in claim 18 which includes
control means for cyclically generating a series of said FID
signals, said control means including:
means for altering the position field gradient G during successive
cycles to produce a series of FID signals indicative of the
gyromagnetic material at a succession of different locations.
.Iaddend. .Iadd.21. The NMR scanner as recited in claim 20 in which
the processor means performs an inverse Fourier transform on the
series of sensed FID signals. .Iaddend. .Iadd.22. The NMR scanner
as recited in claim 20 in which a plurality of cycles are performed
for each value of the position field gradient G and the value of
the motion field gradient F is altered during each of said
plurality of cycles. .Iaddend. .Iadd.23. The NMR scanner as recited
in claim 19 in which the phase component in the FID signal due to
motion is a function of the magnitude of the motion field gradient
F, the duration of period 2T and the magnitude of the motion in the
direction of the field gradient F, and in which the phase component
in the FID signal due to position is a function of the integral of
the position field gradient G over the time period between
generation of the excitation magnetic field B.sub.1 and the
specific sampling time during the sensing of the FID signal.
.Iaddend. .Iadd.24. An NMR scanner for producing an image, the
combination comprising:
means for generating a polarizing magnetic field B.sub.0 within a
gyromagnetic material;
means for applying an excitation magnetic field B.sub.1 to the
gyromagnetic material which produces a transverse magnetic moment
in the gyromagnetic material;
means for sensing both the amplitude and phase of a FID signal
produced by the gyromagnetic material excited by said excitation
magnetic field B.sub.1 ;
means for generating a position field gradient G which position
sensitizes the FID signal to indicate the position of the
gyromagnetic material which is producing the FID signal;
means for generating a motion field gradient F which is applied to
the gyromagnetic material for a period of time from zero to 2T
after the application of the excitation magnetic field B.sub.1 and
prior to the production of the FID signal, and wherein the motion
field gradient F alternates in polarity with respect to the
gyromagnetic material at least twice during said time period and
the integral of the motion field gradient F over said time period
is substantially zero; and
processor means for receiving the sensed FID signal and producing
data
which is employed to reconstruct an image. .Iaddend. .Iadd.25. The
NMR scanner as recited in claim 24 in which the motion field
gradient F is substantially anti-symmetrical with respect to time T
during said time period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.26. The NMR scanner as
recited in claim 24 in which the motion field gradient F is
substantially symmetrical with respect to time T during said time
period. .Iaddend. .Iadd.27. The NMR scanner as recited in claim 24
in which the image reconstructed from said data indicates the
density of said gyromagnetic material at the positions indicated by
the position sensitized FID signals. .Iaddend. .Iadd.28. In a
gyromagnetic resonance instrument for producing an image of an
extended subject which contains both stationary gyromagnetic
material and moving gyromagnetic material, in which the instrument
performs a cycle with a measurement period between the time of
initial excitation T.sub.A and the time of FID acquisition T.sub.B
by applying a transverse excitation field to the gyromagnetic
material to thereby impart a transverse excited magnetization
therein, and receiving a FID signal responsive to the transverse
excited magnetization, the improvement comprising:
means for applying a magnetic field gradient to the gyromagnetic
material during a cycle such that the FID signal which is received
is both position and motion sensitized in accordance with the
following expression:
wherein F is the element of the field gradient which is applied
during the measurement period for a time 2T, which has alternating
polarity with respect to the gyromagnetic material and which has a
first integral over the time 2T of zero;
wherein G is the element of the field gradient which is applied
during the cycle; and which has a first integral over the cycle
which is not zero;
wherein phase factor r is the average position vector during the
time when the G element of the field gradient is actively
applied;
wherein phase factor v is the average motion vector during the time
when the F element of the field gradient is actively applied;
and
wherein M.sub.1 (r,v) is the gyromagnetic material density of a
resolvable volume located at r and having the motion v;
detector means for receiving the FID signal S(t) and producing
therefrom a signal S.sub.1 (t) which is phase-coherently referenced
to the cosine-phase of the transverse excitation field and a signal
S.sub.2 (t) which is phase-coherently referenced to the sine-phase
of the transverse excitation field; and
processor means for performing an inverse Fourier transform on the
complex-pair represented by S.sub.1 (t)+iS.sub.2 (t) to produce
p.sub.0 (r) from which an image is reconstructed that indicates the
density of the
gyromagnetic material. .Iaddend. .Iadd.29. The gyromagnetic
resonance instrument as recited in claim 28 in which said processor
means also produces data p.sub.0 (r,v) from which an image is
reconstructed that indicates the density of the gyromagnetic
material, modulated by the resolvable volume average value of
motion in the direction of the magnetic field gradient producing
the F element. .Iaddend. .Iadd.30. The gyromagnetic resonance
instrument as recited in claim 28 in which the F element of the
field gradient alternates in polarity a plurality of times during
the period 2T. .Iaddend.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The field of the invention is gyromagnetic resonance spectroscopy,
and particularly, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for
measuring the properties of materials.
Gyromagnetic resonance spectroscopy is conducted to study nuclei
that have magnetic moments and electrons which are in a
paramagnetic state. The former is referred to in the art as nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR), and the latter is referred to as
paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR).
There are other forms of gyromagnetic spectroscopy that are
practiced less frequently, but are also included in the field of
this invention.
Any nucleus which possesses a magnetic moment attempts to align
itself with the direction of the magnetic field in which it is
located. In doing so, however, the nucleus precesses around this
direction at a characteristic angular frequency (.[.Larmour.].
.Iadd.Larmor .Iaddend.frequency) which is dependent on the strength
of the magnetic field and on the properties of the specific nuclear
species (the magnetogyric constant .gamma. of the nucleus).
When a substance such as human tissue is subjected to a uniform
magnetic field (polarizing field B.sub.z) the individual magnetic
moments of the paramagnetic nuclei in the tissue attempt to align
with this field, but precess about it in random order at their
characteristic .[.Larmour.]. .Iadd.Larmor .Iaddend.frequency. A net
magnetic moment M.sub.z is produced in the direction of the
polarizing field but the randomly oriented components in the
perpendicular plane (x-y plane) cancel one another. If, however,
the substance, or tissue, is irradiated with a magnetic field
(excitation field B.sub.1) which is in the x-y plane and which is
near the .[.Larmour.]. .Iadd.Larmor .Iaddend.frequency, the net
aligned moment, M.sub.z, can be rotated into the x-y plane to
produce a net transverse magnetic moment M.sub.1 which is rotating
in the x-y plane at the .[.Lamour.]. .Iadd.Larmor
.Iaddend.frequency. The degree to which the rotation of M.sub.z
into an M.sub.1 component is achieved, and hence, the magnitude and
the direction of the net magnetic moment (M=M.sub.0 +M.sub.1)
depends primarily on the length of time of the applied excitation
field B.sub.1.
The practical value of this gyromagnetic phenomena resides in the
radio signal which is emitted after the excitation signal B.sub.1
is terminated. When the excitation signal is removed, an
oscillating sine wave is induced in a receiving coil by the
rotating field produced by the transverse magnetic moment M.sub.1.
The frequency of this signal is the .[.Larmour.]. .Iadd.Larmor
.Iaddend.frequency, and its initial amplitude, A.sub.0, is
determined by the magnitude of M.sub.1. The amplitude A of the
emission signal (in simple systems) decays in an exponential
fashion with time, t:
The decay constant 1/T.sub.2 is a characteristic of the process and
it provides valuable information about the substance under study.
The time constant T.sub.2 is referred to as the "spin-spin
relaxation" constant, or the "transverse relaxation" constant, and
it measures the rate at which the aligned precession of the nuclei
dephase after removal of the excitation signal B.sub.1.
Other factors contribute to the amplitude of the free induction
decay (FID) signal which is defined by the T.sub.2 spin-spin
relaxation process. One of these is referred to as the spin-lattice
relaxation process which is characterized by the time constant
T.sub.1. This is also called the longitudinal relaxation process as
it describes the recovery of the net magnetic moment M to its
equilibrium value M.sub.0 along the axis of magnetic polarization
(Z). The T.sub.1 time constant is longer than T.sub.2, much longer
in most substances, and its independent measurement is the subject
of many gyromagnetic procedures.
The measurements described above are called "pulsed NMR
measurements." They are divided into a period of excitation and a
period of emission. As will be discussed in more detail below, this
measurement cycle may be repeated many times to accumulate
different data during each cycle or to make the same measurement at
different locations in the subject. A variety of preparative
excitation techniques are known which involve the application of
one or more excitation pulses of varying duration. Such preparative
excitation techniques are employed to "sensitize" the subsequently
observed free induction decay signal (FID) to a particular
phenomena. Some of these excitation techniques are disclosed in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,339,716; 4,345,207; 4,021,726; 4,115,730 and
3,474,329.
Although NMR .[.meansurements.]. .Iadd.measurements .Iaddend.are
useful in many scientific and engineering fields, their potential
use in the field of medicine is enormous. NMR measurements provide
a contrast mechanism which is quite different from x-rays, and this
enables differences between soft tissues to be observed with NMR
which are completely indiscernible with x-rays. In addition,
physiological differences can be observed with NMR measurements,
whereas x-rays are limited primarily to anatomical studies.
For most medical applications utilizing NMR, an imaging technique
must be employed to obtain gyromagnetic information at specific
locations in the subject. The foremost NMR imaging technique is
referred to as "zeugmatography" and was first proposed by P. C.
Lauterbur in a publication "Image Formation by Induced Local
Interactions: Examples Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance",
Nature, Vol. 242, Mar. 16, 1973, pp. 190-191. Zeugmatography
employs one or more additional magnetic fields which have the same
direction as the polarizing field B.sub.0, but which have a nonzero
gradient. By varying the strength (G) of these gradients, the net
strength of the polarizing field B.sub.0 =B.sub.z +G.sub.x
X+G.sub.y Y+G.sub.z Z at any location can be varied. As a result,
if the frequency response of the receiver is narrowed to respond to
a single frequency, W.sub.0, then gyromagnetic phenomena, will be
observed only at a location where the net polarizing field B.sub.0
is of the proper strength to satisfy the .[.Larmour.]. .Iadd.Larmor
.Iaddend.equation; W.sub.0 =.gamma.B.sub. 0 : where W.sub.0 is the
.[.Larmour.]. .Iadd.Larmor .Iaddend.frequency at that location.
By "linking" the resulting free induction signal FID with the
strengths of the gradients (G=G.sub.x, G.sub.y, G.sub.z) at the
moment the signal is generated, the NMR signal is "tagged", or
"sensitized", with position information. Such position sensitizing
of the NMR signal enables an NMR image to be produced by a series
of measurements.
The series of free induction decay signals produced during a scan
of the subject are digitized and processed by a computer to extract
their various frequency components for display on a screen. The
most prevalent method involves the application of a discrete
Fourier transform to the digitized NMR signals. Such transform may
be in one or several variables as discussed in "The Fourier
Transform and Its Applications", by R. N. Bracewall, published in
1978 by McGraw-Hill. Computer programs for performing such discrete
Fourier transforms are well known, as discussed in "Fourier
Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction", by P. Bloomfield,
published in 1976 by Wiley. Two files of digital data are produced
by the Fourier transformation of the time domain NMR signals. One
file represents the "real" component and the second file represents
the "imaginary" component. As discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,070,611
it can be demonstrated that the imaginary file is not required to
reproduce an accurate image of the NMR phenomena of interest, and
it is common practice to ignore this data.
The use of NMR to measure the flow of fluids in vessels is well
known. A paper "The NMR Blood Flowmeter-Theory and History" by J.
H. Battocletti et al, published in Medical Physics, Vol. 8, No. 4,
July/August, 1981, describes the theory and history of this effort.
The techniques heretofore employed to measure flow require special
NMR apparatus with coils arranged to magnetize a sample of the
fluid "upstream" of the coils which are employed to sense the FID
signal. The physical distance between this "tagging" coil and the
sensing coil is known, and the level of the FID signal provides
velocity information in the direction of fluid flow. In an article
"NMR Rheotomography: Feasibility and Clinical Potential", by J. P.
Grant et al and published in Medical Physics, Vol. 9, No. 2,
March/April 1982, imaging techniques are employed to provide a flow
intensity distribution in a tube. Such techniques are limited to
measuring flow in a known direction, and have been limited in
practice to the measurement of flow in inanimate objects or to the
measurement of blood flow in the arms and legs of animals.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to an NMR imaging apparatus, and
particularly, to a method and means for sensitizing the NMR signals
to provide not only the conventional NMR image, but also to provide
data from which a motion image can be constructed. In a gradient
imaging NMR scanner the invention includes the application of a
motion sensitizing magnetic field gradient (F) after the excitation
portion of each measurement cycle and prior to the emission portion
of each cycle. The resulting free induction decay signals which are
produced by a series of such measurements are processed by
performing an inverse Fourier transform to produce conventional
image data mixed with motion image data in the real and imaginary
data files. These data files may be processed to produce
spin-density images modulated by conventional NMR phenomena, such
as T.sub.1 and T.sub.2 relaxation, or the motion data may be
processed to produce an image of the motion alone, or the data
files may be processed to produce an image of conventional NMR
phenomena modulated by motion.
A general object of the invention is to measure the motion of
gyromagnetic material at any location within a subject.
Conventional zeugmatrographic scanners may easily be modified to
provide motion data along with image data. Such modifications
include the application of a motion sensitizing magnetic field
gradient F during the measurment cycle. The free induction decay
signal FID which is produced is "linked" to a position and to the
motion of the gyromagnetic material at that position. The same
processing employed on the image data alone can be employed to
construct a motion image.
Another object of the invention is to measure motion in any
direction at any position within the subject. A conventional
zeugmatographic scanner capable of exciting a gyromagnetic response
from a location within the subject is used to produce a motion
sensitized response. Motion sensitization is accomplished with a
magnetic field gradient F of alternating polarity which is applied
for a period 2T after the excitation portion of the measurement
cycle is completed. The direction of the field (whose gradient is
F) is the same as the polarizing field B.sub.z, but its strength is
graduated in the x, y and z directions to "tag" the flow data with
a direction, as well as a magnitude and position.
Another object of the invention is to provide motion image data
without significantly altering the NMR measurement cycle. The
motion sensitizing field gradient F can either be added to each
measurement cycle, or separate motion measurement cycles can be
interlaced within standard NMR measurement cycles. In either case
the numerous preparative excitation techniques and emission
measurement techniques known to the art can be carried out with
only minor modification. Independence of the motion measurements is
maintained by providing that the integral of the field gradient F
over the time period 2T is substantially zero. Although the motion
sensitizing field F is thus separate and independent of the field
gradient G used to position sensitize the NMR signals, the two
fields may be generated using the same coils.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention
will appear from the following description. In the description,
reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part
hereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration a
preferred embodiment of the invention. Such embodiment does not
necessarily represent the full scope of the invention, however, and
reference is made therefore to the claims herein for interpreting
the scope of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic elevation view of an NMR scanner which
employs the present invention;
FIGS. 2A-2C are graphic illustrations of gradient magnetic fields
produced in the scanner of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3A-3C are perspective views of the gradient coils which form
part of the scanner of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is an electrical block diagram of the control system which
forms part of the scanner of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a graphic illustration of a typical conventional
measurement cycle performed by the scanner of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a graphic illustration of a typical measurement cycle
performed according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graphic illustration of a portion of an alternative
measurement cycle according to the present invention; and
FIGS. 8A-8C are graphic illustrations of alternative forms of the
motion sensitizing field gradient F which may be employed in the
measurement cycles of FIGS. 6 and 7.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Although the present invention may be easily implemented in a
variety of gryromagnetic scanner .[.of.]. .Iadd.or .Iaddend.NMR
spectrometer structures, the preferred embodiment of the invention
employs a large electromagnet to generate the polarizing field.
Referring particularly to FIG. 1, this polarizing magnet 1 is
comprised of four circular cylindrical segments 2-5 of sufficient
size to receive a table 6. A patient may be placed on the table 6
and any portion of his body may be scanned by suitably positioning
him with respect to excitation coils 7. The polarizing magnet 1
produces a strong magnetic field B.sub.z which is constant and
homogeneous within the space defined by the excitation coils 7. The
excitation coils 7 produce an excitation field B.sub.1 which is in
the transverse plane, perpendicular to the polarizing field
B.sub.z. The excitation field B.sub.1 oscillates at a radio
frequency W.sub.0 and it is applied as one or more pulses. The
coils 7 are then switched to a passive mode in which they operate
as receivers for the NMR signals produced in the patient's
body.
Referring to FIGS. 3A-3C, three sets of gradient field coils are
also formed around the table 6. A set of Z gradient field coils 10a
and 10b produce a magnetic field (G.sub.z .multidot.Z) which is
directed along the z axis of the machine, but which has a strength
that changes as a function of position along the z axis. As shown
in FIG. 2A, this field is additive to the polarizing magnetic field
B.sub.z to provide a total field B.sub.0 which varies in strength
substantially linearly (i.e., G.sub.z .multidot.Z) as a function of
Z position on the table 6.
Referring to FIGS. 2B and 3B, a second set of gradient field coils
11a-11d produce a magnetic field (G.sub.x .multidot.X) which is
directed along the z axis of the machine, but which has a strength
that changes as a function of position along the x axis. This field
is additive to the polarization magnetic field B.sub.z to provide a
total field B.sub.0 which varies in strength substantially linearly
as a function of x position on the table 6.
Referring to FIGS. 2C and 3C, a third set of gradient field coils
12a-12d produce a magnetic field (G.sub.y .multidot.Y) which is
directed along the z axis of the machine, but which has a strength
that changes as a function of position along the y axis. This field
is additive to the polarizing magnetic field B.sub.z to provide a
total field B.sub.0 which varies in strength substantially linearly
as a function of y position on the table 6.
The generation and control of the polarizing magnetic field B.sub.z
and the field gradients G.sub.x, G.sub.y and G.sub.z is well known
in the art and is employed in existing NMR scanners.
Referring particularly to FIG. 4, the control system for the NMR
scanner includes a set of four static power converters 15-18 which
connect to an a.c. power source 19. The static power converters
15-18 produce d.c. currents for the respective coils 1, 10, 11 and
12 at levels determined by commands received from a processor 20.
The polarity, or direction, of the d.c. currents produced for the
gradient field coils 10-12 can also be controlled. Thus, both the
magnitude and the direction of the gradient fields in the x, y and
z direction can be switched on command from the processor 20.
The excitation winding 7 is driven by a radio frequency oscillator
21 when an electronic switch 22 is toggled to its active position.
The switch 22 is controlled by the processor 20 and when the switch
22 is toggled to its passive position, the excitation winding 7 is
coupled to the input of an amplifier and phase-coherent detector
circuit 23. The NMR signals in the patient induce a voltage in the
excitation winding 7 which is amplified and demodulated in the
circuit 23. The oscillator 21 provides a reference signal to the
circuit 23 that enables one phase-coherent detector therein to
produce an in-phase, or sine, free induction decay (FID) signal to
an analog-to-digital converter 24. A second phase-coherent detector
produces an orthogonal, or cosine, FID signal to an
analog-to-digital converter 25.
The free induction decay signals produced by the phase-coherent
detector 23 are digitized by the A/D converters 24 and 25. The
sample rate of this digitization is controlled by the processor 20,
and the digital numbers which are produced by the A/D converters 24
and 25 are input to a processor 20 and stored in a memory 26. The
processor 20 also stores values indicative of the gradient field
strengths at the moment the FID signals are produced, and in this
manner, the FID signals are linked to a specific position within
the patient.
Referring particularly to FIG. 5, a typical measurement cycle for
the NMR scanner in its imaging mode is illustrated. Such
measurement cycles are repeated many times during a single scan,
with the strengths of the field gradients G.sub.x, G.sub.y and
G.sub.z being changed for each measurement to obtain the desired
NMR response from a series of points in the subject. In the example
cycle of FIG. 5 a first transverse excitation pulse 30 at the
desired Larmour frequency is applied and the field gradients
G.sub.x, G.sub.y and G.sub.z are switched on at their desired
levels. The length of the excitation pulse 30 is selected to
provide maximum transverse magnetization (90.degree.) of the
gyromagnetic nuclei, and the resulting free induction decay signal
31 has an amplitude A.sub.0. The rate at which the FID signal 31
decays (as indicated by dashed line 31') is a measure of the
frequency distributions of the gyromagnetic nuclei excited in the
subject by the field gradients (G.sub.x, G.sub.y, G.sub.z).
To measure the T.sub.2 relaxation time within the same measurement
cycle, a second excitation pulse 32 is applied. This pulse 32 is at
the same .[.Larmour.]. .Iadd.Larmor .Iaddend.frequency, but it is
twice as long as the pulse 30, and phase-shifted by 90.degree.,
with the result that the transverse magnetization is rotated
180.degree.. This "echo" pulse stimulates the free induction decay
signal 33 after the field gradients G.sub.x, G.sub.y and G.sub.z
are again applied. The peak value of this FID signal 33 is less
than the value A.sub.0 of the first FID signal 31, and as indicated
by dashed line 34, it provides an indication of the T.sub.2
relaxation time.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the NMR
measurement cycle illustrated in FIG. 5 is but one of many possible
measurements that can be performed by the scanner system of FIG. 4.
With this particular cycle, a number of images can be constructed
which are of medical significance. Since the measurement variables
such as gradient field strengths, and excitation pulse generation
are under control of the processor 20, the NMR scanner system can
be programmed to carry out any number of different measurement
cycles.
Referring again to FIG. 4, the digitized representations of the FID
signals generated during the complete scan are stored in the memory
26 as two files S.sub.1 (t) and S.sub.2 (t). S.sub.1 (t) is that
portion of the FID signal S(t) which is phase-referenced to the
"cosine" phase of the transverse excitation signal produced by
oscillator 21, and S.sub.2 (t) is the "sine" phase. S.sub.1 (t) and
S.sub.2 (t) may be combined to form the complex signal.
This may be written as the spectral transform:
where:
and K is a constant electronic conversion factor. This signal has
been spacially modulated by the field gradient (G=G.sub.x x+G.sub.y
y+G.sub.z z) and is equivalent to the following:
where:
M.sub.1 =transverse magnetization
r=a position (x, y, z)
.gamma.=magnetogyric constant.
This can be expressed in "q" space as:
where: "q" is a position in three-dimensional space which is
determined by the field gradient G, q=.gamma.Gt.
Each measurement cycle thus produces a line sampling in q-space,
and the data files S.sub.1 (t) and S.sub.2 (t) represent a set of
such line samplings. An image I.sub.m (r) can be reconstructed from
this data by performing a numerical discrete Fourier inversion to
the desired geometry:
Where: H(q) is the apodizing function associated with the
digitizing process.
When the Fourier inversion is performed according to equation (5)
by the processor 20, two data files are created, I(r) and iJ(r),
where:
It is well known in the art that the image data in the file I(r)
may be output to a display device, such as the CRT 27 in FIG. 4, to
produce an image. Such an image may represent primarily the density
of the excited gyromagnetic nuclei ("spin-density") or the image
may be modulated by T.sub.1 or T.sub.2 factors to provide improved
contrast of the anatomical or .[.psysiological.].
.Iadd.physiological .Iaddend.phenomenon. The "imaginary" data file
iJ(r) returns a null-value when the system is properly tuned, and
it is usually discarded in prior NMR scanner systems.
Although spin-density, T.sub.1 and T.sub.2 images provide useful
information of an anatomical nature, the present invention enables
a motion image to be produced. The flow of fluids in a human
subject is a most important phenomena, and its measure and imaging
provides diagnostic medicine with invaluable information for
functional assessment and physiological status. Although the
"motion-zeugmatographic" imaging method and system of the present
invention may be employed to image acceleration, jerk, etc., its
primary value to medicine is believed to be in the production of
velocity images.
Referring particularly to FIG. 6, the present invention may be
implemented as part of a conventional NMR measurement cycle. After
a first free induction decay signal 40 is received and digitized in
the standard manner described above, a motion sensitizing field
gradient,
is applied to the subject. This motion sensitizing field gradient
may be generated with the gradient field coils 10-12 (FIG. 3), and
it is characterized by the fact that it alternates in polarity such
that its integral is equal to zero over its time period 2T.
The relative values of the coordinate components F.sub.x, F.sub.y,
F.sub.z determine the direction in which the subsequent NMR signal
41 is motion sensitized.
The measurement cycle illustrated in FIG. 6 may be repeated many
times to motion sensitize a series of NMR signals 41 in many
directions. The set of motion sensitized data which results from
this series of "F cycles" is stored, and the gradient fields
G.sub.x, G.sub.y and G.sub.z are then changed to position sensitize
the next series of F cycles to a different location in the subject.
The process is continued with a series of motion sensitized
measurements being made at each location in the scan.
It is a requirement of the present invention that the motion
sensitizing field gradient F be applied after the application of an
excitation field which produces a transverse magnetic moment
M.sub.1. Furthermore, motion sensitization must occur prior to the
emission of the FID signal which it is to sensitize. In the example
measurement cycle of FIG. 6, excitation pulse 42 produces the
required transverse magnetic moment M.sub.1. The flow sensitizing
field gradient F is applied after the first free induction signal
40 is produced, and hence the data which is collected from the FID
40 is not motion sensitized. The FID signal 41 on the other hand,
is produced by "echo" excitation pulse 43 after the motion
sensitizing field gradient F has been applied. It contains motion
information. In this example the echo excitation pulse 43 does not
produce any additional transverse magnetic moment M.sub.1.
Another possible measurement cycle which produces motion sensitized
data is illustrated in FIG. 7. In this cycle a 90.degree.
excitation pulse 45 is applied to produce maximum transverse
magnetic moment and the position gradient field G is later switched
on to produce the free induction decay signal 46. At time T.sub.A
during the generation of the FID 46, a motion sensitizing field
gradient F is applied until time T.sub.B. The FID signal 46'
(generated after T.sub.B) is motion sensitized.
The direction of the motion which is measured is determined by the
direction of the field gradient F. The measurement sensitivity is
determined by a number of factors, including the strength (F.sub.0)
of the field gradient F and its duration (2T). If the systematic
phase errors produced by the system are denoted by "e", then the
minimum velocity which can reliably be measured is as follows:
where e is in radians.
For example, if the motion of hydrogen nuclei is measured with a
system having a phase resolution error of .Iadd.e.Iaddend.=0.1
radian, then the following conditions are typical:
It should be apparent that the measurement process can be shortened
and simplified considerably if fluid flow in only one direction is
imaged. For example, if only the motion sensitizing field gradient
F.sub.z is employed, an average velocity image of fluid flow along
the z axis is generated. In such case, only one flow sensitized
measurement is required at each "G" position of the scan.
The flow sensitized FID signal .[.at.]. .Iadd.is .Iaddend.both
position and motion sensitized. As indicated above in equation (3),
the digitized FID signal S(t) which is stored in the memory 26 is
linked to position by the gradient field G. Similarly the motion
sensitized FID signal S(t) is linked to the velocity of the
spin-density at this same position by the motion field gradient
F:
If a six-dimensional discrete Fourier inversion is performed on
this stored data file, an image .DELTA.(r,v) can be constructed on
the CRT 27 which displays spin-density (p.sub.0) distributed
according to the proportions of that density possessing particular
velocities in the direction F of the gyromagnetic nuclei at that
location.
where: H(q) and H(f) are apodizing functions associated with
digitizing the FID and "f" is a position in three-dimensional
Fourier-velocity space which is determined by the velocity field
gradient F, where f=.gamma.F(T.sup.2).
This six-dimensional image, .DELTA.(r,v), is the most general and
ambitious direct image of true flow velocities since it enables
many points in "f" space to be measured by sensitizing a series of
FID signals with velocity gradients F having different directions
and different magnitudes. The technique can be considerably
simplified if the image is modulated by a single velocity gradient
F at each point. This considerably shortens the data collection
portion of the process since it requires only one F cycle for each
G cycle, but it returns only the average velocity of flow rather
than a complete velocity distribution scale, or profile.
There is an endless variety of modifications and simplications by
which the motion-zeugmatographic phase-modulation method of the
present invention can be applied to studies of practical
importance. Chemical shift distributions or T.sub.1 and T.sub.2
spectroscopy may be added and similarly "interlaced" in the
data-collection cycle. The B.sub.1 excitation field may be
modulated to suppress or isolate contributions to the T.sub.2
-process, and as will be described in more detail below, variations
in the shape of the motion sensitizing field gradient F are
possible.
As indicated above (equation (5)), the Fourier inversion performed
on a conventional zeugmatographic NMR scanner returns data in a
"real" file I(r) from which an image of spin-density p.sub.0 (r)
can be produced on the CRT 27. As indicated above by equation (9),
when the Fourier inversion is performed on motion sensitized NMR
data, the real file I(r) is returned with data which enables an
image of spin-density p.sub.0 (r) modulated by velocity V(r) to be
produced on the CRT 27.
It is another aspect of the present invention that when the Fourier
inversion of flow sensitized NMR data is performed, the "imaginary"
data file iJ(r) returns information from which images of particular
medical value can be produced. More specifically, if the NMR data
is flow sensitized in a single direction (i.e., one F cycle per G
cycle), and if the magnitude (F.sub.0) and duration (2T) of the
flow sensitizing field gradient field are kept small such that:
the real file I(r) returns conventional image data p.sub.0 (r).
However, the imaginary file iJ(r) now returns image data:
The values in parentheses are known measurement conditions and
p.sub.0 (r) is precisely the set of values returned in the real
life I(r). Consequently, a velocity image V(r) can be produced on
the CRT 27 as follows:
Thus in a single scan of the subject, data files S.sub.1 (t) and
S.sub.2 (t) can be created and stored in the memory 26. From the
files I(r) and iJ(r) which are produced by the Fourier inversion of
these data files, three separate images can be produced with
.[.mineral.]. .Iadd.minimal .Iaddend.computation. The first image
p.sub.0 (r) is the conventional spin-density NMR image as modulated
by phenomena such as T.sub.1 and T.sub.2. The second image is the
same spin-density image p.sub.0 (r) modulated by the magnitude of
average spin velocity V(r) in the direction selected by the flow
sensitizing field gradient F. The third image is the magnitude of
spin velocity V(r) in the direction of F throughout the region of
the NMR scan.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that other images
of medical value can be constructed from this measured data with
further computation. For example, the exchange flow of molecules
into or out of a specified volume may be calculated by integrating
the velocity modulated spin-density values .DELTA.(r,v) over the
surface area of the volume. The same flow rate through a specified
plane may also be calculated by integrating across the surface of
the plane. Such measurements may provide, for example, the quantity
of blood flowing through a specific vessel. It is important to note
that because an anatomical image may be produced from the same
data, the location (r) of the particular volume or surface of
interest in the patient can be prescisely located by the NMR
scanner operator.
While the most important application of the invention is presently
believed to be the measurement of velocity, the invention may be
extended to measure "higher order" motion such as acceleration. For
velocity sensitization, the flow sensitizing field gradient F must
not only be of alternating polarity, but its wave form should be
symmetrical. That is, the velocity sensitizing field gradient F
should be a mirror image about horizontal and vertical axes of
symmetry. Referring to FIG. 8A, for example, the field gradient
wave form 50 alternates in polarity and is anti-symmetrically
mirrored about an axis of symmetry 51. Needless to say, the
integral of this wave form 50 over the interval T.sub.A to T.sub.B
is zero and it therefore satisfies the basic requirement for motion
sensitization. In contrast, the motion sensitization gradient field
F produced by the wave form 52 in FIG. 8B is symmetrically mirrored
about the vertical axis 51. This wave form will sensitize the
subsequent NMR signal to acceleration. Note that the integral of
the wave form 52 over the time period T.sub.A to T.sub.B is zero,
thus satisfying the basic motion sensitization requirement.
It should also be understood that the alternating polarity
requirement for the motion sensitizing field gradient F is
referenced to the gyromagnetic nuclei--not the table 6. Thus, if a
180.degree. echo pulse of excitation energy is applied to the
gyromagnetic nuclei, their phase-polarity is effectively reversed
and the second half-cycle of the motion sensitizing field gradient
F need not be reversed in polarity. This is illustrated in FIG. 8C,
where the wave form 53 of the field F is the equivalent of the wave
form 50 in FIG. 8A, when an echo pulse 54 is generated at the axis
of symmetry 55. This technique may be useful with systems which do
not enable the gradient fields to be reversed in polarity.
* * * * *