U.S. patent number RE43,929 [Application Number 13/282,962] was granted by the patent office on 2013-01-15 for method of processing soy protein.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Purina Animal Nutrition, LLC. The grantee listed for this patent is Madhu Kakade, Bill L. Miller. Invention is credited to Madhu Kakade, Bill L. Miller.
United States Patent |
RE43,929 |
Miller , et al. |
January 15, 2013 |
Method of processing soy protein
Abstract
A method of processing a proteinaceous material, the method
entails (1) blending the proteinaceous material with alcohol and a
reducing agent and (2) maintaining a combination having the
proteinaceous material and the reducing agent at a greater than
ambient temperature for a holding period of at least about five
minutes to form a proteinaceous product.
Inventors: |
Miller; Bill L. (Gray Summit,
MO), Kakade; Madhu (Roseville, MN) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Miller; Bill L.
Kakade; Madhu |
Gray Summit
Roseville |
MO
MN |
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Purina Animal Nutrition, LLC
(Shoreview, MN)
|
Family
ID: |
34423015 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/282,962 |
Filed: |
October 27, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
Reissue of: |
10684748 |
Oct 14, 2003 |
7608292 |
Oct 27, 2009 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
426/656; 426/634;
426/635 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A23L
11/07 (20160801); A23K 50/60 (20160501); A23K
20/147 (20160501); A23J 3/16 (20130101); A23V
2002/00 (20130101); A23V 2002/00 (20130101); A23V
2200/304 (20130101); A23V 2250/5488 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A23J
1/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;426/656,634,635 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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55-88662 |
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Jul 1980 |
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JP |
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63044848 |
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Feb 1988 |
|
JP |
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WO 95/04467 |
|
Feb 1995 |
|
WO |
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Primary Examiner: Weier; Anthony
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Dorsey & Whitney LLP Hayden,
Esq.; Bridget M.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A method of processing a proteinaceous material the method
comprising: blending the proteinaceous material with alcohol and a
reducing agent to form a mixture wherein the percentage of alcohol
in the mixture is in the range of between about 5 to about 20
percent by weight; maintaining the mixture at a temperature greater
than 90.degree. C. and a pressure greater than 10 psig for a
holding period at least about five minutes to form a proteinaceous
product; and removing all or essentially all of the alcohol by
venting the pressure on the proteinaceous product, the
proteinaceous product with enhanced solubility and preserved color
characteristics.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein, the alcohol is present in the
mixture during the holding period.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the proteinaceous material
comprises oilseed material that comprises oilseed protein.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the oilseed material comprises soy
protein.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent comprises a
source of SO.sub.2.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent comprises an
alkali metal sulfite, an alkali metal bisulfite, an alkali metal
meta bisulfite, an alkali metal pyrosulfite, or any mixture of any
of these.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the reducing agent comprises
sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium meta
bisulfite, sodium pyrosulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium
bisulfite, potassium meta bisulfite, potassium pyrosulfite, or any
mixture of any of these.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the alcohol is infinitely miscible
in water.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the alcohol comprises methanol,
ethanol, propanol, or any mixture of any of these.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature ranges from about
100.degree. C. to about 121.degree. C.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the holding period is at least
about ten minutes.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the holding period ranges from
about ten to about thirty minutes.
13. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising
maintaining the combination comprising the proteinaceous material
and the reducing agent at super-atmospheric pressure during the
holding period.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the super-atmospheric pressure
ranges from about ten pounds per square inch gauge to about thirty
pounds per square inch gauge.
15. A method of forming an animal feed, the method comprising
combining the proteinaceous product of claim 1 with an animal feed
component.
16. A method of processing a proteinaceous material the method
comprising: blending the proteinaceous material with a reducing
agent to form a mixture; maintaining the mixture at a temperature
greater than 90.degree. C. and a pressure greater than 10 psig in
an autoclave for a holding period to form a proteinaceous product;
and removing all or substantially all of any alcohol present in the
proteinaceous product by venting the pressure on the proteinaceous
product, the proteinaceous product having enhanced solubility and
preserved color characteristics.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the proteinaceous material
comprises oilseed material that comprises oilseed protein.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the oilseed material comprises
soy protein.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein the reducing agent comprises a
source of SO.sub.2.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein the reducing agent comprises an
alkali metal sulfite, an alkali metal bisulfite, an alkali metal
meta bisulfite, an alkali metal pyrosulfite, or any mixture of any
of these.
21. The method of claim 16 wherein the reducing agent comprises
sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium meta
bisulfite, sodium pyrosulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium
bisulfite, potassium meta bisulfite, potassium pyrosulfite, or any
mixture of any of these.
22. The method of claim 16 wherein the greater than ambient
temperature ranges from about 100.degree. C. to about 121.degree.
C.
23. The method of claim 16 wherein the holding period lasts at
least about five minutes.
24. The method of claim 16 wherein the holding period lasts at
least about ten minutes.
25. The method of claim 16 wherein the holding period ranges from
about ten minutes to about thirty minutes.
26. The method of claim 16 wherein the mixture further comprises an
alcohol.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the alcohol is infinitely
miscible in water.
28. The method of claim 26 wherein the alcohol comprises methanol,
ethanol, propanol, or any mixture of any of these.
29. A method of forming an animal feed, the method comprising
combining the proteinaceous product of claim 16 with an animal feed
component.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein the mixture of claim 16 further
comprises alcohol and the method further comprises removing all or
essentially all of any incorporated to alcohol from the
proteinaceous product.
31. The method of claim 1 wherein the mixture further comprises
water.
32. The method of claim 1 wherein the proteinaceous material and
reducing agent are combined with an aqueous solution to form the
mixture, the aqueous solution comprising the alcohol and water.
33. The method of claim 16 wherein the mixture further comprises
water.
.Iadd.34. A method of processing a proteinaceous material the
method comprising: blending the proteinaceous material with a
reducing agent to form a mixture; maintaining the mixture at a
temperature greater than 90.degree. C. and a pressure greater than
10 psig in a closed system for a holding period to form a
proteinaceous product; and removing all or substantially all of any
alcohol present in the proteinaceous product by venting the
pressure on the proteinaceous product, the proteinaceous product
having enhanced solubility and preserved color
characteristics..Iaddend.
.Iadd.35. The method of claim 34, wherein the closed system
comprises a conventional vessel..Iaddend.
.Iadd.36. The method of claim 35, the conventional vessel including
a steam jacket..Iaddend.
.Iadd.37. The method of claim 35, the conventional vessel including
a mixer..Iaddend.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S): None.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to a method of processing
vegetable protein to enhance the solubility and color
characteristics of the vegetable protein while also reducing the
antigenicity of the vegetable protein. More particularly, the
present invention relates to a method of chemically treating
vegetable protein, such as full fat, low fat, or defatted native
soy proteins, to enhance the solubility and color characteristics
of the vegetable protein while also reducing the antigenicity of
the vegetable protein.
Over the years, researchers have learned soybeans may be processed
to recover or extract a number of valuable components, such as soy
protein and soybean oil, from the soybeans. Also, soybeans may be
processed to form soy flours, soy flakes, and soy meal that are
high in nutritionally beneficial substances, such as fiber and
protein. Consequently, many soy products are commonly used for
production of animal feeds and food products for human
consumption.
However, soy products that contain soy protein, prior to
appropriate processing, generally have off-flavors that are
unpalatable to animals and humans alike. Also, soy products that
contain soy protein, prior to appropriate processing, generally
contain antigenic substances. Destruction of antigenic substances
naturally present in soy products beneficially enhances the
digestibility and nutritional benefits of soybean products.
Minimizing both off-flavors and antigenic substances is desirable
to increase the value of soy products that contain soy protein.
Processing techniques that employ organic solvents are available
that beneficially reduce off-flavors present in soy products that
contain soy protein. Likewise, processing techniques that employ
heat treatment are available that beneficially reduce off-flavors
present in soy products that contain soy protein. However, such
heat treatment processes do little, if anything, to reduce the
antigenicity of the heat-processed soybean products.
Furthermore, such organic solvent-based processing techniques and
heat treatment processes typically denature a substantial amount of
the soy protein and undesirably yield soybean products with low
solubility in water, such as a Protein Dispersability Index on the
order of about 7, or even less. The Protein Dispersability Index
(subsequently referred to as "PDI") is a measure of protein
solubility (and consequently a measure of protein dispersability)
in water. PDI decreases as the degree of protein denaturation
increases, absent other processing to enhance the solubility of the
denatured protein. Enhanced solubility and dispersability of
denatured proteins is important to support production of animal
feeds, food products, and beverages that contain proteins derived
from vegetable sources, such as soybeans. Another concern is that
some existing organic solvent-based processing techniques have a
discoloration effect that yields soybean products with off-colors.
Off-colors in soybean products, as compared to lighter and whiter
colored soybean products, tend to reduce the visual appeal of the
soybean products.
The food and animal feed manufacturing industries are in need of a
new soybean processing technique that, compared to existing
techniques, enhances the dispersability of soy protein products in
water, while reducing discoloration in the soy protein products.
Desirably, the new soybean processing technique will also continue
to minimize off-flavors in the soy protein products, while
maximizing destruction of antigenic substances. The process of the
present invention provides a beneficial solution to these needs by
yielding a product exhibiting enhanced solubility, reduced
discoloration, minimized off flavors, and minimized antigenic
protein content.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention includes a method of processing a
proteinaceous material. The method entails (1) blending the
proteinaceous material with alcohol and a reducing agent and (2)
maintaining a combination comprising the proteinaceous material and
the reducing agent at a greater than ambient temperature for a
holding period of at least about five minutes to form a
proteinaceous product. The present invention further includes a
method of forming an animal feed, a method of nourishing an animal,
and a proteinaceous product.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention generally relates to a method of processing
vegetable protein to enhance the solubility and color
characteristics of the vegetable protein while also reducing the
antigenicity of the vegetable protein. More particularly, the
present invention relates to a method of chemically treating
vegetable protein, such as full fat, low fat, or defatted native
soy proteins, to enhance the solubility and color characteristics
of the vegetable protein while also reducing the antigenicity of
the vegetable protein.
The method generally may proceed as follows. First, a source of
vegetable protein, a reducing agent, optionally water, and,
optionally alcohol, are combined and uniformly mixed together to
form an intermediate mixture. The intermediate mixture may then be
heated, optionally under pressure, for a select period of time to
allow reactive interaction of the components present in the
intermediate mixture and transformation of the intermediate mixture
into a proteinaceous product. The proteinaceous product may be
dried and may then optionally be ground to a desired particle size
range.
The proteinaceous product exhibits a number of beneficial
properties. First, as compared to existing proteinaceous products
that are prepared using the optional alcohol, but not a combination
of the optional alcohol and the reducing agent, the inventive
proteinaceous product exhibits increased solubility (increased
Protein Dispersability Index or "PDI") and a lighter, more
whitened, color, while maintaining a palatability to humans and to
animals, such as ruminants, that is at least about the same as the
palatability of the existing-proteinaceous products. Additionally,
the inventive proteinaceous product, particularly when derived from
a source of soy protein, exhibits a lower concentration of
antigenic proteins, such as glycinin and .beta.-conglycinin. Thus,
the process of the present invention beneficially enhances the
solubility, lightness, and whiteness of proteinaceous products
while also reducing the antigenic activity potential of the
proteinaceous products.
In the process of the present invention, some non-exhaustive
examples of suitable vegetable protein sources include oilseeds,
grains, and legumes. Some non-exhaustive, exemplary oilseed sources
of vegetable protein include soybeans, peanuts, cottonseed,
rapeseed, canola, sesame seeds, and any combination thereof. Some
non-exhaustive, exemplary grain sources of suitable vegetable
protein include corn, wheat, rice, and any combination thereof. The
vegetable protein source may take any form, such as that of flour,
meal, grits, pellets, flakes, granules, cracked seed, cracked
grain, and any combination thereof. Furthermore, the vegetable
protein source may be full-fat or may have been pre-processed to
either a reduced fat form or a fully defatted form. Likewise, the
vegetable protein source may contain a concentrated amount of the
vegetable protein, such as a concentrate or isolate version of the
vegetable protein source. The protein of the vegetable protein
source is preferably in a non-denatured form and has a PDI of at
least about 70, more preferably at least about 80, and still more
preferably at least about 90. Nonetheless, vegetable protein
sources containing pretreated and partially denatured vegetable
protein that permissibly may have been heat-treated, including
vegetable protein sources having a PDI as low as 20 or 30, may be
beneficially processed in accordance with the present invention to
form the proteinaceous product.
The vegetable protein source may include any combination of any
different vegetable protein sources. Also, the vegetable protein
source may include any combination of any different forms of
vegetable protein sources. Additionally different vegetable protein
sources containing differing concentrations of vegetable protein
may collectively be employed as the vegetable protein source.
Furthermore, different vegetable protein sources containing
non-denatured protein and/or protein with any denaturization level
may collectively be employed as the vegetable protein source. The
concentration of the vegetable protein source in the intermediate
mixture may generally range from about 50 weight percent to about
90 weight percent, based on the total weight of the intermediate
mixture. The concentration of the vegetable protein source in the
intermediate mixture in some applications of particular interest
ranges from about 75 weight percent to about 82 weight percent,
based on the total weight of the intermediate mixture.
The alcohol that may optionally be included in the process of the
present invention helps solubilize any undesirable flavor
components that may be present in the vegetable protein source.
After being solubilized with alcohol, volatilization of the alcohol
along with water supports removal of solubilized undesirable flavor
components originally present in the vegetable protein source.
Therefore, to help volatilize the alcohol and solubilized
undesirable flavor components along with the water, the alcohol
beneficially is soluble in water, preferably is highly soluble in
water, and more preferably is infinitely soluble in water.
Consequently, the optional alcohol will typically be a lower
alcohol. Some exemplary alcohols that may optionally be employed in
the process of the present invention include methyl alcohol
(methanol), ethyl alcohol (ethanol), N-propyl alcohol (1-propanol),
and isopropyl alcohol (iso-propanol). The concentration of the
alcohol in the intermediate mixture, when optionally included, may
generally range from about 5 weight percent to about 20 weight
percent, based on the total weight of the intermediate mixture,
with a concentration of the alcohol ranging from about 10 weight
percent to about 15 weight percent, based on the total weight of
the intermediate Mixture, being desirable.
Generally, the reducing agent may be any chemical agent, substance,
compound, or mixture, whether in gaseous, liquid, or vapor form,
that is, or produces a material that is, (1) capable of donating
electrons in a chemical reduction reaction or (2) capable of
chemically reducing and/or reversing disulfide linking (R--S--S--R)
in protein that may result from oxidative coupling of two
sulfhydryl groups (R--SH). The reducing agent may include any
combination of any suitable reducing agents, such as any
combination of any of the reducing agents listed herein.
Some sulfhydryl compounds are exemplary reducing agents. Suitable
sulfhydryl reducing agents are those compounds, whether in gaseous,
liquid, or vapor form, that contain --SH groups and those compounds
that are capable of initiating reactions that reduce --S--S-- bonds
in proteinaceous materials to yield --SH groups. Some
non-exhaustive examples of suitable sulfhydryl reducing agents
include cysteine; water-soluble cysteine salts, such as L-cysteine
hydrochloride; sulfurous acid; and glutathione; along with
compounds related to or homologous with L-cysteine hydrochloride,
such as L, D, and DL cysteine; the free bases of L, D, and DL
cysteine; L-cysteine mono-phosphate; di-L-cysteine sulfite; and
1-mono-cysteine tartrate.
Other suitable reducing agents include various sulfur containing
compounds, whether in gaseous, liquid, or vapor form, that, though
not necessarily containing any --SH group, are nevertheless capable
of yielding a compound containing an --SH group, such as sulfurous
acid, upon exposure of the sulfur-containing compound to liquid
water and/or water vapor. Some non-exhaustive examples of such
sulfur-containing compounds include sulfur dioxide (SO.sub.2) or a
source of sulfur dioxide, such as an SO.sub.2-generating precursor.
Some other exemplary sources of suitable sulfur-containing
compounds include alkali metal sulfites, such as sodium sulfite and
potassium sulfite; ammonium sulfite; alkali metal bisulfites, such
as sodium bisulfite (NaHSO.sub.3) and potassium bisulfite; ammonium
bisulfite; alkali metal pyrosulfite, such as sodium pyrosulfite and
potassium pyrosulfite; ammonium pyrosulfite; alkali metal meta
sulfites, such as sodium meta bisulfite and potassium meta
bisulfite; and ammonium meta bisulfite.
The quantity of reducing agent employed in the process of the
present invention will generally depend on (1) the particular
reducing agent or the combination of different reducing agents, (2)
the solubility of the reducing agent(s) in the
solvent(s)--ordinarily, water, if any, (3) the redox potential(s)
(E.sub.o) of the reducing agent(s), (4) the pH, pressure, and
temperature of the intermediate mixture to be reduced; and (5) the
kind and degree of action sought. The pH, pressure, and temperature
of the intermediate mixture to be reduced may be conventionally
controlled to selectively control the solubility of the reducing
agent(s) in the solvent(s). The concentration of the reducing agent
in the intermediate mixture to be reduced may generally be about
0.01 weight percent, or more, based on the total weight of the
intermediate mixture, with an upper end concentration maximum of
about three weight percent to about four weight percent being
typical, but not limiting.
As noted above, added water is an optional component of the
intermediate mixture. However, the water is preferably included in
the intermediate mixture for at least a couple of reasons. First,
the water may help support and increase the beneficial action of
the reducing agent on the protein portion of the intermediate
mixture. For example, by reference to Example 2 below, it has
beenobserved that use of powdered sodium bisulfite and soy protein,
without any added water, as in Sample No. 2-B, resulted in a
somewhat lower L* (less whitened) product with a lower PDI (lower
solubility) and a substantially darker visual color ranking, as
compared to use of powdered sodium bisulfite, soy protein, and
added water, as in Sample No. 2-C. Second, when the optional
alcohol is employed, use of the added water is desirable to support
enhanced evaporation of any undesirable flavor components that are
solubilized in the alcohol. The concentration of the added water in
the intermediate mixture, when included, may generally range from
about 2 weight percent to about 15 weight percent, based on the
total weight of the intermediate mixture, with a concentration of
the added water ranging from about 5 weight percent to about 10
weight percent, based on the total weight of the intermediate
mixture, being of particular interest.
As noted above, the alcohol is an optional component of the
intermediate mixture. However, the alcohol is preferably included
for at least a couple of reasons. First, the alcohol may help
support and increase the beneficial action of the reducing agent on
the protein portion of the intermediate mixture. For example, by
reference to Example 2 below, it has been observed that use of
powdered sodium bisulfite, soy protein, added water, and ethanol,
as in Sample No. 2-A, resulted in a somewhat higher L* (more
whitened) product with a lighter visual color ranking and an
acceptable PDI (solubility), as compared to use of powdered sodium
bisulfite, soy protein, and added water, without any added ethanol,
as in Sample No. 2-C. Second, use of the optional alcohol is
helpful for purposes of solubilizing and eliminating undesirable
flavor components that may be present in the protein. Furthermore,
use of the optional alcohol is believed to help lower the
concentration of antigenic substances, such as glycinin and
.beta.-conglycinin, in the protein, especially when the protein is
or includes soy protein.
The intermediate mixture, as indicated above, may be prepared by
combining and mixing the vegetable protein source, the reducing
agent, the optional water, and the optional alcohol together. The
order of addition of the vegetable protein source, the reducing
agent, the optional water, and the optional alcohol is not
critical, though the alcohol and water, when both included, will
typically be included as an aqueous solution of the alcohol. The
concentration of alcohol in the aqueous solution of the alcohol may
generally range from about 50 weight percent to about 80 weight
percent, based on the total weight of the aqueous solution of the
alcohol. The mixing of the components of the intermediate mixture
may employ any type of conventional mixing, such as mechanical
mixing using a hand mixer or a fixed mixer.
The intermediate mixture may be processed under increased
temperature, and optionally under super-atmospheric pressure, in
any conventional apparatus. For example, the intermediate mixture
may be placed in a pan within an autoclave that is heated and is
optionally under pressure. As another alternative, the intermediate
mixture may be placed in a conventional vessel. Steam may be
introduced into the autoclave or into the vessel for purposes of
increasing the temperature, and optionally the pressure, within the
autoclave or the vessel. As another alternative, the vessel may be
equipped with steam jacketing for purposes of raising the
temperature within the vessel and an appropriate gas, such as air
or nitrogen, may optionally be injected into the vessel to
pressurize the vessel. Furthermore, when employing pressure, the
intermediate mixture may be placed within the vessel either before
or after the vessel has been pressurized. Additionally, if desired,
the vessel may be equipped with a suitable mixer that supports
compilation and preparation of the intermediate mixture in the
vessel. Furthermore, mixing of the intermediate mixture may
optionally continue in the vessel using the mixer after the
temperature and, if pressurized, after the pressure have been
increased to the desired operating range.
The temperature of the intermediate mixture within the autoclave or
vessel will generally be greater than ambient temperature, such as
a temperature greater than about 90.degree. C., and preferably
ranges from about 212.degree. F. (100.degree. C.) to about
250.degree. F. (121.degree. C.). The pressure on the intermediate
mixture within the autoclave or vessel may be greater than
atmospheric (super-atmospheric) and preferably ranges from about 10
pounds per square inch gauge (psig) to about 30 psig. As another
alternative, the pressure on the intermediate mixture within the
autoclave or vessel may be maintained at about atmospheric
pressure. For example, the intermediate mixture may be steamed at
about 100.degree. C. under atmospheric pressure for the select time
period of desired duration. Use of the elevated temperature, or
optionally the combination of elevated pressure and elevated
temperature, for the select period of time supports reactive
interaction of the components present in the intermediate mixture
and transformation of the intermediate mixture into the
proteinaceous product. The select period of time will generally be
at least about five minutes long, preferably is at least about ten
minutes long, and more desirably is from about ten minutes long to
about thirty minutes long.
After the select period of time, any pressure on the proteinaceous
product is quickly vented to atmospheric pressure to support
evaporation of water and any included alcohol along with any
undesirable flavor components dissolved in the alcohol. Preferably,
all, or essentially all, of the alcohol is removed from the
proteinaceous product. Likewise, after the select period of time,
the temperature on the proteinaceous product is allowed to drop to
ambient temperature, such as a temperature of about 22.degree. C.
(72.degree. F.).
The proteinaceous product may then be dried using any conventional
drying apparatus, such as a spray dryer or a vacuum dryer, to
reduce the moisture content of the proteinaceous product to about
five weight percent, or less, based on the total weight of the
proteinaceous product. As other suitable examples, the
proteinaceous product may be air-dried, using a fan or blower, or a
vacuum may be pulled on the autoclave or vessel to aid in drying
the proteinaceous product. After being dried, the proteinaceous
product may optionally then be ground to a desired particle size
range, such as to the consistency of a meal or flour.
Though the protein content of the proteinaceous products produced
in accordance with the present invention is predominantly or
entirely denatured, the proteinaceous products of the present
invention nevertheless beneficially exhibit a lighter color with
enhanced (whiter) L* values and enhanced PDI values (reflecting
increased solubility), as compared to proteinaceous products
produced in a manner differing from that of the present invention.
For example, as compared to products produced using alcohol
(ethanol), but not the reducing agent, the proteinaceous product of
the present invention exhibits L* values that are improved by at
least 3.5 L* units and by as much as about 5 L* units, or even
more, and exhibits PDI values that are improved by at least 2.75
PDI units and by as much as about 4.8 PDI units, or even more.
Thus, as compared to products produced using alcohol (ethanol), but
not the reducing agent, the proteinaceous product of the present
invention is lighter and whiter in color and exhibits increased
solubility.
Many proteinaceous products of the present invention, such as soy
protein products, exhibit L* values ranging from greater than about
88 to at least about 92. Preferably, proteinaceous products of the
present invention, such as soy protein products, exhibit L* values
greater than about 89 and more preferably greater than about 90.
Many proteinaceous products of the present invention, such as soy
protein products, exhibit PDI values ranging from greater than
about 9.8 to at least about 15. Preferably, proteinaceous products
of the present invention, such as soy protein products, exhibit PDI
values greater than about 11.5, more preferably greater than about
13, and still more preferably greater than about 15.
The present invention additionally includes methods of feeding that
incorporate the proteinaceous product, such as soy protein product.
For example, the present invention encompasses a method of feeding
young humans and young animals, such as young monogastric animals
or young ruminants, the proteinaceous product, such as soy protein
product. Though the method of feeding the proteinaceous product is
characterized herein primarily in terms of feeding young humans and
young animals, the feeding method of the present invention is not
limited to only young humans and young animals. In fact, beneficial
results accrue from feeding humans of any age and animals of any
age the proteinaceous product, such as soy protein product.
Furthermore, though the method of feeding young animals is
characterized herein primarily in terms of feeding young ruminants,
the feeding method of the present invention is not limited to only
young ruminants. In fact, beneficial results accrue from feeding
any animals, such as any monogastric animal (pigs, horses, and
dogs, for example) of any age the proteinaceous product, such as
soy protein product. Additionally, besides incorporating the
proteinaceous product of the present invention, such as soy protein
product, in milk replacers, it is believed the proteinaceous
product, such as soy protein product, may beneficially be
incorporated into any human or animal food or beverage.
Particularly advantageous results are achieved when the
proteinaceous product, such as soy protein product, is incorporated
in human or animal foods or beverages that benefit from a highly
soluble protein source.
Beneficially, when young ruminants are provided with the
proteinaceous product, such as soy protein product, produced in
accordance with the present invention, the young ruminants are
surprisingly found to gain more weight during a feeding period,
such as a select portion of a pre-weaning period, as compared to
other young ruminants that are fed soy protein product not produced
in accordance with the present invention. As used herein, the term
"ruminant" means an even-toed, hoofed animal that has a complex 3-
or 4-chamber stomach and typically re-chews what the ruminant has
previously swallowed. Some non-exhaustive examples of ruminants
include cattle, sheep, goats, oxen, musk, ox, llamas, alpacas,
guanicos, deer, bison, antelopes, camels, and giraffes.
The method of feeding young animals (also referred to herein as
nourishing young animals) entails feeding young animals according
to a feeding regimen prior to weaning during a pre-weaning period.
During the pre-weaning period, the young animals are fed a fluid
animal feed that preferably includes some of the proteinaceous
product of the present invention. The proteinaceous product may
optionally be supplied to the young animals separately from the
fluid animal feed, but is preferably orally supplied to the young
animals as part of the fluid animal feed. During the portion of the
pre-weaning period when the young animals are supplied with the
fluid animal feed that preferably includes some of the
proteinaceous product, there is no need to supply any other
nutrition, such as dry animal feed, haylage, or silage to the young
animals. In addition to the fluid animal feed and the proteinaceous
product, the young animals also have free access to water ad
libitum.
Weaning occurs when liquid feed is withdrawn from the diet of the
young animals. Thus, as used herein, the term "pre-weaning period"
refers to the period when nutrients are predominantly or entirely
supplied to the young animal, such as the calf, in liquid form, as
part of a liquid feed, and the term "post-weaning period" refers to
the period when nutrients are no longer predominantly or entirely
provided to the young animal, such as the calf, in the form of
liquid feed. For ruminants, the post-weaning period is sometimes
also referred to as the "ruminant period."
The fluid animal feed that is provided during the pre-weaning
period may generally include any fluid milk replacer that, in
combination with the proteinaceous product, provides a level of
nutrition to the young animals, such as the young ruminants, that
is sufficient to support the nutritional requirements of the young
animals during the pre-weaning period. As used herein, the term
"fluid milk replacer" means any fluid milk product that is provided
to a young animal in place of milk that a female animal (such as
milk of the young animal's mother) would ordinarily produce and
provide to the young animal via nursing. Such substitution of the
fluid milk replacer for the milk of the female animal is an
acceptable form of dairy herd management that offers various
advantages.
For example, use of fluid milk replacer may save the dairy producer
money depending upon the amount of fluid milk replacer substituted
for mother's milk in newborn calf nourishment. Fluid milk replacers
also permit flexible modification of the nutrient mix fed to young
animals, such as newborn animals, to supply unique nutrients to the
newborn animals that are not normally present in milk produced by
the female animal. As another example, weaning newborn calves off
milk produced and provided by the calves' mothers frees up the
mother cows to perform other dairy-based operations, such as
providing milk for human consumption or conversion to more valuable
dairy products, such as cheese.
The fluid milk replacer may be liquid milk replacer, rehydrated
milk replacer that is formed by rehydrating dry or powdered milk
replacer, or a combination of liquid milk replacer and rehydrated
milk replacer. As used herein, the term "liquid milk replacer"
refers to milk replacer that is in liquid form when purchased.
Often, if not predominantly, liquid milk replacer is based upon dry
or powdered milk replacer that has been rehydrated. As used herein,
the term "rehydrated milk replacer" refers to milk replacer that is
prepared as a liquid, after purchase or preparation of dry or
powdered milk replacer, by rehydrating the dry or powdered milk
replacer.
The proteinaceous product is preferably provided to the young
animals, such as the young ruminants, as part of the fluid animal
feed, though the proteinaceous product may optionally be provided
separately from the fluid animal feed. The fluid animal feed may,
and preferably does, include antibiotics to help control scours and
enhance the respiratory health of the young animals. Some
non-exhaustive examples of desirable antibiotics include Neomycin
and Oxytetracycline, which are preferably provided in the fluid
animal feed in combination with each other.
The fluid animal feed may optionally also include any other
nutritional component that is capable of remaining dissolved or in
suspension in the fluid animal feed. Some non-exhaustive examples
of other nutritional components that are typically capable of
remaining dissolved or in suspension in the fluid animal feed and
that may therefore typically be incorporated as part of the fluid
animal feed include sugar(s); sugar solution(s); sugar alcohol(s);
protein material(s), such as vegetable protein material(s), animal
protein material(s), and marine protein material(s); bean-based or
grain-based oil(s); bean-based or grain-based meal(s); bean-based
or grain-based syrup(s); fatty acid(s); and any of these in any
combination. Preferably, however, the fluid animal feed primarily
consists of and more preferably consists essentially of, the fluid
milk replacer, any optionally added antibiotics, and the
proteinaceous product.
The fluid milk replacer, when purchased as liquid milk replacer,
may generally be any commercially available liquid milk replacer.
The fluid milk replacer, when prepared from powdered or dry milk
replacer, may be formulated and prepared as the rehydrated milk
replacer by those responsible for feeding the ruminants. Some
examples of suitable powdered milk replacers for forming the
rehydrated milk replacer include AMPLIFIER.RTM. MAX NT powdered
milk replacer, AMPLIFIER.RTM. Select NT powdered milk replacer,
MAXI CARE.RTM. NT powdered milk replacer, and Nursing Formula.TM.
NT powdered milk replacer that are each available from Land
O'Lakes, Inc. of Arden Hills, Minn.
The fluid milk replacer may generally include any concentration of
crude protein. However, the fluid milk replacer preferably contains
about 16 to about 35 weight percent crude protein, based on the
total dry weight of the fluid milk replacer, to help optimize
weight gain by the young animals, such as the young ruminants.
Likewise, the fluid milk replacer may contain any concentration of
fat, but preferably contains about 5 to about 30 weight percent
fat, based on the total dry weight of the fluid milk replacer, to
increase the energy content of the fluid milk replacer, help reduce
the incidence of scours in the young animals, and inhibit
deleterious effects of any stress the young animals experience.
Some examples of preferred fat sources for the fluid milk replacer
are edible lard and high quality vegetable fats that may be used
individually or in any combination. The fat in the fluid milk
replacer is preferably homogenized to reduce the particle size of
the fat and enhance the digestibility of the fat. One preferred
form of the fluid milk replacer includes about 28 weight percent
crude protein and about 20 weight percent fat, based on the total
dry weight of the fluid milk replacer.
If dry or powdered milk replacer is used, the dry or powdered milk
replacer may be rehydrated with water, any edible aqueous fluid,
such as fluid milk, or any combination of any of these to form the
fluid milk replacer. The concentration of the dry or powdered milk
replacer in the water or aqueous fluid may be varied in any ratio,
depending on the desired concentration of nutrients in the fluid
milk replacer and the desired consistency of the fluid milk
replacer. Preferably, however, the powdered or dry milk replacer is
rehydrated in water to form fluid milk replacer having a total
solids concentration ranging from about 10 weight percent to about
20 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the fluid milk
replacer. Of course, rehydrated milk replacer may also be combined
with liquid milk replacer to form the fluid milk replacer.
Likewise, dry or powdered milk replacer may be rehydrated by
combining dry or powdered milk replacer with liquid milk replacer
and, optionally, additional water and/or additional aqueous
fluid.
The fluid animal feed maybe prepared by combining an animal feed
component, such as powdered or dry milk replacer, and, optionally
any other nutritional component(s). Preferably, the proteinaceous
product is also incorporated in the fluid animal feed. As used
herein, the term "animal feed component" generally refers,
collectively, to any and all milk replacer(s), such as dry or
powdered milk replacer(s), fluid milk replacer(s), liquid milk
replacer(s), and/or rehydrated milk replacer(s) incorporated in the
fluid animal feed. The fluid animal feed should include an
effective amount of the animal feed component, and the overall
ration provided to the animal, as the fluid animal feed that
incorporates the proteinaceous product or as any separately
provided combination of the fluid animal feed and the proteinaceous
product, should include an effective amount of the proteinaceous
product.
As used herein, the term "effective amount of the animal feed
component" means an amount of the animal feed component that, in
combination with the effective amount of the proteinaceous product,
is sufficient to satisfy the nutritional requirements of young
animal(s), such as young ruminant(s), during the pre-weaning
period, or portion of the pre-weaning period, when the animal feed
component is supplied to the young animal(s), no matter whether the
proteinaceous product is included as part of, or separately from,
the fluid animal feed. As used herein, the term "effective amount
of the proteinaceous product" means an amount of the proteinaceous
product, that is sufficient to satisfy the protein requirements of
young animal(s), such as young ruminant(s), during the pre-weaning
period, or portion of the pre-weaning period, when the
proteinaceous product is supplied to the young animal(s), no matter
whether the fluid animal feed incorporates the proteinaceous
product or the fluid animal feed and the proteinaceous product are
separately provided to the young animal in any combination.
The proteinaceous product that is produced and employed in
accordance with the present invention provides optimum results when
included as part of the dry form of the animal feed component, such
as powdered or dry milk replacer. Thus, the proteinaceous product
is preferably incorporated in the fluid animal feed. Incorporating
the proteinaceous product as part of the dry form of the animal
feed component prior to addition of water simplifies the
distribution and use of the animal feed component. In particular,
the dry form of the animal feed component that incorporates the
proteinaceous product may be transported as a pre-mixed composition
that is later combined with water (or an aqueous fluid). This
allows simpler distribution so the person supplying the fluid
animal feed to the animals does not have to accurately mix the
animal feed component and the proteinaceous product prior to
feeding the fluid animal feed to the young animals.
Shortly before feeding the fluid animal feed to young animals, such
as young ruminants, the dry form of the animal feed component along
with the proteinaceous product that is preferably incorporated into
the animal feed component, may be mixed with an effective amount of
water to form the fluid animal feed. As used herein, the term
"effective amount of water" means an amount of water that is
sufficient to provide the fluid animal feed with a texture and
consistency that is similar to the texture and consistency of fluid
milk. Of course, besides water, the "effective amount of water"
takes into account the water content of any aqueous fluid other
than, or in addition to, water that is combined with the dry form
of the animal feed component
Besides the proteinaceous product, another product of the present
invention may be characterized as an animal ration, such as a
ruminant ration. The ruminant ration includes at least the animal
feed component and the proteinaceous product, where the
proteinaceous product is preferably incorporated into the animal
feed component, as previously discussed. When the proteinaceous
product is incorporated into the animal feed component, the
proteinaceous product is incorporated at a rate that provides the
animal feed component with the desired protein concentration. For
example, when the animal feed component is an animal milk replacer,
such as a calf milk replacer, with an existing crude protein
content and the proteinaceous product is incorporated into the
animal feed component, the existing crude protein content of the
animal milk replacer is typically replaced with the proteinaceous
product on a pound crude protein per pound crude protein basis.
Consistent with the discussion provided above about the protein
content of the fluid milk replacer, when the proteinaceous product
is incorporated into the animal feed component, the proteinaceous
product is preferably incorporated in an amount that will provide
the fluid milk replacer with a crude protein content ranging from
about 16 to about 35 weight percent crude protein, based on the
total dry weight of the fluid milk replacer.
Various analytical techniques are employed herein. An explanation
of these techniques follows. All values presented in this document
for a particular parameter, such as weight percent total protein,
weight percent fat, and weight percent total solids, are based on
the "as is" sample and are therefore on a "wet basis", unless
otherwise specified herein.
Property Determination and Characterization Techniques
Total Solids Determination
To determine the weight percent total solids, wet basis, in a
sample, the actual weight of total solids is determined by
analyzing the sample in accordance with Method #925.23 (33.2.09) of
Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical
Chemists (AOAC) (16th Ed., 1995). The weight percent total solids,
wet basis, is then calculated by dividing the actual weight of
total solids by the actual weight of the sample and multiplying the
result by 100%. The total moisture content of the sample may be
determined by subtracting the actual weight of total solids in the
sample from actual weight of the sample. The weight percent of
water in the sample may then be calculated by dividing the actual
weight of moisture in the sample by the actual weight of the sample
and multiplying the result by 100%.
Total Protein Determination
To determine the weight percent total protein (crude protein), wet
basis, in a sample, the actual weight of total protein is
determined in accordance with Method #991.20 (33.2.11) of Official
Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemists
(AOAC) (16th Ed., 1995). The value determined by the above method
yields "total Kjeldahl nitrogen," which is equivalent to "total
protein" since the above method incorporates a factor that accounts
for the average amount of nitrogen in protein. Since any and all
total Kjeldahl nitrogen determinations presented herein are based
on the above method, the terms "total Kjeldahl nitrogen," "total
protein," and "crude protein" are used interchangeably herein.
Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize the term
"total Kjeldahl nitrogen" is generally used in the art to mean
"total protein" with the understanding the factor has been applied.
The weight percent total protein, wet basis, is calculated by
dividing the actual weight of total protein by the actual weight of
the sample and multiplying the result by 100%.
Fat Determination
To determine the weight percent fat, wet basis, in a sample, the
actual weight of fat in the sample is determined in accordance with
Method #974.09 (33.7.18) of Official Methods of Analysis,
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (16th Ed.,
1995). The weight percent fat, wet basis, is then calculated by
dividing the actual weight of fat in the sample by the actual
weight of the sample and multiplying the result by 100%.
Protein Dispersability Index (PDI) Determination
This method is used to determine the Protein Dispersability Index
(PDI) of a particular sample that contains protein. The Protein
Dispersability Index is a measure of the soluble protein content in
a sample, expressed as a percent, by weight, of the crude protein
weight in the sample. Consequently, the Protein Dispersability
Index is equivalent to the weight percent of soluble protein in a
sample, based upon the total weight of crude protein in the sample.
The Protein Dispersability Index (PDI) of a particular sample that
contains protein may be determined in accordance with Method No.
46-24 (1995), entitled Protein Dispersability Index, of the
American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC).
The current address of the American Association of Cereal Chemists
is 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Paul, Minn. 55121.
Reflectance Spectra Determination
The color of any sample of a stream prepared in accordance with the
present invention may be characterized in terms of the L*
(lightness/darkness) value of the stream in the CIELAB colorspace.
Increasing L* values (L* moves toward +100) correlate to increasing
lightness (increasing "whiteness"). Correspondingly, decreasing L*
values (L* moves toward 0) correlate to decreasing lightness
(increasing "blackness").
Unless otherwise indicated, all reflectance spectra may be
determined in accordance with the following procedure that relies
on a commercially available reflectometer, the Hunter LabScan II
Colorimeter, that is available from Hunter Associates Laboratory,
Inc ("Hunter") of Reston, Va. A white calibration standard, part
number 11-010850, and a black calibration standard, part number
11-005030, each available from Hunter, may be used to calibrate the
Hunter LabScan II Colorimeter. Spectral data obtained by the Hunter
LabScan II Colorimeter are converted by the Colorimeter into
various spectral values, including the CIELAB L* (lightness)
colorspace variable.
Before the reflectance spectra are evaluated for a particular
sample, the Hunter LabScan II Colorimeter is calibrated to the
appropriate calibration standards supplied by Hunter. First, the
Colorimeter takes a reading after being placed against the white
calibration standard (part number 11-010850) supplied by Hunter.
Then, the Colorimeter takes another reading after being placed
against the black calibration standard (part number 11-005030)
supplied by Hunter. The Colorimeter software then evaluates the two
readings and makes any necessary calibration adjustments before
reflectance spectra of samples are measured.
The reflectance spectrum of a particular powdered sample
(spray-dried or freeze-dried to less than 5% moisture, by weight)
is evaluated by placing a powder cup (filled about 1 to 2
centimeters high with the sample) on the Hunter LabScan II
Colorimeter measurement window. A suitable powder cup may be
obtained from Agtron Instruments, a division of Magnuson Engineers,
Inc., of San Jose, Calif. The Colorimeter is programed to
characterize spectral data in terms of the CIELAB L* (lightness)
colorspace variable. Determination of the L* value for a particular
dried sample entails five separate measurements of spectral data.
Thus, the L* value for each dried sample is based on an average of
five separate spectral measurements.
Scour Documentation
The scour level of an animal, such as a ruminant, or of a group of
animals, such as a group of ruminants, may be quantified in
accordance with this procedure. First, Scour Scores are rated on a
scale of 1 to 4, for each individual animal, based on the
appearance of the animal's feces using the following score
definitions: Scour Score=1 for a normal feces Scour Score=2 for
loose feces Scour Score=3 for feces exhibiting separated water
Scour Score=4 for diarrhea indicative of severe calf dehydration A
scour score is assigned daily to each animal, according to this
scale. For an individual animal, the scour scores over a period of
days may be averaged to determine an average scour score for that
animal over the period. For a group of animals, the scour scores
assigned to the different animals on each day of the period may be
averaged to determine an average scour score for that group of
animals over the period.
As another alternative, changes in the scour status for a
particular animal maybe tracked by noting, for example, the number
of days during the period when the scour score was greater than 1
versus the number of days during the period when the scour score
was equal to 1. Likewise, differences in scour status between
different animals over a particular period may be tracked and
characterized by comparing the number of days during the period
when the scour score was equal to 1 for the different animals of
the group.
Respiratory Distress Documentation
The respiratory distress level of an animal, such as a ruminant, or
for a group of animals, such as a group of ruminants, may be
quantified in accordance with this procedure. First, respiratory
scores are rated on a scale of 0 to 1, for each individual animal
based on the following definitions: A Respiratory Score of 0 is
assigned on a particular day if the animal is not given antibiotics
for treatment of a respiratory infection. Alternatively, a
Respiratory Score of 1 is assigned on a particular day if the
animal is given antibiotics for treatment of a respiratory
infection. A respiratory score is assigned daily to each animal,
according to this scale. For an individual animal, the respiratory
scores over a period of days may be averaged to determine an
average respiratory score for that animal over the period. For a
group of animals, the respiratory scores assigned to the different
animals on each day of the period maybe averaged to determine an
average respiratory score for that group of animals over the
period.
As another alternative, changes in respiratory health for a
particular animal, such as a particular animal, may be tracked by
noting, for example, the number of days during the period when the
respiratory score was 1 versus the number of days during the period
when the respiratory score was 0. Likewise, differences in
respiratory health between different animals over a particular
period may be tracked and characterized by comparing the number of
days during the period when the respiratory score was equal to 1
versus the number of days during the period when the respiratory
score was 0 for the different animals of the group.
The present invention is more particularly described in the
following examples which are intended as illustrations only since
numerous modifications and variations within the scope of the
present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
EXAMPLES
Examples 1, 2, and 3 below demonstrate some exemplary aspects of
the method of processing vegetable protein in accordance with the
present invention. The processing in accordance with the present
invention that is described in Examples 1, 2, and 3 is effective to
improve the solubility characteristics of the soy protein product,
as compared to the solubility characteristics of soy protein
products not produced in accordance with the present invention
while also producing soy protein products with reduced
antigenicity, relative to the starting soy protein, as compared to
the antigenicity characteristics of soy protein products not
produced in accordance with the present invention while also.
Example 4 below demonstrates some exemplary aspects of the method
of making an animal feed and the method of feeding animals the soy
protein product of the present invention. The details of Example 4
demonstrate that feeding animals the soy protein product of the
present invention beneficially produces results that are at least
equal to, and sometimes improved relative to results obtained from
feeding animals soy protein products not produced in accordance
with the present invention.
Example 1
In this example, defatted soybean flour, an aqueous ethanol
solution, and powdered sodium bisulfite (NaHSO.sub.3) were
uniformly blended together by mechanical mixing to form several
different intermediate mixtures. The defatted soybean flour was at
least predominantly non-denatured and had a PDI value of about 90.
The aqueous ethanol solution had a concentration of 60 weight
percent alcohol (and thus 40 weight percent water), based on the
total weight of the aqueous ethanol solution. The intermediate
mixtures were further processed to form various soy protein
products.
Details about the soy protein products produced in this example are
provided in Table 1 below. The soy protein products identified as
Sample Nos. 1-A, 1-B, and 1-C in Table 1 were based on a form of
the intermediate mixture that contained 80 parts by weight of the
defatted 90 PDI soybean flour, 20 parts by weight of the aqueous
ethanol solution (60 weight percent alcohol), and differing
concentrations of the powdered sodium bisulfite. The intermediate
mixture used to form the Sample No. 1-A soy protein product
contained 0.5 weight percent powdered sodium bisulfite, the
intermediate mixture used to form the Sample No. 1-B soy protein
product contained 1.0 weight percent of the powdered sodium
bisulfite, and the intermediate mixture used to form the Sample No.
1-C soy protein product contained 2.0 weight percent of the
powdered sodium bisulfite, based on the total weight of 90 PDI soy
flour in the respective intermediate mixtures. For purposes of
comparison, a comparative soy protein product not produced in
accordance with the present invention and identified as the
Comparative Sample in Table 1 was prepared in this example. The
Comparative Sample was based on a mixture of 80 parts by weight of
the defatted 90 PDI soybean flour and 20 parts by weight of the
aqueous ethanol solution (60 weight percent alcohol) that did not
include any of the powdered sodium bisulfite.
The intermediates used to produce the soy protein products of
Sample Nos. 1-A, 1-B and 1-C along with the mixture used to produce
the Comparative Sample of this example were spread in separate
shallow trays to a uniform depth of about one centimeter. The four
trays were then placed in an autoclave. High pressure steam was
introduced into the autoclave to quickly (within about a minute)
raise the temperature of the atmosphere in the autoclave to about
250.degree. F. Steam introduction into the autoclave was ceased
after the temperature of the atmosphere in the autoclave reached
about 250.degree. F. Due to the steam introduction, the pressure
within the autoclave quickly rose to a pressure in the range
extending from about 10 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) to
about 30 psig.
The four trays were maintained in the steam-pressurized,
250.degree. F. atmosphere of the autoclave for about fifteen
minutes. When the fifteen minute holding period was completed, the
steam was quickly vented from the autoclave, and the four trays
were immediately removed from the autoclave. The four trays were
then placed in front of a fan to dry the contents of the trays. The
contents of the trays were then separately ground into fine flour.
The L* values and the PDI values were then determined for the four
different flours using the Reflectance Spectra Determination and
the Protein Dispersability Index (PDI) Determination procedures
provided above in the PROPERTY DETERMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
TECHNIQUES section of this document. The L* values and the PDI
values determined for the four different flours are provided in
Table 1 below.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 % Increase in PDI versus Visual PDI of
Treatment Color L* Comparative Sample I.D. Description.sup.A
Rank.sup.B Value.sup.C PDI Sample Comparative Water + 1 80.63 7.37
100 Sample Alcohol 1-A Water + 2 89.78 11.52 156 Alcohol +
0.5%.sup.D NaHSO.sub.3 1-B Water + 3 90.57 13.38 182 Alcohol +
1.0%.sup.D NaHSO.sub.3 1-C Water + 4 91.58 15.05 204 Alcohol +
2.0%.sup.D NaHSO.sub.3 .sup.AList of substances used in the
treatment of the 90 PDI soy flour. .sup.BOn a scale of 1 to 4,
where 1 is the darkest scale reading and 4 is the lightest scale
reading. .sup.COn a scale of 0 to 100, where 1 is Black and 100 is
White; based on the Reflectance Spectra procedure provided in the
PROPERTY DETERMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES section of
this document. .sup.DExpressed in weight percent based on the total
weight of 90 PDI soy flour.
The results provided in Table 1 demonstrate that incorporation of
sodium bisulfite in accordance with the present invention caused
the soy protein products of Sample Nos. 1-A, 1-B, and 1-C to have
significantly lighter visual color ranks and a significantly higher
(i.e.: lighter) L* values, as compared to the visual color rank and
L* value of the Comparative Sample that was not based on sodium
bisulfite treatment. Furthermore, increases in the concentration of
sodium bisulfite used to produce the soy protein products of Sample
Nos. 1-A, 1-B, and 1-C resulted in dose-response increases of the
color rank and L* value for these three soy protein products.
Example 2
This example demonstrates the impact of excluding alcohol, the
impact of excluding the reducing agent, and the impact of excluding
added water from the intermediate in the course of producing soy
protein products. The defatted soybean flour described in Example
1, the aqueous ethanol solution described in Example 1, and the
powdered sodium bisulfite (NaHSO.sub.3) described in Example 1 were
employed in the course of producing soy protein products in this
example. The defatted soybean flour was at least predominantly
non-denatured and had a PDI value of about 90. The aqueous ethanol
solution had a concentration of 60 weight percent alcohol (and thus
40 weight percent water), based on the total weight of the aqueous
ethanol solution. The components included in a particular trial of
this example were uniformly blended by mechanical mixing to form an
intermediate mixture. The various intermediate mixtures of this
example were then further processed as detailed in Example 1 to
form various soy protein products.
Details about the various soy protein products produced in this
example are provided in Table 2 below. The soy protein product
identified as Sample No. 2-A in Table 2 was based on a form of the
intermediate mixture that contained 80 parts by weight of the
defatted 90 PDI soybean flour, 20 parts by weight of the aqueous
ethanol solution (60 weight percent alcohol), and 0.5 weight
percent of the powdered sodium bisulfite, based on the total weight
of the 90 PDI soy flour.
The soy protein product identified as Sample No. 2-B in Table 2 was
based on a form of the intermediate mixture that contained 80 parts
by weight of the defatted 90 PDI soybean flour and 0.5 weight
percent of the powdered sodium bisulfite, based on the total weight
of the 90 PDI soy flour, but none of the aqueous ethanol solution
and no added water. The soy protein product identified as Sample
No. 2-C in Table 2 was based on a form of the intermediate mixture
that contained 80 parts by weight of the defatted 90 PDI soybean
flour, 20 parts by weight de-ionized water, and 0.5 weight percent
of the powdered sodium bisulfite, based on the total weight of the
90 PDI soy flour, but none of the aqueous ethanol solution.
For purposes of comparison, a couple of comparative soy protein
products not produced in accordance with the present invention and
identified as Comparative Sample 1 and Comparative Sample 2 in
Table 2 were prepared in this example. Comparative Sample 1 of this
example was based on 80 parts by weight of the defatted 90 PDI
soybean flour. No deionized water, none of the aqueous alcohol
solution, and none of the powdered sodium bisulfite were employed
when producing the soy protein product of Comparative Sample 1.
Comparative Sample 2 of this example was based on a mixture that
contained 80 parts by weight of the defatted 90 PDI soybean flour
and 20 parts by weight of the aqueous ethanol solution (60 weight
percent alcohol), but none of the powdered sodium bisulfite.
The intermediates used to produce the soy protein products of
Sample Nos. 2-A, 2-B, and 2-C along with the defatted 90 PDI
soybean flour used to produce the soy protein product of
Comparative Sample 1 and the mixture used to produce the soy
protein product of Comparative Sample 2 were spread in five
separate shallow trays, autoclaved under the conditions described
in Example 1, and separately ground into fine flours, as described
in Example 1. The L* values and the PDI values were then determined
for the five different flours using the Reflectance Spectra
Determination and Protein Dispersability Index (PDI) Determination
procedures provided above in the PROPERTY DETERMINATION AND
CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES section of this document. The L* values
and the PDI values determined for the five different flours are
provided in Table 2 below.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 % Increase in PDI versus Visual PDI of
Sample Treatment Color L* Comparative I.D. Description.sup.A
Rank.sup.B Value.sup.C PDI Sample 1 Comparative None.sup.D 1 79.82
6.47 100 Sample 1 Comparative Water + 3 84.63 7.06 109 Sample 2
Alcohol.sup.D 2-A Water + 5 89.79 9.81 153 Alcohol + NaHSO.sub.3
2-B NaHSO.sub.3 2 85.45 7.34 113 (powdered) 2-C Water + 4 88.13
11.93 184 NaHSO.sub.3 .sup.AList of substances used in the
treatment of the 90 PDI soy flour. .sup.BOn a scale of 1 to 4,
where 1 is the darkest scale reading and 4 is the lightest scale
reading. .sup.COn a scale of 0 to 100, where 1 is Black and 100 is
White; based on the Reflectance Spectra procedure provided in the
PROPERTY DETERMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES section of
this document. .sup.DComparative Sample 1 and Comparative Example 2
were based upon 90 PDI soy flour that had not been subjected to the
action of any reducing agent and therefore were not formed in
accordance with the present invention.
The results provided in Table 2 demonstrate that incorporation of
powdered sodium bisulfite without added water nominally improved
the L* value (i.e.: lightened) of the Sample No. 2-B soy protein
product and nominally increased the protein dispersability index
(PDI) of the Sample No. 2-B soy protein product, as compared to the
L* value and protein dispersability index (PDI) of the Comparative
Sample 2 soy protein product that was derived using the aqueous
ethanol solution and no sodium bisulfite.
Use of powdered sodium bisulfite and added water in the absence of
any alcohol substantially enhanced the protein dispersability index
(PDI) of the Sample No. 2-C soy protein product, relative to the
protein dispersability index (PDI) of the Comparative Sample 1 soy
protein product (no treatment), the Comparative Sample 2 soy
protein product (derived using aqueous ethanol solution, but no
sodium bisulfite), and the Sample No. 2-B soy protein product
(derived using powdered sodium bisulfite only). Use of powdered
sodium bisulfite and added water in the absence of any alcohol also
significantly increased the L* value (lightness) of the Sample No.
2-C soy protein product, relative to the L* value (lightness) of
the Comparative Sample 1 soy protein product, the Comparative
Sample 2 soy protein product, and the Sample No. 2-B soy protein
product.
Furthermore, use of powdered sodium bisulfite and added water in
the absence of any alcohol greatly increased the protein
dispersability index (PDI) of the Sample No. 2-C soy protein
product, relative to the protein dispersability index (PDI) of the
Sample No. 2-A soy protein product (derived using aqueous ethanol
solution and sodium bisulfite). However, the L* value (lightness)
of the Sample No. 2-A soy protein product was somewhat greater
(lighter) and the visual color ranking of the Sample No. 2-A soy
protein product was improved (lighter), as compared to the L* value
(lightness) and visual color ranking of the Sample No. 2-C soy
protein product (derived using water and sodium bisulfite, but no
ethanol).
Example 3
In this example, defatted soybean flour, water, ethanol (100 weight
percent ethanol), and powdered sodium bisulfite (NaHSO.sub.3) were
uniformly blended together by mechanical mixing to form an
intermediate mixture used to produce the soybean protein product
identified in Table 3 as Sample No. 3, in accordance with the
present invention. For purposes of comparison, a comparative soy
protein product not produced in accordance with the present
invention and identified as the Comparative Sample in Table 3 was
also prepared in this example. The Comparative Sample of this
example was based on a uniformly blended mixture of defatted
soybean flour, water, and ethanol (100 weight percent ethanol), but
no sodium bisulfite (NaHSO.sub.3). The defatted soybean flour used
to prepare the soy protein products of Sample No. 3 and the
Comparative Sample was at least predominantly non-denatured and had
a PDI value of about 90. The mixtures of the Comparative Sample and
Sample No. 3 were further processed to form soy protein products,
as detailed below. Details about the soy protein products produced
in this example are provided in Table 3 below.
The soy protein product identified as Sample No. 3 in Table 3 and
produced in accordance with the present invention was based on a
form of the intermediate mixture that contained 4500 pounds of the
defatted 90 PDI soybean flour, 108 gallons (711 pounds) of the 100
weight percent ethanol, 54 gallons (450.4 pounds) of water, and
22.5 pounds of the powdered sodium bisulfite. Thus, based on the
total weight of the intermediate mixture, the intermediate mixture
that formed the basis of the Sample No. 3 soy protein product
contained about 79.2 weight percent of the defatted 90 PDI soybean
flour, about 12.5 weight percent of the pure ethanol, about 7.9
weight percent water, and about 0.4 weight percent of the powdered
sodium bisulfite.
The soy protein product of the Comparative Sample listed in Table 3
was based on a mixture that contained 4500 pounds of the defatted
90 PDI soybean flour, 108 gallons (711 pounds) of the 100 weight
percent ethanol, and 54 gallons (450.4 pounds) of water. Thus,
based on the total weight of the mixture, the mixture that formed
the basis of the Comparative Sample soy protein product contained
about 79.5 weight percent of the defatted 90 PDI soybean flour,
about 12.5 weight percent of the pure ethanol, and about 8.0 weight
percent water.
The mixtures used to produce the soy protein products of the
Comparative Sample and Sample No. 3 were separately processed under
pressure in a steam-jacketed, mixer-equipped, pressure vessel. High
pressure steam was introduced into the steam jacket of the vessel
to quickly (within a few minutes) raise the temperature of the
particular mixture being processed to a temperature ranging from
about 220.degree. F. to about 250.degree. F. The pressure in the
vessel was in the range extending from about 10 pounds per square
inch gauge (psig) to about 30 psig following introduction of the
steam. Steam introduction into the vessel jacket was continued
intermittently only insofar as necessary to maintain the
temperature of the particular mixture in the range from about
220.degree. F. to about 250.degree. F.
After holding the intermediate mixture at the temperature in the
range from about 220.degree. F. to about 250.degree. F. for about
thirty minutes, the steam was quickly vented from the vessel, and
the vessel was subjected to vacuum for a time sufficient to dry the
resulting soybean protein products to a moisture content of about
five weight percent, or less. The soybean protein products of the
Comparative Sample and Sample No. 3 were then separately ground
into fine flour. The L* values and the PDI values were then
determined for the two different flours using the Reflectance
Spectra Determination and the Protein Dispersability Index (PDI)
Determination procedures provided above in the PROPERTY
DETERMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES section of this
document. The L* values and the PDI values determined for the two
different flours are provided in Table 3 below.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 % Increase in PDI versus Visual PDI of the
Sample Treatment Color L* Comparative I.D. Description.sup.A
Rank.sup.B Value.sup.C PDI Sample Comparative Water + Alcohol 1
84.63 7.06 100 Sample 3 Water + 2 89.79 9.81 139 Alcohol +
NaHSO.sub.3 .sup.AList of substances used in the treatment of the
90 PDI soy flour. .sup.BOn a scale of 1 to 4, where 1 is the
darkest scale reading and 4 is the lightest scale reading. .sup.COn
a scale of 0 to 100, where 1 is Black and 100 is White; based on
the Reflectance Spectra procedure provided in the PROPERTY
DETERMINATION AND CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES section of this
document.
The results provided in Table 3 demonstrate that incorporation of
powdered sodium bisulfite, along with water and ethanol,
substantially improved the L* value (i.e.: lightened) and the
protein dispersability index (PDI) of the Sample No. 3 soy protein
product relative to the L* value (i.e.: darker) and the protein
dispersability index (lower) of the Comparative Sample soy protein
product of this example.
Example 4
This example demonstrates the effect of feeding the soy protein
product of the present invention to young calves during the
pre-weaning period. In a first trial conducted in this example, the
test calves were handled according to a "Control" treatment; the
Control treatment employed an existing, commercially available calf
milk replacer that contained soy protein processed in accordance
with an existing process. In a second trial conducted in this
example, the test calves were handled according to a "Test"
treatment; the Test treatment employed a modified form of the calf
milk replacer used in the Control treatment. In the Test treatment,
the soy protein component of the calf milk replacer was replaced
with soy protein product produced in accordance with the present
invention.
In this example, forty (40) Holstein bull calves from Wisconsin
ranging in age from 3 days old to 10 days old and averaging about
99.3 pounds each, with a range of about 95 pounds to about 105
pounds each, were assigned to either the Control treatment or the
Test treatment. Gamma globulin, as measured by the Zinc Sulfate
Turbidity test and expressed in weight percent gamma globulin, was
determined for each calf. Each calf was then assigned to either
level (1), level (2), level (3), level (4), or level (5), based on
the gamma globulin concentration for the calf, in accordance with
the following schedule:
TABLE-US-00004 Level No. Gamma Globulin Concentration 1 0.00 to
0.49 weight percent 2 0.50 to 0.99 weight percent 3 1.00 to 1.49
weight percent 4 1.50 to 2.49 weight percent 5 2.50 weight percent
or higher
Equal numbers of calves from each of the five different gamma
globulin concentration levels were placed in the Control treatment
and the Test treatment.
The calves in the Control and Test treatments were each fed and
monitored during both the pre-weaning period and the post-weaning
period. Details about the handling and feed consumption for the
calves of these two different treatments during the pre-weaning
period are provided in Tables 4-11 below. The pre-weaning period of
this example spanned a total of four weeks (twenty-eight days) for
the calves of the Control and Test treatments.
During the pre-weaning period, none of the calves of the two
treatments had any access to any dry calf starter. However, during
the pre-weaning period, each calf of each treatment had continuing
and equal access to fresh water, ad libitum. Furthermore, each test
calf in the two treatments received veterinary care and management
consistent with appropriate recommendations in the Guide for the
Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and
Teaching. (1.sup.st Edition, March 1988).
The calves of the Control and Test treatments each received a
rehydrated (with water) form of calf milk replacer during the
pre-weaning period. The calf milk replacer that was provided to the
calves of the Control and Test treatments had a crude protein
concentration of about 22 weight percent, based on the dry weight
of the calf milk replacer, and a fat concentration of about 20
weight percent, based on the dry weight of the calf milk
replacer.
The calf milk replacer fed to the calves in the Control treatment
was the MAXI CARE.RTM. NT product that is available from Land
O'Lakes, Inc. of Arden Hills, Minn. The calf milk replacer fed to
the calves in the Test treatment was a modified form of the MAXI
CARE.RTM. NT product in which the soy protein component of the MAXI
CARE.RTM. NT product was replaced with the soy protein product of
Sample No. 3 from Example 3, on a pound crude protein per pound
crude protein basis. Thus, the principal difference between the
calf milk replacer of the Control treatment and the calf milk
replacer of the Test treatment was the calf milk replacer of the
Test treatment contained a soy protein component that was based on
soy protein treated with sodium bisulfite, whereas the calf milk
replacer of the Control treatment contained a soy protein component
that was not based on treatment of the with any reducing agent,
such as sodium bisulfite.
The fluid animal feed that was fed to the calves of the Control
treatment and the Test treatment included a rehydrated form (also
referred to herein as the fluid milk replacer) of the calf milk
replacer used in the particular treatment along particular ratios
of powdered milk replacer to water and the with a small amount of
an antibiotic blend. The antibiotics used for the calves of the
Control and Test treatments consisted of a blend of Neomycin and
Oxytetracycline. The antibiotic blend was added in the same
concentration to the fluid animal feed that was fed to the calves
of the Control treatment and the Test treatment; thereby, each calf
the two different treatments received approximately the same daily
dosage of each of the antibiotics of the antibiotic blend. For the
calves of the Control treatment and the Test treatment, the
Neomycin was included in the fluid animal feed at the rate of 250
grams of Neomycin per ton of powdered milk replacer, based on the
dry weight of the powdered milk replacer, and the Oxytetracycline
was included in the fluid animal feed at the rate of 125 grams of
Oxytetracycline per ton of powdered milk replacer, based on the dry
weight of the powdered milk replacer.
Details about the diet of the calves during the pre-weaning period
and details about the calf milk replacer component of the fluid
animal feed for the Control and Test treatments are provided in
Table 4 below.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Diet During Pre-Weaning Period of Example 4
Treatment Name Milk Replacer (MR) Description Number of Calves
Control 22:20 MAXI CARE .RTM. NT Product.sup.A 20 Test 22:20 MAXI
CARE .RTM. NT Product.sup.A 20 (Modification No. 1).sup.B .sup.AThe
milk replacer was medicated to include the following antibiotics:
250 grams Neomycin & 125 grams Oxytetracycline per ton of milk
replacer. .sup.BModification No. 1 consisted of replacing the soy
protein component present in the MAXI CARE .RTM. NT Product with
the soy protein product produced in accordance with the present
invention, on a pound crude protein per pound crude protein
basis.
The fluid animal feed was individually fed to each of the calves in
the Control and Test. treatments twice per day at about 7:30 a.m.
and again at about 4:00 p.m. Also, the calves of each treatment
were, as previously indicated, given continuous and equal access to
fresh water. The cows received a sufficient amount of the fluid
animal feed of their particular treatment to ensure that at least
about ten weight percent, based on the amount of fluid animal feed
provided at the beginning of each test period, remained per feeding
period for each test cow. Each of the calves of each of the
treatments quickly consumed most of their particular allotment of
the fluid animal feed within a few minutes of being provided with
the fluid animal feed. Any leftover rations from the previous
feeding of the fluid animal feed were collected and weighed from
each animal's individual feeding trough prior to feeding the test
cattle the next feeding period.
The calf milk replacer originated as powdered milk replacer that
was rehydrated to form the fluid milk replacer that was fed to the
calves. The calf milk replacer was rehydrated with water to form
rehydrated milk replacer (fluid milk replacer) having a total
solids concentration ranging from about 10 weight percent to about
16 weight percent, based on the total weight of the rehydrated milk
replacer, depending upon the particular seven day time period (1,
2, 3, or 4) when the rehydrated milk replacer was provided to the
calves. The particular amounts of powdered and fluid milk replacer
included in the Control and Test treatments for the four different
feeding periods are provided in Table 5 below.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 Milk Replacer Feeding Details (Per Calf)
During Pre-Weaning Period of Example 4 Time Period.sup.A
Description Control.sup.C Test.sup.C Period 1 Weight Percent Milk
Replacer Powder 10.00 10.00 (Days 1-7) In Fluid Milk Replacer.sup.B
Pounds of Milk Replacer Powder Per 0.60 0.60 Milk Replacer
Feeding.sup.B Pounds of Water Per Milk Replacer 5.4 5.4
Feeding.sup.B Pounds of Fluid Milk Replacer Per Milk 6.0 6.0
Replacer Feeding.sup.B Period 2 Weight Percent Milk Replacer Powder
12.10 12.10 (Days 8-14) In Fluid Milk Replacer.sup.B Pounds of Milk
Replacer Powder Per 0.8 0.8 Milk Replacer Feeding.sup.B Pounds of
Water Per Milk Replacer 5.8 5.8 Feeding.sup.B Pounds of Fluid Milk
Replacer Per Milk 6.6 6.6 Replacer Feeding.sup.B Period 3 Weight
Percent Milk Replacer Powder 14.08 14.08 (Days 15-21) In Fluid Milk
Replacer.sup.B Pounds of Milk Replacer Powder Per 1.00 1.00 Milk
Replacer Feeding.sup.B Pounds of Water Per Milk Replacer 6.1 6.1
Feeding.sup.B Pounds of Fluid Milk Replacer Per Milk 7.1 7.1
Replacer Feeding.sup.B Period 4 Weight Percent Milk Replacer Powder
16.00 16.00 (Days 21-28) In Fluid Milk Replacer.sup.B Pounds of
Milk Replacer Powder Per 1.20 1.20 Milk Replacer Feeding.sup.B
Pounds of Water Per Milk Replacer 6.3 6.3 Feeding.sup.B Pounds of
Fluid Milk Replacer Per Milk 7.5 7.5 Replacer Feeding.sup.B Total
Pounds of Milk Replacer Powder Fed During 50.4 50.4 Periods 1-7 (on
a Dry Matter Basis) .sup.AEach period had a seven day duration.
.sup.BTwo daily feedings of milk replacer for the Control treatment
and the Test treatment from Period 1 thru Period 4. .sup.CBased on
the total weight of the Fluid Milk Replacer
Next, details about the average weight gain per calf during the
four individual week-long periods of the pre-weaning feeding trial
along with an average total weight gain per calf over the four
weeks of the pre-weaning feeding trial are provided in Table 6
below.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 Weight Gain During Pre-Weaning Period of
Example 4 Coefficient of Control Test Variation (C.V.) Average Gain
Per Calf During -3.14 -1.54 -149.05 Period 1.sup.A (lbs) Average
Gain Per Calf During 1.21 1.66 405.61 Period 2.sup.A (lbs) Average
Gain Per Calf During 8.19 8.26 31.77 Period 3.sup.A (lbs) Average
Gain Per Calf During 9.24 8.71 40.72 Period 4.sup.A (lbs) Average
Total Gain Per Calf From 15.49 17.08 48.30 Period 1 Through Period
4 (lbs) .sup.AEach period had a seven day duration.
The data presented in Table 6 show an increase in average total
weight gain per calf during the pre-weaning feeding trial for the
calves of the Test treatment versus the calves of the Control
treatment. Thus, from the data of Table 6, one may conclude that
inclusion of the soy protein product produced in accordance with
the present invention in the Control treatment is at least as
effective as feeding the prior art soy protein component employed
in the Control treatment for purposes of maintaining calf weight
gain during the pre-weaning feeding trial. In fact, from the data
of Table 6, inclusion of the soy protein product produced in
accordance with the present invention appears to beneficially
increase calf weight gain during the pre-weaning feeding trial
versus inclusion of the prior art soy protein component employed in
the Control treatment.
Next, details about the average milk replacer consumption per calf
over the four individual week-long periods of the pre-weaning
feeding trial and over the entire pre-weaning feeding trial are
provided in Table 7 below.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 7 Milk Replacer Consumption During Pre-Weaning
Period of Example 4 Coefficient of Control Test Variation (C.V.)
Average Milk Replacer Consumption.sup.A 7.49 7.35 14.98 Per Calf
During Period 1.sup.B (lbs) Average Milk Replacer Consumption.sup.A
9.65 9.84 16.73 Per Calf During Period 2.sup.B (lbs) Average Milk
Replacer Consumption.sup.A 13.34 13.38 8.84 Per Calf During Period
3.sup.B (lbs) Average Milk Replacer Consumption.sup.A 16.39 15.70
11.86 Per Calf During Period 4.sup.B (lbs) Average Total Milk
Replacer 46.88 46.27 10.18 Consumption.sup.A Per Calf During Period
1 Through Period 4 (lbs) .sup.AMilk Replacer Consumption Weight is
provided on a dry matter (dm) basis .sup.BEach period had a seven
day duration.
The data presented in Table 7 shows the differences between feeding
regimens in the Control treatment and the Test treatment caused
virtually no change in the average total milk replacer (dry weight)
consumption per calf during the pre-weaning feeding trial for the
calves of the Test treatment versus the calves of the Control
treatment. Thus, from the data of Table 7, one may conclude that
inclusion of the soy protein product produced in accordance with
the present invention is at least as effective as feeding the prior
art soy protein component employed in the Control treatment, at
least with regard to maintaining calf milk replacer consumption
during the pre-weaning feeding trial.
Next, weight, weight gain, and feed efficiency details during the
pre-weaning trial are provided in Table 8 below:
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 8 Feed Efficiency During Pre-Weaning Period of
Example 4 Coefficient of Control Test Variation (C.V.) Number of
Calves Present in 17 17 Trial At End of Period 4 Average Initial
Ig.sup.A For All Calves 2.21 2.12 52.27 Average Initial Weight Per
Calf, 99.38 99.31 3.52 lbs. (at start of period 1) Average Ending
Weight Per Calf, 114.87 116.39 lbs. (at end of period 4) Average
Total Gain Per Calf From 15.49 17.08 48.30 Period 1 Through Period
4 (lbs) Feed Efficiency Average.sup.B During 0.33 0.37 -3288.42
Periods 1-4 .sup.AExpressed in weight percent, as measured by Zinc
Sulfate Turbidity test, then assigned to level 1, level 2, level 3,
level 4, or level 5 as follows: (1) Ig = 0.00-0.49, (2) Ig =
0.50-0.99, (3) Ig = 1.00-1.49, (4) Ig = 1.50-2.49, (5) Ig = 2.5 and
higher. .sup.BThe Feed Efficiency Average is the ratio of the
average total weight gained per calf from period 1 through period 4
versus the average total milk replacer consumption per calf from
period 1 through period 4.
The data presented in Table 8 shows the feeding regimen differences
between the Test treatment and the Control treatment substantially
increased the Feed Efficiency Average during the pre-weaning
feeding trial for the calves of the Test treatment versus the
calves of the Control treatment. Thus, from the data of Table 8,
one may conclude that inclusion of the soy protein product produced
in accordance with the present invention more effective than
feeding the prior art soy protein component employed in the Control
treatment for purposes of enhancing the Feed Efficiency Average
during the pre-weaning feeding trial.
Next, details about average calf scour scores over the four-week
feeding trial are provided for the Control and Test treatments in
Table 9 below:
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 9 Average Calf Scour Scores Per Calf During
4-Week Feeding Trial Coefficient of Average Calf.sup.B Scour
Score.sup.A Control Test Variation (C.V.) Period 1.sup.C 1.49 1.49
24.28 Period 2.sup.C 1.56 1.53 26.03 Period 3.sup.C 1.05 1.05 13.68
Period 4.sup.C 1.04 1.08 13.06 Average.sup.D Calf Scour Score.sup.A
for 1.53 1.51 19.57 Periods 1-2 Average.sup.D Calf Scour
Score.sup.A for 1.29 1.29 14.36 Periods 1-4 .sup.AScour Scores are
rated on a scale of 1 to 4, for each individual calf, based upon
the appearance of the calve = s feces: Scour Score = 1 for a normal
feces Scour Score = 2 for loose feces Scour Score = 3 for feces
exhibiting separated water Scour Score = 4 for diarrhea indicative
of sever calf dehydration .sup.BThe Average Scour Score per calf
for an individual period was determined by first assigning a scour
score to each calf on each day of the period and then collectively
averaging all daily scour scores assigned for each of the calf.
.sup.CEach period had a seven day duration. .sup.DThe Average Scour
Score per calf over a range of two or more periods was determined
by averaging the Average Scour Scores per calf that were previously
determined for each of the individual periods included in the
range.
The data presented in Table 9 shows the feeding regimen differences
between the Test treatment and the Control treatment caused
essentially no change of the average calf scour scores during the
pre-weaning feeding trial for the calves of the Test treatment
versus the calves of the Control treatment. Thus, from the data of
Table 9, one may further conclude that inclusion of the soy protein
product produced in accordance with the present invention is at
least as effective as the prior art soy protein component employed
in the Control treatment, at least for purposes of minimizing
scours in calves during the pre-weaning feeding trial.
Next, details about the average calf scour days over the four-week
feeding trial are provided for the two different treatments in
Table 10 below:
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 10 Average Calf Scour Days During 4-Week
Feeding Trial Coefficient of Average Calf Scour.sup.A Days.sup.B
Control Test Variation (C.V.) Period 1.sup.C 2.88 2.94 64.40 Period
2.sup.C 3.41 3.41 77.79 Period 3.sup.C 0.35 0.35 200.67 Period
4.sup.C 0.29 0.59 324.22 Average.sup.D Calf Scour.sup.A Days.sup.B
for 6.29 6.35 57.67 Periods 1-2 Average.sup.D Calf Scour.sup.A
Days.sup.B for 6.94 7.29 65.72 Periods 1-4 .sup.AScour Scores are
rated on a scale of 1 to 4, for each individual calf, based upon
the appearance of the calve = s feces: Scour Score = 1 for a normal
feces Scour Score = 2 for loose feces Scour Score = 3 for feces
exhibiting separated water Scour Score = 4 for diarrhea indicative
of sever calf dehydration .sup.BThe Average Calf Scour Days for an
individual period was determined by (a) first recording, by calf,
how many days during the period the calf had a Scour Score of 2 or
more to arrive at each calve = s individual Scour Day measure for
the period and then (b) collectively averaging all individual Scour
Day measures of each calf determined in (a) during the period.
.sup.CEach period had a seven day duration. .sup.DThe Total Average
Scour Days over a range of two or more periods was determined by
totaling each of the Average Calf Scour Days for each of the
individual periods included in the range.
The data presented in Table 10 shows the difference feeding
regimens of the Control and Test treatments did not cause any
significant change in the average number of calf scour days during
the pre-weaning feeding trial for the calves of the Test treatment
versus the calves of the Control treatment. Thus, from the data of
Table 10, one may conclude that inclusion of the soy protein
product produced in accordance with the present invention is at
least as effective as the prior art soy protein component employed
in the Control treatment and in the Test treatment, at least in
relation to minimizing scours in calves during the pre-weaning
feeding trial.
Next, details about the average calf respiratory score over the
four-week feeding trial are provided for the Control and Test
treatments in Table 11 below:
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 11 Average Calf Respiratory Score During
4-Week Feeding Trial Average.sup.B Calf Coefficient of Respiratory
Score.sup.A During: Control Test Variation (C.V.) Period 1.sup.C
0.24 0.29 372.23 Period 2.sup.C 0.65 0.65 232.78 Period 3.sup.C
1.12 1.41 167.82 Period 4.sup.C 0.41 1.00 151.30 Total.sup.D
Average Calf Respiratory 2.41 3.35 101.50 Score For Periods 1-4
.sup.AA Respiratory Score of either 0 or 1 is assigned to each calf
each day. A Respiratory Score of 1 is assigned on a particular day
if the calf is given antibiotics for treatment of a respiratory
infection, and a Respiratory Score of 0 is assigned on a particular
day if the calf is not given antibiotics for treatment of a
respiratory infection. .sup.BThe Average Calf Respiratory Score for
an individual period was determined by (a) first recording each
calves Respiratory Score for each day of the period; (b) then, for
each calf individually averaging the total of all Respiratory
Scores for all days in the period; and then (c) collectively
averaging the individual Respiratory Score Averages determined in
(b) of all of the calves. .sup.CEach period had a seven day
duration. .sup.DThe Total Average Calf Respiratory Score over a
range of two or more periods was determined by totaling each of the
Average Calf Respiratory Scores for each of the individual periods
included in the range.
The data presented in Table 11 illustrates that differences between
the feeding regimens of the Test treatment and the Control
treatment did not cause any significant change in the incidence of
respiratory ailments over the entire four week pre-weaning feeding
trial for the calves of the Test treatment versus the calves of the
Control treatment. Thus, from the data of Table 11, one may
conclude that inclusion of the soy protein product produced in
accordance with the present invention is at least as effective as
feeding the prior art soy protein component employed in the Control
treatment, at least with regard to minimizing respiratory ailments
in calves during the pre-weaning feeding trial.
Next, details about the average electrolyte and antibiotic costs
for treatment of scours and respiratory ailments occurring over the
four-week feeding trial are provided in Table 12 below for calves
subjected to the Control and Test treatments:
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 12 Average Electrolyte and Antibiotic Costs
During 4-Week Feeding Trial Coefficient of Variation Period.sup.B
Variable.sup.A Control Test (C.V.) 1 Average Electrolyte Cost for
$2.28 $2.20 79.01 Period Average Antibiotic Cost for $0.84 $0.60
240.12 Period Average Electrolyte & Antibiotic $3.12 $2.80
94.57 Cost for Period 2 Average Electrolyte Cost for $3.09 $3.06
72.59 Period Average Antibiotic Cost for $1.32 $1.08 191.93 Period
Average Electrolyte & Antibiotic $4.40 $4.14 80.24 Cost for
Period 3 Average Electrolyte Cost for $0.62 $0.46 184.48 Period
Average Antibiotic Cost for $1.92 $1.46 164.95 Period Average
Electrolyte & Antibiotic $2.54 $1.92 132.92 Cost for Period 4
Average Electrolyte Cost for $0.32 $0.40 307.18 Period Average
Antibiotic Cost for $0.76 $1.09 153.86 Period Average Electrolyte
& Antibiotic $0.99 $1.49 143.44 Cost for Period Total of
Average Electrolyte Costs for $6.21 $6.12 63.68 Periods 1-4 Total
of Average Antibiotic Cost for $4.84 $4.23 98.24 Periods 1-4 Total
of Average Electrolyte & Antibiotic $11.05 $10.35 62.86 Cost
for Periods 1-4 .sup.AAll Variables (Average Electrolyte Cost for
Period, Average Antibiotic Cost for Period, Average Electrolyte
& Antibiotic Cost for Period, Total of Average Electrolyte
Costs for Periods 1-4, Total of Average Antibiotic Cost for Periods
1-4, and Total of Average Electrolyte & Antibiotic Cost for
Periods 1-4) are on a per calf basis. .sup.BEach period had a seven
day duration.
The data presented in Table 12 shows the difference in feeding
regiment between the Test treatment and the Control treatment did
not cause any significant change in the average (per calf) cost of
electrolytes and antibiotics during the pre-weaning feeding trial.
Thus, from the data of Table 12, one may conclude that inclusion of
the soy protein product produced in accordance with the present
invention is at least as effective as the prior art soy protein
component employed in the Control treatment, at least in regard to
minimizing the expense of electrolyte and antibiotic treatment of
calves during the pre-weaning feeding trial.
Values for parameters presented in this example exclude data
obtained for certain calves, despite the fact though those calves
were present at the start of the period when the data was obtained
or based. This phenomena merely recognizes there is virtually
always some degree of mortality and health issues in young calves,
whether those calves are involved in testing of different feeding
regimens or are merely being fed outside of an experimental test
regimen. Typically, mortality rates for calves generally range from
about five percent up to about twenty percent, during
shorter-length testing programs, such as in the four week long
pre-weaning feeding trial of this example.
In addition to accounting for calf mortality, data for a particular
calf that was determined to be outside two standard deviations from
the mean value (for the calves as a group in a particular
treatment) of a particular parameter were excluded from the data
set for that particular treatment even though that particular calf
was alive throughout the particular treatment. Treatment of such
data outside two standard deviations in this fashion helps account
for calf health issues unrelated to the testing program and is a
standard practice at this and other animal research facilities.
Typically, data from less than five percent of calves are removed
from the data set in this fashion in a particular treatment trial
due to parameter data for a particular calf being outside two
standard deviations from the mean value.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to
preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize
that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from
the spirit and scope of the invention.
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