U.S. patent number RE38,024 [Application Number 08/887,085] was granted by the patent office on 2003-03-11 for attachable electro-impulse de-icer.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Goodrich Corporation. Invention is credited to Lowell J. Adams, Norbert A. Weisend, Jr., Thomas E. Wohlwender.
United States Patent |
RE38,024 |
Adams , et al. |
March 11, 2003 |
Attachable electro-impulse de-icer
Abstract
An attachable electro-impulse de-icer for de-icing an aircraft
structural member includes an inductor coil disposed in proximity
with the outer surface of the structural member. The coil is
supported by a flexible, ice-accumulating support member (surface
ply) that permits the coil to move relative to the structural
member. Preferably the coil and support member are formed in an
integral construction that can be attached to the leading edge of
the structural member. The coil and support member are rapidly, and
forcefully, displaced away from the structural member upon passing
a short-duration, high-current pulse through the coil. The current
flow creates an electromagnetic field that induces eddy currents in
the support member (if made of metal), and the structural member
(if made of metal). Upon collapse of the electromagnetic field in
the coil the support member is pulled rapidly to its rest position
adjacent the structural member. Alternative arrangements are
provided wherein (1) a metal target is disposed in proximity with
the outer surface of the coil, (2) a metal target is disposed in
proximity with the outer surface of the structural member, and (3)
an additional target (doubler) is attached to the inner surface of
the structural member.
Inventors: |
Adams; Lowell J. (North Canton,
OH), Weisend, Jr.; Norbert A. (Cuyahoga Falls, OH),
Wohlwender; Thomas E. (Akron, OH) |
Assignee: |
Goodrich Corporation
(Charlotte, NC)
|
Family
ID: |
23807535 |
Appl.
No.: |
08/887,085 |
Filed: |
July 2, 1997 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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Reissue of: |
455129 |
Dec 22, 1989 |
05129598 |
Jul 14, 1992 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
244/134D;
244/134A |
Current CPC
Class: |
B64D
15/163 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B64D
15/00 (20060101); B64D 15/16 (20060101); B64D
015/00 (); B64D 015/16 () |
Field of
Search: |
;244/134D,134A,134R
;310/306 ;340/582 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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505433 |
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May 1939 |
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GB |
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2106966 |
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Apr 1983 |
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GB |
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361666 |
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Nov 1983 |
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SU |
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Other References
"Building Magnetics with Flexible Circuits," Feb. 1989,
Powertechnics Mag., Vern Gregory. .
AIAA '88 Electro-Impulse De-Icing A Status Report, Zumwalt. .
Electro-Impulse De-Icing Systems--Issues and Concerns for
Certification Jan. 9-12, 1989, AIAA '89, FAA Technical
Center--Charles Masters. .
Developments in Expulsive Separation Ice Protection Blankets Jan.
9-12, 1989, AIAA '89, FAA Technical Center--J. Goldberg & B.
Lardiere. .
Electromagnetic Emissions from a Modular Low Voltage EIDI System
Jan. 9-12, 1989, AIAA '89, FAA Technical Center--P. Zieve, B.
Huffer & J Ng. .
Electro-Expulsive DeIcing System--Nov. 7-10, 1988, NASA Ames
Research Center. .
Low Voltage Electro-Impulse De-Icer, AIAA '88, Jan. 11-14, 1988,
Zieve et al. .
Electro-Impulse De-Icing Electrodynamic Solution by Discrete
Elements AIAA '88, Jan. 11-14, 1988, Bernhart and Schrag. .
Test and Analysis of Electro-Impulse De-Icing Systems in Turbine
Engine Inlets AIAA '88, Jan. 11-14, 1988, Nelepovitz, Rosenthal
& Rockholt. .
Analysis and Tests for Design of an Electro-Impulse De-Icing
System, May, 1985, Zumwalt, Schrag, Bernhart and Friedberg. .
Flight and Wind Tunnel Tests of an Electro-Impulse De-Icing System,
Zumwalt and Mueller. .
A Finite Element Study of the EIDI System, University of Akron,
Khatkhate, Scavuzzo and Chu..
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Primary Examiner: Cuchlinski, Jr.; William A.
Assistant Examiner: Pipala; Edward J.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Sughrue Mion, PLLC
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A de-icer especially adapted for attachment to the outer surface
of a metal structural member, the de-icer having an exposed surface
upon which ice accumulates during flight, comprising: a unitary
inductor coil, the coil having a first side disposed in proximity
with the outer surface of the structural member and a second side
spaced from the outer surface of the structural member; support
means for supporting the coil, the support means being disposed in
proximity with the second side of the coil and defining the exposed
surface of the de-icer, the support means being flexible in order
to dislodge ice accumulated on the exposed surface upon movement of
the coil relative to the structural member; and means for supplying
a short-duration, high-current electrical pulse to the coil.
2. The de-icer of claim 1, wherein the structural member includes a
leading edge having a centerline, and a first coil is disposed
above the centerline, and a second coil is disposed below the
centerline.
3. The de-icer of claim wherein the structural member includes a
leading edge having a centerline, and a plurality of coils are
spaced spanwise along the leading edge in the vicinity of the
centerline.
4. The de-icer of claim 1, wherein the coil and the support means
are formed in an integral construction that is attachable to the
outer surface of the structural member without modification of the
structural member.
5. The de-icer of claim 4, wherein the support means includes a
non-metal layer bonded to the structural member, and the coil is
movable relative to the non-metal layer.
6. The de-icer of claim 1, wherein the coil is planar.
7. The de-icer of claim 1, wherein the coil is planar and is formed
of multiple layers.
8. The de-icer of claim 1, wherein the support means includes a
flexible, non-metallic layer that is bonded to the outer surface of
the structural member, and a surface ply that overlies at least a
portion of the flexible, non-metallic layer.
9. The de-icer of claim 8, wherein the surface ply is made of
metal.
10. The de-icer of claim 8, wherein the surface ply is made of a
thermoplastic film.
11. The de-icer of claim 1, further comprising a metal target
disposed intermediate the first side of the coil and the outer
surface of the structural member.
12. The de-icer of claim 1, wherein the support means includes a
metal portion disposed in proximity with the second side of the
coil.
13. The de-icer of claim 1, further comprising a metal target
disposed on the inner surface of the structural member opposite the
coil.
14. The de-icer of claim 1, further comprising a displacement void
disposed intermediate of the second side of the coil and the
support means.
15. The de-icer of claim 14, further comprising a metal target
disposed intermediate the coil and the displacement void.
16. The de-icer of claim 16, further comprising a displacement void
disposed intermediate the first side of the coil and the outer
surface of the structural member.
17. The de-icer of claim 16, further comprising a metal target
disposed intermediate the coil and the structural member.
18. A de-icer especially adapted for attachment to the outer
surface of a non-metal structural member, the de-icer having an
exposed surface upon which ice accumulates during flight,
comprising: a unitary inductor coil, the coil having a first side
disposed in proximity with the outer surface of the structural
member and a second side spaced from the outer surface of the
structural member; support means for supporting the coil, the
support means being disposed in proximity with the second side of
the coil and defining the exposed surface of the de-icer, the
support means including a metal portion in proximity with the
second side of the coil, the support means being flexible in order
to dislodge ice accumulated on the exposed surface upon movement of
the coil relative to the metal portion; and means for supplying a
short-duration, high-current electrical pulse to the coil.
19. The de-icer of claim 18, wherein the metal portion of the
support means comprises a target disposed in proximity with the
second side of the coil.
20. The de-icer of claim 18, wherein the metal portion of the
structural means is eliminated and further comprising a metal
target disposed intermediate the first side of the coil and the
outer surface of the structural member.
21. The de-icer of claim 18, wherein the support means includes a
surface ply made of metal disposed in proximity with the second
side of the coil.
22. The de-icer of claim 18, further comprising a metal target
disposed on the inside of the structural member opposite the
coil.
23. The de-icer of claim 18, further comprising a displacement void
disposed intermediate the second side of the coil and the support
means.
24. The de-icer of claim 23, further comprising a metal target
disposed intermediate the coil and the support means.
25. The de-icer of claim 18, further comprising a displacement void
disposed intermediate the first side of the coil and the outer
surface of the structural member.
26. The de-icer of claim 25, further comprising a metal target
disposed intermediate the coil and the structural member.
27. The de-icer of claim 18, wherein the structural member includes
a leading edge having a centerline, and a first coil is disposed
above the centerline, and a second coil is disposed below the
centerline.
28. The de-icer of claim 18, wherein the structural member includes
a leading edge having a centerline, and a plurality of coils are
spaced spanwise along the leading edge in the vicinity of the
centerline.
29. The de-icer of claim 18, wherein the coil and the support means
are formed in an integral construction that is attachable to the
outer surface of the structural member without modification of the
structural member.
30. The de-icer of claim 29, wherein the support means includes a
non-metal layer bonded to the structural member, and the coil is
movable relative to the non-metal layer.
31. The de-icer of claim 18, wherein the coil is planar.
32. The de-icer of claim 18, wherein the coil is planar and is
formed of multiple layers.
33. The de-icer of claim 18, wherein the support means includes a
flexible, non-metallic layer that is bonded to the outer surface of
the structural member, and a surface ply that overlies at least a
portion of the flexible, non-metallic layer.
34. The de-icer of claim 33, wherein the surface ply is made of
metal.
35. The de-icer of claim 33, wherein the surface ply is made of a
thermoplastic film.
36. A method for de-icing the outer surface of a metal structural
member, comprising: providing a unitary inductor coil having a
first side and a second side; disposing the first side of the coil
in proximity with the outer surface; providing a support means for
supporting the coil, the support means defining an exposed surface
of the / upon which ice accumulates during flight; energizing the
coil by means of a short-duration, high-current electrical pulse so
as to create eddy currents in the structural member; displacing the
coil away from the structural member; displacing the exposed
surface of the de-icer away from the structural member to an extent
and at an acceleration rate sufficient to dislodge ice accumulated
on the exposed surface; and displacing the coil and the support
means to rest positions adjacent the structural member and the
coil, respectively.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the current supplied to the
coil is approximately 3000 amps.
38. The method of claim 36, wherein the step of displacing the
exposed surface of the de-icer is accomplished with a displacement
of approximately 0.065 inch and at an acceleration rate of
approximately 18,750 G's.
39. The method of claim 36, further comprising the step of
providing a metal target intermediate the coil and the support
means, the metal target being displaced away from the coil upon
energization of the coil.
40. The method of claim 36, further comprising the step of
providing a metal target intermediate the coil and the structural
member, the coil being displaced away from and toward the target
upon energization of the coil.
41. The method of claim 36, further comprising the step of
providing a metal target on the inner surface of the structural
member opposite the coil, the target being bonded to the structural
member so as to prevent relative movement therebetween.
42. The method of claim 36, further comprising the step of
providing a displacement void intermediate the coil and the support
means, the void permitting the coil to move relative to the support
means before impacting the support means upon energization of the
coil.
43. The method of claim 42, further comprising the step of
providing a metal target intermediate the coil and the support
means.
44. The method of claim 36, further comprising the step of
providing a displacement void intermediate the coil and the
structural member, the void permitting the coil to move a
relatively great distance toward the structural member upon the
occurrence of the step of displacing the coil and the support means
to rest positions adjacent the structural member and the coil,
respectively.
45. The method of claim 44, further comprising the step of
providing a metal target intermediate the coil and the structural
member.
46. The method of claim 36, further comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of inductor coils spaced from each other; and
energizing the coils sequentially in order to create a ripple
effect in the support means.
47. A method for de-icing an outer surface of an nonmetal
structural member comprising: providing a unitary inductor coil
having a first side and a second side; disposing the first side of
the coil in proximity with the outer surface; providing a support
means for supporting the coil, the support means including a metal
target disposed in proximity with the coil, the support means
defining an exposed surface of the de-icer upon which ice
accumulates during flight; energizing the coil by means of a
short-duration, high-current electrical pulse so as to create eddy
currents in the metal target; displacing the exposed surface of the
de-icer away from the structural member to an extent and at an
acceleration rate sufficient to dislodge ice accumulated on the
exposed surface; and displacing the support means to a rest
position adjacent the coil.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein the current supplied to the
coil is approximately 3000 amps.
49. The method of claim 47, wherein the step of displacing the
exposed surface of the de-icer is accomplished with a displacement
of approximately 0.065 inch and at an acceleration rate of
approximately 18,750 G's.
50. The method of claim 47, further comprising the steps of
providing a metal target intermediate the coil and the support
means, and displacing the metal target away from the coil upon
energization of the coil.
51. The method of claim 50, further comprising the step of
providing a displacement void intermediate the target and the
support means, the void permitting the target to move relative to
the support means before impacting the support means upon
energization of the coil.
52. The method of claim 47, further comprising the steps of
providing a metal target intermediate the coil and the structural
member, and displacing the coil away from the target upon
energization of the coil.
53. The method of claim 52, further comprising the step of
providing a displacement void intermediate the target and the
structural member, the void permitting the coil to move a
relatively great distance toward the structural member upon the
occurrence of the step of displacing the support means to a rest
position.
54. The method of claim 47, further comprising the steps of
providing a metal target on the inner surface of the structural
member opposite the coil, and bonding the target to the structural
member so as to prevent relative movement therebetween.
55. The method of claim 47, further comprising the step of
providing a displacement void intermediate the coil and the support
means, the void permitting the coil to move relative to the support
means upon the occurrence of the step of energizing the coil.
56. The method of claim 47, further comprising the step of
providing a displacement void intermediate the coil and the
structural member, the void permitting the coil to move a
relatively great distance toward the structural member upon the
occurrence of the step of displacing the support means to a rest
position.
57. The method of claim 47, further comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of inductor coils spaced from each other; and
energizing the coils sequentially in order to create a ripple
effect in the support means. .Iadd.
58. The deicer of claim 11 wherein a flexible non-metallic layer is
bonded to the outer surface of the structural member and a
thermoplastic film surface ply overlies at least a portion of the
flexible, non-metallic layer and wherein an insulating
thermoplastic release material is positioned between the coil and
the metal target..Iaddend..Iadd.
59. The deicer of claim 35 wherein an insulating thermoplastic
release material is positioned between the coil and the metal
portion..Iaddend..Iadd.
60. The deicer of claim 1 or claim 18 wherein the coil is in the
shape of a spiral with electrical connections at both ends
thereof..Iaddend..Iadd.
61. The deicer of claim 1 or claim 18 wherein the coil comprises
two spirals separated from each other by a dielectric layer with
the two spirals being electrically connected to form a continuous
coil..Iaddend.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Cross-Reference to Related Patent
U.S. Pat. No. 4,875,644, issued Oct. 24, 1989, entitled
"Electro-Repulsive Separation System for De-Icing," by Lowell J.
Adams, et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by
reference (hereinafter referred to as the "Electro-Repulsive
Separation System Patent").
2. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to de-icers for aircraft and, more
particularly, to de-icers that operate by deforming
ice-accumulating surfaces.
.Iadd.The invention relates to planar coils and, more particularly,
to planar coils especially adapted for use in a force-producing
device such as a de-icer..Iaddend.
3. Description of the Prior Art
The accumulation of ice on aircraft wings and other structural
members in flight is a danger that is well known. As used herein,
the term "structural members" is intended to refer to any aircraft
surface susceptible to icing during flight, including wings,
stabilizers, engine inlets, rotors, and so forth. Attempts have
been made since the earliest days of flight to overcome the problem
of ice accumulation. While a variety of techniques have been
proposed for removing ice from aircraft during flight, these
techniques have had various drawbacks that have stimulated
continued research activities.
One approach that has been used extensively is so-called mechanical
de-icing. In mechanical de-icing, the leading edges of structural
members are distorted in some manner so as to crack ice that has
accumulated thereon for dispersal into the airstream. A popular
mechanical de-icing technique is the use of expandable tube-like
structures that are periodically inflatable. Inflation of the
structures results in their expansion or stretching by 40% or more.
Such expansion typically occurs over approximately 2-6 seconds and
results in a substantial change in the profile of the de-icer,
thereby cracking accumulated ice. Unfortunately, expansion of the
devices can negatively influence the airflow passing over the
aircraft structure. Also, they are most effective when ice has
accumulated to a substantial extent, approximately 0.25 inch or
more, thereby limiting their effectiveness. Desirably, ice removal
would be accomplished long before accumulations approximating 0.25
inch have been attained.
A more recent mechanical de-icing technique utilizes internal
"hammers" to distort the leading edges of structural members. Such
an approach is exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 3,549,964 to Levin et
al., wherein electrical pulses from a pulse generator are routed to
a coil of a spark-gap pressure transducer disposed adjacent the
inner wall of the structural member. The primary current in the
coil induces a current in the wall of the structural member and the
magnetic fields produced by the currents interact so as to deform
the member.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,672,610 and 3,779,488 to Levin et al. and U.S.
Pat. No. 4,399,967 to Sandorff disclose aircraft de-icers that
utilize energized induction coils to vibrate or torque the surface
on which ice forms. Each of these devices employs electromagnetic
coils or magneto-restrictive vibrators located on the side of the
surface opposite to that on which ice accumulates. In U.S. Pat. No.
3,809,341 to Levin et al., flat buses are arranged opposite one
another, with one side of each bus being disposed adjacent an inner
surface of an ice-collecting wall. An electric current is passed
through each bus and the resulting interacting magnetic fields
force the buses apart and deform the ice-collecting walls.
A more recent approach is shown by U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,353 to
Haslim et al. In the '353 patent, one or more overlapped flexible
ribbon conductors are imbedded in an elastomeric material that is
affixed to the outer surface of a structural member. The conductors
are fed large current pulses from a power storage unit. The
resulting interacting magnetic fields produce an electro-expulsive
force that distends the elastomeric member. The distension is
almost instantaneous when a current pulse reaches the conductors,
and is believed to be effective in removing thin layers of ice.
Although the device disclosed in the '353 patent is believed to be
an improvement over previous mechanical de-icing techniques,
certain drawbacks remain. One of the drawbacks relates to the
direction of current flow in adjacent electrically conductive
members. It is believed that the current flow disclosed in the '353
patent produces inefficiencies that significantly restrict the
effectiveness of the device.
The Electro-Repulsive Separation System Patent disclose a device
that is an improvement over that disclosed in the '353 patent. In
the Electro-Repulsive Separation System Patent, the electrically
conductive members are arranged such that a greater
electro-expulsive force can be generated than with the serpentine
configuration disclosed in the '353 patent. Also, the
Electro-Repulsive Separation System Patent teaches the delivery of
a current pulse of predetermined magnitude, shape and duration that
provides more effective de-icing action.
Despite the advances taught by the prior art, particularly the
Electro-Repulsive Separation System Patent, there remains a need
for a de-icer that provides effective de-icing action. In
particular, it is desired to have a de-icer that has the
force-generating capabilities of various prior mechanical de-icers
without the drawbacks associated therewith, such as large size,
difficulty in retrofitting existing structural members, and other
problems.
.Iadd.The accumulation of ice on aircraft wings and other
structural members in flight is a danger that is well known. As
used herein, the term "structural members" is intended to refer to
any aircraft surface susceptible to icing during flight, including
wings, stabilizers, engine inlets, rotors, and so forth. Attempts
have been made since the earliest days of flight to overcome the
problem of ice accumulation. While a variety of techniques have
been proposed for removing ice from aircraft during flight, these
techniques have had various drawbacks that have stimulated
continued research activities..Iaddend.
.Iadd.One approach that has been used extensively is so-called
mechanical de-icing. In mechanical de-icing, the leading edges of
structural members are distorted in some manner so as to crack ice
that has accumulated thereon for dispersal into the airstream. A
popular mechanical de-icing technique is the use of expandable
tube-like structures that are periodically inflatable. Inflation of
the structures results in their expansion or stretching by 40% or
more. Such expansion typically occurs over approximately 2-6
seconds and results in a substantial change in the profile of the
de-icer, thereby cracking accumulated ice. Unfortunately, expansion
of the devices can negatively influence the airflow passing over
the aircraft structure. Also, they are most effective when ice has
accumulated to a substantial extent, approximately 0.25 inch or
more, thereby limiting their effectiveness. Desirably, ice removal
would be accomplished long before accumulations approximately 0.25
inch have been attained..Iaddend.
.Iadd.A more recent mechanical de-icing technique utilizes internal
"hammers" to distort the leading edges of structural members. Such
an approach is exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 3,549,964 to Levin et
al., wherein electrical pulses from a pulse generator are routed to
a coil of a spark-gap pressure transducer disposed adjacent the
inner wall of the structural member. The primary current in the
coil induces a current in the wall of the structural member and the
magnetic fields produced by the currents interact so as to deform
the member..Iaddend.
.Iadd.U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,672,610 and 3,779,488 to Levin et al. and
U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,967 to Sandorff disclose aircraft de-icers that
utilize energized induction coils to vibrate or torque the surface
on which ice forms. Each of these devices employs electromagnetic
coils or magneto-restrictive vibrators located on the side on the
surface opposite to that on which ice accumulates. In U.S. Pat. No.
3,809,341 to Levin et al., flat buses are arranged opposite one
another, with one side of each bus being disposed adjacent an inner
surface of an ice-collecting wall. An electric current is passed
through each bus and the resulting interacting magnetic fields
force the buses apart and deform the ice-collecting
walls..Iaddend.
.Iadd.A more recent approach is shown by U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,353 to
Haslim et al. In the '353 patent, one or more overlapped flexible
ribbon conductors are imbedded in an elastomeric material that is
affixed to the outer surface of a structural member. The conductors
are fed large current pulses from a power storage unit. The
resulting interacting magnetic fields produce an electro-expulsive
force that distends the elastomeric member. The distension is
almost instantaneous when a current pulse reaches the conductors,
and is believed to be effective in removing thin layers of ice.
Although the device disclosed in the '353 patent is believed to be
an improvement over previous mechanical de-icing techniques,
certain drawbacks remain. One of the drawbacks relates to the
direction of current flow in adjacent electrically conductive
members. It is believed that the current flow disclosed in the '353
patent produces inefficiencies that significantly restrict the
effectiveness of the device..Iaddend.
.Iadd.The Electro-Repulsive Separation System Patent discloses a
device that is an improvement over that disclosed in the '353
patent. In the Electro-Repulsive Separation System Patent, the
electrically conductive members are arranged with current flow in a
common direction in a conductor layer such that a greater
electro-expulsive force can be generated than with the serpentine
configuration disclosed in the '353 patent. Also, the
Electro-Repulsive Separation System Patent teaches the deliver of a
current pulse of predetermined magnitude, shape and duration that
provides more effective de-icing action..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Despite the advances taught by the prior art, particularly
the Electro-Repulsive Separation System Patent, there remains a
need for a de-icer that provides effective de-icing action. A
particular concern relates to the electrically conductive members
that are used with the prior devices. It is desired to provide
coils that are as thin as possible, while being relatively
inexpensive and easy to manufacture. Desirably, any such coils
would have a very high efficiency, that is, they would generate
more force than prior electrically conductive members for a given
current input. The coils also desirably would permit a small or
large area of force production as desired for a de-icer
construction..Iaddend.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention overcomes the foregoing drawbacks of the
prior art and provides a new and improved de-icer especially
adapted for attachment to external surfaces of structural members.
In one embodiment of the present invention, an inductor coil is
positioned in proximity with the outer surface of a structural
member. The coil has a first side that is disposed in contact with
the surface and a second side that is spaced from the surface. The
coil is movable away from and toward the surface. A support member
is provided for the coil, the support member being flexible in
order to permit the coil to move relative to the surface. A portion
of the support member defines an ice-accumulating surface that
moves in response to movement of the coil. Preferably, the coil and
support member are provided in an integral construction that can be
bonded or otherwise attached to the leading edge of the structural
member without modifying the structural member.
An alternative embodiment of the invention calls for providing a
metal target that is disposed intermediate the coil and the support
member. Another alternative embodiment calls for disposing the
target intermediate the coil and the structural member. Yet an
additional alternative embodiment calls for providing a target
(doubler) that is attached to the inner surface of the structural
member.
With each embodiment of the invention, the support member is
rapidly, and forcefully, displaced away from the structural member
upon passing a short-duration, high-current pulse through the coil.
If the structural member is metal, the structural member functions
as a target and the coil is displaced away from the surface; if the
structural member is non-metal (such as a composite material), and
if a surface-contacting target is not used, the coil remains
positioned against the surface. The current flows creates an
electromagnetic field that induces eddy currents in the target,
structural member (if metal), and support member (if metal). Upon
collapse of the electromagnetic field in the coil, the support
member is pulled rapidly to its rest position.
In contrast with prior mechanical de-icers, the de-icer according
to the invention is exceedingly effective, while avoiding many of
the drawbacks of the prior art. Most of the forces that are applied
to the structural member are compressive forces that are more
easily accommodated than tensile forces that are produced by
various other mechanical de-icers. Further, the device can be
fitted readily to structural members, either as part of new
construction or as a retrofit.
Because the device operates on an eddy current principle, it
completely avoids problems arising from directional current flow,
and it provides a more effective ice-shedding action than has been
possible with previous devices. In part, the effectiveness of the
device is enhanced because the ice-accumulating surface is
displaced a relatively great distance at a high rate of
acceleration. Although the displacement is not enough to negatively
affect the airflow passing over the structural member, the
displacement is more than 20 times greater than the displacement
that occurs with such devices as are disclosed in prior eddy
current-type de-icers. The device also produces about 20% greater
eddy current induction than prior internally disposed eddy current
de-icers because the coil and the target are in surface-to-surface
contact with each other, or nearly so. The referenced internally
disposed de-icers require a substantial gap between the coil and
the target are in surface-to-surface contact with each other, or
nearly so. The referenced internally disposed de-icers require a
substantial gap between the coil and the structural member in order
to prevent possible damage to the coil upon rebounding of the
structural member. The efficiency of the present invention also is
great because the ice-accumulating surface that is displaced is
relatively thin and is resiliently mounted to the structural
member. In those de-icers that distort the structural member
itself, the ice-accumulating surface is relatively thick and may be
relatively difficult to distort.
The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present
invention will become more apparent when viewed in light of the
description of the best embodiment of the invention and the
drawings that follow, which together form a part of the
specification.
.Iadd.The present invention addresses the foregoing concerns and
provides a new and improved planar coil construction especially
adapted for use as part of a de-icer. The planar coil according to
the invention includes a first sheet-like member defined by a
first, continuous, electrical conductor having a plurality of turns
and first and second ends. The first end of the first conductor
defines an electrical input to the coil, and the second end of the
first conductor defines an electrical output. The invention
includes a second sheet-like member defined by a second,
continuous, electrical conductor having a plurality of turns and
first and second ends. The first end of the second conductor
defines an electrical input, and the second end of the second
conductor defines an electrical output from the coil. The second
end of the first conductor and the first end of the second
conductor are electrically connected. The first and second
sheet-like members are disposed parallel to each other with the
turns of the first and second conductors being positioned adjacent
each other. The direction of current flow through the turns of the
first conductor can be arranged to be substantially the same as
that through the turns of the second conductor, or it can be
arranged to be substantially opposite that through the turns of the
second conductor. In addition, within a sheet-like member the
adjacent conductors from the center out have current flow in the
same direction, which is of particular importance for
electro-repulsive force de-icers..Iaddend.
.Iadd.In one embodiment of the invention, the turns are
rectangular, while in other embodiments the turns are
spiral-shaped, square, or any other desired geometry. The invention
also includes a technique for separating the sheet-like members by
a dielectric layer, as well as a means for encapsulating the
sheet-like members. Additional sheet-like members can be provided,
if desired, and connected to each other and to the first and second
sheet-like members. When more than two members are used, if the
direction of current flow in a given layer is opposite to the
direction of current flow in adjacent layers, a strong repulsive
force is created when a high current pulse is applied. If the
direction of current flow in a given layer is in the same direction
as in adjacent layers, it may be used for an eddy current de-icer.
The invention also contemplates incorporating a ferromagnetic or
paramagnetic material (hereinafter referred to as "magnetic
material") on the outer and/or inner surface of the coil in order
to improve or shape the magnetic field generated by the coil and
increase the resultant force..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Regardless of the embodiment of the invention that is
utilized, the sheet-like members can be manufactured readily from
metal foil or a flat-braided conductor. The coil according to the
invention can be assembled readily, and it provides significant
force-generating capabilities compared with prior coil
constructions..Iaddend.
.Iadd.The foregoing and other features and advantages of the
present invention will become more apparent when viewed in light of
the description of the best embodiment of the invention and the
drawings that follow, which together form a part of the
specification..Iaddend.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a prior art
mechanical de-icer;
FIG. 2 is a schematic electrical circuit showing how the de-icer of
FIG. 1 is activated;
FIG. 3 is a schematic electrical circuit showing how a plurality of
de-icers according to FIG. 1 can be installed in a structural
member;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a de-icer according to the
invention attached to the outer surface of a structural member;
FIG. 4A is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the
de-icer shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of
the invention shown in FIG. 4 illustrating another technique for
attaching the de-icer to the outer surface of a structural
member;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of
the invention showing a metal target used in conjunction with a
coil;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 6 wherein a
so-called displacement void is included as part of the de-icer;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 7 wherein the
displacement void is disposed adjacent the structural member;
FIG. 9 is a top plan view of a planar coil usable with the present
invention;
FIG. 10 is a top plan view of another planar coil usable with the
present invention;
FIG. 11 is a top plan view of superimposed planar coils usable with
the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a spiral-wound coil usable with
the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a schematic front elevational view of the leading edge
of a structural member showing one arrangement of multiple de-icers
according to the invention;
FIG. 14 is a view similar to FIG. 13 showing an alternative
arrangement of multiple de-icers according to the invention;
FIG. 15 is a view similar to FIG. 13 showing yet an additional
arrangement of multiple de-icers according to the invention;
FIG. 16 is a schematic electrical circuit diagram for a de-icer
according to the invention;
FIG. 17 is a plot of current versus time showing the profile of a
current pulse used with the present invention;
FIG. 18 is a plot of displacement, velocity and acceleration versus
time showing the movement of a portion of the de-icer according to
the invention,
FIG. 19 is a graph of force versus coil current showing the
performance of a de-icer in accordance with the present invention
compared with prior art mechanical de-icers;
FIG. 20 is an eddy current profile for a one-inch radius coil;
FIG. 21 is an eddy current density profile as a function of time
for a one-inch radius coil;
FIG. 22 is a plot of pressure distribution on a metal target as a
function of the radius of the target;
FIG. 23 is a plot of pressure distribution on a metal target versus
time at various radii;
FIG. 24 is a plot on in-plane pressure per unit target area;
FIG. 25 is a plot of radial distribution of in-plane pressure per
unit target area; and
FIG. 26 is a plot of impulse versus target thickness for various
target materials.
.Iadd.FIG. 27 is a plan view of a sheet-like member formed of a
continuous electrical conductor that is usable with the present
invention;.Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIG. 28 is a view similar to FIG. 27, showing another
sheet-like member; .Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIG. 29 is a view similar to FIG. 27, showing the sheet-like
members of FIGS. 27 and 28 completely superimposed; .Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIG. 30 is a view similar to FIG. 29, showing a first
superimposed pair of sheet-like members partially superimposed with
respect to a second pair of superimposed sheet-like
members;.Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIGS. 31A and 31B are schematic cross-sectional views of
planar coils according to the invention as they might be used in a
de-icer; .Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIG. 32 is a plan view of an alternative embodiment of the
sheet-like member of FIG. 27;.Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIG. 33 is schematic, cross-sectional view of an assembled
coil construction employing four superimposed sheet-like
members;.Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIG. 34 is a plan view of the coil construction of FIG. 34,
with the sheet-like members displaced relative to each other for
clarity in illustrating the directions of current
flow;.Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIGS. 35A-35F are cross- sectional views similar to FIG. 33
showing how planar coils according to the invention can be
assembled for use as a force-producing element as part of a
de-icer;.Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIG. 35G is a cross-sectional view of the coils of FIGS.
35A-35F taken along a plane indicated by line 35G--35G in FIG. 35C;
and .Iaddend.
.Iadd.FIG. 36 is a plot of force versus current for coils as
illustrated in FIGS. 33 and 34..Iaddend.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a technique especially adapted for
de-icing the leading edges of structural members. De-icing is the
removal of ice subsequent to its formation upon a leading edge. A
leading edge is that portion of a structural member that functions
to meet and break an airstream impinging upon the surface of the
structural member. Examples of leading edges are the forward
portions of wings, stabilizers, struts, nacelles, rotors, and other
housings and protrusions first impacted by an airstream.
FIGS. 1-3 illustrate a known mechanical de-icer 10 and electrical
circuitry thereof. The de-icer 10 includes first and second coils
12 that are disposed with a structural member (such as a wing) 14
near the backside of the leading edge thereof. The surface of the
structural member 14 is made of metal such as aluminium which will
be referred to as the "skin." The coils 12 are mounted to a spar 16
by means of a mounting bracket 18. The coils 12 are circular in
plan view. A circular, unalloyed aluminium disk 20 is bonded to the
inner surface of the leading edge directly opposite each of the
coils 12.
Referring to FIG. 2, each coil 12 is connected in series with an
energy storage capacitor 22 and a thyristor 24. A diode 26 is
connected in parallel with the capacitor 22. An electrical impulse
is initiated by supplying a trigger pulse to the thyristor 24,
allowing the capacitor 22 to discharge through the coil 12. Because
the thyristor 24 has diode properties, the current follows the
first positive loop of the RLC response, after which the thyristor
24 reopens the circuit. This leaves the capacitor 22
reverse-charged. Such reverse-charging reduces capacitor life
substantially. For that reason, the diode 26 is placed across the
capacitor 22.
Referring to FIG. 3, a typical spanwise installation of the coils
12 within a wing is shown. Each of the coils 12 is separated
laterally from other coils 12 by about 16 inches. The coils 12 are
supplied a single power unit 28 that includes a transformer 30. The
capacitor 22 is connected across the secondary side of the
transformer 30. A switching device 32 is connected to each of the
thyristors 24 in order to provide a trigger pulse to the thyristors
24.
When the capacitor 22 is discharged through each coil 12, a rapidly
forming and collapsing electromagnetic field is created that
induces eddy currents in the disk 20 and the metal skin 14. The
electromagnetic fields resulting from current flow in the coil 12,
the disk 20, and the skin 14 create a repulsive force of several
hundred pounds magnitude, but with a duration of only a fraction of
a millisecond. A small amplitude, high acceleration movement of the
skin 14 acts to shatter, debond, and expel the ice. Two or three
such "hits" are performed in short order, separated by the time
required to recharge the capacitor 22, and then ice is permitted to
accumulate again until it approaches an undesirable thickness. By
appropriate control of the switching device 32 the coils 12 can be
activated sequentially in order to create a "ripple" effect that is
believed to be more effective in shedding ice due to the
propogation of skin movement in both chordwise and spanwise
directions.
As will be appreciated from the foregoing description, the
referenced de-icer 10 depends for its effectiveness upon
deformation of the skin. The displacement of the metal surface
subject to icing is very limited; typically it requires three
impact pulses to remove accumulated ice under all icing conditions.
Further, although the skin is displaced only to a limited extent,
it is necessary to produce high forces in order to accomplish even
that limited displacement. An additional problem is that the forces
are "negative" forces in that they apply a tensile load to the
leading edge. Aircraft structural members are designed to better
withstand compressive loads, rather than tensile loads.
Referring now to FIG. 4, a de-icer according to the invention is
indicated by the reference numeral 40. The de-icer 40 is similar to
the de-icer 10 in that it employs a coil 42. However, as will be
discussed below, the de-icer 40 differs significantly from the
de-icer 10. The differences will be apparent from the description
that follows.
The de-icer 40 as shown in FIG. 4 is formed in an integral unit
that is bonded or otherwise securely attached to the leading edge
of a structural member. The leading edge, or skin, of the
structural member is indicated by the reference numeral 44.
Typically the skin 44 will be made of metal such as an aluminium
alloy. The coil 42 normally will be a multi-layer coil comprised of
individual planar coil elements (see the discussion that follows
with respect to FIGS. 9-11). In all of the embodiments described
herein, the coil 42 is a unitary structure that has no portions
that move relative to each other. For purposes of the present
discussion, the coil 42 will be indicated schematically as a single
element. The coil 42 includes a first surface that at rest is in
contact with the exterior surface of the skin 44, and a second
surface that is spaced from the skin 44. The coil 42 is not bonded
to the skin 44, so that it can move away from and toward the skin
44.
The second surface of the coil 42 is covered by a surface ply 46.
The surface ply 46 preferably is not bonded to the second surface
of the coil 42. The lateral edges of the coil 42 are abutted by a
flexible, non-metallic filler layer 48 in order to provide a smooth
transition with the contour of the skin 44. The de-icer 40 is
bonded or otherwise securely attached to the skin 44 by means of
the layer 48. The surface ply 46 is bonded to the layer 48. At the
ends of the surface ply 46, the surface ply 46 is bonded or
attached by a fastener (not shown) to the skin 44. Accordingly, the
coil 42 and the surface ply 46 are able to move away from, and
toward, the skin 44 intermediate the portions of the layer 48 that
are bonded to the skin 44. It will be apparent from an examination
of FIG. 4 that the surface ply 46 not only forms a major portion of
the exterior surface of the de-icer 40, but it also functions as a
support member for the coil 42 (together with the layer 48) so as
to keep the coil 42 properly positioned relative to the skin
44.
The coil 42 preferably is made of unalloyed copper. Reference is
made to U.S. application Ser. No. 07/437,489, filed Nov. 15, 1989,
Lowell J. Adams et al., entitled "Planar Coil Construction," .[.the
disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference,.]. for a
more complete description of the coil 42 and how it is
manufactured. The surface ply 46 can be manufactured from any
suitable metal commonly used for the exterior surfaces of
structural members, such as aluminum, titanium or stainless steel
foil. The surface ply 46 also could be made from a thin layer of
thermoplastic film such as polyetherether ketone ("PEEK"). Such a
material has excellent rain erosion characteristics, while being
readily formed to any desired shape. The ply 46 can be made from
other suitable non-metal materials, if desired. The adhesive used
to bond the surface ply 46 to the layer 48 can be any adhesive
commonly used to join surface plys to other parts of de-icers,
although a modified epoxy film adhesive such as EA951 (manufactured
by Hysol Corporation) is preferred. The filler layer 48 can be made
of any known flexible, non-metallic material used with de-icers
such as rubber, fiberglass, and the like.
Referring now to FIG. 16, a schematic electrical circuit for the
de-icer 40 is indicated by the reference numeral 60. The circuit
60, with minor modifications, is described in detail in the
Electro-Repulsive Separation System Patent. The circuit 60 charges
a bank of capacitors 62 (only one is illustrated for simplicity)
which serve as high-voltage energy storage devices. The metal
surface ply 46 and any target or doublers, if used, should be
connected to the aircraft ground in order to minimize
electromagnetic interference. When de-icing action is desired, a
control pulse 64 is fed to a trigger circuit 66 which enables
discharge of the capacitor 62 through one or more silicon
controlled rectifiers (SCR's) 68 to provide a high-current pulse
output 70 to the coil 42. Whenever an output current pulse 70 is
desired, a dump load 72, which maintains the capacitors 62 in a
discharged condition, is removed by opening a switch 74, thereby
allowing charging current from a charging circuit 76 to charge the
capacitors 62 to the desired voltage. When the SCR 68 is triggered
"on," the capacitor bank 62 is discharged into the coil 42. A
high-current pulse is produced, the magnitude of which is monitored
by means of a current transformer 78.
Referring to FIG. 17, the current pulse may be a clean overdamped
exponentially decaying sinusoidal waveform that is achieved by the
RLC electrical circuit values. In the event that the component
values of the RLC circuit are selected in a known manner such that
the circuit may be or become underdamped or oscillatory in nature,
the circuit should be configured such that a rectifier 80 dumps the
stored energy of the circuit inductance into the de-icer load,
producing a single, non-oscillatory pulse having an extended
trailing edge.
If the capacitor 62 has a capacitance of about 500 microfarads, and
if the circuit 60 is operated as described previously, a current
flow having a peak value of about 3000 amps at 1250 volts will be
discharged through the coil 42. The coil rise time will be about
100 microseconds and the decay time will be about 200-300
microseconds. A strong electromagnetic field will be generated that
will induce eddy currents in the skin 44 and the surface ply 46 (if
metal). In turn, electromagnetic fields will be generated by the
skin 44 and the surface ply 46. The electromagnetic fields thus
generated will create a large repulsive force having a duration of
only a fraction of a millisecond. The impact force will be
transferred by the coil 42 to the surface ply 46, creating a
small-amplitude, high-acceleration movement of the surface ply 46
that will be sufficient to break up and shed any ice that has
accumulated.
Referring now to FIG. 18, a plot of displacement, velocity and
acceleration for the surface ply 46 is shown. As shown in FIG. 18,
the surface ply 46 is displaced about 0.065 inch, with a peak
acceleration of about 18,750 times the acceleration due to gravity
(G's) and with a peak velocity of about 380 inches per second. The
compressive and expansion forces that are generated are reversed
during collapse of the electromagnetic fields, thereby producing a
pressure wave across the surface ply 46. The coil 42 and the
surface ply 46 are rapidly pulled to the rest position shown in
FIG. 4. As can be seen from an examination of FIG. 18, the peak
retraction velocity is about 270 inches per second, and the peak
acceleration is about 13,750 G's. In effect, the coil 42 and the
surface ply 46 not only are repulsed from the skin 44, but they
also are powered back toward the skin 44. As can be seen from an
examination of FIG. 18, there is minimal "bouncing" of the coil 42
and the surface ply 46 upon retraction against the skin 44. It also
will be appreciated that the initial displacement of the coil 42
and the surface ply 46 away from the skin 44 apply primarily
compressive loads to the skin 44, rather than tensile loads.
Referring now to FIG. 19, a plot of force versus coil current is
shown for a laboratory force vice test. Four test results are
shown. The lines bearing the reference numerals 90, 92, 94 are
plots of force versus current for coils operating on the so-called
electro-repulsive principle disclosed in the Electro-Repulsive
Separation System Patent. The line labeled 96 is a plot of force
versus current for a coil 42 operating according to the invention.
Line 90 was generated using a four-layer serpentine coil. The line
labeled 92 is a plot of the results utilizing a four-layer flat
coil etched from rectangular sheets of copper. The line bearing the
reference numeral 94 is a plot of the results utilizing a
four-layer planar coil etched from square sheets of copper. The
line bearing the reference numeral 96 is a plot of the results
using a four-layer, planar, rectangular coil 42 operated according
to the invention. As can be seen from reviewing FIG. 19, the
invention produced markedly superior results compared with any
prior coils tested. The results were particularly dramatic compared
with flat serpentine coils (line 90). At a coil current of 1700
amps, the planar coil 42 generated well over 1000 pounds of
repulsive force, whereas the serpentine coil generated less than
200 pounds of repulsive force.
Alternative embodiments of the invention are illustrated in FIGS.
5-8. These alternative embodiments will be described in order.
Where appropriate, reference numerals that designate elements
common to the various embodiments will be carried over from
Figure-to-Figure.
Referring to FIG. 5, an alternative embodiment of the invention is
indicated by the reference numeral 100. The de-icer 100 employs an
attachment layer 102 that is bonded or otherwise securely attached
to a metal skin 44 in substantial surface-to-surface contact. An
additional target 104 (a so-called "doubler") can be disposed on
the inner surface of the skin 44, if desired. It is advantageous to
use the target 104 if the metal skin 44 is not thick enough to
induce adequate eddy currents. The coil 42 is disposed on the outer
side of the layer 102. The coil 42 is not bonded to the layer 102
so that the coil 42 can move away from, and toward, the layer 102.
The surface ply 46 covers both the coil 42 and the layer 102. The
filler layer 48 (only a portion of which is shown) provides a
smooth contour with the skin 44 as in the embodiment described in
FIG. 4. It is expected that the layer 102 will be made of a
non-metal material such as adhesive film, fiberglass, and the
like.
An advantage of the de-icer 100 is that the de-icer 100 can be
manufactured as a prefabricated, integral unit for subsequent
attachment to the skin 44. It is believed that the de-icer 100 will
be easier to attach to the skin 44 than the de-icer 40. Further,
because the layer 102 is attached to the skin 44 in substantial
surface-to-surface contact, the attachment between the de-icer 100
and the skin is exceedingly strong.
Referring to FIG. 6, another alternative embodiment of the
invention is indicated by the reference numeral 110. The de-icer
110 is similar to the de-icer 40, both in structure and operation,
except that a metal target 112 is disposed on the second side of
the coil 42, intermediate the coil 42 and the surface ply 46. The
filler layer 48 is bonded to the skin 44 in substantial
surface-to-surface contact, but the coil 42 is not bonded to the
skin 44 so that it can move away from, and toward, the skin 44. It
is expected that the skin 44 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 will
be made of a metal or composite material. The target 112 preferably
is bonded to the ply 46 by an adhesive such as EA951. The coil 42
and the target 112 are separated by a thin separation ply, or
release layer 116. The layer 116 enables the target 112 to move
away from, and toward, the coil 42. It is expected that the target
112 will be made of a paramagnetic material such as aluminum. The
release layer 116 can be made of a non-stick, thermoplastic
material. A suitable material for the layer 116 is commercially
available from the Richmond Division of Dixico Incorporated under
the trademark A5000. If desired, the position of the coil 42 and
the target 112 could be reversed such that the target 112 is in
contact with the outer surface of the skin 44 and the coil 42 is
bonded to the inner surface of the surface play 46.
Referring to FIG. 7, another alternative embodiment of the
invention is indicated by the reference numeral 120. In this
embodiment, the skin 44 is made of a composite material. The
de-icer 120 includes a metal target 122 that is disposed on the
second side of the coil 42. The coil 42 and the target 122 are
separated by a separation ply, or release layer, indicated by the
reference numeral 124. The filler layer 48 includes a backing
portion 126 that extends across the front portion of the de-icer
120. The portion 126 is spaced from the outer surface of the target
122 by a void 128 and a release layer 130. The release layer 130 is
in contact with the outer surface of the target 122. The surface
ply 46 is bonded to the backing portion 126.
The de-icer 120 enhances the force that otherwise can be applied to
the surface ply 46. During coil activation, the coil 42 remains in
contact with the skin 44. The release layer 124 remains attached to
the target 122 and separates from the coil 42. The target 122 is
displaced away from, and thereafter toward, the coil 42. By
incorporating the void 128 in the de-icer construction, the target
122 moves a considerable distance before the layer 130 impacts the
backing portion 126. The momentum thus generated provides an
enhanced impact force. In turn, it is expected that a
shorter-duration current pulse can be used to produce equivalent
de-icing action compared with the de-icer 40.
If desired, the skin 44 could be made of metal, in which case the
target 122 would be eliminated. Further, the positions of the coil
42 and the target 122 could be reversed, as described with respect
to the embodiment of FIG. 6.
Referring to FIG. 8, an additional alternative embodiment of the
invention as indicated by the reference numeral 130. The de-icer
130 is similar conceptionally to the de-icer 120. As illustrated,
the skin 44 is made of metal. Instead of the void 128 being placed
adjacent the backing portion 126, however, the void 128 is disposed
intermediate the skin 44 and a release layer 132 that is in contact
with the coil 42. In the de-icer 130, the target 122 has been
eliminated, and the coil 42 is in contact with the inner surface of
the backing portion 126. If the skin 44 is made of a composite
material, then a metal target (not shown) could be used in
conjunction with the coil 42. By using the de-icer 130, the
retraction force that occurs during the fall of the shaped
high-current pulse can enhance movement of the surface ply 46,
thereby creating a very effective ice removal action.
Referring to FIGS. 9-11, certain components of the coil 42 are
shown. In FIG. 9, a first sheet-like member 140 is defined by a
first, continuous electrical conductor having a plurality of turns
142, a first end 144 and a second end 146. The first end 144
defines an electrical input to the member 140, while the second end
146 defines an electrical output from the member 140. The member
140 is formed from a single sheet of unalloyed copper or aluminum
having a thickness of about 0.016 inch. The turns 142 have a width
within the range 0.070-0.125 inch.
In FIG. 10, a second, sheet-like member 150 is defined by a second,
continuous electrical conductor having a plurality of turns 152, a
first end 154, and a second end 156. The first end 154 defines an
electrical input to the member 150, while the second end 156
defines an electrical output from the member 150. The member 150 is
formed from a single sheet of unalloyed copper or aluminum having a
thickness of about 0.016 inch. The turns 152 have a width within
the range of 0.070-0.125 inch.
In FIG. 11, the members 140, 150 are illustrated in a "completely
superimposed" coil arrangement indicated by the reference numeral
160. In this arrangement, the turns 142 are disposed immediately
adjacent comparable turns 152. The ends 146, 154 are joined as by
soldering to form an electrical connection. As will be appreciated
from an examination of FIG. 11, electrical current directed into
the first end 144 will follow a path through the turns 142 that is
in the same direction as the current flow through the superimposed,
adjacent turns 152. The first member 140 typically as 121/4 turns
(81/4 turns are shown for clarity of illustration), as does the
second member 150. Accordingly, the superimposed members 140, 150
define a coil 160 having 241/4 turns. Although the members 140, 150
are illustrated as being rectangular, they could be square,
circular, or any other desired shape.
Referring to FIG. 12, a coil 170 is defined by a spiral-wound,
continuous conductor that is formed from a flat ribbon having a
width of approximately 0.19 inch and a thickness of approximately
0.025 inch. The coil 170 includes approximately 40 turns that are
tightly wound to form an inner diameter of about 0.25 inch and an
outer diameter of about 2.25 inches. The ends of the conductor are
provided with connectors 172, 174 for connection to a source of
electrical current. The coil 170 is less desirable than the coil
160, in part because of its greater thickness.
The coils 160, 170, in conjunction with other components such as
suitable dielectric materials and encapsulation materials, are used
to manufacture the coil 42. Additional details concerning the coil
42, including the materials and techniques that can be used to
manufacture it, can be found a concurrently filed application
entitled "Planar Coil Construction," application Ser. No.
07/437,489, filed Nov. 15, 1989, by Lowell J. Adams et al., and
assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 13-15, various spanwise arrangements of the
coils 42 are illustrated. In FIG. 13, the coils 42 are spaced
approximately 16 inches, equidistantly on either side of ribs 180.
The de-icers 40 are aligned with each other at the centerline of
the leading edge of the skin 44. The centerline is indicated by the
dashed line 182 in FIGS. 13-15.
In FIG. 14, upper and lower coils 42 are provided in a manner
similar to that described for FIG. 13. As in FIG. 13, the coils 42
are spaced about 16 inches spanwise from each other, equidistantly
on either side on the ribs 124 and equidistantly above and below
the centerline 182.
In FIG. 15, the coils 42 are staggered spanwise relative to the
centerline 182. That is, one coil 42 is disposed above the
centerline 182, while adjacent coils 42 are disposed an equal
distance below the centerline 182. As with the embodiments
illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14, the coils 42 in FIG. 15 are
disposed about 16 inches apart, equidistantly on either side of the
ribs 180.
By arranging the coils 42 as shown in FIGS. 13-15, expansive forces
generated by the coils 42 create a small amplitude, high
acceleration movement and stress-producing wave across the leading
edge of the skin 44, causing ice to be broken up and shed. The
impulse force of each coil 42 is dependent upon the size and
construction of the coil 42 and the overall de-icer construction
(as illustrated in FIGS. 4-8).
When the coils 42 are placed on the centerline 182 as shown in FIG.
13, the coils 42 may be energized sequentially or simultaneously
(as elements 1, 2, 3, etc.), or as odd or even groups (1, 3, 5 . .
. , or 2, 4, 6 . . . ). In the configuration shown in FIG. 14, the
coils 42 may be energized sequentially or simultaneously as groups
on the upper surface (1, 3, 5 . . . ) followed by groups on the
lower surface (2, 4, 6 . . . ) or vice versa. The coils 42 also may
be energized as staggered groups such as 1, 4, 5 . . . , followed
by 2, 3, 6 . . . , or vice versa. In some cases, the number of
coils 42 may be minimized as shown in FIG. 15, and energized in
groups such as 1, 3, 5 . . . , followed by 2, 4, 6 . . . , or
simultaneously as a staggered group 1, 2, 3 . . . . From the
foregoing, it will be appreciated that the coils 42 can be attached
to the skin 44 in a variety of placements and the coils 42 can be
energized in a variety of sequences for effective de-icing
action.
Mechanical de-icers operating on the eddy current principle, such
as that illustrated in FIG. 1, have used an inductor coil to induce
eddy currents in a metal surface many times larger than the
inductor coil itself. As shown in FIG. 20, for a one-inch radius
coil, the eddy current is induced only into a limited radius around
the coil. FIG. 21 indicates that the eddy current density decays
rapidly, particularly at distances away from the center of the
coil. Most force is generated within a 1.25.times.radius distance
of the inductor coil radius. For existing applications where the
skin of the structural member is thin, a metal doubler or target
with a radius of about 25% larger than the inductor coil radius is
adequate to enhance the impulse force produced.
The de-icer according to the invention shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 uses
a target included as part of the de-icer itself without the
requirement of using the skin of the structural member as a target.
Although certain of the embodiments described herein (particularly
that shown in FIG. 4) use a metal skin to contribute to the
resulting impact force produced by eddy currents, such usage of the
skin is not necessary to proper functioning of the invention
(except for the embodiment of FIG. 4). The invention will function
adequately with skins made of non-metal materials such as
graphite/epoxy.
Referring to FIG. 22, a plot of pressure on a metal target
(expressed as eddy current density) versus time at various radii is
illustrated. Almost all of the pressure is generated within a
distance of 1.25 times the radius of the inductor coil. Thus,
targets utilized with the present invention need only approximate
the size and shape of the inductor coil for effective force
generation. At most, the target should have a radius 25% larger
than that of the coil.
Forces on the metal target consist of a normal force acting
outwardly, away from the inductor coil, which force varies with
radius. This variable force is represented in FIG. 23 which is a
plot of pressure versus time at various radii from the center of
the target. The lines on the right side of FIG. 23 pass below the
abscissa, indicating that the force on the target reverses in
direction with the collapsing magnetic field. As indicated
previously, this feature of the invention means that the target not
only is powered outwardly, but is powered inwardly as well.
There also is a radially acting force that initially tends to
compress, or shrink, the target and which then tends to expand the
target. The radially acting forces can be used to advantage when
conducting de-icer operations because the radially acting forces
create a pressure distribution wave (ripple effect) that acts
across the surface of the de-icer when the target flexes. Typical
radially acting forces on the targets are shown in FIGS. 24 and 25.
FIG. 24 is a plot of radial in-plane force per unit area of target
surface, while FIG. 25 is a plot of radial distribution of in-plane
force per unit target area. In FIG. 24, pressure is plotted versus
time for various radii. In FIG. 25, pressure is plotted versus
radius for various times. As with FIGS. 20-23, FIGS. 24 and 25 show
that the eddy current-created force peaks rapidly and decays
rapidly. FIGS. 24 and 25 also show that radial forces at a distance
greater than 25% of coil radius are not significant.
The impulse force produced by the inductor coil is dependent on the
diameter of the target, the thickness of the target, and the
material from which the target is made. The conductivity of the
material as well as its thickness determine the eddy current that
will be produced for a particular spacing between the inductor coil
and the target. The shape of the inductor coil and the shape of the
target also may be varied to obtain a maximum impulse force for a
particular construction such as a curved airfoil. FIG. 26 is a plot
of impulse force versus target thickness for various target
materials. Although copper is seen to produce the best impulse
curve, other materials such as 1145 aluminium provide acceptable
performance.
Other design considerations in addition to target size and
thickness include whether the target should be laminated (two or
more layers) and whether the layers should be made of the same
material. As to thickness, it is believed desirable to provide a
target having a thickness of about one electrical skin depth for
best impulse production. If desired, the target can be made of two
layers--one for strength and a second layer of different material
having improved electrical conductivity. It has been found that
increasing the target thickness increases the impulse produced.
Nevertheless, the target generally should be kept as thin as
possible in order to minimize weight and disruptions to the contour
of the structural member. In work with the design of doublers
(targets on inner surface of structural member), it has been found
suitable to choose a double thickness that equals one-half the
electrical skin depth at the circuit frequency.
It also has been found that matching the electrical period and the
mechanical period gives the best results. Specifically, the
electrical period should be chosen to be one-eighth that of the
natural period. If the coil current has a long rise time, a thicker
target is required. Test results with prior mechanical de-icers
that employ doublers indicate that that the optimum electrical
period is twice the mechanical period. It is believed that a
similar relationship between the mechanical and electrical period
apply to the present invention.
Previous test results have utilized a uniform thickness of airfoil
skin and/or doubler. It is possible that the thickness and shape of
the target, and the spacing of the target from the coil, can be
varied to tailor the force produced in the target and to enhance
transfer of the force to ice-shedding surfaces.
Although the invention has been described in its preferred form
with a certain degree of particularly, it will be understood that
the present disclosure of the preferred embodiment has been made
only by way of example, and that various changes may be resorted to
without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention
as hereinafter claimed. It is intended that the patent shall cover,
by suitable expression in the appended claims, whatever features of
patentable novelty exist in the invention disclosed.
.Iadd.The present invention provides a planar coil construction
especially adapted for use as part of a de-icer that may be
attached to the leading edges of structural members. De-icing is
the removal of ice subsequent to its formation upon a leading edge.
A leading edge is that portion of a structural member that
functions to meet and break an airstream impinging upon the surface
of the structural member. Examples of leading edges are the forward
portions of wings, stabilizers, struts, nacelles, rotors and other
housings and protrusions first impacted by an
airstream..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Although the planar coil construction of the present
invention is described in the environment of a de-icer, it is to be
understood that the invention can be used in other environments.
For example, the invention could be used as a force-generating
element in a vibratory conveyor, as a switching device, or in a
variety of other applications. Accordingly, the invention as
described and claimed herein shall not be limited solely to use in
de-icer applications..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 27, a first, sheet-like member is indicated
by the reference numeral 210. The member 210 is defined by a first,
continuous, electrical conductor having a plurality of turns 212, a
first end 214 and a second end 216. The first end 214 defines an
electrical input to the member 210, while the second end 216
defines an electrical output from the member 210. The member 210 is
formed from a single sheet of unalloyed copper of aluminum having a
thickness of about 0.016 inch. The turns 212 have a width within
the range of 0.070-0.125 inch..Iaddend.
.Iadd.The first end 214 is disposed at one corner of the member
210, while the second end 216 is disposed at the center. Although
the member 210 is illustrated as being rectangular, it could be
square, circular, or any other desired shape..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 28, a second, sheet-like member is
indicated by the reference numeral 220. The member 220 is defined
by a second, continuous, electrical conductor having a plurality of
turns 222, a first end 224, and a second end 226. The first end 224
defines an electrical input to the member 220, while the second end
226 defines an electrical output from the member 220. The member
220 is formed from a single sheet of unalloyed copper or aluminum
having a thickness of about 0.016 inch. The turns 222 have a width
within the range of 0.070-0.125 inch. As with the member 210, the
member 220 is rectangular, with one end disposed at a corner and
the other end disposed at the center..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 29, the members 210, 220 are illustrated in
a "completely superimposed" arrangement to form a coil indicated by
the reference numeral 230. In this arrangement, the turns 212 are
disposed immediately adjacent comparable turns 222. The ends 216,
224 are joined as by soldering or welding to form an electrical
connection. As will be appreciated from an examination of FIG. 29,
electrical current directed into the first end 214 will follow a
path through the turns 212 that is in the same direction as the
superimposed, adjacent turns 222. The first member 210 typically
has 121/8 turns, as does the second member 220. (An 81/8 turn
member is shown for clarity of illustration). Accordingly, the
superimposed members 210, 220 define a coil pair 230 having 241/2
turns..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 30, two assembled coil pairs 230 have been
formed as shown in FIG. 30, and are "partially superimposed" with
respect to each other. The resultant coil construction, indicated
by the reference numeral 240, includes about 25% of the total turns
overlapped at the center of the assembled coil pairs
230..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 31A, arrangements of two coil pairs 230 are
shown as they might be used in practice to form part of a de-icer.
As is explained in more detail in the Electro-Repulsive Separation
System Patent, upon supplying a short-duration, shaped,
high-current pulse to the coil pairs 230, the outermost portion of
the de-icer will be distended as indicated at 242 so as to shatter,
debond, and expel any ice that may have accumulated thereon.
Referring to FIG. 31B, the coil airs 230 are partially superimposed
and an enhanced force will be generated in the region of the
overlap where, presumably, the de-icing action will be enhanced.
The enhanced distension of the de-icer is indicated by the
reference numeral 244..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 32, an alternative construction of a
sheet-like member is indicated schematically by the reference
numeral 250. The member 250, like the members 210, 220, is defined
by a first, continuous, electrical conductor having a plurality of
turns 252, a first end 254, and a second end 256. Unlike the
members 210, 220, the second end 256 crosses a portion of the turns
252 and is disposed adjacent the first end 254 at a location
outside the outermost turn 252. The first end 254 defines an
electrical input to the member 250, while the second end 256
defines an electrical output from the member 250. The second end
256 is electrically isolated from the turns 252 that are crossed.
The member 250 is formed from a single sheet of unalloyed copper or
aluminum having a thickness of about 0.016 inch. The turns 252 have
a width within the range of 0.070-0.125 inch..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 33, an assembled coil construction
employing four sheet-like members 250 is indicated schematically by
the reference numeral 260. Pairs of the members 250 are separated
by dielectric layers 262 as well as the second end 256 of the
members 250. The dielectric layers 262 preferably are formed of a
material such as two layers of polyamide film, each having a
thickness of about 0.003 inch. A suitable polyamide film is
available from the E.I. Dupont deNemours & Company under the
trademark KAPTON. Before use, the film should be surface-treated by
acid-etching, plasma treating or the like to improve
adhesion..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 34, the members 250 of the coil assembly
260 are shown displaced relative to each other for purposes of
illustrating the directions of current flow therein. The uppermost
member 250 is shown in solid lines, while the immediately adjacent
lower member 250 is shown by dashed lines. As can be seen in FIG.
34, the second end 256 of the uppermost sheet 250 is electrically
connected to the first end 254 of the immediately adjacent lower
member 250. The output of the lower member 250 is directed through
the end 256 to the second end 256 of the lower member 250 of the
adjacent coil pair. The lower coil pair members 250 are connected
in the same manner as the upper coil pair members 250. However,
because the electrical input is to the second end 256 of the lower
member 250, current flow through the lower coil pairs is in a
direction opposite to that of the upper coil pairs. As shown in
FIG. 34, current flow through the upper coil pairs is in a
clockwise direction, while current flow through the lower coil
pairs is in a counterclockwise direction. Due to the opposing
directions of current flow in the upper coil pair and lower coil
pair conductors, and because the coil pairs are separated by the
KAPTON film 262, upon supplying a short-duration, high-current
pulse to the coil 260, the respective upper and lower coil pairs
will be forcefully displaced away from each other. This would
constitute a force element for an electro-repulsive type of
de-icer..Iaddend.
.Iadd.As in the de-icer schematically indicated by FIG. 31A, the
displacement of the coil force elements can be utilized in a
de-icer to provide de-icing action. If the direction of current
flow in the lower coil pair is reversed by electrically connecting
the upper coil pair second end 256 to the first end 254 of the
adjacent lower coil pair, current flow through the lower coil pair
is in the same direction as that of the upper coil pair. The coil
pairs thus may be used in an eddy current type of de-icer
construction..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIGS. 35A-35G, a schematic view of planar coils
according to the invention during their manufacture for an eddy
current de-icer is illustrated. It will be assumed that the
arrangement shown in FIGS. 35A-35G incorporates the members 210,
220, although the members 250 could be employed with equal
facility..Iaddend.
.Iadd.In FIG. 35A, the member 210 is illustrated as it is
manufactured initially in an etching operation. In such an
operation, a sheet of unalloyed copper is attached to a backing
sheet 270. The copper sheet is coated with a substance, such as a
photo-resist material, that is impervious to an etching material
such as sulfuric acid. The backing sheet 270 also is impervious to
the acid. Upon applying the acid to the surface of the copper
sheet, copper will be removed in those areas not protected by the
photo-resist material. After the copper in the unprotected areas
has been removed, the sheet will take the appearance of the member
210 shown in FIG. 27. The member 210 also could be formed in a
stamping operation or a matching operation. If desired, the member
210 could be made from a continuous flat-braided
conductor..Iaddend.
.Iadd.In order to process the member 210 further, it is necessary
to remove it from the backing sheet 270. This result is
accomplished by applying a layer of double-sided tape 272 to the
exposed surface of the member 210. The tape 272 has a thickness of
about 0.0045 inch. A suitable tape 272 can be obtained from Fasson
Corporation under the trademark FASTAPE A. Upon lifting the tape
272, the member 210 will be removed from the backing sheet 270. The
edges of the tape 272 are trimmed to closely approximate the outer
dimensions of the member 210. Thereafter, the exposed adhesive side
of the tape 272 can be attached to a layer of dielectric material
such as KAPTON film. The dielectric layer is indicated in FIG. 35C
by the reference numeral 274. Similarly, the member 220 can be
manufactured in an etching process and removed from its back sheet
270 by means of a second layer of double-sided tape 272. Upon
attaching the exposed surface of the second double-sided tape 272
to the exposed surface of the dielectric layer 274, the sandwiched
coil construction 230 shown in FIG. 35C will be obtained. As shown
in FIG. 35G, the layer 274 extends laterally beyond the edges of
the members 210, 220 and the tape 272 to form a border
approximately 0.25 inch wide that prevents arcing between the edges
of the members 210, 220..Iaddend.
.Iadd.In order to protect the members 210, 220 and to provide a
dielectric effect, it is desired that the members 210, 220 be
encapsulated in some manner. Referring to FIG. 35D, the coil
assembly 230 of FIG. 35C is illustrated as being sandwiched between
layers 276 of a composite material such as fiberglass/epoxy. A
suitable fiberglass/epoxy material can be obtained from Fiberite
Corporation under the trademark MXB 7669/7781. After the layers 276
are assembled as illustrated in FIG. 35D, the assembled components
are placed in a mold where heat and pressure can be applied so as
to conform the coil construction 230 to any desired contour.
Although the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 35D is flat, a curved
contour should be employed if the coil assembly 230 is to be
attached to the curved surface of a structural member. During the
application of heat and pressure to the layers 276, it is expected
that they will flow at least to a small extent so that gaps between
adjacent turns 212, 222 will be filled. The initial thickness of
each layer 276 is about 0.010 inch, and the final thickness of each
layer 276 is about 0.005-0.006 inch. Also, the edges of the layers
276 will be compressed toward each other to form a tapered
configuration that assists in matching the contour of the
structural member with which the coil assembly 230 is to be
used..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 35E, the coil assembly 230 of FIG. 35D is
shown as it might be attached to the external surface of a metal
structural member 278. The innermost fiberglass/epoxy layer 276 is
spaced from the structural member 278 by means of a release layer
280 that permits the coil assembly 230 to move away from and toward
the structural member 278. The layer 280 is very thin (about 0.001
inch) and can be obtained from the Richmond Division of Dixico
Incorporated under the trademark A5000. A surface ply 282 is
positioned over the outermost surface of the exposed layer 276. The
ply 282 is secured to the exposed layer 276 by an adhesive such as
EA951 commercially available from the Hysol Corporation. If the ply
282 is made of metal such as titanium, aluminum or stainless steel,
it should be surface-treated for better adhesion. If the ply 282 is
made of a thermoplastic material such as polyetherether ketone
(PEEK), surface-treating also is necessary. If the ply 282 is made
of another type of thermoplastic material, surface-treating may not
be necessary. A metal ply 282 will have a thickness of about 0.005
inch while a non-metal ply 282 will have a thickness of about 0.015
inch. The ends of the layers 280, 282 are attached to the
structural member 278 by bonding or any other suitable technique.
Typically, an elastomeric support (not shown) would be provided at
the ends of the layers 280, 282 in order to provide a smooth
transition to the contour of the member 278 and to assist in
securing the layers 280, 282 relative to the remainder of the
de-icer structure. Regardless of how the layers 280, 282 are
connected to the structure 278, it is necessary that at least the
layer 282 be able to move away from, and toward, the structural
member 278..Iaddend.
.Iadd.In operation, upon supplying a short-duration, shaped,
high-current pulse to the coil 230, an electromagnetic field will
be generated that will induce eddy currents in the structural
member 278 and to a lesser extent in the thin surface ply 282. The
eddy currents then will generate electromagnetic fields which will
tend to repel the electromagnetic field of the coil 230. In turn,
the coil 230, with the surface ply 282 attached, will be forcefully
displaced away from the structural member 278. Upon collapse of the
magnetic fields, the coil 30 and the surface ply 282 will be
forcefully retracted against the structural member 278 to that
position shown in FIG. 35E. If the structural member 278 is made of
a composite material such as graphite/epoxy instead of metal, a
metal target (so-called "doubler") should be disposed on the
outside or inside of the member 278..Iaddend.
.Iadd.An additional variation is shown in FIG. 35F. In FIG. 35F, a
release layer 284 is disposed intermediate the outermost
encapsulating layer 276 and the surface ply 282. Accordingly, the
surface ply 282 can move away from, and toward, the coil 230 upon
energization thereof. Because the release layer 280 is used in the
embodiment shown in FIG. 35F, the coil 230 will move away from, and
toward, the structural member 278 if the member 278 is made of
metal. If the member 278 is made of a composite member, then the
coil 230 will remain in contact with the outer surface of the
member 278. In such a circumstance, it may be desirable to
eliminate the release layer 280 and bond the innermost
encapsulating layer 276 to the member 278 by means of an adhesive
such as EA951. Regardless of the material from which the member 278
is made, it will be appreciated that the surface ply 282 always
will be forcefully displaced away from, and toward, the member 278
so as to effect a de-icing action..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Referring to FIG. 36, a plot of force versus current is shown
for coils constructed and arranged as shown in FIGS. 33 and 34 as a
force element for an electro-repulsive type of de-icer. The tests
that were conducted to generate the graph of FIG. 36 were
laboratory vice tests in which a transducer was disposed
intermediate the adjacent coil pairs 250. The lower plot indicated
by the reference numeral 286 shows that the force produced by the
coil 260 is a direct function of the current supplied thereto. The
uppermost curve indicated by the reference numeral 288 shows that
disposing a paramagnetic target material (in this case 6061
aluminum, having a thickness of 0.060 inch) adjacent the outer
surface of one of the members 250 produced an enhanced separation
force. The difference ranges from approximately 19% at lower
current levels to 9% at higher current levels. FIG. 36 confirms
that coil pairs operating on the so-called "electro-expulsion"
principle such as that disclosed in the Electro-Repulsive
Separation System Patent have excellent force-generating
capabilities, but that such capabilities can be enhanced by the use
of a metal target disposed in proximity with the coils. It is
believed that this result is brought about by eddy currents that
are induced in the target that create an electromagnetic field that
interacts with the electromagnetic field generated by the coil 260.
In effect, the magnetic target improves or shapes the magnetic
field generated by the coil 260. It is believed that the plot 286
would be representative of the force produced by attaching the coil
260 to a composite structural member 278, while the plot 288 would
be representative of the results produced by attaching the coil 260
to a metal structural member 278 or by using a metal surface ply
282 in conjunction with 0.060 inch thick metal targets adjacent the
coils..Iaddend.
.Iadd.Although the invention has been described in its preferred
form with a certain degree of particularity, it will be understood
that the present disclosure of the preferred embodiment has been
made only by way of example, and that various changes may be
resorted to without departing from the true spirit and scope of the
invention as hereinafter claimed. It is intended that the patent
shall cover, by suitable expression in the appended claims,
whatever features of patentable novelty exist in the invention
disclosed..Iaddend.
* * * * *