U.S. patent number RE37,138 [Application Number 08/102,951] was granted by the patent office on 2001-04-17 for log-polar signal processing.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson. Invention is credited to Paul Wilkinson Dent.
United States Patent |
RE37,138 |
Dent |
April 17, 2001 |
Log-polar signal processing
Abstract
The invention relates to a method and an arrangement intended
for radio communication systems and effective in digitalizing and
subsequently processing numerically arbitrary radio signals. The
signals are represented by composite (complex) vectors which have
been subjected to disturbances in the system, such that information
in the signals has been lost. This information is restored in its
entirety when practising the present invention. For the purpose of
solving this problem, the inventive digitalizing arrangement
includes a multistage logarithmic amplifier chain (A) in which each
stage is connected to a separate detector (D), the output signals
of which are added in an adder. The adder output signals are then
transmitted to a first A/D-converter (AD1) for digitalizing and
converting the amplitude components of the signal. At the same
time, the undetected signal from the saturated output stage in the
amplifier chain is transmitted to a second A/D-converter for
digitalizing and converting the phase components of the signal. The
digital values obtained on the outputs of the AD-converters (AD1,
AD2) are applied to different inputs of a digital signal processor
(MP) for numerical processing of the pairwise received digital
values in a manner such as to restore the complete vector
characteristic of the signal.
Inventors: |
Dent; Paul Wilkinson (Stehag,
SE) |
Assignee: |
Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson
(Stockholm, SE)
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Family
ID: |
20373383 |
Appl.
No.: |
08/102,951 |
Filed: |
August 6, 1993 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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Reissue of: |
408379 |
Sep 18, 1989 |
05048059 |
Sep 10, 1991 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Sep 19, 1988 [SE] |
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8803313 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
375/340; 327/351;
375/349 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H03G
7/001 (20130101); H03G 7/007 (20130101); H04L
27/3809 (20130101); H04L 27/38 (20130101); H04L
27/22 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04L
27/22 (20060101); H04L 27/38 (20060101); H03G
7/00 (20060101); H04B 001/10 () |
Field of
Search: |
;375/42,75,94,102,269,316,340,348,349 ;455/210,211,241.1,308,341
;307/492 ;328/145 ;342/91,92,194,203,204 ;364/484,715.03,731,857
;327/350,351,352 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
The article by W. L. Barber et al., "A True Logarithmic Amplifier
for Radar IF Applications", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,
vol. SC-15, No. 3, Jun. 1980..
|
Primary Examiner: Ton; Dang
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis,
L.L.P.
Claims
I claim:
1. A method for processing radio signals, that vary over a wide
dynamic range, which comprises the steps of:
amplifying the radio signals in a plurality of serial stages;
detecting the output of each amplifying stage;
summing the detected outputs of each amplifying stage together to
provide a signal proportional to the logarithm of the amplitudes of
the radio signals;
generating signals proportional to the phase of the radio signals
from the output of the last amplifying stage; and
processing the signals proportional to the logarithm of the
amplitudes and the signals proportional to the phase of the radio
signals, in order to generate restored digital signals
representative of the radio signals.
2. A method according to claim 1 which further includes the step of
delaying the detected output of each amplifying stage prior to
their summation.
3. A method according to claim 1 which further includes the step of
clipping the output of the last amplifying stage such that the
output at the last amplifying stage appears as a square wave.
4. An apparatus for processing radio signals that vary over a wide
dynamic range, which comprises:
means for amplifying the radio signals in a plurality of serial
stages;
means for detecting the output of each amplified stage;
means for summing the detected outputs of said detecting means in
order to provide a signal proportional to the logarithm of the
amplitudes of the radio signals;
means for generating signals proportional to the phase of the radio
signals from the output of the last stage of said amplifying means;
and
processing means for processing the signals proportional to the
logarithm of the amplitudes and the signals proportional to the
phase of the radio signals, in order to provide restored digital
signals representative of the radio signals.
5. An apparatus according to claim 4 which further includes means
for clipping the output of the last amplifying stage such that the
output of the last amplifying stage appears as a square wave.
6. An apparatus according to claim 4 which further includes an
analog-to-digital converter for converting the signals proportional
to the logarithm of the amplitudes to digital values.
7. An apparatus according to claim 6 which further includes an
analog-to-digital converter for converting the signals proportional
to the phase of the radio signals to digital values.
8. An apparatus according to claim 4 which further includes means
for delaying the outputs of said detecting means prior to their
application to said summing means.
9. An apparatus according to claim 8 which further includes an
analog-to-digital converter for converting the signals proportional
to the logarithm of the amplitudes to digital values.
10. An apparatus according to claim 9 which further includes an
analog-to-digital converter for converting the signals proportional
to the phase of the radio signals to digital values.
11. A method for processing radio signals, that vary over a wide
dynamic range, which comprises the steps of:
amplifying the radio signals in a plurality of serial stages;
clipping the output of the last amplifying stage such that the
output at the last amplifying stage appears as a square wave,
detecting the output of each amplifying stage;
summing the detected outputs of each amplifying stage together to
provide a signal proportional to the logarithm of the amplitudes of
the radio signals;
generating signals proportional to the phase of the radio signals
from the output of the last amplifying stage, such that the
generation of signals proportional to the phase is synchronous with
the signal proportional to the logarithm of the amplitudes; and
processing the signals proportional to the logarithm of the
amplitudes and the signals proportional to the phase of the radio
signals, in order to generate restored digital signals
representative of the radio signals. .Iadd.
12. A method for processing complex radio signals that vary over a
wide dynamic range, comprising the steps of:
amplifying the radio signals in a plurality of sequentially
saturating stages to produce a hardlimited output signal from the
final stage;
detecting the output from each stage and summing the detected
outputs to produce a log-amplitude value approximately proportional
to the logarithm of an instantaneous amplitude of the complex radio
signals;
converting the hardlimited output signal from the final amplifier
stage to numerical values related to the cosine of the
instantaneous phase and to the sine of the phase; and
processing the log-amplitude value and the cosine-related and
sine-related values in order to produce numerical values
representative of the real and imaginary parts of the complex radio
signal..Iaddend..Iadd.
13. A method according to claim 12 in which the converting of the
hardlimited output signal includes using an analog-to-digital
converter..Iaddend..Iadd.
14. A method according to claim 12 in which the cosine-related and
the sine-related values are digital values..Iaddend..Iadd.
15. A method according to claim 12 in which the log-amplitude value
is generated as a digital value..Iaddend..Iadd.
16. A method according to claim 12 in which the processing of the
hardlimited output signal includes quadrature
sampling..Iaddend..Iadd.
17. An apparatus for processing a complex radio signal that varies
over a wide dynamic range, which comprises:
means for amplifying the radio signal in a plurality of
sequentially saturating stages and producing a hardlimited output
signal from the final stage;
means for detecting the output from each stage and producing
detected output signals;
means for converting the detected output signals to produce a
log-amplitude value approximately proportional to the logarithm of
an instantaneous amplitude of the complex radio signal;
means for converting the hardlimited output signal from the final
stage in order to extract values containing instantaneous phase
information such that the extracted values are produced
substantially synchronously with the log-amplitude value; and
processing means for processing the extracted values together with
the log-amplitude value in order to provide digital values
representative of the complex radio signal..Iaddend..Iadd.
18. An apparatus in accordance with claim 17 in which the extracted
values are related to the cosine and to the sine respectively of
the instantaneous phase of the radio signal..Iaddend..Iadd.
19. An apparatus in accordance with claim 17 in which the
processing means computes an antilogarithm of the log-amplitude
value..Iaddend..Iadd.
20. An apparatus in accordance with claim 18 in which the
processing means computes an antilogarithm of the log-amplitude
value and mathematically combines it with the cosine-related and
sine-related values..Iaddend..Iadd.
21. An apparatus for processing a complex radio signal that varies
over a wide dynamic range, which comprises:
means for amplifying the radio signal in a plurality of
sequentially saturating stages and producing a hardlimited output
signal from the final stage;
means for detecting the output from each stage and producing
detected output signals;
first means for converting the detected output signals to produce a
first log-amplitude value approximately proportional to the
logarithm of an instantaneous signal amplitude of the complex radio
signal;
second means for converting the hardlimited output signal from the
final stage in order to extract values containing instantaneous
phase information; and
processing means, responsive to said first and second converting
means, for determining a second log-amplitude value representative
of the instantaneous amplitude of the radio signal at the same
instant the extracted values are representative of the
instantaneous phase of the radio signal and for combining the
determined second log-amplitude value with the extracted values in
order to provide digital values representative of the complex radio
signal..Iaddend..Iadd.
22. An apparatus in accordance with claim 21 in which the extracted
values are related to the cosine and the sine respectively of the
instantaneous phase of the radio signal..Iaddend..Iadd.
23. An apparatus in accordance with claim 21 in which the
processing means computes an antilogarithm of the log-amplitude
signal..Iaddend..Iadd.
24. An apparatus in accordance with claim 22 in which the
processing means computes an antilogarithm of the log-amplitude
value and multiplies it with the cosine-related and sine-related
values..Iaddend..Iadd.
25. A method of processing a radio signal comprising:
amplifying said radio signal using a chain of progressively
saturating amplifiers each including detectors in order to produce
detected signals related to the logarithm of the signal amplitude
of the radio signal and a saturated output signal from the last
amplifier in the chain of amplifiers that preserves preserving
phase information of the radio signal;
sampling and digitizing said detected signal and said saturated
output signal using analog-to-digital converters in order to
produce corresponding numerical sample values; and
numerically processing said numerical sample values in order to
produce complex numerical samples representing said radio
signal..Iaddend..Iadd.
26. A method according to claim 25 in which the complex numerical
samples are produced in cartesian representations having a real and
imaginary part..Iaddend..Iadd.
27. A method according to claim 25 in which the complex numerical
samples are produced in polar representations having a radius and
angle..Iaddend..Iadd.
28. A method according to claim 27 in which the complex numerical
samples in polar representations are subjected to a polar to
cartesian transformation..Iaddend..Iadd.
29. An apparatus for processing a radio signal comprising:
receiving means for converting said radio signal to a suitable
intermediate frequency signal;
amplifying and detecting means, having a plurality of stages, for
amplifying the intermediate frequency signal to produce a detected
signal related to the amplitude of the intermediate frequency
signal and to produce a saturated output signal from the last stage
of the amplifying and detecting means;
analog-to-digital converting means for sampling and digitizing the
detected output signal and the saturated signal to produce
corresponding numerical samples; and
digital signal processing means to process the numerical samples in
order to obtain complex numerical samples representative of the
radio signal..Iaddend..Iadd.
30. An apparatus according to claim 29 in which the complex
numerical samples are produced in cartesian representations having
a real and imaginary part..Iaddend..Iadd.
31. An apparatus according to claim 29 in which the complex
numerical samples are produced in polar representations having a
radius and angle..Iaddend..Iadd.
32. An apparatus according to claim 31 in which the complex
numerical samples in polar representations are subjected to a polar
to cartesian transformation..Iaddend.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention relates to an improved method and arrangement of
apparatus for digitalizing and subsequently processing numerically
radio signals in those instances when the levels of said signal can
vary over a wide dynamic range and where the level values cannot be
readily determined beforehand with the aid of sampling
techniques.
BACKGROUND ART
It is always possible to represent an arbitrary radio signal as a
sequence of composite (complex) vectors. The real and imaginary
parts of the vector sequence correspond to bipolar amplitude
modulation (double side band suppressed carrier AM) of a
cosinusoidal and sinuosidal carrier wave respectively (quadrature
carriers). When wishing to process a radio signal numerically using
digital arithmetic implemented in either specific hardware logic or
in software on a computer, microprocessor or some other
programmable apparatus, it is first necessary to convert the signal
in to numerical form with the aid of a A/D-converter (Analogue to
Digital converter).
One common method of achieving this is to first resolve the radio
signal into its real and imaginary complex vector part, by
correlation with locally generated cosine and sine waves in two
balanced mixers, and then to digitalize the two results by means of
A/D-conversion. Sometimes there is used a variation of this
technique, in which the radio signal is sampled pairwise, separated
by one quarter period of its centre frequency. This so-called
quadrature sampling technique combines the functions of sampling
and A/D-conversion with resolution in real and imaginary parts.
DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
The aforesaid, known solutions have practical limitations with
respect to the possibilities of handling the dynamic ranges of the
signals. Despite the absence of an input signal, the arrangement
used in accordance with the first method, in which balanced mixers
are used as correlators, does not necessarily produce a zero (0)
volts, output signal. The output signal will typically have a D.C.
off-set of some few millivolts or some tens of millivolts. At the
same time, the acceptable, maximum signal level of the available
supply voltage is limited to, for instance, +2.5 volts or, in the
case of diode-ring mixers, perhaps to a still lower level of, for
instance, +250 mV. The dynamic range for which the signal is, on
one hand, much higher than the D.C. offset (mixer imbalance) and,
on the other hand, lower than the saturation level, may be as small
as 20 dB (decibel). This then requires the introduction of some
form of automatic amplification control, in order to maintain the
signal level of the mixer in the optimum range. In the case of a
receiver which must necessarily accept random transmission of data
in the form of bursts from different transmitters, it is not
possible, however, to predict the level of amplification required,
when applying this method.
A further drawback, applicable to both of the aforesaid methods,
resides in limited resolution during the A/D-conversion process.
Assume that an A/D-converter is able to represent the whole of the
signal level range. Further assume that the highest signal level
may be equal to the supply voltage, e.g. 5 volts. An LSB-bit (Least
Significant Bit) then corresponds to 5/256 volts, i.e.
approximately 20 millivolt. Consequently, a signal beneath 20 mV
will remain totally undiscovered, while a signal of 320 mV will
only be digitalized to a resolution of 4 bits, which is perhaps
insufficient for subsequent signal processing. If a 4 bit
resolution is nevertheless acceptable, the range in which the
signals can be processed will be 16:1 or 24 dB, which is a very
poor dynamic range in the case of radio applications.
Radar receivers are typical examples of systems in which it is
impractical to use automatic amplification control for the purpose
of maintaining the receiver output within narrow limits, this
impracticability being due to a number of unknown parameters, for
instance such parameters as the distance to the reflecting object,
the size of said object and the duration of the pulse. Because of
this a radar receiver will normally operate with a chain of
intermediate frequency amplifiers known as "logarithmic
amplifiers". Such an arrangement comprises a plurality of
sequentially saturating, cascade-connected amplifiers each being
provided with an amplitude detector rectifier) whose output signals
are intended to be added together. The arrangement functions in the
following manner: In the case of the weakest input signal levels,
it is solely the detector which is located at the end of the chain
which will receive a signal whose level of amplification is
sufficient for the detector itself to produce an output signal.
This ability increases with increasing input signal levels, until
the amplifying stage concerned is saturated. At this stage, and
with correct selection of amplification for each amplifying stage,
the preceding amplifying stage in the chain will begin to receive a
signal which is sufficiently strong for detection purposes and
therewith takes over the contribution to the output signal. For
each X dB increase in input signal level, where X is 20 log 10 of
the voltage amplification in each stage, the saturation point is
moved rearwardly one stage in the chain, the net detected output
signal therewith increasing by one unit. The net detected output
signal is thus followed by an approximately rectilinear
relationship with the logarithm on the input signal level. The
dynamic range for which this coincides is limited solely by the
number of amplifying stages and the thermal noise. The method of
digitalizing the detected output signal for subsequent numeric
processing of the signal in an arrangement according to the
aforegoing is insufficient when handling arbitrary radio signals,
since the complex vector nature of the arbitrary radio signal will
be lost in such a sequential detecting process.
The method and arrangement solving said problems are characterized
by the patent claims and involve the introduction of a further
digitalizing process which operates on the saturated output of the
last amplifying stage in an amplifier chain in accordance with the
aforegoing, extracting the vector information which otherwise would
be lost. This procedure is followed by a multiple of numeric
operations on the two digital quantities, in order to restore the
complete vector characteristic of the signal. This can be effected
with the aid of hardware logic or with programmable digital signal
processors (microprocessors). The inventive digitalizing
arrangement, intended for processing composite signals having a
large dynamic range, thus includes a logarithmic amplifying chain
similar to the kind used in radar receivers and in which the
detected output signal from the amplifier is digitalized in a first
A/D-converter, whereafter a second A/D-converter digitalizes the
angle or phase information of the signal. The phase information is
retained by utilizing a carefully configured chain of saturating
amplifiers, and is available on the saturated output of the last
amplifier stage, at which point the signal has obtained a constant
level and all variations in amplitude have therewith been
eliminated. The exact method in which phase information is
extracted in the form of a numeric quantity is not an objective of
the present invention and .[.will therefore not be.]. .Iadd.only a
representative example will be .Iaddend.described in this
document.
The advantages afforded by the inventive method and inventive
arrangement reside in the solution of a troublesome problem within
the field of radio communications, in a technically uncomplicated
manner, therewith achieving high precision at low costs.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING
An arrangement according to the invention will now be described in
more detail with reference to an exemplifying embodiment thereof
illustrated in the accompanying drawing, in which
FIG. 1 is a block schematic of the inventive arrangement, and
FIG. 2 is a simplified, schematic illustration of one variant of an
amplifier chain according to FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of the present invention having
a phase detector.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Described in the following is a novel method of digitalizing
composite signals and an arrangement for carrying out the method. A
complex number can be expressed either in cartesian (x,y) form or
in polar (R, THETA) form. Translation between these two forms can
be effected readily with the aid of the equations X=R cos (THETA);
Y=R sin (THETA).
The log polar form (r, THETA) in which r=log (R) can be
advantageously used as an alternative to the two forms aforesaid.
The following transformation will then apply: (x,y)=exp(r+j THETA);
(rl, THETA)=log(x,y).
These equations show that when having a value on the logarithm of
the amplitude of the complex vector (r) and a value on the angle
(THETA) of the complex vector, it is possible to restore the
cartesian components of the complex vector when so desired.
The inventive digitalizing arrangement for complex signals having
wide dynamic ranges utilizes the principle illustrated in FIG. 1.
The signal to be processed is converted to an appropriate
intermediate frequency .Iadd.by receiving means R .Iaddend.and then
applied to the input IN of the first amplifier of an amplifier
chain A. Said chain including a number of progressively detecting
amplifiers.
Suitable, logarithmic amplifiers are available on the market, in
the form of integrated circuits. Each stage of the aforesaid
amplifier chain consists of one such circuit of the type SL521 A
(Plessey Semiconductors). It is also possible to incorporate all
amplifying stages in one single circuit, for instance a Signetics
SA 604 circuit.
Connected to each of the output of respective amplifying stages is
a detector (a rectifier) which has the form of a diode circuit and
which is individual to respective stages. The detector outputs are
all connected to a summation circuit S of type LF 157 A (National
Semiconductors), in which the values from each detector circuit are
summated and produced in the form of a summated signal of the
output of the summation circuit. This output is connected to an
input of a first rapid analogue/digital converter AD1, for instance
a converter of type MP 7683 (Micropower Systems). The
LOG-amplitude, quantized to N bits, is produced on the outputs of
the A/D-converter and delivered to a first number of inputs of a
digital signal processor MP. N must be large enough to cover the
desired dynamic range in increments or steps which are sufficiently
small for the application concerned. For example, if a signal
variation range of 128 dB is to be covered and N=8 bits, the size
of the quantizing step will be 128/256=0.5 dB. Said steps size must
be small enough to reduce the quantization noise to a level adapted
to the application concerned. Quantization is a known technique
which lies outside the concept of the present invention and which
will not therefore be described in detail in this document.
The signal produced on an output C of the amplifying chain is so
strongly amplified it appears hardlimited (clipped), i.e. the
amplifiers are so amplified that the signal is converted into a
two-level signal, a square-wave of alternating high or low level.
This signal retains the phase-angle information of the original
signal when timing the transitions between the two signal levels.
The exact method in which phase angle information is extracted in
numeric form constitutes no .[.part.]. .Iadd.limitation .Iaddend.of
this invention, but can for instance be effected with the aid of an
appropriate phase detector which is operative to compare the
limited square wave with a reference square wave and then to
produce an analogue voltage which is proportional to the phase
difference, subsequent to which it is necessary to digitalize the
signal in an analogue/digital converter. The signal produced on the
output C of the last amplifier stage is applied to an input of a
second A/D-converter AD2, in which the phase information of the
signal is quantized to M bits and transmitted from the outputs of
the A/D-converter to a second multiple of inputs on the digital
signal processor MP. This processor may be of the type TMS 320 C 25
(Texas Instruments) or some corresponding processor. There can be
used any microprocessor whatsoever which is capable of effecting
the log-polar/cartesian transformation at a speed rapid enough for
the application concerned, when this is the form required for
further processing. The cartesian signal components are produced on
the outputs of the microprocessor, as will be seen from FIG. 1. In
the case of the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 1, it is necessary
to limit the bandwidth of the amplifier chain, in order to prevent
the generation of excessive noise. Consequently, propagation of the
signal through the amplifier chain will be delayed, resulting in a
continuous delay in the contribution from each of the detector
steps. In order to prevent the introduction of disturbances in the
case of rapid variations in signal amplitude, it may be necessary
to correct for this relative delay prior to the summation of said
values.
The schematic block diagram of FIG. 3 is substantially similar to
the schematic block diagram of FIG. 1, except that FIG. 3 includes
a phase detector PD. The phase detector PD is preferably of the
above-described type which compares the limited output square wave
of the amplifier chain A with a reference square wave in order to
produce an analog voltage which is proportional to the phase
difference. The analog voltage is then applied to an analog to
digital converter AD2 which digitizes the voltage.
Since an important feature of the inventive arrangement resides in
the digitalizing of momentary envelope changes in the signal, the
aforesaid relative delay may be compensated by including in the
system a delay line DL with taps at given time distances. FIG. 2
shows such a delay line connected to the detector outputs of the
amplifier chain. The taps T1-Tn can be adjusted automatically so as
to compensate for the delay occuring in the amplifiers. The tap
output signals are then summated and delivered to the first
A/D-converter AD1. Examples of other compensation methods include
the use of switched capacitors or some other CCD-technique (Charge
Coupled Device). Alternatively, the output signals from each
amplifier stage or groups of amplifying stages may be digitalized
separately with the aid of sampling clock signals and the
individual values then added together digitally. Timing of the
synchronizing and sampling processes is effected in a known manner
with the aid of system clock CL, indicated purely schematically in
the drawing.
When applying known techniques, amplitude information is extracted
very seldomly, and then only for the purpose of establishing the
long-distribution quality of the signal and not with the intention
of restore the vector characteristic of the signal, as is the
intention with the inventive arrangement. As will be understood
from the aforegoing, in order to achieve this it is necessary to
digitalize the signal amplitude and phase angle synchronously at
the same sampling rate, and to keep the values together in pairs
for each sample, with the intention of restoring completely the
instantaneous, composite vector sequency of the radio signal for
use in the continued processing of the signal.
* * * * *