U.S. patent number RE34,742 [Application Number 07/754,951] was granted by the patent office on 1994-09-27 for shaped articles from orientable polymers and polymer microbeads.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Eastman Kodak Company. Invention is credited to Jong S. Lee, Larry K. Maier, Elizabeth K. Priebe, Glen C. Smith, Paul E. Woodgate.
United States Patent |
RE34,742 |
Maier , et al. |
September 27, 1994 |
Shaped articles from orientable polymers and polymer microbeads
Abstract
Disclosed is a shaped article comprising a continuous oriented
polymer matrix having dispersed therein microbeads of a polymer
which are at least partially boredered by void space, the
microbeads being present in an amount of about 5-50% by weight
based on the weight of said oriented polymer, said void space
occupying about 2-60% by volume of said shaped article. Preferably,
the microbeads are cross-linked to an extent they will be resilient
and elastic at the orientation temperature, and are coated with a
slip agent. The shaped article is preferably in the form of a
sheet, fibers, or other molded article, preferably has a relatively
low specific gravity and whiteness.
Inventors: |
Maier; Larry K. (Rochester,
NY), Priebe; Elizabeth K. (Rochester, NY), Lee; Jong
S. (Pittsford, NY), Woodgate; Paul E. (Spencerport,
NY), Smith; Glen C. (Kingsport, TN) |
Assignee: |
Eastman Kodak Company
(Rochester, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
23818493 |
Appl.
No.: |
07/754,951 |
Filed: |
September 4, 1991 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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Reissue of: |
457894 |
Dec 27, 1989 |
04994312 |
Feb 19, 1991 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
428/36.5;
215/379; 428/220; 428/304.4; 428/314.4; 428/315.5; 428/317.9;
428/327; 428/332; 428/36.9; 428/372; 428/376; 428/379; 428/398;
428/401; 428/403; 428/910 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B29C
70/58 (20130101); B29C 70/66 (20130101); C08J
5/18 (20130101); C08L 23/10 (20130101); C08L
67/02 (20130101); C08L 67/06 (20130101); D01F
1/10 (20130101); C08L 23/10 (20130101); C08L
67/02 (20130101); C08L 67/02 (20130101); C08L
67/06 (20130101); C08L 67/06 (20130101); B29K
2023/12 (20130101); B29K 2067/00 (20130101); B29K
2105/165 (20130101); B29K 2995/005 (20130101); C08J
2367/02 (20130101); C08L 1/12 (20130101); C08L
25/04 (20130101); C08L 33/12 (20130101); C08L
2312/00 (20130101); C08L 2666/06 (20130101); C08L
2666/04 (20130101); C08L 2666/04 (20130101); Y10T
428/249978 (20150401); Y10T 428/249953 (20150401); Y10T
428/249986 (20150401); Y10T 428/249976 (20150401); Y10T
428/2991 (20150115); Y10T 428/2927 (20150115); Y10T
428/254 (20150115); Y10T 428/2935 (20150115); Y10T
428/2958 (20150115); Y10T 428/2975 (20150115); Y10T
428/1376 (20150115); Y10T 428/294 (20150115); Y10T
428/25 (20150115); Y10T 428/139 (20150115); Y10T
428/298 (20150115); Y10T 428/26 (20150115) |
Current International
Class: |
B29C
70/00 (20060101); B29C 70/66 (20060101); B29C
70/58 (20060101); C08J 5/18 (20060101); C08L
67/06 (20060101); C08L 67/00 (20060101); D01F
1/10 (20060101); B32B 003/26 (); B32B 005/16 ();
D02G 003/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;428/397,398,372,373,323,327,36.9,36.5,304.4,315.5,317.9
;215/1R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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0293603 |
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Dec 1988 |
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EP |
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0311426 |
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Apr 1989 |
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EP |
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134755 |
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May 1988 |
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JP |
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137973 |
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Jun 1988 |
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JP |
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158629 |
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Jun 1988 |
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JP |
|
162050 |
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Jun 1988 |
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JP |
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1123836 |
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May 1989 |
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JP |
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1129038 |
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May 1989 |
|
JP |
|
1563591 |
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Mar 1980 |
|
GB |
|
Primary Examiner: Ryan; Patrick J.
Assistant Examiner: Gray; Jill M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Gerlach; Robert A.
Claims
We claim:
1. A shaped article selected from the group .[.comprising.].
.Iadd.consisting of .Iaddend.films, sheets, bottles, tubes, fibers
and rods wherein said article comprises a continuous oriented
polymer phase selected from the group .[.comprising.].
.Iadd.consisting of ep polyesters and polypropylene having
dispersed therein microbeads of a cross-linked polymer coated with
a slop agent and which are at least partially bordered by void
space .Iadd.formed from substantially closed cells so that
substantially no open fluid transport path extends across opposed
sides of said article.Iaddend., said microbeads being present in an
amount of about 5-50% by weight based on the weight of said
oriented polymer, said void space occupying about 2-60% by volume
of said shaped article wherein said cross-linked polymer comprises
polymerizable organic material which is a member selected from the
group consisting of an alkenyl aromatic compound having the general
formula ##STR4## wherein Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbon
radical, or an aromatic .[.halohydracarbon.]. .Iadd.halohydrocarbon
.Iaddend.radical of the benzene series and R is hydrogen or the
methyl radical; acrylate-type monomers include monomers of the
formula ##STR5## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen and an alkyl radical containing from about 1 to 12 carbon
atoms and R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and
methyl; copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride,
acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl esters
having the formula ##STR6## wherein R is an alkyl radical
containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; acrylic acid, methacrylic
acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid,
oleic acid, vinylbenzoic acid; the synthetic polyester resins which
are prepared by reacting terephthalic acid and dialkyl
terephthalics or ester-forming derivatives thereof, with a glycol
of the series HO(CH.sub.2).sub.n OH, wherein n is a whole number
within the range of 2-10 and having reactive olefinic linkages
within the polymer molecule, the hereinabove described polyesters
which include copolymerized therein up to 20 percent by weight of a
second acid or ester thereof having reactive olefinic unsaturation
and mixtures thereof, and a cross-linking agent selected from the
group consisting of divinylbenzene, diethylene glycol
dimethacrylate, oiallyl fumarate, diallyl phthalate and mixtures
thereof.
2. A shaped article according to claim 1, .[.the composition of
which when consisting only of said continuous phase and said
microbeads at least partially bordered by void space is
characterized by.]. .Iadd.having a composition, which when
consisting only of said continuous phase and said microbeads at
least partially bordered by void space, is characterized by
.Iaddend.having a specific gravity of less than 1.20 and a
Kubelka-Munk R value (infinite thickness) of about 0.90 to about
1.0 and the following Kubelka-Munk values when formed into a 3 mil
thick film:
3. A shaped article according to claim 1 wherein said oriented
polymer phase is poly(ethylene terephthalate) having an I.V. of at
least 0.50.
4. A shaped article according to claim 1 wherein said oriented
polymer phase is a polyester having repeat units from terephthalic
acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid and at least one glycol
selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol,
1,4-butanediol and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol.
5. A shaped article according to claim 1 wherein said oriented
polymer phase is polypropylene.
6. A shaped article according to claim 1 wherein said slip agent is
selected from silica and alumina.
7. A shaped article according to claim 1 wherein said microbeads
have an average diameter of about 0.1-50 microns.
8. A shaped article according to claim 1 wherein said void spaces
surround said microbeads, said void spaces being oriented such that
they lie in generally the same or parallel planes.
9. A shaped article according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4,.5, 6, 7 or 8
wherein said article is a fiber or rod of about 0.5-50 mils
diameter.
10. A shaped article according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8
wherein said article is a tube.
11. A shaped article according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 or 8
wherein said article is a paper-like sheet.
12. A shaped article according to claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 or 8
wherein said article is a bottle.
13. A paper-like sheet comprising a continuous phase of oriented
polyester having dispersed therein micro-beads of crosslinked
polymer coated with a slip agent which are encircled by void space
.Iadd.formed from substantially closed cells so that substantially
no open fluid transport path extends across opposed sides of said
paper-like sheet .Iaddend.when viewed in a direction perpendicular
to the plane of the sheet,
(a) said polyester having a Tg of about 60.degree.-100.degree. C.
and an I.V. of at least 0.50,
(b) said crosslinked polymer comprises polymerizable organic
material which is a member selected from the group consisting of an
alkenyl aromatic compound having the general formula ##STR7##
wherein Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbon radical, or an
aromatic .[.halohydracarbon.]. .Iadd.halohydrocarbon
.Iaddend.radical of the benzene series and R is hydrogen or the
methyl radical; acrylate-type monomers include monomers of the
formula ##STR8## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen and an alkyl radical containing from about 1 to 12 carbon
atoms and R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and
methyl; copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride,
acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl esters
having the formula ##STR9## wherein R is an alkyl radical
containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; acrylic acid, methacrylic
acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid,
oleic acid, vinylbenzoic acid; the synthetic polyester resins which
are prepared by reacting terephthalic acid and dialkyl
terephthalics or ester-forming derivatives thereof, with a glycol
of the series HO(CH.sub.2).sub.n OH, wherein n is a whole number
within the range of 2-10 and having reactive olefinic linkages
within the polymer molecule, the hereinabove described polyesters
which include copolymerized therein up to 20 percent by weight of a
second acid or ester thereof having reactive olefinic unsaturation
and mixtures thereof, and a cross-linking agent selected from the
group consisting of divinylbenzene, diethylene glycol
dimethacrylate, oiallyl fumarate, diallyl phthalate and mixtures
thereof,
(c) said microbeads having an average diameter of about 0.1-50
microns and being present in an amount of about 5-50% by weight
based on the weight of said polyester, and
(d) said void space occupying about 2-60% by volume of said
sheet.
14. A paper-like sheet according to claim 13 wherein said slip
agent is selected from silica and alumina.
15. A fiber or rod comprising a continuous phase of oriented
polyester having dispersed therein microbeads comprising
crosslinked polymer coated with a slip agent.Iadd., wherein said
microbeads are .Iaddend.bounded on the lengthwise sides by void
space .Iadd.formed from substantially closed cells so that
substantially no open fluid transport path extends across opposed
sides of said fiber or said rod
(a) said oriented polyester having a Tg of about
60.degree.-100.degree. C. and an I.V. of at least 0.50,
(b) said microbeads having an average diameter of about 0.1-50
microns and accounting for 10-30% by weight of said .[.sheet.].
.Iadd.fiber or said rod.Iaddend.ol , and
(c) said void space occupying about 2-60% by volume of said fiber
or rod.
16. A fiber or rod according to claim 15 wherein said crosslinked
polymer comprises polymerizable organic material which is a member
selected from the group consisting of an alkenyl aromatic compound
having the general formula ##STR10## wherein Ar represents an
aromatic hydrocarbon radical, or an aromatic halohydrocarbon
radical of the benzene series and R is hydrogen or the methyl
radical; acrylate-type monomers include monomers of the formula
##STR11## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen and an alkyl radical containing from about 1 to 12 carbon
atoms and R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and
methyl; copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride,
acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl esters
having the formula ##STR12## wherein R is an alkyl radical
containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms; acrylic acid, methacrylic
acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid,
oleic acid, vinylbenzoic acid; the synthetic polyester resins which
are prepared by reacting terephthalic acid and dialkyl
terephthalics or ester-forming derivatives thereof, with a glycol
of the series HO(CH.sub.2).sub.n OH, wherein n is a whole number
with the range of 2-10 and having reactive olefinic linkages within
the polymer molecule, the hereinabove described polyesters which
include copolymerized therein up to 20 percent by weight of a
second acid or ester thereof having reactive olefinic unsaturation
and mixtures thereof, and a crosslinking agent selected from the
group consisting of divinylbenzene, diethylene glycol
dimethacrylate, oiallyl fumarate, diallyl phthalate and mixtures
thereof.
17. A fiber or rod according to claim 16 wherein said slip agent is
selected from silica and alumina.
Description
.Iadd.
This application is a reissue application for U.S. Pat. No.
4,994,312, based on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 457,894, filed
Dec. 27, 1989, by Larry K. Maier, Elizabeth K. Priebe, Jong S. Lee,
Paul E. Woodgate, and Glen C. Smith.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention is directed to shaped articles such as films,
sheets, bottles, tubes, fibers and rods having an oriented polymer
continuous phase and polymer microbeads dispersed therein which are
at least partially bordered by voids. The articles have unique
properties of texture, opaqueness, whiteness in the absence of
colorants, and generally good physical properties such as thermal
stability, durability, and low density.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Blends of linear polyesters with other incompatible materials of
organic or inorganic nature to form microvoided structures are
well-known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 3,154,461 discloses, for
example, linear polyesters blended with, for example, calcium
carbonate. U.S. Pat. No. 3,944,699 discloses blends of linear
polyesters with 3 to 27% of organic material such as ethylene or
propylene polymer. U.S. Pat. No. 3,640,944 also discloses the use
of poly(ethylene terephthalate) blended with 8% organic material
such as polysulfone or poly(4-methyl-1-pentene). U.S. Pat. No.
4,377,616 discloses a blend of polypropylene to serve as the matrix
with a small percentage of another and incompatible organic
material, nylon, to initiate microvoiding in the polypropylene
matrix. U.K. Patent Specification No. 1,563,591 discloses linear
polyester polymers for making opaque thermoplastic film support in
which have been blended finely divided particles of barium sulfate
together with a void-promoting polyolefin, such as polyethylene,
polypropylene or poly-4-methyl-1-pentene.
The above-mentioned patents show that it is known to use
incompatible blends to form films having paper-like characteristics
after such blends have been extruded into films and the films have
been quenched, biaxially oriented and beat set. The minor component
of the blend, due to its incompatibility with the major component
of the blend, upon melt extrusion into film forms generally
spherical particles each of which initiates a microvoid in the
resulting matrix formed by the major component. The melting points
of the void initiating particles, in the use of organic materials,
should be above the glass transition temperature of the major
component of the blend and particularly at the temperature of
biaxial orientation.
As indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,377,616, spherical particles
initiate voids of unusual regularity and orientation in a
stratified relationship throughout the matrix material after
biaxial orientation of the extruded film. Each void tends to be of
like shape, not necessarily of like size since the size depends
upon the size of the particle.
Ideally, each void assumes a shape defined by two opposed and edge
contacting concave disks. In other words, the voids tend to have a
lens-like or biconvex shape. The voids are oriented so that the two
major dimensions are aligned in correspondence with the direction
of orientation of the film structure. One major dimension is
aligned with machine direction orientation, a second major
dimension is aligned with the transverse direction orientation, and
a minor dimension approximately corresponds to the cross-section
dimension of the void-initiating particle.
The voids generally tend to be closed cells, and thus there is
virtually no path open from one side of a biaxially oriented film
to the other side through which liquid or gas can traverse. The
term "void" is used herein to mean devoid of solid matter, although
it is likely the "voids" contain a gas.
Upon biaxial orientation of the resulting extruded film, the film
becomes white and opaque, the opacity resulting from light being
scattered from the walls of the microvoids. The transmission of
light through the film becomes lessened with increased number and
with increased size of the microvoids relative to the size of a
particle within each microvoid.
Also, upon biaxial orientation, a matte finish on the surface of
the film results, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,154,461. The
particles adjacent the surfaces of the film tend to be
incompressible and thus form projections without rupturing the
surface. Such matte finishes enable the film to be written upon
with pencil or with inks, crayons, and the like.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,944,699 also indicates that the extrusion,
quenching and stretching of the film may be effected by any process
which is known in the art for producing oriented film, such as by a
flat film process or a bubble or tubular process. The flat film
process involves extruding the blend through a slit dye and rapidly
quenching the extruded web upon a chilled casting drum so that the
polyester component of the film is quenched into the amorphous
state, The quenched film is then biaxially oriented by stretching
in mutually perpendicular directions at a temperature above the
glass transition temperature of the polyester. The film may be
stretched in one direction and then in a second direction or may be
simultaneously stretched in both directions. After the film has
been stretched it is heat set by heating to a temperature
sufficient to crystallize the polyester while restraining the film
against retraction in both directions of stretching.
Paper is essentially a non-woven sheet of more or less randomly
arrayed fibers. The key properties of these structures are opacity,
texture, strength, and stability. Natural polymers are generally
weaker and less stable. A serious problem, for example, is
brightness reversion or fading of papers and fibers.
Although there are many ways to produce opaque media, this
invention is concerned with creating opacity by stretching or
orienting plastic materials to induce microvoids which scatter
light, preferably white and ultraviolet light. A large body of
prior art deals with this technique, wherein a plurality of
inorganic solid particles are used as the dispersed phase, around
which the microvoids form. Some significant problems associated
with this approach are: (1) agglomeration and particle size
control, (2) abrasive wear of extrusion equipment, guides, and
cutters, (3) high specific gravity of these solids, (4) poor void
nucleation around the solid particles due to the low thermal
contraction of solids relative to liquids and polymer wetting and
adhesion to the solid surfaces, (5) cost of these materials on a
volume basis, and (6) handling and processing problems in
general.
Of particular interest is U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,931 which is directed
to articles comprising a continuous polyester phase having
dispersed therein microbeads of cellulose acetate which are at
least partially bordered by void space. The present invention is
unexpected, however, in that while the geometries are similar, the
cross-linked beads disclosed herein cavitate more efficiently
generating higher void fractions and improved properties per weight
of added beads. Also, the compositions of this invention have
superior thermal and chemical stability, when compared with the
prior art, especially the cellulose esters. Also, of particular
interest is U.S. Pat. No. 4,320,207 which discloses oriented
polyester film containing pulverized cross-linked polymers
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view in section illustrating an embodiment
of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view in section illustrating another
embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating still another embodiment
of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a section of a shaped article in the form of a
bottle;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged section view illustrating a crosslinked
polymer microbead entrapped in a void in a polyester continuous
matrix;
FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along lines 6--6 of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 5 illustrating a
modification of the present invention; and
FIG. 8 is a graphical representation illustrating how the size of
microvoids surrounding microbeads changes with respect to stretch
ratio.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, shaped articles are
provided which have unique properties such as texture, opacity, low
density, whiteness, etc. The articles are especially useful when in
the form of film or sheet material (e.g., as a paper substitute) or
when in the form of a biaxially oriented bottle (beverage
container).
An important aspect of this invention is that during melt
processing the orientable polymer does not react chemically or
physically with the microbead polymer and/or its coating in such a
way as to cause one or more of the following to occur to a
significant or unacceptable degree: (a) alteration of the
crystallization kinetics of the matrix polymer making it difficult
to orient, (b) destruction of the matrix polymer, (c) destruction
of the microbeads, (d) adhesion of the microbeads to the matrix
polymer, or (e) generation of undesirable reaction products, such
as toxic or high-color moieties.
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a shaped article in
the form of a sheet 10 which has been biaxially oriented [biaxially
stretched, i.e., stretched in both the longitudinal (X) and
transverse (Y) directions], as indicated by the arrows. The sheet
10 is illustrated in section, showing microbeads of polymer 12
contained within circular voids 14 in the polymer continuous matrix
16. The voids 14 surrounding the microbeads 12 are theoretically
doughnut-shaped, but are often of irregular shape. Often, a line
drawn perpendicular to and through the article will penetrate
several voids and possibly some microbeads.
FIG. 2 also illustrates a shaped article in the form of a sheet 20
which has been unidirectionally oriented (stretched in one
direction only, as indicated by the arrow). Microbeads of polymer
22 are contained between microvoids 24 and 24'. The microvoids in
this instance form at opposite sides of the microbeads as the sheet
is stretched. Thus, if the stretching is done in the machine
direction (X) as indicated by the arrow, the voids will form on the
leading and trailing sides of the microbeads. This is because of
the unidirectional orientation as opposed to the bidirectional
orientation of the sheet shown in FIG. 1. This is the only
difference between FIG. 1 and 2. Note particularly the bumpy
texture of the surfaces.
FIG. 3 illustrates a shaped article in the form of a fiber or rod
30 which has been oriented by stretching in the lengthwise (X)
direction. The microbeads 32 of cross-linked polymer are bordered
by microvoids 34 and 34'.
FIG. 4 illustrates a section of the wall of a shaped article 40
such as a bottle or wire coating. Due to the bidirectional
orientation or stretching, the microvoids 42 are generally
doughnut-shaped, surrounding the microbeads 44, in a manner similar
to that. shown in FIG. 1.
FIGS. 5 and 6 are sectional views illustrating enlargement of a
section of a shaped article according to this invention, microbead
50 being entrapped within polymer continuous matrix 52 and
encircled by void 54. These structures result from the shaped
article being stretched in the X and Y directions.
FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 5, except illustrating in enlarged
form microbead 60 entrapped in polymer continuous matrix 62, having
formed on opposite sides thereof microvoids 64 and 64', which are
formed as the shaped article is stretched in the direction of the
arrow X.
FIG. 8 is an enlargement illustrating the manner in which
microvoids are formed in the polymer continuous matrix as the
shaped article is stretched or oriented. The formation of the
microvoids 70 and 70' around microbeads 72 is illustrated on a
stretch ratio scale as the shaped article is stretched up to 4
times its original dimension. For example, as the article is
stretched 4 times its original dimension in the X direction (4X),
the voids 70 and 70' would extend to the points 74 and 74'
respectively.
There are two aspects of the present invention. First, the
microbeads are preferably cross-linked to given them resiliency and
elasticity. Second, the microbeads are coated with a "slip agent"
to permit easier sliding with respect to the matrix polymer to
thereby result in more microvoiding. Although both aspects are
believed to be unique and result in improved results to an extent,
it is preferred that the microbeads be both cross-linked and coated
with a slip agent. Thus, the microbeads will be often described
herein as being both cross-linked and coated with a slip agent.
The present invention provides shaped articles comprising a
continuous thermoplastic polymer phase having dispersed therein
microbeads of polymer which are at least partially bordered by
voids, the microbeads of polymer having a size of about 0.1-50
microns, preferably about. 2-20 microns, and being present in an
amount of about 5-50% by weight based on the weight of continuous
phase polymer, the voids occupying about 2-60% by volume of the
shaped article. The matrix polymer containing the generally
spherical polymer microbeads which, according to one aspect of the
invention, are cross-linked to the extent of having a resiliency or
elasticity at orientation temperatures of the matrix polymer such
that a generally spherical shape of the cross-linked polymer is
maintained after orientation of the matrix polymer. The composition
of the shaped article when consisting only of the polymer
continuous phase and microbeads bordered by voids, is characterized
by having a specific gravity of less than 1.20, preferably about
0.3-1.0, preferably a Kubelka-Munk R value (infinite thickness) of
about 0.90 to about 1.0, and preferably the following Kubelka-Munk
values when formed into a 3 mil thick film:
______________________________________ Opacity about 0.75 to about
1.0 SX 25 or less KX about 0.001 to 0.2 Ti about 0.02 to 1.0
______________________________________
wherein the opacity values indicate that the article is opaque, the
SX values indicate a large amount of light scattering through the
thickness of the article, the KX values indicate a low amount of
light absorption through the thickness of the article, and the Ti
values indicate a low level amount of internal transmittance of the
thickness of the article. The R (infinite thickness) values
indicate a large amount of light reflectance.
Obviously, the Kubelka-Munk values which are dependent on thickness
of the article must be specified at a certain thickness. Although
the shaped articles themselves may be very thin, e.g., less than 1
mil or they may be thicker, e.g., 20 mils, the Kubelka-Munk values,
except for R infinity, are specified at 3 mils and in the absence
of any additives which would effect optical properties. Thus, to
determine whether shaped articles have the optical properties
called for, the polyester containing microbeads at least partially
bordered by voids, without additives, should be formed in a 3 mils
thick film for determination of Kubelka-Munk values.
The shaped articles according to this invention are useful, for
example, when in the forms of sheets or films, bottles, ribbons,
fibers or rods, wire coatings, etc. In the absence of additives or
colorants, they are very white, have a very pleasant feel or hand
and receptive to ink especially the polyester matrices from writing
instruments, especially conventional ball point pens. In fact, one
of the most important uses contemplated for the present invention
is as a synthetic paper for writing on or for prints such as
drawings and other graphic, photographic and printing applications.
The shaped articles are very resistant to wear, moisture, oil,
tearing, etc.
The shaped article is preferably in the form of a paper-like sheet
having a thickness of about 0.10-20 mils in thickness. The shaped
article may also be an oriented bottle made by injection blow
molding, or may be in the form of a fiber or rod. Preferably, the
article is made by biaxial orientation using procedures well known
in the art.
The products made in accordance with this invention are very
durable. For example, when made into biaxially oriented films, the
resultant synthetic papers are strong, ultra-white, highly-opaque,
and long-lasting. Such papers are suitable for "archival" records
and will retain their properties for very long periods of time,
even when compared to the so-called "archival quality" papers of
today. Not only are the synthetic papers of this invention
extremely white, they are virtually free of the problem which
plaques cellulose-based papers, i.e., "brightness reversion" or
yellowing with time.
The products of this invention are environmentally desirable
products. They are long lasting, durable, and recyclable. They can
be made from "recycled" materials; e.g., poly(ethylene
terephthalate) beverage bottles. Also, upon incineration, less than
1% ash and no undesirables such as chlorine, cyanides, etc. are
found. Finally, if they are put into landfills, they will not make
toxic gases or liquids, and they will not threaten the quality of
our air or ground water.
The continuous phase polymer may be any article forming polymer
such as a polyester capable of being cast into a film or sheet,
spun into fibers, extruded into rods or extrusion, blow-molded into
containers such as bottles, etc. The polyesters should have a glass
transition temperature between about 50.degree. C. and about
150.degree.C., preferably about 60.degree.-100.degree. C., should
be orientable, and have an I.V. of at least 0.50, preferably 0.6 to
0.9. Suitable polyesters include those produced from aromatic,
aliphatic or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids of 4-20 carbon atoms
and aliphatic or alicyclic glycols having from 2-24 carbon atoms.
Examples of suitable dicarboxylic acids include terephthalic,
isophthalic, phthalic, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, succinic,
glutaric, adipic, azelaic, sebacic, fumaric, maleic, itaconic,
1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic, sodiosulfoisophthalic and mixtures
thereof. Examples of suitable glycols include ethylene glycol,
propylene glycol, butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol,
1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, diethylene glycol, other polyethylene
glycols and mixtures thereof. Such polyesters are well known in the
art and may be produced by well-known techniques, e.g., those
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,465,319 and 2,901,466. Preferred
continuous matrix polymers are those having repeat units from
terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid and at least one
glycol selected from ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol and
1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol. Poly(ethylene terephthalate), which may
be modified by small amounts of other monomers, is especially
preferred. Polypropylene is also useful. Other suitable polyesters
include liquid crystal copolyesters formed by the inclusion of a
suitable amount of a co-acid component such as stilbene
dicarboxylic acid. Examples of such liquid crystal copolyesters are
those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,420,607, 4,459,402 and
4,468,510.
Suitable cross-linked polymers for the microbeads are polymerizable
organic materials which are members selected from the group
consisting of an alkenyl aromatic compound having the general
formula ##STR1## wherein Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbon
radical, or an aromatic halohydrocarbon radical of the benzene
series and R is hydrogen or the methyl radical; acrylate-type
monomers include monomers of the formula ##STR2## wherein R is
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl radical
containing from about 1 to 12 carbon atoms and R' is o selected
from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl; copolymers of
vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile and vinyl
chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl esters having the formula ##STR3##
wherein R is an alkyl radical containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms;
acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid,
maleic acid, fumaric acid, oleic acid, vinylbenzoic acid; the
synthetic polyester resins which are prepared by reacting
terephthalic acid and dialkyl terephthalics or ester-forming
derivatives thereof, with a glycol of the series HO(CH.sub.2).sub.n
OH, wherein n is a whole number within the range of 2-10 and having
reactive olefinic linkages within the polymer molecule, the
hereinabove described polyesters which include copolymerized
therein up to 20 percent by weight of a second acid or ester
thereof having reactive olefinic unsaturation and mixtures thereof,
and a cross-linking agent selected from the group consisting of
divinylbenzene, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, oiallyl fumarate,
diallyl phthalate and mixtures thereof.
Examples of typical monomers for making the cross-linked polymer
include styrene, butyl acrylate, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, methyl
methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, vinyl pyridine, vinyl
acetate, methyl acrylate, vinylbenzyl chloride, vinylidene
chloride, acrylic acid, divinylbenzene, acrylamidomethylpropane
sulfonic acid, vinyl toluene, etc. Preferably, the cross-linked
polymer is polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate). Most
preferably, it is polystyrene and the cross-linking agent is
divinylbenzene. Processes well known in the art yield non-uniformly
sized particles, characterized by broad particle size
distributions. The resulting beads can be classified by screening
to produce beads spanning the range of the original distribution of
sizes. Other processes such as suspension polymerization, limited
coalescence, directly yield very uniformly sized particles.
Suitable slip agents or lubricants include colloidal silica,
colloidal alumina, and metal oxides such as tin oxide and aluminum
oxide. The preferred slip agents are colloidal silica and alumina,
most preferably, silica. The cross-linked polymer having a coating
of slip agent may be prepared by procedures well known in the art.
For example, conventional suspension polymerization processes
wherein the slip agent is added to the suspension is preferred. As
the slip agent, colloidal silica is preferred.
It is preferred to use the "limited coalescence" technique for
producing the coated, cross-linked polymer microbeads. This process
is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,972, incorporated
herein by reference. Preparation of the coated microbeads for use
in the present invention does not utilize a blowing agent as
described in this patent, however.
The following general procedure may be utilized in a limited
coalescence technique.
1. The polymerizable liquid is dispersed within an aqueous
nonsolvent liquid medium to form a dispersion of droplets having
sizes not larger than the size desired for the polymer globules,
whereupon
2. The dispersion is allowed to rest and to reside with only mild
or no agitation for a time during which a limited coalescence of
the dispersed droplets takes place with the formation of a lesser
number of larger droplets, such coalescence being limited due to
the composition of the suspending medium, the size of the dispersed
droplets thereby becoming remarkably uniform and of a desired
magnitude, and
3. The uniform droplet dispersion is then stabilized by addition of
thickening agents to the aqueous suspending medium, whereby the
uniform-sized dispersed droplets are further protected against
coalescence and are also retarded from concentrating in the
dispersion due to difference in density of the disperse phase and
continuous phase, and
4. The polymerizable liquid or oil phase in such stabilized
dispersion is subjected to polymerization conditions and
polymerized, whereby globules of polymer are obtained having
spheroidal shape and remarkably uniform and desired size, which
size is predetermined principally by the composition of the initial
aqueous liquid suspending medium.
The diameter of the droplets of polymerizable liquid, and hence the
diameter of the beads of polymer, can be varied predictably, by
deliberate variation of the composition of the aqueous liquid
dispersion, within the range of from about one-half of a micron or
less to about 0.5 centimeter. For any specific operation, the range
of diameters of the droplets of liquid,. and hence of polymer
beads, has a factor in the order of three or less as contrasted to
factors of 10 or more for diameters of droplets and beads prepared
by usual suspension polymerization methods employing critical
agitation procedures. Since the bead size,. e.g., diameter, in the
present method is determined principally by the composition of the
aqueous dispersion, the mechanical conditions, such as the degree
of agitation, the size and design of the apparatus used, and the
scale of operation, are not highly critical. Furthermore, by
employing the same composition, the operations can be repeated, or
the scale of operations can be changed, and substantially the same
results can be obtained.
The present method is carried out by dispersing one part by volume
of a polymerizable liquid into at least 0.5, preferably from 0.5 to
about 10 or more, parts by volume of a nonsolvent aqueous medium
comprising water and at least the first of the following
ingredients.
1. A water-dispersible, water-insoluble solid colloid, the
particles of which, in aqueous, dispersion, have dimensions in the
order of from about 0.008 to about 50 microns, which particles tend
to gather at the liquid-liquid interface or are caused to do so by
the presence of
2. A water-soluble "promotor" that affects the
"hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance" of the solid colloid particles;
and/or
3. An electrolyte; and/or
4. Colloid-active modifiers such as peptizing agents,
surface-active agents and the like; and, usually,
5. A water-soluble, monomer-insoluble inhibitor of
polymerization.
The water-dispersible, water-insoluble solid colloids can be
inorganic materials such as metal salts or hydroxides or clays, or
can be organic materials such as raw starches, sulfonated
cross-linked organic high polymers, resinous polymers and the
like.
The solid colloidal material must be insoluble but dispersible in
water and both insoluble and nondispersible in, but wettable by,
the polymerizable liquid. The solid colloids must be much more
hydrophilic than oleophilic so as to remain dispersed wholly within
the aqueous liquid. The solid colloids employed for limited
coalescence are ones having particles that, in the aqueous liquid,
retain a relatively rigid and discrete shape and size within the
limits stated. The particles may be greatly swollen and extensively
hydrated, provided that the swollen particle retains a definite
shape, in which case the effective size is approximately that of
the swollen particle. The particles can be essentially single
molecules, as in the case of extremely high molecular weight
cross-linked resins, or can be aggregates of many molecules.
Materials that disperse in water to form true or colloidal
solutions in which the particles have a size below the range stated
or in which the particles are so diffuse as to lack a discernible
shape and dimension are not suitable as stabilizers for limited
coalescence. The amount of solid colloid that is employed is
usually such as corresponds to from about 0.01 to about 10 or more
grams per 100 cubic centimeters of the polymerizable liquid.
In order to function as a stabilizer for the limited coalescence of
the polymerizable liquid droplets, it is essential that the solid
colloid must tend to collect with the aqueous liquid at the
liquidliquid interface, i.e., on the surface of the oil droplets.
(The term "oil" is occasionally used herein as generic to liquids
that are insoluble in water.) In many instances, it is desirable to
add a "promoter" material to the aqueous composition to drive the
particles of the solid colloid to the liquid-liquid interface. This
phenomenon is well known in the emulsion art, and is here applied
to solid colloidal particles, as a expanded of adjusting the
"hydrophilichydrophobic balance."
Usually, the promoters are organic materials that have an affinity
for the solid colloid and also for the oil droplets and that are
capable of making the solid colloid more oleophilic. The affinity
for the oil surface is usually due to some organic portion of the
promoter molecule while affinity for the solid colloid is usually
due to opposite electrical charges. For example, positively charged
complex metal salts or hydroxides, such as aluminum hydroxide, can
be promoted by the presence of negatively charged organic promoters
such as water-soluble sulfonated polystyrenes, alignates and
carboxymethyleellulose. Negatively charged colloids, such as
Bentonite, are promoted by positively charged promoters such as
tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide or chloride or water-soluble complex
resinous amine condensation products such as the water-soluble
condensation products of diethanolamine and adipic acid, the
water-soluble condensation products of ethylene oxide, urea and
formaldehyde, and polyethylenimine. Amphoteric materials such as
proteinaceous materials like gelatin, glue, casein, albumin, glutin
and the like, are effective promoters for a wide variety of
colloidal solids. Nonionic materials like methoxycellulose are also
effective in some instances. Usually, the promoter need be used
only to the extent of a few parts per million of aqueous medium
although larger proportions can often be tolerated. In some
instances, ionic materials normally classed as emulsifiers, such as
soaps, long chain sulfates and sulfonates and the long chain
quaternary ammonium compounds, can also be used as promoters for
the solid colloids, but care must be taken to avoid causing the
formation of stable colloidal emulsions of the polymerizable liquid
and the aqueous liquid medium.
An effect similar to that of organic promoters is often obtained
with small amounts of electrolytes, e.g., water-soluble, ionizable
alkalies, acids and salts, particularly those having polyvalent
ions. These are especially useful when the excessive hydrophilic or
insufficient oleophilic characteristic of the colloid is
attributable to excessive hydration of the colloid structure. For
example, a suitably cross-linked sulfonated polymer of styrene is
tremendously swollen and hydrated in water. Although the molecular
structure contains benzene rings which should confer on the colloid
some affinity for the oil phase in the dispersion, the great degree
of hydration causes the colloidal particles to be enveloped in a
cloud of associated water. The addition of a soluble, ionizable
polyvalent cationic compound, such as an aluminum or calcium salt,
to the aqueous composition causes extensive shrinking of the
swollen colloid with exudation of a part of the associated water
and exposure of the organic portion of the colloid particle,
thereby making the colloid more oleophilic.
The solid colloidal particles whose hydrophilichy-drophobic balance
is such that the particles tend to gather in the aqueous phase at
the oil-water interface, gather on the surface of the oil droplets
and function as protective agents in the phenomenon of limited
coalescence.
Other agents that can be employed in an already known manner to
effect modification of the colloidal properties of the aqueous
composition are those materials known in the art as peptizing
agents, flocculating and deflocculating agents, sensitizers,
surface active agents and the like.
It is sometimes desirable to add to the aqueous liquid a few parts
per million of a water-soluble, oil-insoluble inhibitor of
polymerization effective to prevent the polymerization of monomer
molecules that might diffuse into the aqueous liquid or that might
be absorbed by colloid micelles and that, if allowed to polymerize
in the aqueous phase, would tend to make emulsion-type polymer
dispersions instead of, or in addition to, the desired bead or
pearl polymers.
The aqueous medium containing the water-dispersible solid colloid
is then admixed with the liquid polymerizable material in such a
way as to disperse the liquid polymerizable material as small
droplets within the aqueous medium. This dispersion can be
accomplished by any usual means, e.g., by mechanical stirrers or
shakers, by pumping through jets, by impingement, or by other
procedures causing subdivision of the polymerizable material into
droplets in a continuous aqueous medium.
The degree of dispersion, e.g., by agitation is not critical except
that the size of the dispersed liquid droplets must be no larger,
and is preferably much smaller, than the stable droplet size
expected and desired in the stable dispersion. When such condition
has been attained, the resulting dispersion is allowed to rest with
only mild, gentle movement, if any, and preferably without
agitation. Under such quiescent conditions, the dispersed liquid
phase undergoes a limited degree of coalescence.
"Limited coalescence" is a phenomenon wherein droplets of liquid
dispersed in certain aqueous suspending media coalesce, with
formation of a lesser number of larger droplets, until the growing
droplets reach a certain critical and limiting size, whereupon
coalescence substantially ceases. The resulting droplets of
dispersed liquid, which can be as large as 0.3 and sometimes 0.5
centimeter in diameter, are quite stable as regards further
coalescence and are remarkably uniform in size. If such a large
droplet dispersion be vigorously agitated, the droplets are
fragmented into smaller droplets. The fragmented droplets, upon
quiescent standing, again coalesce to the same limited degree and
form the same uniform-sized, large droplet, stable dispersion.
Thus, a dispersion resulting from the limited coalescence comprises
droplets of substantially uniform diameter that are stable in
respect to further coalescence.
The principles underlying this phenomenon have now been adapted to
cause the occurrence of limited coalescence in a deliberate and
predictable manner in the preparation of dispersions of
polymerizable liquids in the form of droplets of uniform and
desired size.
In the phenomenon of limited coalescence the small particles of
solid colloid tend to collect with the aqueous liquid at the
liquid-liquid interface, i.e., on the surface of the oil droplets.
It is thought that droplets which are substantially covered by such
solid colloid are stable to coalescence while droplets which are
not so covered are not stable. In a given dispersion of a
polymerizable liquid the total surface area of the droplets is a
function of the total volume of the liquid and the diameter of the
droplets. Similarly, the total surface area barely coverable by the
solid colloid, e.g., in a layer one particle thick, is a function
of the amount of the colloid and the dimensions of the particles
thereof. In the dispersion as initially prepared, e.g., by
agitation, the total surface area of the polymerizable liquid
droplets is greater than can be covered, by the solid colloid.
Under quiescent conditions, the unstable droplets begin to
coalesce. The coalescence results in a decrease in the number of
oil droplets and a decrease in the total surface area thereof up to
a point at which the amount of colloidal solid is barely sufficient
substantially to cover the total surface of the oil droplets,
whereupon coalescence substantially ceases.
If the solid colloidal particles do not have nearly identical
dimensions, the average effective dimension can be estimated by
statistical methods. For example, the average effective diameter of
spherical particles can be computed as the square root of the
average of the squares of the actual diameters of the particles in
a representative sample.
It is usually beneficial to treat the uniform droplet suspension
prepared as described above to render the suspension stable against
congregation of the oil droplets.
This further stabilization is accomplished by gently admixing with
the uniform droplet dispersion an agent capable of greatly
increasing the viscosity of the aqueous liquid. For this purpose,
there may be used any water-soluble or water-dispersible thickening
agent that is insoluble in the oil droplets and that does not
remove the layer of solid colloidal particles covering the surface
of the oil droplets at the oil-water interface. Examples of
suitable thickening agents are sulfonated polystyrene
(water-dispersible, thickening grade), hydrophilic clays such as
Bentonite, digested starch, natural gums, carboxy-substituted
cellulose ethers and the like. Often the thickening agent is
selected and employed in such quantities as to form a thixotropic
gel in which are suspended the uniform-sized droplets of the oil.
In other words, the thickened liquid generally should be
non-Newtonian in its fluid behavior, i.e., of such a nature as to
prevent rapid movement of the dispersed droplets within the aqueous
liquid by the action of gravitational force due to the difference
in density of the phases. The stress exerted on the surrounding
medium by a suspended droplet is not sufficient to cause rapid
movement of the droplet within such non-Newtonian media. Usually,
the thickener agents are employed in such proportions relative to
the aqueous liquid that the apparent viscosity of the thickened
aqueous liquid is in the order of at least 500 centipoises (usually
determined by means of a Brookfield viscosimeter using the No. 2
spindle at 30 r.p.m.). The thickening agent is preferably prepared
as a separate concentrated aqueous composition that is then
carefully blended with the oil droplet dispersion.
The resulting thickened dispersion is capable of being handled,
e.g., passed through pipes, and can be subjected to polymerization
conditions substantially without mechanical change in the size or
shape of the dispersed oil droplets.
The resulting dispersions are particularly well suited for use in
continuous polymerization procedures that, can be carried out in
coils, tubes and elongated vessels adapted for continuously
introducing the thickened dispersions into one end and for
continuously withdrawing the mass of polymer beads from the other
end. The polymerization step is also practiced in batch manner.
The order of the addition of the constituents to the polymerization
usually is not critical, but beneficially it is more convenient to
add to a vessel the water, dispersing agent, and incorporated the
oil-soluble catalyst to the monomer mixture, and subsequently add
with agitation the monomer phase to the water phase.
The following is an example illustrating a procedure for preparing
the cross-linked polymeric microbeads coated with slip agent. In
this example, the polymer is polystyrene cross-linked with
divinylbenzene. The microbeads have a coating of silica. The
microbeads are prepared by a procedure in which monomer droplets
containing an initiator are sized and heated to give solid polymer
spheres of the same size as the monomer droplets. A water phase is
prepared by combining 7' liters of distilled water, 1.5 g potassium
dichromate (polymerization inhibitor for the aqueous phase), 250 g
polymethylaminoethanol adipate (promoter), and 350 g LUDOX (a
colloidal suspension containing 50% silica sold by DuPont. A
monomer phase is prepared by combining 3317 g styrene, 1421 g
divinylbenzene (55% active crosslinking agent; other 45% is ethyl
vinyl benzene which forms part of the styrene polymer chain) and 45
g VAZO 52 (a monomer-soluble initiator sold by DuPont). The mixture
is passed through a homogenizer to obtain 5 micron droplets. The
suspension is heated overnight at 52.degree. C. to give 4.3 kg of
generally spherical microbeads having an average diameter of about
5 microns with narrow size distribution (about 2-10 microns size
distribution) The mol proportion of styrene and ethyl vinyl benzene
to divinylbenzene is about 6.1%. The concentration of
divinylbenzene can be adjusted up or down to result in about
2.5-50% (preferably 10-40%) crosslinking by the active
cross-linker. Of course, monomers other than styrene and
divinylbenzene can be used in similar suspension polymerization
processes known in the art. Also, other initiators and promoters
may be used as known in the art. Also, slip agents other than
silica may also be used. For example, a number of LUDOX colloidal
silicas are available from DuPont. LEPANDIN colloidal alumina is
available from Degussa. NALCOAG colloidal silicas are available
from Nalco and tin oxide and titanium oxide are also available from
Nalco.
Normally, for the polymer to have suitable physical properties such
as resiliency, the polymer is crosslinked. In the case of styrene
crosslinked with divinylbenzene, the polymer is about 2.5-50%
cross-linked, preferably about 20-40% cross-linked. By percent
cross-linked, it is meant the mol % of crosslinking agent based on
the amount of primary monomer. Such limited crosslinking produces
microbeads which are sufficiently coherent to remain intact during
orientation of the continuous polymer. Beads of such crosslinking
are also resilient, so that when they are deformed (flattened)
during orientation by pressure from the matrix polymer on opposite
sides of the microbeads, they subsequently resume their normal
spherical shape to produce the largest possible voids around the
microbeads to thereby produce articles with less density.
The microbeads are referred to herein as having a coating of a
"slip agent". By this term it is meant that the friction at the
surface of the microbeads is greatly reduced. Actually, it is
believed this is caused by the silica acting as miniature ball
bearings at the surface. Slip agent may be formed on the surface of
the microbeads during their formation by including it in the
suspension polymerization mix.
Microbead size is regulated by the ratio of silica to monomer. For
example, the following ratios produce the indicated size
microbead:
______________________________________ Slip Agent Microbead Size,
Monomer, (Silica) Microns Parts by Wt. Parts by Wt.
______________________________________ 2 10.4 1 5 27.0 1 20 42.4 1
______________________________________
The microbeads of cross-linked polymer range in size from about
0.1-50 microns, and are present in an amount of about 5-50% by
weight based on the weight of the polyester. Microbeads of
polystyrene should have a Tg of at least 20.degree. C. higher than
the Tg of the continuous matrix polymer and are hard compared to
the continuous matrix polymer.
Elasticity and resiliency of the microbeads generally results in
increased voiding, and it is preferred to have the Tg of the
microbeads as high above that of the matrix polymer as possible to
avoid deformation during orientation. It is not believed that there
is a practical advantage to cross-linking above the point of
resiliency and elasticity of the microbeads.
The microbeads of cross-linked polymer are at least partially
bordered by voids. The void space in the shaped article should
occupy about 2-60%, preferably about 30-50%, by volume of the
shaped article. Depending on the manner in which the shaped
articles are made, the voids may completely encircle the
microbeads, e.g., a void may be in the shape of a doughnut (or
flattened doughnut) encircling a microbead, or the voids may only
partially border the microbeads, e.g., a pair of voids may border a
microbead on opposite sides.
The invention does not require but permits the use or addition of a
plurality of organic and inorganic materials such as fillers,
pigments, antiblocks, anti-stats, plasticizers, dyes, stabilizers,
nucleating agents, optical brighteners, etc. These materials may be
incorporated into the matrix phases, into the dispersed phases, or
may exist as separate dispersed phases.
During stretching the voids assume characteristic shapes from the
balanced biaxial orientation of paper-like films to the uniaxial
orientation of microvoided/satin-like fibers. Balanced microvoids
are largely circular in the plane of orientation while fiber
microvoids are elongated in the direction of the fiber axis. The
size of the microvoids and the ultimate physical properties depend
upon the degree and balance of the orientation, temperature and
rate of stretching, crystallization kinetics, the size distribution
of the microbeads, and the like.
The shaped articles according to this invention are prepared by
(a) forming a mixture of molten continuous matrix polymer and
cross-linked polymer wherein the cross-linked polymer is a
multiplicity of microbeads uniformly dispersed throughout the
matrix polymer, the matrix polymer being as described hereinbefore,
the cross-linked polymer microbeads being as described
hereinbefore,
(b) forming a shaped article from the mixture by extrusion, casting
or molding,
(c) orienting the article by stretching to form microbeads of
cross-linked polymer uniformly distributed throughout the article
and voids at least partially bordering the microbeads on sides
thereof in the direction, or directions of orientation.
The mixture may be formed by forming a melt of the matrix polymer
and mixing therein the cross-linked polymer. The cross-linked
polymer may be in the form of solid or 22 semi-solid microbeads.
Due to the incompatibility between the matrix polymer and
cross-linked polymer, there is no attraction or adhesion between
them, and they become uniformly dispersed in the matrix polymer
upon mixing.
When the microbeads have become uniformly dispersed in the matrix
polymer, a shaped article is formed by processes such as extrusion,
casting or molding. Examples of extrusion or casting would be
extruding or casting a film or sheet, and an example of molding
would be injection or reheat blow-molding a bottle. Such forming
methods are well known in the art. If sheets or film material are
cast or extruded, it is important that such article be oriented by
stretching, at least in one direction. Methods of unilaterally or
bilaterally orienting sheet or film material are well known in the
art. Basically, such methods comprise stretching the sheet or film
at least in the machine or longitudinal direction after it is cast
or extruded an amount of about 1.5-10 times its original dimension.
Such sheet or film may also be stretched in the transverse or
cross-machine direction by apparatus and methods well known in the
art, in amounts of generally 1.5-10 (usually 3-4 for polyesters and
6-10 for polypropylene) times the original dimension. Such
apparatus and methods are well known in the art and are described
in such U.S. Pat. No. 3,903,234, incorporated herein by
reference.
If the shaped article is in the form of a bottle, orientation is
generally biaxial as the bottle is stretched in all directions as
it is blow-molded. Such formation of bottles is also well known in
the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,530, incorporated
herein by reference.
The voids, or void spaces, referred to herein surrounding the
microbeads are formed as the continuous matrix polymer is stretched
at a temperature above the Tg of the matrix polymer. The microbeads
of crosslinked polymer are relatively hard compared to the
continuous matrix polymer. Also, due to the incompatibility and
immiscibility between the microbead and the matrix polymer, the
continuous matrix polymer slides over the microbeads as it is
stretched, causing voids to be formed at the sides in the direction
or directions of stretch, which voids elongate as the matrix
polymer continues to be stretched. Thus, the final size and shape
of the voids depends on the direction(s) and amount of stretching.
If stretching is only in one direction, microvoids will form at the
sides of the microbeads in the direction of stretching. If
stretching is in two directions (bidirectional stretching), in
effect such stretching has vector components extending radially
from any given position to result in a doughnut-shaped void
surrounding each microbead.
The preferred preform stretching operation simultaneously opens the
microvoids and orients the matrix material. The final product
properties depend on and can be controlled by stretching
time-temperature relationships, and on the type and degree of
stretch. For maximum opacity and texture, the stretching is done
just above the glass transition temperature of the matrix polymer.
When stretching is done in the neighborhood of the higher glass
transition temperature, both phases may stretch together and
opacity decreases In the former case, the materials are pulled
apart, a mechanical anticompatibilization process. Two examples are
high-speed melt spinning of fibers and melt blowing of fibers and
films to form non-woven/spun-bonded products. In summary, the scope
of this invention includes the complete range of forming operations
just described.
In general, void formation occurs independent of, and does not
require, crystalline orientation of the matrix polymer. Opaque,
microvoided films have been made in accordance with the methods of
this invention using completely amorphous, non-crystallizing
copolyesters as the matrix, phase. Crystallizable/ orientable
(strain hardening) matrix materials are preferred for some
properties like tensile strength and barrier. On the other hand,
amorphous matrix materials have special utility in other areas like
tear resistance and heat sealability. The specific matrix
composition can be tailored to meet many product needs. The
complete range from crystalline to amorphous matrix polymer is part
of the invention.
Other ingredients are often added such as surfactants, emulsifiers,
pigments, and the like during the preparation of such microbeads.
Due to the nature of these additives, they tend to remain on the
surfaces of the microbeads. In other words, they tend to accumulate
at the interface between the polymer and the immiscible medium in
which the suspension polymerization is carried out. However, due to
the nature of such processes, some of these materials can remain
within the core of the beads and some in the immiscible medium. For
example, processing and formulating may be done to entrap
ingredients within the beads. In other cases, the goal may be to
concentrate ingredients on the surface of the beads. It is this
highly diverse and very controllable set of bead properties that
adds to the uniqueness of this invention.
Examples 1-36 which follow describe in considerable detail
biaxially oriented films made with polyethylene terephthalate as
the matrix polymer. These examples are submitted for a better
understanding of the invention.
For the examples involving cross-linked microbeads, the preparation
steps are as follows:
(1) The microbeads are prepared by conventional aqueous suspension
polymerization to give nearly monodisperse bead diameters from 2 to
20 microns and at levels of cross-linking from 5 mol % to 30 mol %.
Almost all of these examples employ coated microbeads, with the
coating thickness being about 50-100 nm.
(2) After separation and drying, the microbeads are compounded on
conventional twin-screw extrusion equipment into the orientable
polymer to a level of 25% by weight and pelletized to form a
concentrate, suitable for let-down to lower loadings.
(3) The microbead concentrate pellets are mixed with virgin pellets
and dried using standard conditions for polyethylene rerephthalate,
170.degree.-180.degree. C. convection with desiccated air for 4-6
hours.
(4) The dried blends are extruded on conventional single-screw
extruders at melt temperatures at about 265.degree.-280.degree. C.,
standard conditions for the polyethylene terephthalate used.
(5) Films are cast through a standard coat hanger slit die onto a
chill roll controlled to a temperature about 50.degree.-60.degree.
C. yielding films ranging from 20 to 60 mils (508-1524 microns)
thick.
(6) The films are stretched biaxially and simultaneously using a
standard laboratory film stretching unit. Unless otherwise
specified all samples are stretched at 105.degree. C.
Examples involving cellulose acetate microbeads are included for
comparative purposes. The preparation procedure is as follows:
(1) The polyethylene terephthalate pellets are ground through a 2
mm screen and dry-blended with the cellulose acetate powder.
(2) The blends are pan dried in a vacuum oven with dry nitrogen
bleed at about 125.degree.-150.degree. C. for 16 hours.
(3) The dried blends are simultaneously extruded and compounded on
conventional single-screw extruders using a standard Maddock mixing
section in the metering region of the screw. Melt temperatures are
kept as low as possible, about 260.degree.-270.degree. C., to
minimize thermal degradation of the cellulose acetate.
(4) During the extrusion, molten CA microbeads form "in situ" by a
process of shear emulsification and remain uniformly dispersed due
to their high immiscibility with the PET. A distribution of
particle diameters is produced ranging from about 0.1-10 microns,
with the average being about 1-2 microns.
(5) Films are cast through a standard coat hanger slit die onto a
chill roll controlled to a temperature about 50.degree.-60.degree.
C. yielding films ranging from 20 to 30 mils (508-761 microns)
thick.
(6) The films are stretched biaxially and simultaneously using a
standard laboratory film stretching unit. These films were
stretched at 100.degree., 105.degree., and 110.degree. C.
The materials used in the examples are identified as follows:
PET - polyester having repeat units from terephthalic acid and
ethylene glycol; I.V.=0.70
CA - cellulose acetate, viscosity=3.0 seconds, 11.4 poises; acetyl
content 39.8%; hydroxyl content=3.5%; melting
range=230.degree.-250.degree. C.; Tg=180.degree. C.; number average
molecular weight=30,000 (Gel Permeation Chromatography)
PS - polystyrene cross-linked with divinylbenzene to various
levels
PMMA - polymethylmethacrylate cross-linked with divinylbenzene to
various levels
silica - colloidal silica, SiO.sub.2, mean particle diameter=20-40
nm alumina - colloidal alumina, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, mean particle
diameter=20-40 nm
EXAMPLES 1-36
The examples illustrating this invention are organized into five
groups, and the key information is summarized in a pair of tables
for each group. Examples 1 through 14 contain silica-coated,
cross-linked PS microbeads (Tables 1 and 2). Here variations of
microbead loading, level of cross.-linking, and bead diameter are
described along with the effect of stretch ratio (Examples 7-10).
Example 1 is included to illustrate the invention when the coating
has been intentionally removed from the microbeads. The higher the
cross-linking level, the more resilient or elastic the microbeads,
and the efficiency of the cavitation process is increased.
Examples 15 through 18 contain silica-coated, crosslinked PMMA
microbeads (Tables 3 and 4). These samples illustrate the invention
with the same silica coating on microbeads of a different
cross-linked polymer. The next two sets of samples repeat the
demonstration with a different coating material. Examples 19
through 22 contain alumina-coated, crosslinked PS microbeads
(Tables 5 and 6); and Examples 23 through 26 contain
alumina-coated, cross-linked PMMA microbeads (Tables 7 and 8).
Finally, Examples 27 through 36 (Tables 9 and 10) compare, at equal
volume % loading, the performance of the silica-coated, 30%
cross-linked, 5 micron PS microbeads of this invention to the
performance of in situ-generated, high Tg CA microbeads. These
comparisons clearly demonstrate a 20% increase in cavitating
efficiency for this specific embodiment of the invention relative
to the cited prior art.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Biaxially Oriented
Polyester (PET) Films Containing Silica-Coated, Cross-Linked
Polystyrene (PS) Microbeads Mass Example Ratio Cross-Link Bead
Diam. Stretch Specific Number PET/PS Mole % Microns Ratio Gravity
______________________________________ 1 75/25 30 10 3.0 0.55 2 " 5
10 3.0 0.73 3 80/20 30 20 3.0 0.63 4 " 5 20 3.0 0.72 5 80/20 30 10
3.0 0.81 6 " 5 10 3.0 0.85 7 80/20 30 5 3.8 0.67 8 " 30 5 3.5 0.72
9 " 30 5 3.0 0.81 10 " 30 5 2.5 0.97 11 NC " 30 5 3.0 0.92 12 " 5 5
3.0 1.06 13 " 30 2 3.0 1.00 14 " 5 2 3.0 1.03
______________________________________ Note "NC" indicates "no
coating" on the microbeads
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Kubelka-Munk
Analysis (@560 nm) of Biaxially Oriented Polyester (PET) Films
Containing Silica-Coated, Cross-Linked Polystyrene (PS) Microbeads
Film Scat- Trans- Thick- Reflec- tering Absorp- mit- Example ness
tance Coef. tance tance Opac- Number Microns R (inf) SX KX T (i)
ity ______________________________________ 1 297 91.1 6.38 0.028
12.5 0.931 2 203 91.6 5.83 0.023 13.8 0.917 3 295 92.3 3.59 0.012
20.4 0.849 4 229 93.3 4.99 0.012 16.2 0.885 5 203 91.1 3.58 0.015
21.2 0.848 6 224 91.0 5.75 0.026 13.8 0.920 7 127 95.2 5.20 0.006
15.9 0.876 8 137 95.0 5.05 0.006 16.4 0.873 9 183 93.0 6.36 0.016
13.1 0.917 10 206 90.6 4.67 0.023 16.8 0.894 11 NC 150 97.1 3.21
0.001 23.7 0.785 12 132 97.0 1.00 0.001 50.0 0.515 13 155 93.8 6.80
0.014 12.3 0.920 14 137 92.5 4.04 0.012 19.3 0.859
______________________________________ Note "NC" indicated "no
coating" on the microbeads
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ Biaxially Oriented
Polyester (PET) Films Containing Silica-Coated, Cross-Linked
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Microbeads Mass Example Ratio
Cross-Link Bead Diam. Stretch Specific Number PET/PS Mole % Microns
Ratio Gravity ______________________________________ 15 80/20 30 5
3.0 0.90 16 " 5 5 3.0 1.06 17 80/20 30 2 3.0 1.09 18 " 5 2 3.0 1.23
______________________________________
TABLE 4 ______________________________________ Kubelka-Munk
Analysis (@560 nm) of Biaxially Oriented Polyester (PET) Films
Containing Silica-Coated, Cross-Linked Polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA) Microbeads Film Scat- Trans- Thick- Reflec- tering Absorp-
mit- Example ness tance Coef. tance tance Opac- Number Microns R
(inf) SX KX T (i) ity ______________________________________ 15 163
94.9 2.88 0.004 25.6 0.780 16 142 96.8 2.23 0.001 30.9 0.712 17 117
92.9 3.68 0.010 20.9 0.840 18 122 92.6 1.66 0.005 37.4 0.671
______________________________________
TABLE 5 ______________________________________ Biaxially Oriented
Polyester (PET) Films Containing Alumina-Coated, Cross-Linked
Polystyrene (PS) Microbeads Mass Example Ratio Cross-Link Bead Diam
Stretch Specific Number PET/PS Mole % Microns Ratio Gravity
______________________________________ 19 80/20 30 5 3.0 0.77 20 "
5 5 3.0 0.89 21 80/20 30 2 3.0 0.96 22 " 5 2 3.0 0.96
______________________________________
TABLE 6 ______________________________________ Kubelka-Munk
Analysis (@560 nm) of Biaxially Oriented Polyester (PET) Films
Containing Alumina-Coated, Cross-Linked Polystyrene (PS) Microbeads
Film Scat- Trans- Thick- Reflec- tering Absorp- mit- Example ness
tance Coef. tance tance Opac- Number Microns R (inf) SX KX T (i)
ity ______________________________________ 19 185 86.0 4.74 0.054
15.4 0.926 20 150 86.5 4.55 0048 16.2 0.916 21 155 91.6 6.30 0.024
12.8 0.926 22 152 94.0 5.05 0.010 16.2 0.882
______________________________________
TABLE 7 ______________________________________ Biaxially Oriented
Polyester (PET) Films Containing Alumina-Coated, Cross-Linked
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Microbeads Mass Example Ratio
Cross-Link Bead Diam. Stretch Specific Number PET/PS Mole % Microns
Ratio Gravity ______________________________________ 23 80/20 30 5
3.0 0.90 24 " 5 5 3.0 1.08 25 80/20 30 2 3.0 0.88 26 " 5 2 3.0 1.11
______________________________________
TABLE 8 ______________________________________ Kubelka-Munk
Analysis (@560 nm) of Biaxially Oriented Polyester (PET) Films
Containing Alumina-Coated, Cross-Linked Polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA) Microbeads Film Scat- Trans- Thick- Reflec- tering Absorp-
mit- Example ness tance Coef. tance tance Opac- Number Microns R
(inf) SX KX T (i) ity ______________________________________ 23 168
89.1 3.28 0.022 22.4 0.847 24 135 90.8 1.80 0.008 35.3 0.703 25 130
89.8 4.76 0.028 16.3 0.903 26 160 76.8 1.60 0.056 35.8 0.766
______________________________________
TABLE 9 ______________________________________ Biaxially Oriented
Polyester (PET) Films Containing Silica-Coated, 30% Cross-Linked
Polystyrene (PS), 5 Micron Microbeads Versus Those Containing
Cellulose Acetate (CA) Microbeads Example Bead* Bead Stretch
Stretch Specific Number Wt. % Type Temp. .degree.C. Ratio Gravity
______________________________________ 27 20 CA 100 3.5 0.90 28 16
PS 100 3.5 0.80 29 20 CA 100 3.0 1.02 30 16 PS 100 3.0 0.88 31 20
CA 105 3.0 0.92 32 16 PS 105 3.0 1.04 33 20 CA 110 3.0 0.96 34 16
PS 110 3.0 1.12 35 20 CA 110 3.5 0.92 36 16 PS 110 3.5 0.94
______________________________________ *Note Volume % of the
microbeads is equal since the specific gravities of PS an CA are
1.05 and 1.32 respectively
TABLE 10 ______________________________________ Kubelka-Munk
Analysis (@560 nm) of Biaxially Oriented Polyester (PET) Films
Containing Silica-Coated, 30% Cross-Linked Polystyrene (PS), 5
Micron Microbeads Versus Those Containing Cellulose Acetate (CA)
Microbeads Film Scat- Trans- Thick- Reflec- tering Absorp- mit-
Example ness tance Coef. tance tance Opac- Number Microns R (inf)
SX KX T (i) ity ______________________________________ 27 71 96.8
7.73 0.004 11.3 0.912 28 79 97.4 6.72 0.002 12.9 0.892 29 88 96.5
6.80 0.004 12.7 0.900 30 96 96.7 6.31 0.004 13.6 0.890 31 94 97.8
5.71 0.001 14.9 0.869 32 84 97.5 5.94 0.002 14.3 0.877 33 89 98.6
5.06 0.001 16.5 0.846 34 76 97.2 5.00 0.002 16.6 0.856 35 69 98.1
5.64 0.001 15.0 0.865 36 74 97.4 5.54 0.002 15.2 0.869
______________________________________
EXAMPLE 37
Sheet material comprising a polypropylene matrix having microbeads
of cross-linked polystyrene is prepared by mixing the microbeads in
molten polypropylene and extruding a sheet. The sheet is oriented
by stretching at 140.degree. C. in both directions. The microbeads
are 5 microns in diameter and account for 15% by weight of the
polypropylene. The microbeads are cross-linked with divinylbenzene
and are cross-linked with divinylbenzene and are cross-linked to
different degrees, indicated with specific gravity as follows:
______________________________________ % Cross-Linked Specific
Gravity ______________________________________ 25 0.36 20 0.43 15
0.41 10 0.48 ______________________________________
A very white sheet having good hand is obtained.
The following examples illustrate the invention with respect to two
important orientable polyesters. Due to the higher orientation
temperatures involved with these matrix polyesters, microbeads with
the higher level of cross-linking (about 40 mol %, i.e., 60 mol %
polystyrene and 40 mol % divinylbenzene): are used.
EXAMPLE 38
A blend is prepared comprising 85 parts by weight
poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) and 15 parts
cross-linked polystyrene. The polyester (I.V.=0.61) is ground
through a 2 mm screen, dry blended with the microbeads, vacuum-oven
dried, and compounded at 290.degree. C. on a laboratory-sized
co-rotating, twin-screw extruder. The pellets are then dried and
extruded on a single-screw extruder to make 5.5 inch wide film 20
mils thick. The films were then biaxially oriented (3.times.3) at
115.degree. C. The resulting films showed the high degree of
whiteness and opacity as well as desirable low density discussed in
greater detail in the earlier examples.
EXAMPLE 39
In the same manner as the previous example, a blend is prepared
comprising 85 parts by weight poly(ethylene naphthalate) and 15
parts cross-linked polystyrene. The polyester (I.V.=0.71) is ground
through a 2 mm screen, dry blended with the microbeads, vacuum-oven
dried, and compounded at 290.degree. C. on a co-rotating,
twin-screw extruder. The pellets are then dried and extruded on a
single-screw extruder to make 5.5 inch wide film 20 mils thick. The
films are then biaxially oriented (3.times.3) at 145.degree. C. The
resulting films showed the high degree of whiteness and opacity as
well as desirable low density discussed in greater detail in the
carlier examples.
Where ratios or parts are given, e.g., 80/20, they are parts by
weight, with the polyester weight specified first.
The following applies to Kubelka-Munk values:
SX is the scattering coefficient of the whole thickness of the
article and is determined as follows: ##EQU1## wherein:
Ar ctgh is the inverse hyperbolic cotangent ##EQU2## Ro is
reflectance with black tile behind sheet R is reflectance with
white tile behind sheet
Rg is reflectance of a white tile=0.89
KX is the absorption coefficient of the whole thickness of the
article and is determined as follows:
wherein SX and a are as defined above
R (infinity) is the reflectance of an article if the article was so
thick that additional thickness would not change it and is
determined as follows:
wherein a is as defined above
Ti is the internal light transmittance and is determined as
follows: ##EQU3## wherein Ro and Rg are as defined above.
In the above formulae, Ro, R and Rg are determined in a
conventional manner using a Diano Match-Scan II Spectrophotometer
(Milton Roy Co.) using a wavelength of 560 nanometers. Also above,
X in the formulae SX and KX is the thickness of the article. A full
description of these terms is found in Colors in "Business, Science
and Industry" 3rd Edition, by Deane B. Judd & Gunter Wyszecki,
published by John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1975), pages 397-439,
which is incorporated herein by reference.
Glass transition temperatures, Tg and melt temperatures, Tm, are
determined using a Perkin-Elmer DSC-2 Differential Scanning
Calorimeter.
Unless otherwise specified inherent viscosity is measured in a
60/40 parts by weight solution of phenol/tetrachloroethane
25.degree. C. and at a concentration of about 0.5 gram of polymer
in 100 ml of the solvent.
Where acids are specified herein in the formation of the polyesters
or copolyesters, it should be understood that ester forming
derivatives of the acids may be used rather than the acids
themselves as is conventional practice. For example, dimethyl
isophthalate may be used rather than isophthalic acid.
Unless otherwise specified, all parts, ratios, percentages, etc.
are by weight.
The invention has been described in detail with particular
reference to preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be
understood that variations and modifications can be effected within
the spirit and scope of the invention.
* * * * *