U.S. patent number RE28,547 [Application Number 05/409,259] was granted by the patent office on 1975-09-09 for gas-operated internal combustion engine.
This patent grant is currently assigned to P. Clark, Michael Ebert, C. J. Girone, E. J. Kalil, A. Rosen. Invention is credited to Francisco Pacheco.
United States Patent |
RE28,547 |
Pacheco |
September 9, 1975 |
Gas-operated internal combustion engine
Abstract
A gas-operated combustion engine for driving a vehicle, the
vehicle carrying a hydrogen gas generator including a magnesium
electrode immersed in a salt-water electrolyte. The rate of gas
evolution in the generator is controlled as a function of demand,
the gas being intermixed with air and supplied to the cylinders of
the engine.
Inventors: |
Pacheco; Francisco (Hewitt,
NJ) |
Assignee: |
Ebert; Michael (N/A)
Kalil; E. J. (N/A)
Rosen; A. (N/A)
Clark; P. (N/A)
Girone; C. J. (N/A)
|
Family
ID: |
26731464 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/409,259 |
Filed: |
October 24, 1973 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
Reissue of: |
053112 |
Jul 8, 1970 |
03648668 |
Mar 14, 1972 |
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
123/3; 123/1A;
429/8; 123/DIG.12; 123/527; 429/422; 429/428 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F02M
21/00 (20130101); F02B 43/00 (20130101); F02B
2043/106 (20130101); Y02T 10/30 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F02B
43/00 (20060101); F02M 21/00 (20060101); F02b
043/00 (); H01m 017/02 () |
Field of
Search: |
;136/1M,1R,140
;123/119E,DIG.12,1,1A,3 ;290/1 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
electrochemical Technology, Vol. 118, No. 2, Feb. 1971, article
entitled "The Control of Insoluble Magnesium Compounds Formed
During Seawater Battery Discharge" on pps. 394, 395, 396,
397..
|
Primary Examiner: Burns; Wendell E.
Claims
I claim:
1. A gas-operated internal-combustion engine adapted to drive a
vehicle and having a carburetor, comprising:
A. a gas generator mounted on said vehicle, said generator
including a tank having a salt-water electrolyte and a magnesium
electrode suspended in said electrolyte to cause hydrogen to evolve
in the tank,
B. adjustable means coupled to said generator to vary the rate at
which hydrogen is evolved in said tank,
C. means to feed hydrogen from said tank into said carburetor to
intermix with air to produce a combustible mixture,
D. means to supply said mixture to the cylinders of said
engine,
E. means to sense the amount of hydrogen consumed by the engine to
produce a control signal as a function thereof, and
F. means responsive to said control signal to operate said
adjustable means whereby the amount of hydrogen evolved is not
substantially in excess of that required by the engine.
2. An engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein said tank also has a
carbon electrode immersed in the water, and said means to vary the
rate at which hydrogen is evolved comprises a variable resistance
connected between the magnesium and carbon electrodes.
3. An engine as set forth in claim 1, further including a reserve
gas tank coupled to the outlet of the gas generator to accumulate a
supply of hydrogen for starting purposes.
4. An engine as set forth in claim 1, further including a valve
interposed between the generator and carburetor, and means
operatively coupling the valve to the accelerator pedal of the
vehicle.
5. An engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein said salt solution is
highly saturated.
6. An engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein said salt solution is
sea water. .Iadd. 7. A gas generator for producing hydrogen usable
as a fuel for an engine whose demand is variable and for similar
purposes, said generator comprising:
A. a tank having a salt water electrolyte therein;
B. a pair of electrodes disposed in said electrolyte, one of said
electrodes being formed primarily of magnesium; and
C. an electrical circuit forming a conductive path between said
electrodes to produce a current flow in said path causing hydrogen
to be evolved in said tank, said circuit including a variable
resistor external to the tank which is adjustable to set the rate
at which hydrogen is evolved to satisfy the demand therefor.
.Iaddend. .Iadd. 8. A gas generator as set forth in claim 7,
wherein said salt water is constituted by sea water.
.Iaddend..Iadd. 9. A gas generator as set forth in claim 7, wherein
the other electrode is formed primarily of carbon. .Iaddend. .Iadd.
10. A gas generator as set forth in claim 7, further including
means to depolarize said other electrode. .Iaddend..Iadd. 11. A gas
generator as set forth in claim 10, wherein said depolarizer means
is constituted by a vibrator operatively coupled to said other
electrode. .Iaddend..Iadd. 12. A gas generator as set forth in
claim 11, wherein said vibrator is electrically-energized by power
derived from said electrical circuit. .Iaddend..Iadd. 13. A gas
generator as set forth in claim 7, further including means
automatically to adjust the value of said resistor as a function of
said engine fuel demand. .Iaddend..Iadd. 14. A gas generator as set
forth in claim 7, wherein said one of said electrodes is an alloy
of magnesium and a metal selected from the class consisting of zinc
and iron to produce a composition minimizing polarization effects.
.Iaddend.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to gas-operated
internal-combustion engines, and more particularly to a combined
engine and gas-generator assembly wherein the engine is operated by
hydrogen gas produced in a generator borne by a vehicle driven by
the engine.
In a gasoline-operated internal-combustion engine, the thermal
energy which is released when the liquid fuel is burned, is
converted into mechanical energy. The engine includes a carburetor
wherein gasoline is mixed with air to form a combustible mixture
which is compressed in a cylinder and ignited by an electric spark.
Gases created in the cylinder by the combustion of the mixture
expand and thrust the cylinder piston downwards. The piston imparts
a rotary motion to the crankshaft of the engine. The spent gases
are removed from the cylinder and replaced by a fresh gas-and-air
mixture so that a fresh cycle can begin.
In order to avoid pollution of the atmosphere resulting from the
combustion products of gasoline, it is known to operate an
internal-combustion engine with propane or other inflammable gases
rather than with a liquid fuel. In this instance, the
internal-combustion engine is unchanged, except that the carburetor
is adjusted to accommodate the use of gas rather than liquid
fuel.
The disadvantage of existing gas-operated engines is that the fuel
gas is stored in pressurized tanks having a limited capacity. Since
gases such as propane have a relatively limited energy content,
frequent replacement of the tanks is necessary. Moreover, a tank of
highly flammable gas represents a serious hazard, and in the event
of an accident an explosion may occur.
OUTLINE OF THE DRAWING
For a better understanding of the invention as well as other
objects and further features thereof, reference is made to the
following detailed description to be read in conjunction with the
accompanying drawing, whose single FIGURE shows an assembly in
accordance with the invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing, it is the primary object of this
invention to provide a combined engine and gas-generator assembly
wherein hydrogen produced in the generator is utilized as the fuel
for the engine.
More particularly, it is an object of the invention to provide an
assembly of the above type in which the amount of hydrogen produced
is controlled as a function of engine demand, to prevent the excess
build-up of gas and to obviate gas hazards.
Also an object of the invention is to provide an assembly in which
hydrogen is generated by the interaction of magnesium and a saline
solution.
Briefly stated, these objects are attained in a combined engine and
gas-generator assembly wherein hydrogen is generated in a tank
wherein magnesium and carbon electrodes are immersed in a sea-water
bath, the rate of hydrogen generation being controlled by a
variable-resistance path connecting the electrodes. The hydrogen
evolved in the tank is supplied through an adjustable valve into a
carburetor where it is intermixed with air, the mixture being fed
into the cylinders of an internal-combustion engine.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to one embodiment of the invention, a pair of electrodes
is suspended in a tank containing highly saturated sea water.
Preferably, the electrodes are suspended in sea water concentrated
to such extent as to produce supersaturation so that undissolved
salt collects at the bottom of the bath.
One electrode is composed of magnesium while the remaining
electrode preferably is composed of carbon. The tank is sealed
except for a conduit provided for the escape of gas from the
container. Means are provided for interconnecting the exposed ends
of the electrode through a suitable variable electrical load. In
the event that the gas produced is to be utilized as the fuel in
the engine of an automotive vehicle, the load may comprise
electrical devices such as electric lamps, etc., used in the
operation of the vehicle. In any event, the load preferably is in
the form of a variable potentiometer under the control of the
operator and means are provided for open-circuiting the
electrodes.
With the electrodes open-circuited, there is a chemical reaction
between the magnesium electrode and the liquid contents of the tank
acting very slowly to produce hydrogen gas which is led out through
the conduit. Upon closing the circuit between the two electrodes,
electric current is caused to flow therebetween dependent upon the
magnitude of the load and gas is generated at a higher rate than
with the electrodes open-circuited. The rate of production of the
hydrogen varies in proportion to the current flow which is
inversely proportional to the resistance of the variable
potentiometer and may be controlled by the operator.
The reaction is accompanied by the decomposition of the magnesium
electrode and the formation of magnesium hydroxide which is
deposited in the bottom of the tank and the reaction continues
until the magnesium electrode is entirely decomposed, whereupon the
magnesium hydroxide is removed and a new magnesium electrode is
arranged in the tank and the liquid contents thereof are
replenished. The magnesium hydroxide may be processed to recover
its magnesium content for further use as desired. Polarization of
the carbon electrode by the gas formed in the reaction is prevented
by agitation of the carbon electrode through any suitable means for
that purpose.
In another embodiment of the invention, powdered magnesium is
introduced into a tank containing water highly saturated with
sea-water salts. Reaction between the magnesium and the saturated
water results in the production of gas at an uncontrolled rate and
such gas preferably is stored in an expansible chamber from which
it is later withdrawn as desired. However, the reaction may be
controlled by means of an automatic magnesium powder or pellet
dispenser which discharges magnesium into the tank as a function of
hydrogen demand. In this modification, as well as in the other, the
reaction yields magnesium hydroxide which as before may be
processed to obtain magnesium. After the reaction is completed, the
ingredients of the tank are replenished for a further production of
the gas. The production of the gas according to this embodiment may
be facilitated by the addition of powdered carbon or powdered
zinc.
The gas produced according to either of the procedures above
described, when mixed with air in the proper proportions, is highly
explosive, and when this gas is mixed with air in the proper
proportions through a simple valve or jet arrangment and brought to
proper compression in a combustion chamber of an engine, it may be
ignited by standard ignition means.
In order to appreciate the advantages of the invention, a
thermodynamic analysis will now be presented, comparing the
hydrogen energy system to the conventional fossil-fuel system
utilizing gasoline as the energy source. According to page 1,446 of
the 28th edition (1944) of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, a
mol weight of hydrogen (two grams) provides 104,100 B.t.u.'s (net),
or a total of about 23,608,000 B.t.u.'s/lb.
According to the same publication (page 1,446), gasoline provides
20,750 B.t.u.'s/lb. Assuming that an automobile travels a distance
of 200 miles and requires 13 gallons of gas (80 pounds), the total
thermal output of the gasoline will be 1,660,000 B.t.u.'s. Assuming
magnesium is now employed to create the source of energy, the
amount of magnesium equivalent to 1,660,000 B.t.u.'s (100-percent
conversion efficiency assumed) is determined as follows:
One mol of magnesium (24.3 grams) will react with 2 mols of water
to form 1 mol of hydrogen (2 grams). The amount of hydrogen
equivalent to 1,660,000 B.t.u.'s is 31.7 grams, which corresponds
to about 386 grams of magnesium, or 0.85 pound. Thus, on a
thermodynamic basis, a car travelling 200 miles requires 80 pounds
(13 gallons) of gasoline (1,660,000 B.t.u.'s), which corresponds to
about 0.85 pound of magnesium. The energy cost for gasoline at
approximately $0.40 per gallon comes to about $5.20, while the cost
for magnesium, at approximately $0.34. Assuming the
magnesium-hydrogen system to be only 10 percent efficient, the
energy cost would be in the neighborhood of $3.40, which is still
less than the cost of conventional fuel, the magnesium-hydrogen
system having the added advantage of avoiding air pollution. The
actual efficiency of the magnesium-hydrogen system is, of course,
much higher than 10 percent, hence the realistic costs of operating
a vehicle is much cheaper than with gasoline.
An arrangement for practicing the invention, as shown in the
FIGURE, includes a tank 10 borne in a vehicle 11, such as an
automobile or truck, which is driven by an internal-combustion
engine of standard design, represented by block 12. Tank 10 is
preferably formed of non-corrosive metal, and is provided with an
insulating liner, the tank including a gas-discharge outlet 13.
The tank is filled with sea-water or a salt solution 14 which is
highly saturated to a point at which the water is incapable of
dissolving more salt. Supported within tank 10 is a magnesium
electrode 15 which is insulated from the metal tank. A second
electrode 16, preferably composed of carbon and also insulated from
the tank, is supported therein, the second electrode being mounted
for agitation through a flexible seal in the wall of the tank by an
external vibrator which is energized from the storage battery of
the vehicle or from energy derived by galvanic action from the tank
electrodes. The purpose of the vibrator is to agitate the carbon
electrode to dislodge gas collecting thereon, thereby to prevent
polarization of the electrode.
Connected between the electrodes is a potentiometer 18 in series
with a switch 19. When switch 19 is open and the electrodes
unloaded, gas is generated very slowly and is discharged through
outlet 13 leading to a valve 20. Assuming that the valve is closed,
hydrogen will collect in a reserve tank 21. The purpose of reserve
tank 21 is to collect a small supply of hydrogen gas for starting
purposes, before an adequate gas build-up occurs when closing the
switch prior to driving the vehicle.
When switch 19 is closed, gas is electrolytically generated at a
rate which depends on the load resistance introduced by
potentiometer 18. In practice, potentiometer 18 is adjusted to a
level sufficient to supply no more hydrogen than is necessary to
operate the engine, thereby avoiding an excessive build-up of gas
that might lead to a hazardous condition. The adjustment of the
potentiometer may be manual, or it may be automatically controlled
in response to a pressure sensor 24 disposed in the tank to
regulate the amount of gas generated as a function of demand, as
reflected by the pressure within the tank.
Hydrogen from outlet 13 is fed through valve 20 into a carburetor
22, where it is intermixed with air in an appropriate ratio, such
as 1-to-7, the explosive mixture then being fed into the cylinders
of engine 12. The vehicle accelerator 23 is operatively linked to
valve 20 to vary the amount of hydrogen fed into the carburetor,
thereby to control vehicle speed.
While there have been shown and described preferred embodiments of
a gas-operated internal-combustion engine in accordance with the
invention, it will be appreciated that many changes and
modifications may be made therein without, however, departing from
the essential spirit of the invention.
For example, though the system has been described in conjunction
with an internal-combustion engine, it is usable for fueling any
type of burner or engine capable of consuming hydrogen in place of
the existing fuel. Also, in place of carbon electrodes, the tank
itself may be fabricated of carbon or provided with an inner liner
of carbon.
Another way of controlling the amount of gas generated is by
adjusting the degree of immersion of the magnesium electrode in the
electrolyte, thereby varying the effective electrode surface. Also,
in lieu of a single magnesium electrode, one may provide a bank of
magnesium plates, thereby greatly augmenting the area of activity
and the rate of gas production.
The magnesium electrodes are preferably in alloy form, the alloy
being such as to inhibit polarization of the electrode. For this
purpose, an alloy consisting essentially of 93 percent magnesium
and 7 percent zinc, by weight, has been found suitable. It is also
possible to alloy magnesium with iron to minimize polarization
effects.
In practice, reserve tank 21 may be combined with a compressor to
provide an adequate supply of fuel to improve acceleration of the
engine. In lieu of salt water, one may use other ionizable
compounds to provide a magnesium-corrodable aqueous electrolyte. It
is intended therefore in the annexed claims to encompass all such
changes and modifications.
* * * * *