U.S. patent number PP17,135 [Application Number 10/944,025] was granted by the patent office on 2006-10-10 for walnut tree named `gillet`.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The Regents of the University of California. Invention is credited to Charles Leslie, Gale McGranahan.
United States Patent |
PP17,135 |
McGranahan , et al. |
October 10, 2006 |
Walnut tree named `Gillet`
Abstract
A new and distinct variety of walnut tree denominated `Gillet`
is described. This new cultivar comes into bearing young, produces
well mid-season, and bears a jumbo sized nut with light colored
kernels of uniform size. The new cultivar can be harvested prior to
`Chandler` and furthermore shows low susceptibility to walnut
blight.
Inventors: |
McGranahan; Gale (Davis,
CA), Leslie; Charles (Davis, CA) |
Assignee: |
The Regents of the University of
California (Oakland, CA)
|
Family
ID: |
35759082 |
Appl.
No.: |
10/944,025 |
Filed: |
September 17, 2004 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20060031972 P1 |
Feb 9, 2006 |
|
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
10912781 |
Aug 6, 2004 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
PLT/154 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01H
6/54 (20180501); A01H 5/08 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A01H
5/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;PLT/154 |
Primary Examiner: Grunberg; Anne Marie
Assistant Examiner: Hwu; June
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Morrison & Foerster LLP
Claims
What we claim is:
1. A new variety of walnut tree substantially as shown and
described herein.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
Botanical/commercial classification: (Juglans regia)/new English
walnut variety. Varietal denomination: cv. Gillet.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a new and distinct variety of
walnut tree Juglans regia which has been denominated varietally as
`Gillet,` and more particularly to such a walnut tree which has a
harvest date approximately two weeks earlier than the walnut tree
variety `Chandler` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 4,388) and which further
produces a walnut that is jumbo in size with light colored kernels
and which can be processed in shell or cracked.
It has long been recognized as desirable to provide walnut trees
bearing large crops which are ripe for commercial harvesting and
shipment midseason and exhibit low susceptibility to walnut blight.
The tree of the present variety, `Gillet,` produces a nut which is
similar in some respects to common walnut tree varieties such as
`Chandler,` (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 4,388). However the new variety is
ready for harvest approximately two weeks before `Chandler,` and
ten days after the common reference cultivar `Payne` (not
patented).
The new Juglans regia walnut tree of the present invention was
created at Davis, Calif. in 1995 by a controlled cross of the
cultivar `Chico` and UC76-80 (neither patented). The pedigree is
illustrated (FIG. 1).
Seeds from the cross were planted and the resulting 37 trees were
carefully observed along with other trees in the walnut breeding
program. When they began to bear nuts, data were collected annually
on leafing date, first peak and last female flower bloom, first,
peak and last male bloom, blight severity and yield (Table 1). Nuts
were sampled, cracked, and data was collected on shell appearance,
shell thickness, shell integrity, shell strength, nut weight,
kernel weight, percent kernel, ease of kernel removal, kernel
color, and percent kernel shrivel (Table 2). A single tree was
selected from among progeny of this controlled cross based on its
superior attributes. This selection was originally designated
`UC95-22-26,` and is now designated the `Gillet` cultivar after
Felix Gillet, a historical figure said to be responsible for
introducing varieties suitable for the northern half of California
and therefore responsible for the growth of the walnut industry
early in the 20.sup.th century. Compared to `Gillet` the parent
UC76-80 is protandrous and the nut has a weaker shell; the parent
`Chico` has smaller nuts than `Gillet` with a more difficult to
extract kernel.
The new cultivar of the present invention has been propagated by
grafting at Davis, Calif. on `Paradox` hybrid rootstock. The
distinctive characteristics of the new cultivar have been found to
be stable and are transmitted to the new trees when asexually
propagated.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It was found that the new Juglans regia cultivar of the present
invention exhibits the following combination of characteristics: a)
Comes into bearing young, with an excellent yield at age 3 years;
b) forms jumbo-sized walnuts that possess light-colored kernels
with little size variation in a given harvest; c) can be processed
inshell or cracked; d) bears fruit laterally; e) yields a walnut
crop that can be harvested 2 weeks prior to `Chandler` (U.S. Plant
Pat. No. 4,388). f) is protogynous, bearing female flowers before
male flowers; and g) exhibits low susceptibility to blight.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES
Table 1 shows comparative tree evaluations.
Table 2 shows nut and kernel traits.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1--shows the pedigree of the `Gillet` walnut.
FIG. 2--shows a tree of the `Gillet` walnut at seven years.
FIG. 3--shows a near view of the typical current season's stem of
the `Gillet` walnut.
FIG. 4--shows a near view of the leaves of the `Gillet` walnut.
FIG. 5--shows a near view of the nuts in the hull of the `Gillet`
walnut just prior to maturity.
FIG. 6--shows nuts in the hull of the `Gillet` walnut at
maturity.
FIG. 7--shows kernel and nut of the `Gillet` walnut.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT
The description is based on an ungrafted walnut on its own roots
and trees propagated by grafting on Paradox rootstock and growing
in an orchard at Davis, Calif. Data were collected on the own
rooted tree from 1999, at age 3 years, to 2003, age seven.
In 2002, scionwood from this tree was collected and grafted onto
Paradox rootstock for further evaluation in three sites: Davis,
Chico and Kearney.
The Munsell Book of Color is used in the identification of color.
Also, common color terms are to be accorded their ordinary
dictionary significance. Botanical classification: Juglans regia.
Female parent.--`Chico`. Male parent.--UC76-80.
The pedigree is shown (FIG. 1).
Plant: The growth habit of the tree is illustrated in FIG. 2. This
7 year old tree was approximately 22 feet in height with a canopy
diameter of approximately 19 feet. The trunk diameter at 30 cm
above the ground is approximately 20 cm. The silvery grey bark is
typical of Juglans regia. The young bark is brown (2.9GY 2.3/3.6)
with raised white lenticels (FIG. 3) and the older bark is grey (5Y
7.5/2) with lighter striations (7 YR 8/2). On one-year-old bark
there are about 12 lenticels per 2.5 cm of stem measuring
approximately 1.5 cm in diameter. `Gillet`s lenticels are oval,
measure 2-10 mm by 1-2 mm and are light grey yellow brown (9.7YR
4.6/2.1). `Gillet` has vigor similar to the `Serr` variety. The
surface texture of trunk branch, leaflets, hull and kernel are
smooth.
Foliage: The dark green foliage is illustrated (FIG. 4) and is
typical of Juglans regia. Leaf out during 1994-2003 has occurred on
March 30 on the average. For comparative purposes the `Payne`
cultivar leafed out 9 days earlier and the `Chandler` cultivar
leafed out 7 days later during the same years. The typical leaf
coloration is green, 6.1GY 3.2/5.8, on the upper surface, and
slightly lighter (5.0GY 4.5/8.2) on the lower surface. The leaves
are pinnately compound with 5-7 (9) leaflets. The full leaf length
is approximately 37 cm and the width 26.6 cm. Leaflets are broadly
elliptical and entire. The terminal leaflet averages 15 cm in
length and 10 cm in width. The middle leaflets average 13 cm in
length and 7.6 cm in width and the proximal leaflets average 8.9 cm
in length and 5.4 cm in width. If 7 leaflets are present the first
(proximal) set is smallest averaging 6.3 cm in length and 4 cm in
width. The rachis averages 22.4 cm in length and is 1-2 mm in
diameter. Petioles average length is 7 cm, 2-4 mm in diameter and
5GY 7/8 in color.
Inflorescence: The tree is relatively precocious, an excellent
yield being noted at age 3 years. Male flowers (catkins) were not
present until age 5. This delay in male maturity is typical of
Juglans regia. The catkin's diameter is about 15 mm and
yellow-green (5GY 6/8). Catkin length ranges between 7 and 13 cm.
From 1999 to 2003, first female bloom occurred on an average on
April 4, peak bloom on April 8 and last bloom on April 15. From
2001 to 2003, average male flowering (pollen shedding) began April
10, peaked on April 18 and terminated April 27. In this protogynous
tree, pollen shedding does not completely cover pistillate bloom
suggesting that a pollenizer would be needed for maximum yield in
isolated areas. Both `UC90-31-10` (patent application No.
10/912,852) and `Serr` (unpatented) would be satisfactory
pollenizers. The female flowers are typical of Juglans regia with
two flowers per inflorescence borne at both terminal and lateral
positions on current season's growth. Approximately 98% of the
lateral buds contain inflorescences making yields much greater than
trees that only bear flowers terminally. A typical female flower is
approximately 5 to 7 mm at anthesis and the floral organs are
typical of J. regia. The flowers appear vase-shaped when the two
plumose stigmatic arms are curved outwardly. There are no petals.
The flowers measure 5-7 mm in length and 3-5 mm in diameter and are
yellow-green (5GY 6/8) in color. They are borne usually in twos on
a 1 cm spike. The flower fragrance is typical of J. regia and is
not noticeably different than the foliage fragrance.
Walnuts: The new cultivar commonly harvests at least eleven days
before `Chandler` and two weeks after `Payne` but may become
earlier as the clone ages. During 2003, nuts of this new cultivar
were ready for harvest on October 1. This compares with `Payne`
that harvested September 21, and `Chandler` that harvested October
19. The new cultivar has excellent yields of jumbo-sized walnuts.
The hull is globose, 5 cm.times.5 cm, 5.8 mm thick and 2.5GY 8/6 in
color. The apex is between rounded and truncate, the base is round
and it is approximately 1.3-1.5 mm thick. The round nutshell is
tan, relatively smooth, and measures approximately 38.7 mm in
length and 38.5 mm in width. The shell is strong and well sealed
and the kernel is easy to remove. The kernel weighs 8.2 g and makes
up 51.5% of the total nut weight of 16.0 g. Kernel color is
considered excellent and scores mostly in the light to extra light
categories of the USDA Standards for Grades of Shelled Walnuts as
determined by using the standard Walnut Color Chart for kernels
published by the Dried Fruit Association of California. In addition
kernels of `Gillet` scored 55 on the Relative Light Index used by
Diamond Walnut of Stockton, Calif. These values are based on 5 year
averages of ten walnut samples obtained each year from a young
tree. Typical kernel dimensions are approximately 31.8 mm in length
and 32.3 mm in width. The kernel is essentially round and splits
into halves easily. It is plump in comparison to `Chandler`. It is
typical of commercial walnuts in terms of flavor and firmness, the
latter varying according to the percent moisture after drying.
Hardiness: The non-bearing tree withstood a temperature of
21.degree. F. in 1998.
Chilling requirement: Trees have not shown staggered leafing and
bloom, symptoms of lack of chilling when exposed to over 767
chilling hours (hours under 45.degree. F.).
Disease resistance and susceptibility: Susceptibility to walnut
blight has been low even though adjacent trees have been severely
afflicted. No other unusual resistance or susceptibility to insects
and diseases has been observed to date.
Usage: The new cultivar of the present invention provides a
mid-season harvesting walnut cultivar with light colored kernels
that can be used cracked or in shell.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 TREE EVALUATIONS Male Female Leafing DAP
bloom DAP bloom date L date M date 1999 Payne 3/24 0 4/14 0 4/18
Tulare 4/10 17 4/17 3 4/25 Chandler 4/13 20 4/17 3 4/28 Sexton 4/6
13 4/18 4 4/19 Gillet 4/11 18 4/22 Forde 4/14 21 4/23 2000 Payne
3/19 0 3/31 0 4/5 Tulare 4/3 15 4/11 11 4/15 Chandler 4/4 16 4/12
12 4/20 Sexton 3/28 9 4/5 5 4/10 Gillet 3/30 11 4/7 Forde 4/3 15
4/10 2001 Payne 3/17 0 3/27 0 4/1 Tulare 3/29 12 4/10 13 4/20
Chandler 3/29 12 4/10 13 4/23 Sexton 3/22 5 3/26 0 4/7 Gillet 3/23
6 4/15 18 3/30 Forde 3/24 7 4/15 18 4/3 2002 Payne 3/27 0 4/6 0
4/12 Tulare 4/6 10 4/15 9 4/24 Chandler 4/7 11 4/17 11 4/27 Sexton
4/1 5 4/10 4 4/15 Gillet 4/1 5 4/23 17 4/11 Forde 4/2 6 4/23 17
4/13 2003 Payne 3/18 0 4/5 0 4/9 Tulare 4/5 18 4/18 13 4/26
Chandler 4/7 20 4/20 15 5/3 Sexton 3/24 6 4/5 0 4/9 Gillet 3/24 6
4/18 13 4/4 Forde 3/27 9 4/23 18 4/9 5 YEAR AVERAGE Payne 3/21 0
4/4 0 4/9 Tulare 4/4 14 4/14 10 4/22 Chandler 4/7 16 4/15 11 4/26
Sexton 3/29 8 4/6 2 4/12 Gillet 3/30 9 4/19 16 4/8 Forde 4/1 11
4/20 18 4/12 DAP Harvest DAP Season Overlap F Date H length % 1999
Payne 0 9/24 0 159 89 Tulare 7 10/5 11 166 27 Chandler 10 10/19 25
174 53 Sexton 1 10/1 7 165 88 Gillet 4 10/10 16 171 Forde 5 10/22
28 182 2000 Payne 0 9/13 0 161 89 Tulare 10 10/3 20 172 100
Chandler 15 10/12 29 175 67 Sexton 5 9/30 17 173 54 Gillet 2 9/26
13 172 Forde 5 10/7 24 180 2001 Payne 0 9/9 0 161 89 Tulare 20 9/27
15 160 85 Chandler 22 10/7 28 167 38 Sexton 6 9/29 20 175 53 Gillet
-2 9/18 9 172 Forde 2 9/29 20 179 2002 Payne 0 9/18 0 159 60 Tulare
12 10/3 16 162 91 Chandler 15 10/9 21 165 75 Sexton 3 10/3 15 171
83 Gillet -1 10/4 16 176 40 Forde 1 10/6 18 176 11 2003 Payne 0
9/21 0 165 62 Tulare 17 10/5 14 164 92 Chandler 25 10/10 19 160 50
Sexton 0 10/6 15 180 100 Gillet -5 10/1 10 180 42 Forde 0 10/3 12
177 20 5 YEAR AVERAGE Payne 0 9/17 0 161 78 Tulare 13 10/3 17 165
79 Chandler 17 10/11 24 168 57 Sexton 3 10/1 15 173 76 Gillet 0
9/30 13 174 41 Forde 3 10/7 20 179 15 Lateral Male Female
fruitfulness abundance abundance % Yield Blight 1999 Payne 6 7 100
6 3 Tulare 4 6 90 6 0 Chandler 4 5 90 5 3 Sexton 6 7 100 7 2 Gillet
5 90 5 0 Forde 6 100 4 0 2000 Payne 6 6 100 6 5 Tulare 6 6 100 6 4
Chandler 4 5 90 4 0 Sexton 5 6 100 6 0 Gillet 6 100 6 0 Forde 5 100
6 0 2001 Payne 7 6 100 5 8 Tulare 6 6 70 5 3 Chandler 5 5 100 4 2
Sexton 5 6 100 6 1 Gillet 3 6 100 7 0 Forde 2 6 100 7 0 2002 Payne
7 6 100 7 3 Tulare 5 6 100 6 0 Chandler 5 6 100 6 1 Sexton 6 6 100
6 0 Gillet 4 6 100 6 0 Forde 4 6 100 6 0 2003 Payne 5 6 100 6 7
Tulare 5 6 100 6 5 Chandler 4 6 100 4 0 Sexton 5 6 100 6 2 Gillet 6
6 100 7 1 Forde 4 6 100 7 2 5 YEAR AVERAGE Payne 6.2 6.2 100 6 5.2
Tulare 5.2 6 92 5.8 2.4 Chandler 4.4 5.4 96 4.6 1.2 Sexton 5.4 6.2
100 6.2 1 Gillet 4.3 5.8 98 6.2 0.2 Forde 3.3 5.8 100 6 0.4 KEY TO
TABLE 1 Leafing date Date when 50% of terminal buds have enlarged
and the bud scales have split exposing the green leaves DAP L Days
after Payne (reference cultivar) leafing Male bloom date Date when
maximum pollen shedding occurs DAP M Days after Payne (reference
cultivar) male bloom Female bloom date Date of maximum pistillate
flower receptivity DAP F Days after Payne (reference cultivar)
female bloom Harvest Date Date when 95% of the nuts separate from
the hulls DAP H Days after Payne (reference cultivar) harvest
Season length Days between female flowering and harvest Overlap %
Percent of female bloom overlapped by male bloom Male abundance
Male flower abundance: 3 low; 5 intermediate; 7 high Female
abundance Female flower abundance: 3 low; 5 intermediate; 7 high
Lateral fruitfulness % Percent of lateral buds with female flowers
Yield Yield: 3 low; 5 intermediate; 7 high Blight Blight incidence:
3 low; 5 intermediate; 7 high DFA Dried Fruit Association of CA
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 NUT AND KERNEL TRAITS SHELL Texture Color
Seal Strength Integrity Thickness 1999 Payne 5 5 5 5 7 1.3 Tulare 5
6 4 4 7 1.2 Chandler 5 4 5 4 7 1.2 Sexton 5 5 6 6 7 1.5 Gillet 5 5
3 5 7 1.5 Forde 5 5 5 5 7 1.6 2000 Payne 5 5 5 5 7 1.4 Tulare 6 6 4
5 7 1.3 Chandler 5 5 5 4 7 1.4 Sexton 4 6 5 6 7 1.7 Gillet 6 5 4 4
7 1.3 Forde 8 5 4 5 7 1.2 2001 Payne 5 5 5 5 7 1.5 Tulare 5 6 5 4 7
1.3 Chandler 5 4 5 4 7 1.5 Sexton 4 5 5 5 7 1.6 Gillet 5 5 4 4 7
1.2 Forde 5 5 5 5 7 1.5 2002 Payne 5 5 5 5 7 1.0 Tulare 5 5 5 4 7
1.2 Chandler 5 4 5 5 7 1.5 Sexton 4 5 5 5 7 1.4 Gillet 5 5 4 5 7
1.3 Forde 5 4 5 5 7 1.5 2003 Payne 5 5 5 6 7 1.6 Tulare 5 6 5 4 7
1.2 Chandler 6 4 5 4 7 1.3 Sexton 4 5 5 5 7 1.5 Gillet 5 5 5 5 7
1.3 Forde 6 5 8 6 7 1.6 5 YEAR AVERAGE Payne 5 5 5 5.2 7 1.4 Tulare
5.2 5.8 4.8 4.2 7 1.2 Chandler 5 4.2 5 4.2 7 1.4 Sexton 4.2 5.2 5.2
5.4 7 1.5 Gillet 5.2 5 4 4.6 7 1.3 Forde 5.4 4.8 5 5.2 7 1.5
Packing Inshell Kernel Kernel tissue weight weight % 1999 Payne 5
18.9 5.3 44.9 Tulare 5 14.0 7.7 57.7 Chandler 5 13.7 7.1 52.2
Sexton 5 14.2 8.9 48.4 Gillet 5 18.5 8.2 49.8 Forde 5 18.8 9.7 51.7
2000 Payne 5 12.8 6.1 48.0 Tulare 5 16.4 9.2 58.5 Chandler 5 13.7
6.7 49.1 Sexton 5 17.0 8.6 50.7 Gillet 5 17.0 9.0 52.9 Forde 5 17.3
10.3 58.8 2001 Payne 5 15.4 7.4 48.2 Tulare 5 18.9 8.8 52.5
Chandler 5 15.0 7.5 49.7 Sexton 5 16.0 8.2 51.2 Gillet 5 15.0 8.1
53.8 Forde 5 15.1 8.0 53.0 2002 Payne 5 12.1 5.6 46.8 Tulare 5 15.0
8.2 55.0 Chandler 5 13.7 6.2 45.4 Sexton 5 18.5 9.9 53.4 Gillet 5
15.2 7.7 50.8 Forde 5 16.7 8.9 53.4 2003 Payne 5 15.6 7.4 47.1
Tulare 5 15.2 8.5 55.9 Chandler 5 13.6 7.1 51.1 Sexton 5 15.4 7.7
50.2 Gillet 5 16.2 8.2 50.5 Forde 5 17.6 9.1 51.7 5 YEAR AVERAGE
Payne 5 14.8 6.4 47 Tulare 5 15.5 8.5 55.5 Chandler 5 14 6.9 49.5
Sexton 5 16.2 8.3 50.8 Gillet 5 16 8.2 51.6 Forde 5 17.1 9.2 53.7
KERNEL Extra Ease of Blanks light Light Fill Plumpness removal % %
% 1999 Payne 5 4 4 0 50 30 Tulare 5 5 4 0 0 100 Chandler 4 5 3 0 90
10 Sexton 5 5 4 0 100 0 Gillet 5 4 5 0 0 100 Forde 5 5 5 0 0 100
2000 Payne 5 5 4 0 0 100 Tulare 5 5 5 0 0 100 Chandler 5 4 4 0 60
40 Sexton 5 5 5 0 0 80 Gillet 5 4 5 0 0 90 Forde 5 5 4 0 0 90 2001
Payne 5 5 5 0 30 70 Tulare 5 5 5 0 0 100 Chandler 4 4 4 0 100 0
Sexton 6 5 5 0 40 60 Gillet 5 4 5 0 0 90 Forde 5 5 5 0 0 90 2002
Payne 5 5 5 0 0 90 Tulare 5 5 5 0 0 100 Chandler 4 4 4 0 100 0
Sexton 6 5 5 0 50 50 Gillet 5 5 5 0 0 100 Forde 5 5 4 0 100 0 2003
Payne 5 5 5 0 0 90 Tulare 6 5 4 10 33 67 Chandler 5 4 4 0 100 0
Sexton 5 5 5 0 40 40 Gillet 5 5 5 0 10 90 Forde 5 5 4 0 50 50 5
YEAR AVERAGE Payne 5 4.8 4.6 0 16 76 Tulare 5.2 5 4.6 2 7 93
Chandler 4.4 4.2 3.6 0 90 10 Sexton 5.6 5 4.8 0 46 48 Gillet 5 4.4
5 0 2 94 Forde 5 5.4 4.4 0 30 66 KERNEL Light Tip Other amber Amber
shrivel shrivel Veins % % % % % 1999 Payne 20 0 0 20 30 Tulare 0 0
0 0 0 Chandler 0 0 30 0 0 Sexton 0 0 20 0 0 Gillet 0 0 0 0 0 Forde
0 0 0 0 0 2000 Payne 0 0 1 0 30 Tulare 0 0 1 0 0 Chandler 0 0 40 0
0 Sexton 20 0 10 0 10 Gillet 10 0 20 0 20 Forde 0 10 10 0 0 2001
Payne 0 0 0 0 20 Tulare 0 0 20 0 0 Chandler 0 0 10 0 0 Sexton 0 0
10 0 10 Gillet 10 0 0 0 0 Forde 10 0 0 0 0 2002 Payne 10 0 0 0 0
Tulare 0 0 0 0 0 Chandler 0 0 40 0 0 Sexton 0 0 0 0 0 Gillet 0 0 0
10 10 Forde 0 0 0 0 0 2003 Payne 10 0 0 0 10 Tulare 0 0 0 0 0
Chandler 0 0 20 0 0 Sexton 20 0 20 20 0 Gillet 0 0 10 0 0 Forde 0 0
10 0 0 5 YEAR AVERAGE Payne 8 0 0.2 4 18 Tulare 0 0 4 0 0 Chandler
0 0 28 0 0 Sexton 8 0 12 4 4 Gillet 4 0 6 2 6 Forde 2 2 4 0 0 KEY
FOR TABLE 2 Texture Shell texture: 3 smooth; 5 medium; 7 rough
Color Shell color: 3 light; 5 medium; 7 dark Seal Shell seal: 3
weak; 5 intermediate; 7 strong Strength Shell strength: 3 weak; 5
intermediate; 7 strong Integrity Shell integrity: 3 substantial
area of shell missing; 5 small area of missing shell; 6 stem end
hole; 7 complete shell Thickness Shell thickness at mid-cheek in mm
Packing tissue Inner lining: 3 thin; 5 medium; 7 thick Inshell
weight gm Kernel weight gm Kernel % Kernel wt/ inshell wt .times.
100 Fill Kernel fill: 3 poor; 5 moderate; 7 well Plumpness Kernel
plumpness: 3 thin; 5 moderate; 7 plump Ease of removal Ease of
removal of kernel halves: 3 easy; 5 moderate; 7 difficult Blanks %
Percent of nuts without a kernel Extra light % Percent of kernels
in extra light category (DFA) Light % Percent of kernels in light
category (DFA) Light amber % Percent of kernels in light amber
category (DFA) Amber % Percent of kernels in amber category (DFA)
Tip shrivel % Percent of kernels with tip shrivel like Chandler
Other shrivel % Percent of kernels with more substantial shrivel
Veins % Percent of kernels with conspicuous veins DFA Dried Fruit
Association of CA
* * * * *