U.S. patent number 9,515,486 [Application Number 13/902,181] was granted by the patent office on 2016-12-06 for output control device and output control method for wind farm.
This patent grant is currently assigned to MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD.. The grantee listed for this patent is Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.. Invention is credited to Mitsuya Baba, Yoshiaki Hori, Tsutomu Kii, Akira Yasugi.
United States Patent |
9,515,486 |
Yasugi , et al. |
December 6, 2016 |
Output control device and output control method for wind farm
Abstract
An output control device for a wind farm which includes n number
of wind turbines includes a WTG output obtaining unit for obtaining
a current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines; an
extractable output calculation unit for calculating an extractable
output Pmax.sub.i for each of the wind turbines; a potential output
calculation unit for calculating a potential output Ppot.sub.i of
each of the wind turbines based on a difference between the
extractable output Pmax.sub.i and the current output P.sub.i of
each of the wind turbines; and a WTG output determination unit for
determining an output command value of each of the wind turbines so
that a total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm becomes closer to an
output target value P.sub.WF*. The WTG output determination unit
assigns an output increase amount to each of the wind turbines and
to determine the output command value.
Inventors: |
Yasugi; Akira (Tokyo,
JP), Kii; Tsutomu (Tokyo, JP), Baba;
Mitsuya (Tokyo, JP), Hori; Yoshiaki (Tokyo,
JP) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. |
Tokyo |
N/A |
JP |
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Assignee: |
MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES,
LTD. (Tokyo, JP)
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Family
ID: |
50824741 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/902,181 |
Filed: |
May 24, 2013 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20140152105 A1 |
Jun 5, 2014 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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PCT/JP2012/081090 |
Nov 30, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F03D
7/048 (20130101); H02J 3/00 (20130101); H02J
3/46 (20130101); F03D 7/028 (20130101); Y02E
10/76 (20130101); Y02E 10/72 (20130101); F05B
2270/309 (20130101); H02J 3/381 (20130101); H02J
2300/28 (20200101); H02J 3/48 (20130101); H02J
3/386 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H02J
3/00 (20060101); F03D 7/02 (20060101); F03D
7/04 (20060101); H02J 3/48 (20060101); H02J
3/38 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;307/52,84 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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1672778 |
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Jun 2006 |
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EP |
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2006-226189 |
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Aug 2006 |
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JP |
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2007-032488 |
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Feb 2007 |
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JP |
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2010-148336 |
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Jul 2010 |
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JP |
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2012-097596 |
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May 2012 |
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JP |
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Other References
Europe Patent Office, "Search Report for EP 12881137.9," Oct. 3,
2014. cited by applicant .
PCT, "International Search Report and Written Opinion for
PCT/JP2012/081090" Mar. 5, 2013. cited by applicant .
PCT/IB/338, "Notification of Transmittal of Translation of the
International Preliminary Report on Patentability for International
Application No. PCT/JP2012/081090," Jun. 11, 2015. cited by
applicant .
PCT/IB/373, "International Preliminary Report on Patentability for
International Application No. PCT/JP2012/081090," Jun. 2, 2015.
cited by applicant .
PCT/ISA/237, "Written Opinion of the International Searching
Authority for International Application No. PCT/JP2012/081090,"
Mar. 5, 2013. cited by applicant .
PCT/IB/326, "Notification Concerning Transmittal of International
Preliminary Report on Patentability for International Application
No. PCT/JP2012/081090," Jun. 11, 2015. cited by applicant .
PCT, "Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority for
PCT/JP2012/081090," Sep. 26, 2014. cited by applicant .
Japan Patent Office, "Decision to grant a patent for JP
2014-504886," Feb. 20, 2015. cited by applicant .
Europe Patent Office, "Decision to Grant a Patent for European
Patent Application No. 12881137.9," Mar. 17, 2016. cited by
applicant.
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Primary Examiner: Chang; Joseph
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kanesaka; Manabu Hauptman; Benjamin
Berner; Kenneth
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a PCT BY-pass continuation application
based onPCT/JP2012/081090 filed Nov. 30, 2012, the disclosure of
which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. An output control device for a wind farm which includes n
number, of wind turbines, n being an integer of two or more, the
output control device comprising: a WTG output obtaining unit for
obtaining a current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines
where i=1, . . . , n; an extractable output calculation unit for
calculating an extractable output Pmax.sub.i for each of the wind
turbines where i=1, . . . , n, the extractable output Pmax.sub.i
being energy extractable from wind energy; a potential output
calculation unit for calculating a potential output Ppot.sub.i of
each of the wind turbines based on a difference between the
extractable output Pmax.sub.i and the current output P.sub.i of
each of the wind turbines where i=1, . . . , n; and a WTG output
determination unit for determining an output command value of each
of the wind turbines so that a total output P.sub.WF of the wind
farm becomes closer to an output target value P.sub.WF*, wherein
the WTG output determination unit is configured to assign an output
increase amount to each of the wind turbines based on the potential
output Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines and to determine the
output command value based on the output increase amount, when the
output target value P.sub.WF* of the wind farm is greater than the
total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm, and assign the output
increase amount only to the wind turbines in which a rotor rotation
speed has reached a rated rotation speed.
2. An output control device for a wind farm which includes n number
of wind turbines, n being an integer of two or more, the output
control device comprising: a WTG output obtaining unit for
obtaining a current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines
where an extractable output calculation unit for calculating an
extractable output Pmax.sub.i for each of the wind turbines where
i=1, . . . , n, the extractable output Pmax.sub.i being energy
extractable from wind energy; a potential output calculation unit
for calculating a potential output Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind
turbines based on a difference between the extractable output
Pmax.sub.i and the current output P.sub.i of each of the wind
turbines where i=1, . . . , n; and a WTG output determination unit
for determining an output command value of each of the wind
turbines so that a total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm becomes
closer to an output target value P.sub.WF*, wherein the WTG output
determination unit is configured to assign an output increase
amount to each of the wind turbines based on the potential output
Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines and to determine the output
command value based on the output increase amount, when the output
target value P.sub.WF* of the wind farm is greater than the total
output P.sub.WF of the wind farm, and assign the output increase
amount only to the wind turbines in which the potential output
Ppot.sub.i is greater than a threshold value Ppot.sub.th where
Ppot.sub.th>0.
3. The output control device for the wind farm according to claim
1, wherein the WTG output determination unit is configured to
obtain the output command value for each of the wind turbines so
that the output increase amount of each of the wind turbines is
proportional to an amount of the potential output Ppot.sub.i.
4. The output control device for the wind farm according to claim
1, further comprising: a WTG output correction unit for correcting
the output command value so that a sum of differences between the
total output P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF* is at
least partially compensated.
5. The output control device for the wind farm according to claim
4, wherein the WTG output correction unit is configured to correct
the output command value only in a period excluding a transient
period from a point when the output target value P.sub.WF* is
updated to a point when the total output P.sub.WF reaches an
updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*.
6. The output control device for the wind farm according to claim
4, wherein the WTG output correction unit is configured to correct
the output command value based on at least one of: the difference
between the total output P.sub.WF and the output target value
P.sub.WF*; a change rate of the total output P.sub.WF of the wind
farm; a change rate of the current output P.sub.i of each of the
wind turbines where i=1, . . . , n; a difference between the
current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines and a current
output command value Pout.sub.i; and a change rate of a wind speed
for each of the wind turbines.
7. The output control device for the wind farm according to claim
1, further comprising: an output change rate controller for
controlling an output change rate of the total output P.sub.WF of
the wind farm, wherein the output change rate controller is
configured to: limit a change rate of the total output P.sub.WF of
the wind farm to a first change rate in a transient period from a
point when the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated to a point
when the total output P.sub.WF reaches an updated value of the
output target value P.sub.WF*; and limit the change rate of the
total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm to a second change rate in a
period excluding the transient period, the second change rate being
greater than the first change rate.
8. The output control device for the wind farm according to claim
2, further comprising: an output change rate controller for
controlling an output change rate of the total output P.sub.WF of
the wind farm, wherein the output change rate controller is
configured to: limit a change rate of the total output P.sub.WF of
the wind farm to a first change rate in a transient period from a
point when the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated to a point
when the total output P.sub.WF reaches an updated value of the
output target value P.sub.WF*; and limit the change rate of the
total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm to a second change rate in a
period excluding the transient period, the second change rate being
greater than the first change rate.
9. An output control method for a wind farm which includes n number
of wind turbines, n being an integer of two or more, the output
control method comprising the steps of: obtaining a current output
P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines, where i=1, . . . , n;
calculating an extractable output Pmax.sub.i for each of the wind
turbines where i=1, . . . , n, the extractable output Pmax.sub.i
being extractable energy from wind energy; calculating a potential
output Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines based on a
difference between the extractable output Pmax.sub.i and the
current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines where i=1, . .
. , n; and determining an output command value of each of the wind
turbines so that a total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm becomes
closer to an output target value P.sub.WF*, wherein, in the step of
determining the output command value, when the output target value
P.sub.WF* of the wind farm is greater than the total output
P.sub.WF of the wind farm, an output increase amount is assigned to
each of the wind turbines based on the potential output Ppot.sub.i
of each of the wind turbines and the output command value is
determined based on the output increase amount, and the WTG output
determination unit assigns the output increase amount only to the
wind turbines in which a rotor rotation speed has reached a rated
rotation speed.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to an output control device and an
output control method for controlling an output of a wind farm.
BACKGROUND ART
In recent years, from the perspective of environmental
preservation, wind farms formed by a group of wind turbine
generators which generates power using wind power are becoming
popular.
A wind farm is often connected to the grid. In this case, electric
power generated in the wind farm is supplied to the grid. The wind
farm connected to the grid is required to operate at an appropriate
output so as not to disturb the grid stability. Thus, the output of
the wind farm is controlled in some cases to achieve a desired
output which is specified from the grid side.
For instance, described in Patent Literature 1 is a wind farm
control device which is configured to obtain active power to be
outputted from the wind farm based on a measurement value at a
connection point of the wind farm to the grid and to supply a
control signal to each wind turbine based on an external control
signal from operators of electric utility.
Although not directly related to the output control for the wind
farm, disclosed in Patent Literature 2 is a method for determining
a control reserve of each wind turbine by determining a maximum
value of the electric variable from the actual value of the wind
and subtracting a current value of the electric variable from the
maximum value of the electric variable.
Further, a particular output control method is disclosed in Patent
Literature 3. According to the method, an operation for limiting
the power generation output of the wind farm in advance during the
normal operation (a deload operation) is performed, in order to
secure electrical output from the wind farm to the grid during gird
disturbance.
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
[PTL 1] U.S. Pat. No. 7,649,282 [PTL 2] US2009/0033096 [PTL 3] JP
2012-97596 A
SUMMARY
Technical Problem
The inventors of the present invention originally thought of a
technique to assign an output change amount of a difference between
the power generation output of the wind farm and an output target
value to each wind turbine according to a current output of each
wind turbine, as one technique to bring the actual output of the
entire wind farm to the output target value.
However, with this method, in the case where the wind speed of each
wind turbine changes after the output change amount is specified
for each of the wind turbines, there is a possibility that the
output of the entire wind farm cannot be obtained as planned for
the following reasons. Specifically, for a wind turbine whose wind
speed has increased after the output change amount is assigned, the
wind turbine has potential to further increase the output but the
power generation output is restricted by the assigned output change
amount. In contrast, for a wind turbine whose wind speed has
decreased after the output change amount is assigned, there is a
chance that the wind turbine fails to achieve the assigned output
change amount due to the wind speed reduction. Thus, there is a
chance that the actual output of the entire wind farm falls below
the output target value.
In this perspective, Patent Literatures 1 to 3 do not disclose a
method for appropriately controlling the output of the entire wind
farm to the target output.
It is an object of at least one embodiment of the present invention
to provide an output control device and an output control method
for a wind farm, which is extremely capable of matching the output
of the entire wind farm to the target output.
Solution to Problem
An output control device according to at least one of the present
invention is for a wind farm which includes n number of wind
turbines, n being an integer of two or more, and comprises:
a WTG output obtaining unit for obtaining a current output P.sub.i
of each of the wind turbines where i=1, . . . , n;
an extractable output calculation unit for calculating an
extractable output Pmax.sub.i for each of the wind turbines where
i=1, . . . , n, the extractable output Pmax.sub.i being energy
extractable from wind energy;
a potential output calculation unit for calculating a potential
output Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines based on a
difference between the extractable output Pmax.sub.i and the
current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines where i=1, . .
. , n; and
a WTG output determination unit for determining an output command
value of each of the wind turbines so that a total output P.sub.WF
of the wind farm becomes closer to an output target value
P.sub.WF*,
wherein the WTG output determination unit is configured to assign
an output increase amount to each of the wind turbines based on the
potential output Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines and to
determine the output command value based on the output increase
amount, when the output target value P.sub.WF*of the wind farm is
greater than the total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm.
In the above output control device for the wind farm, when the
output target value P.sub.WF* is greater than the total output
P.sub.WF of the wind farm, the output increase amount is assigned
to each of the wind turbines based on the potential output
Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines. Thus, it is possible to
mitigate inequality between the WF output P.sub.WF and the output
target value P.sub.WF* which results from wind speed decline. More
specifically, by taking into account the potential output
Ppot.sub.i, which is excess of the extractable output Pmax.sub.i
with respect to the current output P.sub.i, when assigning the
output increase amount to each of the wind turbines, it is possible
to reduce effects that the wind speed decrease of some of the wind
turbines has on the total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm.
In some embodiments, the WTG output determination unit is
configured to assign the output increase amount only to those wind
turbines whose potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater than a
threshold value Ppot.sub.th where Ppot.sub.th.gtoreq.0.
As a result, even if the wind speed decreases for some of the wind
turbines, it is still possible to achieve the WF output P.sub.WF of
the wind farm, which is close to the output target value P.sub.WF*.
This can be achieved by not assigning the output increase amount to
those wind turbines whose potential output Ppot.sub.i is zero or
almost zero and whose output increase cannot be expected much at
the present moment, and assigning the output increase amount only
to those wind turbines whose potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater
than the threshold value Ppot.sub.th and whose output increase can
be expected at the present moment.
Further, in another embodiment, when the threshold value
Ppot.sub.th is zero, whether or not the potential output Ppot.sub.i
is greater than zero which is as the threshold value Ppot.sub.th is
determined based on whether or not the rotor rotation speed of the
wind turbine has reached the rated rotation speed. More
specifically, a wind turbine whose rotor rotation speed has reached
the rated rotation speed is treated as a wind turbine whose
potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater than zero and the WTG output
determination unit assigns the output increase amount to this wind
turbine. In contrast, a wind turbine whose rotor rotation speed has
not reached the rated rotation speed is treated as a wind turbine
whose potential output Ppot.sub.i is zero and the WTG output
determination unit does not assign the output increase amount to
this wind turbine.
In some embodiments, the WTG output determination unit is
configured to obtain the output command value for each of the wind
turbines so that the output increase amount of each of the wind
turbines is proportional to an amount of the potential output
Ppot.sub.i.
As a result, even if the wind speed decreases for some of the wind
turbines, it is still possible to achieve the WF output P.sub.WF of
the wind farm as a whole, which is close to the output target value
P.sub.WF*. This is possible because the greater output rise can be
expected at the present moment, the greater output increase amount
is assigned to the wind turbine.
In some embodiments, the output control device may further
comprises a WTG output correction unit for correcting the output
command value so that a sum of differences between the total output
P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF* is at least
partially compensated.
As a result, it is possible to bring the average WF output
P.sub.WF.sub._.sub.ave of the prescribed period closer to the
output target value P.sub.WF* by at least partially compensating
for the sum of differences between the WF output P.sub.WF and the
output target value P.sub.WF*. Further, by compensating for the
deficiency of the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the output
target value P.sub.WF* which results from wind speed decrease,
system failure or the like regarding some of the wind turbines, it
is possible to improve the total power generation amount of the
wind farm as a whole.
In one embodiment, the WTG output correction unit is configured to
correct the output command value only in a period excluding a
transient period from a point when the output target value
P.sub.WF* is updated to a point when the total output P.sub.WF
reaches an updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*.
Depending on the grid to which the wind farm is connected to, it
may be required to maintain an average rate of change (a ramp rate)
at a constant rate in a prescribed period of the WF output. In this
case, as described above, in the transient period from the point
when the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated to the point when
the WF output P.sub.WF reaches the updated value of the output
target value P.sub.WF*, correction of the output correction value
is not performed by the WTG output correction unit so as to
facilitate the output control by the ramp rate requested by the
grid.
In another embodiment, the WTG output correction unit is configured
to correct the output command value based on at least one of: the
difference between the total output P.sub.WF and the output target
value P.sub.WF*; a change rate of the total output P.sub.WF of the
wind farm; a change rate of the current output P.sub.i of each of
the wind turbines where i=1, . . . , n; a difference between the
current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines and a current
output command value Pout; and a change rate of a wind speed for
each of the wind turbines.
In some embodiments, the output control device for the wind farm
further comprises an output change rate controller for controlling
an output change rate of the total output P.sub.WF of the wind
farm, and the output change rate controller is configured to: limit
a change rate of the total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm to a
first change rate in a transient period from a point when the
output target value P.sub.WF* is updated to a point when the total
output P.sub.WF reaches an updated value of the output target value
P.sub.WF*; and limit the change rate of the total output P.sub.WF
of the wind farm to a second change rate in a period excluding the
transient period, the second change rate being greater than the
first change rate.
As described above, by limiting the change rate of the WF output
P.sub.WF to the comparatively small first change rate in the
transient period from the point when the output target value
P.sub.WF* is updated to the point when the WF output P.sub.WF
reaches the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*, it
is possible to facilitate the output control by the ramp rate
requested by the grid.
Further, by limiting the change rate of the WF output P.sub.WF to
the second change rate, which is comparatively a high rate, in the
period excluding the transient period, the output control of the
wind farm can promptly follow changes in the wind speed and it is
possible to mitigate inequality between the WF output P.sub.WF and
the output target value P.sub.WF* which results from wind speed
decrease. More specifically, at one point of time, the WF output
P.sub.WF may be below the output target value P.sub.WF* due to wind
speed decrease, but when the wind speed increases immediately after
that, the WF output P.sub.WF can be brought closer to the output
target value P.sub.WF* promptly by limiting the change rate of the
WF output P.sub.WF to the second change rate which is greater than
the first change rate.
An output control method according to at least one embodiment of
the present invention is for a wind farm which includes n number of
wind turbines, n being an integer of two or more, and comprises the
steps of:
obtaining a current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines,
where i=1, . . . , n;
calculating an extractable output Pmax.sub.i for each of the wind
turbines where i=1, . . . , n, the extractable output Pmax.sub.i
being extractable energy from wind energy;
calculating a potential output Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind
turbines based on a difference between the extractable output
Pmax.sub.i and the current output P.sub.i of each of the wind
turbines where i=1, . . . , n; and
determining an output command value of each of the wind turbines so
that a total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm becomes closer to an
output target value P.sub.WF*,
wherein, in the step of determining the output command value, when
the output target value P.sub.WF*of the wind farm is greater than
the total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm, an output increase
amount is assigned to each of the wind turbines based on the
potential output Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines and the
output command value is determined based on the output increase
amount.
In the above output control method for the wind farm, when the
output target value P.sub.WF* is greater than the total output
P.sub.WF of the wind farm, the output increase amount is assigned
to each of the wind turbines based on the potential output
Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines. Thus, it is possible to
mitigate inequality between the WF output P.sub.WF and the output
target value P.sub.WF* which results from wind speed decline. More
specifically, by taking into account the potential output
Ppot.sub.i, which is excess of the extractable output Pmax.sub.i
with respect to the current output P.sub.i, when assigning the
output increase amount to each of the wind turbines, it is possible
to reduce effects that the wind speed decrease of some of the wind
turbines has on the total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm.
In some embodiments, in the step of determining the output command
value, the output increase amount is assigned only to those wind
turbines whose potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater than a
threshold value Ppot.sub.th where Ppot.sub.th.gtoreq.0.
As a result, even if the wind speed decreases for some of the wind
turbines, it is still possible to achieve the WF output P.sub.WF of
the wind farm, which is close to the output target value
P.sub.WF*.
In some embodiments, in the step of determining the output command
value, the output command value for each of the wind turbines is
determined so that the output increase amount of each of the wind
turbines is proportional to an amount of the potential output
Ppot.sub.i.
As a result, even if the wind speed decreases for some of the wind
turbines, it is still possible to achieve the WF output P.sub.WF of
the wind farm as a whole, which is close to the output target value
P.sub.WF*.
In some embodiments, the output control method may further
comprises the step of correcting the output command value so that a
sum of differences between the total output P.sub.WF and the output
target value P.sub.WF* is at least partially compensated.
As a result, it is possible to bring the average WF output
P.sub.WF.sub._.sub.ave of the prescribed period closer to the
output target value P.sub.WF* by at least partially compensating
for the sum of differences between the WF output P.sub.WF and the
output target value P.sub.WF*. Further, by compensating for the
deficiency of the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the output
target value P.sub.WF*which results from wind speed decrease,
system failure or the like regarding some of the wind turbines, it
is possible to improve the total power generation amount of the
wind farm as a whole.
In one embodiment, in the step of correcting the output the output
command value, the output command value is corrected only in a
period excluding a transient period from a point when the output
target value P.sub.WF* is updated to a point when the total output
P.sub.WF reaches an updated value of the output target value
P.sub.WF*.
As described above, by not correcting the output correction value
in the transient period from the point when the output target value
P.sub.WF* is updated to the point when the WF output P.sub.WF
reaches the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*, it
is made easier to perform the output control by the ramp rate
requested by the grid.
In another embodiment, in the step of correcting the output the
output command value, the output command value is corrected based
on at least one of: the difference between the total output
P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF*; a change rate of
the total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm; a change rate of the
current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines where i=1, . .
. , n; a difference between the current output P.sub.i of each of
the wind turbines and a current output command value Pout.sub.i;
and a change rate of a wind speed for each of the wind
turbines.
In some embodiments, the output control method for the wind farm
further comprises an output change rate control step of controlling
an output change rate of the total output P.sub.WF of the wind
farm, and in the output change rate control step, a change rate of
the total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm is limited to a first
change rate in a transient period from a point when the output
target value P.sub.WF* is updated to a point when the total output
P.sub.WF reaches an updated value of the output target value
P.sub.WF*; and is limited to a second change rate in a period
excluding the transient period, the second change rate being
greater than the first change rate.
As described above, by limiting the change rate of the WF output
P.sub.WF to the comparatively small first change rate in the
transient period from the point when the output target value
P.sub.WF* is updated to the point when the WF output P.sub.WF
reaches the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*, it
is possible to facilitate the output control by the ramp rate
requested by the grid.
Further, by limiting the change rate of the WF output P.sub.WF to
the second change rate, which is comparatively a high rate, in the
period excluding the transient period, the output control of the
wind farm can promptly follow changes in the wind speed and it is
possible to mitigate inequality between the WF output P.sub.WF and
the output target value P.sub.WF* which results from wind speed
decrease.
Advantageous Effects
According to at least one embodiment of the present invention, when
the output target value P.sub.WF* is greater than the total output
P.sub.WF of the wind farm, the output increase amount is assigned
to each of the wind turbines based on the potential output
Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines. Thus, it is possible to
mitigate inequality between the WF output P.sub.WF and the output
target value P.sub.WF* which results from wind speed decline. More
specifically, by taking into account the potential output
Ppot.sub.i, which is excess of the extractable output Pmax.sub.i
with respect to the current output P.sub.i, when assigning the
output increase amount to each of the wind turbines, it is possible
to reduce effects that the wind speed decrease of some of the wind
turbines has on the total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a wind farm and a WF output control
device according to an embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a correction principle of a WTG
output correction unit according to an embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating changes in a WF output P.sub.WF
before and after an output target value P.sub.WF* is updated
according to an embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating changes in a WF output P.sub.WF
before and after an output target value P.sub.WF* is updated
according to an embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a process of controlling output
of the wind farm according to an embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a process of determining a
correction amount of an output command value Pout.sub.i according
to an embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a process of determining the
correction amount of the output command value Pout.sub.i according
to an embodiment.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a process of determining the
correction amount of the output command value Pout.sub.i according
to an embodiment.
FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a process of determining the
correction amount of the output command value Pout.sub.i according
to an embodiment.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a process of determining the
correction amount of the output command value Pout.sub.i according
to an embodiment.
FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a process of determining the
correction amount of the output command value Pout.sub.i according
to an embodiment.
FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating a process of determining the
correction amount of the output command value Pout.sub.i according
to an embodiment.
FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating a process of determining the
correction amount of the output command value Pout.sub.i according
to an embodiment.
FIG. 14 is a graph of simulation results illustrating changes in
the WF output when the WF output control is performed according to
an embodiment.
FIG. 15 is a graph of simulation results illustrating changes in
the WF output when the WF output control is performed according to
a comparison example.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in
detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is intended,
however, that unless particularly specified in these embodiments,
dimensions, materials, shape, its relative positions and the like
shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not limitative of the
scope of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a wind farm and a WF output control
device according to an embodiment.
As illustrated in FIG. 1, a wind farm 1 includes n number of wind
turbines WTG.sub.i(i=1, . . . , n; n being an integer of two or
more). Normally, the wind farm 1 is connected to the grid. A WF
output control device 10 is provided in the wind farm 1 and the WF
output control device 10 is configured to control the output of the
wind farm 1.
Further, in one embodiment, a centralized control (such as SCADA,
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) governing the wind farm 1
as a whole functions as the WF output control device 10.
In some embodiments, the WF output control device 10 includes a WTG
output obtaining unit 11 for obtaining a current output P.sub.i of
each wind turbine WTG.sub.i, an extractable output calculation unit
12 for calculating an extractable output Pmax.sub.i regarding each
wind turbine WTG.sub.i, a potential output calculation unit 14 for
calculating a potential output Ppot.sub.i of each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i, and a WTG output determination unit 16 for determining
an output command value of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i.
The WTG output obtaining unit 11 is configured to continuously or
periodically receive the current output P.sub.i of each wind
turbine WTG from each wind turbine WTG.sub.i. Further, the current
output P.sub.i received by the WTG output obtaining unit 11 is sent
to the potential output calculation unit 14 and the WTG output
determination unit 16 that are described later.
The extractable output calculation unit 12 is configured to
calculate extractable output Pmax.sub.i which each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i can extract from wind energy. Herein, the extractable
output Pmax.sub.i is the maximum value of the output that is
achievable by each wind turbine WTG.sub.i at a present moment and
is basically determined according to a present wind speed for each
wind turbine WTG.sub.i.
In some embodiments, the extractable output calculation unit 12
calculates the extractable output Pmax.sub.i for each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i based on wind turbine individual information Inf.sub.i
received from each wind turbine WTG.sub.i. Further, the wind
turbine individual information Inf.sub.i is a measurement value
V.sub.i of the wind speed, a rotor rotation speed, a blade pitch
angle, a current output P.sub.i, etc regarding each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i. In one embodiment, the extractable output calculation
unit 12 receives the measurement value V.sub.i of the wind speed
from each wind turbine WTG.sub.i as the individual information
Inf.sub.i and obtains a power curve according to the measurement
value of the wind speed to calculate the extractable output
Pmax.sub.i. In another embodiment, the extractable output
calculation unit 12 receives the rotor rotation speed, the blade
pitch angle and the current output P.sub.i from each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i as the individual information Inf.sub.i, estimates a wind
speed of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i from the individual
information Inf.sub.i, and obtains a power curve according to the
estimated wind speed to calculate the extractable output
Pmax.sub.i.
The potential output calculation unit 14 calculates a potential
output Ppot.sub.i for each wind turbine WTG.sub.i based on a
difference between the extractable output Pmax.sub.i and the
current output P.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i. Herein, the
potential output Ppot.sub.i is an amount of potential output
(output reserve) that each wind turbine WTG.sub.i can increase at
the present moment.
In some embodiments, the potential output calculation unit 14
calculates the potential output Ppot.sub.i for each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i by subtracting the current output P.sub.i of each wind
turbine WTG.sub.i received from the WTG output obtaining unit 11
from the extractable output Pmax.sub.i of each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i received from the extractable output calculation unit
12.
The WTG output determination unit 16 determines the output command
value Pout.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i so that the output
of the wind farm 1 as a whole (the total output) P.sub.WF becomes
closer to the output target value P.sub.WF*. More specifically, the
WTG output determination unit 16 obtains an output change rate
s.sub.i that satisfies equation 1 below and obtains the output
command value Pout.sub.i (=P.sub.i+s.sub.i) from the output change
rate s.sub.i. As a result, output excess or deficiency S
(=P.sub.WF-P.sub.WF) relative to the output target value
P.sub.WF*of the WF output P.sub.WF can be compensated by the output
change rate s.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i.
.times..times..times..times. ##EQU00001##
In one embodiment, the total output target value P.sub.WF* of the
wind farm 1 is specified from the grid 2 side where the wind farm 1
is connected.
In some embodiments, when the output target value P.sub.WF* is
greater than the WF output P.sub.WF, the WTG output determination
unit 16 determines the output command value Pout.sub.i of each wind
turbine WTG.sub.i by assigning the output increase amount s.sub.i
to each wind turbine WTG.sub.i based on the potential output
Ppot.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i. More specifically, the
WTG output determination unit 16 takes into account the potential
output Ppot.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i when assigning the
output increase amount s.sub.i to each wind turbine WTG.sub.i in
order to compensate for the deficiency S of the WF output P.sub.WF
with respect to the output target value P.sub.WF*.
As a result, it is possible to mitigate inequality between the WF
output P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF* which results
from wind speed decrease. More specifically, it is possible to
reduce effects that the wind speed decrease of some wind turbine
WTG.sub.i has on the total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm 1.
In one embodiment, when compensating for the deficiency S of the WF
output P.sub.WF with respect to the output target value P.sub.WF*,
the WTG output determination unit 16 assigns the output increase
amount s.sub.i only to one or more wind turbines WTG.sub.i whose
potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater than a threshold value
Ppot.sub.th (Ppot.sub.th.gtoreq.0). More specifically, the WTG
output determination unit 16 does not assign the output increase
amount s.sub.i to those wind turbines whose potential output
Ppot.sub.i is zero or approximately zero and whose output increase
cannot be expected much at the present moment, and assigns the
output increase amount s.sub.i only to those wind turbines whose
potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater than the threshold value
Ppot.sub.th and whose output increase can be expected at the
present moment.
As a result, even if the wind speed decreases for some of the wind
turbines WTG.sub.i it is still possible to achieve the total WF
output P.sub.WF of the wind farm 1, which is close to the output
target value P.sub.WF*.
In one embodiment, when the threshold value Ppot.sub.th is zero,
whether or not the potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater than the
threshold value Ppot.sub.th is determined based on whether or not
the rotor rotation speed of the wind turbine WTG.sub.i has reached
a rated rotation speed.
More specifically, a wind turbine WTG.sub.i whose rotor rotation
speed has reached the rated rotation speed is determined as a wind
turbine whose potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater than zero and
the WTG output determination unit 16 assigns the output increase
amount s.sub.i to this wind turbine WTG.sub.i. In contrast, a wind
turbine WTG.sub.i whose rotor rotation speed has not reached the
rated rotation speed is determined as a wind turbine whose
potential output Ppot.sub.i is zero and the WTG output
determination unit 16 does not assign the output increase amount
s.sub.i to this wind turbine WTG.sub.i.
Further, in another embodiment, when compensating for the
deficiency S of the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the output
target value P.sub.WF*, the WTG output determination unit 16
assigns the output increase amount s.sub.i to each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i so that the output increase amount of each of the wind
turbines is proportional to an amount of the potential output
Ppot.sub.i. More specifically, the WTG output determination unit 16
determines the output command value Pout.sub.i to each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i so that the output increase amount s.sub.i is
proportional to the amount of the potential output Ppot.sub.i. In
this case, the output increase amount s.sub.i that is assigned to
each wind turbine WTG.sub.i satisfies the equation below.
s.sub.i=a.times.Ppot.sub.i [Equation 2]
where coefficient a is a value that satisfies
S=.SIGMA..sub.i=1.sup.na.times.Ppot.sub.i.
In this manner, the greater the potential output Ppot.sub.i is and
the greater output rise can be expected at the present moment, the
greater output increase amount s.sub.i is assigned to the wind
turbine. Thus, even if the wind speed decreases for some of the
wind turbines WTG.sub.i, it is still possible to achieve the total
WF output P.sub.WF of the wind farm 1, which is close to the output
target value P.sub.WF*.
In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the WF output
control device 10 is further provided with a WTG output correction
unit 18 for correcting the output command value so that a sum of
differences between the WF output P.sub.WF and the output target
value P.sub.WF* is at least partially compensated.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a correction principle of the WTG
output correction unit 18 according to an embodiment. As
illustrated in the drawing, in a period T.sub.1-T.sub.2, the WF
output P.sub.WF is below the output target value P.sub.WF* due to
wind speed decrease, system failure, etc. for some of the wind
turbines. In order to at least partially compensate for the sum of
differences between the WF output P.sub.WF and the output target
value P.sub.WF*(area A.sub.1), the WTG output correction unit 18
corrects the output command value Pout.sub.i for each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i. As a result, even after the WF output P.sub.WF recovers
to the output target value P.sub.WF* at time T.sub.2 in response to
wind speed increase, the WF output P.sub.WF continues to increase
and then in a period T.sub.2-T.sub.3, the WF output P.sub.WF
exceeds the output target value P.sub.WF*. In this manner, the sum
of differences between the WF output P.sub.WF and the output target
value P.sub.WF*(area A.sub.1) in the period T.sub.1-T.sub.2 is at
least partially compensated by a sum of differences between the WF
output P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF* (area
A.sub.2) in the period T.sub.2-T.sub.3.
As a result, it is possible to bring an average WF output
P.sub.WF.sub._.sub.ave in a prescribed period closer to the output
target value P.sub.WF*. Further, by compensating for the deficiency
S of the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the output target value
P.sub.WF* (Area A.sub.1) which results from wind speed decrease,
system failure or the like regarding some of the wind turbines, it
is possible to improve the total power generation amount of the
wind farm 1 as a whole.
Further, from the perspective of preventing the WF output P.sub.WF
from exceeding the output target value P.sub.WF* too much, an upper
limit of the WF output P.sub.WF is set to P.sub.top and excessive
correction of the output command value Pout.sub.i may be suppressed
by the WTG output correction unit 18. The upper limit P.sub.top may
be, for instance, 1.05.times.P.sub.WF*.
In one embodiment, the WTG output correction unit 18 corrects the
output command value Pout.sub.i only in a period excluding a
transient period from a point when the output target value
P.sub.WF* is updated to a point when the WF output P.sub.WF reaches
the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating changes in a WF output P.sub.WF
before and after the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated
according to an embodiment. In the illustrative embodiment
illustrated in the drawing, the output target value P.sub.WF* of
the wind farm 1 as a whole is updated at time t.sub.1 from
P.sub.WF1* to P.sub.WF2*, and at time t.sub.3, the output target
value P.sub.WF* of the wind farm 1 as a whole is updated back to
P.sub.WF1* from P.sub.WF2*. In this case, in the transient period
from the point when the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated
(time t.sub.1 or t.sub.3) to the point when the WF output P.sub.WF
reaches the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF* (the
period t.sub.1-t.sub.2 or the period t.sub.3-t.sub.4), the WTG
output correction unit 18 does not correct the output command value
Pout.sub.i. In contrast, in the period excluding this transient
period (the period of t1 and before, the period t.sub.2-t.sub.3,
and the period from t.sub.4 and after), correction of the output
command value Pout.sub.i is performed by the WTG output correction
unit 18.
Depending on the grid 2 that the wind farm 1 is connected to, it
may be required to maintain an average rate of change (a ramp-rate)
at a constant rate in a prescribed period of the WF output P.sub.WF
(e.g. five minutes). In an illustrative embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 3, straight lines 4 and 6 are ramp rates requested by the grid
2. In this case, as described above, in the transient period from
the point when the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated (time
t.sub.1 or t.sub.3) to the point when the WF output P.sub.WF
reaches the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF* (the
period t.sub.1-t.sub.2 or the period t.sub.3-t.sub.4), the WTG
output correction unit 18 does not correct the output command value
Pout.sub.i. In contrast, in the transient period from the point
when the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated to the point when
the WF output P.sub.WF reaches the updated value of the output
target value P.sub.WF*, correction of the output correction value
Pout.sub.i by the WTG output correction unit 18 is not performed so
as to facilitate the output control by the ramp rate requested by
the grid 2.
In some embodiments, the WTG output correction unit 18 is
configured to correct the output command value Pout.sub.i based on
at least one of: the difference between the total output P.sub.WF
and the output target value P.sub.WF*; a change rate of the total
output P.sub.WF of the wind farm; a change rate of the current
output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines; a difference between
the current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines and a
current output command value Pout.sub.i; and a change rate of a
wind speed for each of the wind turbines WTG.sub.i.
The specific method of correcting the output command value
Pout.sub.i using the WTG output correction unit 18 is described
later in details.
In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the WF output
control unit 10 is further provided with an output change rate
controller 19 for controlling an output change rate of the WF
output P.sub.WF. The output change rate controller 19 limits a
change rate of the WF output P.sub.WF to one of two change rates (a
first change rate and a second change rate) depending on
conditions. More specifically, in the transient period from the
point when the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated to the
point when the WF output P.sub.WF reaches the updated value of the
output target value P.sub.WF*, the output change rate controller 19
limit the change rate of the WF output P.sub.WF to the first change
rate. In contrast, in the period excluding the transient period,
the output change rate controller 19 limits the change rate of the
total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm to the second change rate.
In one embodiment, a ratio of the second change rate to the first
change rate is at least 3 and not greater than 30, e.g. at least 5
and not greater than 15. Typically, the first change rate is 0.1
pu/min, whereas the second change rate is 1 pu/min.
As described above, by limiting the change rate of the WF output
P.sub.WF to the first change rate, which is comparatively a small
rate, in the transient period from the point when the output target
value P.sub.WF* is updated to the point when the WF output P.sub.WF
reaches the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*, the
output control by the ramp rate requested by the grid 2 is made
easy.
Further, by limiting the change rate of the WF output P.sub.WF to
the second change rate, which is comparatively a high rate, in the
period excluding the transient period, the output control of the
wind farm can promptly follow changes in the wind speed and it is
possible to mitigate inequality between the WF output P.sub.WF and
the output target value P.sub.WF* which results from wind speed
decrease. More specifically, at one point of time, the WF output
P.sub.WF may be below the output target value P.sub.WF* due to wind
speed decrease, but once the wind speed increases immediately after
that, the WF output P.sub.WF can be brought closer to the output
target value P.sub.WF* promptly by limiting the change rate of the
WF output P.sub.WF to the second change rate which is greater than
the first change rate.
FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating changes in the WF output P.sub.WF
before and after the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated
according to an embodiment. In this illustrative embodiment shown
in the drawing, similarly to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3,
correction of the output command value Pout.sub.i is performed by
the WTG output correction unit 18 and then limitation of the change
rate of the WF output P.sub.WF is performed by the output change
rate controller 19. Further, the parameters already described in
FIG. 3 are not explained further herein.
In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 4, in the transient
period from the point when the output target value P.sub.WF* is
updated (time t.sub.1 or t.sub.3) to the point when the WF output
P.sub.WF reaches the updated value of the output target value
P.sub.WF* (the period t.sub.1-t.sub.2 or the period
t.sub.3-t.sub.4), correction of the output command value Pout.sub.i
is not performed by the WTG output correction unit 18, and the
change rate of the WF output P.sub.WF is limited to the first
change rate, which is comparatively small, by the output change
rate controller 19. In contrast, in the period excluding the
transient period (the period of t1 and before, the period
t.sub.2-t.sub.3, and the period from t.sub.4 and after), correction
of the output command value Pout.sub.i is performed by the WTG
output correction unit 18 and limitation of the change rate of the
WF output P.sub.WF to the second change rate, which is
comparatively high, by the output change rate controller 19.
As a result, as illustrated in FIG. 4, in the transient period, the
average rate of change of the P.sub.WF in the prescribed period
almost coincides with the ramp rate (lines 4 and 6 of FIG. 4)
requested by the grid 2. As illustrated in FIG. 4, in the period
excluding the transient period, the output control of the wind farm
1 can promptly follow changes in the wind speed and it is possible
to mitigate inequality between the WF output P.sub.WF and the
output target value P.sub.WF* which results from wind speed
decrease.
Next, the output control method for the wind farm according to
embodiments is explained. FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a
process of controlling output of the wind farm according to an
embodiment.
As illustrated in the drawing, in some embodiments, the output
control method includes: a WTG output obtaining step of obtaining
the current output P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines (step S2);
an extractable output calculation step of calculating an
extractable output Pmax.sub.i for each of the wind turbines (step
S4); a potential output calculation step of calculating the
potential output Ppot.sub.i of each of the wind turbines (step S6);
and a WTG output determination step of determining an output
command value of each of the wind turbines (step S8). These steps
are described below in details.
In the WTG output obtaining step (step S2), the current output
P.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i is obtained continuously or
periodically from each wind turbine WTG.sub.i.
In the extractable output calculation step (step S4), the
extractable output Pmax.sub.i for each of the wind turbines is
calculated, the extractable output Pmax.sub.i being energy
extractable from wind energy.
In some embodiments, the extractable output Pmax.sub.i for each
wind turbine WTG.sub.i is calculated based on wind turbine
individual information Inf.sub.i received from each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i. Further, the wind turbine individual information
Inf.sub.i is a measurement value V.sub.i of the wind speed, a rotor
rotation speed, a blade pitch angle, a current output P.sub.i, etc
regarding each wind turbine WTG.sub.i. In one embodiment, the
extractable output Pmax.sub.i is calculated by obtaining the power
curve according to the measurement value of the wind speed as the
individual information Inf.sub.i. In another embodiment, the
extractable output Pmax.sub.i is calculated by obtaining the power
curve according to an estimated wind speed which is estimated for
each wind turbine WTG.sub.i based on the rotor rotation speed, the
blade pitch angle and the current output P.sub.i as the individual
information Inf.sub.i.
In the potential output calculation step (step S6), the potential
output Ppot.sub.i for each wind turbine WTG.sub.i is calculated
based on a difference between the extractable output Pmax.sub.i and
the current output P.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i.
In some embodiments, in the extractable output calculation step
(step S4), the potential output Ppot.sub.i for each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i is calculated by subtracting the current output P.sub.i
of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i obtained in the WTG output obtaining
step (step S2) from the extractable output Pmax.sub.i of each wind
turbine WTG.sub.i obtained in the extractable output calculation
step (step S4).
Then, in the WTG output determination step (step S8), the output
command value Pout.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i is
determined so that the WF output P.sub.WF becomes closer to the
output target value P.sub.WF*. More specifically, the output change
rate s.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i for compensating for
the output excess or deficiency S S (=P.sub.WF-P.sub.WF) with
respect to the output target value P.sub.WF* of the WF output
P.sub.WF is calculated and from this output change rate s.sub.i,
the output command value Pout.sub.i (=P.sub.i+s.sub.i) is
obtained.
Further, when assigning the output increase amount s.sub.i to each
wind turbine WTG.sub.i in order to compensate for the deficiency S
of the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the output target value
P.sub.WF*, the potential output Ppot.sub.i of each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i may be taken into account. In one embodiment, when
compensating for the deficiency S of the WF output P.sub.WF with
respect to the output target value P.sub.WF*, the output increase
amount s.sub.i is assigned only to one or more wind turbines
WTG.sub.i whose potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater than a
threshold value Ppot.sub.th (Ppot.sub.th.gtoreq.0). Herein, when
the threshold value Ppot.sub.th is zero, whether or not the
potential output Ppot.sub.i is greater than the threshold value
Ppot.sub.th is determined based on whether or not the rotor
rotation speed of the wind turbine WTG.sub.i has reached the rated
rotation speed. Further, in another embodiment, when compensating
for the deficiency S of the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the
output target value P.sub.WF*, the output increase amount s.sub.i
is assigned to each wind turbine WTG.sub.i so that the output
increase amount of each of the wind turbines is proportional to an
amount of the potential output Ppot.sub.i.
In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the output control
method for the wind farm further includes a WTG output correction
step (step S10) of correcting the output command value Pout.sub.i
so that a sum of differences between the WF output P.sub.WF and the
output target value P.sub.WF* is at least partially
compensated.
In one embodiment, in the WTG output correction step (step S10),
the output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected only in the period
excluding a transient period from a point when the output target
value P.sub.WF* is updated to a point when the WF output P.sub.WF
reaches the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*.
Further, in the WTG output correction step (step S10), the output
command value Pout.sub.i may be corrected based on at least one of:
the difference between the total output P.sub.WF and the output
target value P.sub.WF* a change rate of the total output P.sub.WF
of the wind farm; a change rate of the current output P.sub.i of
each of the wind turbines; a difference between the current output
P.sub.i of each of the wind turbines and a current output command
value Pout.sub.i; and a change rate of a wind speed for each of the
wind turbines WTG.sub.i.
FIG. 6 to FIG. 13 are flow charts each illustrating a process of
determining a correction amount of the output command value
Pout.sub.i according to an embodiment.
In an illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 6, in step S20, it is
determined whether or not the output target value P.sub.WF*has been
updated. If the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated (YES in
step S20), the process advances to step S22 to determine whether or
not the WF output P.sub.WF has reached the updated value of the
output target value P.sub.WF*. If it is determined that the WF
output P.sub.WF has reached the updated value of the output target
value P.sub.WF* (YES in step S22), the process advances to step S24
to calculate the sum A.sub.1 of differences between the WF output
P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF* (see FIG. 2). In
contrast, if it is determined that the WF output P.sub.WF has not
reached the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*, the
process repeats step S22. Further, if it is determined in step S20
that the output target value P.sub.WF*has not been updated, the
process skips step S22 and advances straight to step S24 to
calculate the sum A.sub.1.
After calculating the sum A.sub.1, it is determined whether or not
the sum A.sub.1 has exceeded an upper limit A.sub.max which is set
in advance (step S26). If it is determined that the sum A.sub.1 has
exceeded the upper limit A.sub.max (YES in step S26), the
correction amount C is set to the upper limit A.sub.max in step S28
and the process advances to step S36 which is described later. In
contrast, if the sum A.sub.1 is not greater than the upper limit
A.sub.max (No in step S26), the process advances to step S30 to
determine whether or not the sum A.sub.1 is below a lower limit
A.sub.min which is set in advance. If the sum A.sub.1 is below the
lower limit A.sub.min (YES in step S30), the correction amount C is
set to the lower limit A.sub.min in step S32 and the process
advances to step S36 which is described later. In contrast, if the
sum A.sub.1 is not less than the lower limit A.sub.min (NO in step
S30), the correction C is set to the sum A.sub.1 in step S32 and
the process advances to step S36.
In step S36, the correction amount C set in step S28, S32 or S34 is
added to the output command value Pout.sub.i calculated in the
above-described WTG output determination step (S8 of FIG. 5).
In this manner, the output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected
using the correction amount C which is set based on the difference
between the WF output P.sub.WF and the output target value
P.sub.WF*.
Further, in the case where an operation period Tcal.sub.1 for
calculating the sum A.sub.1 in step S24 is different from an
operation period Tcal.sub.2 for setting the correction C in step
S34, a value obtained by dividing the sum A.sub.1 by an operation
period ratio (=Tcal.sub.2/Tcal.sub.1) may be used as the correction
value C.
Step S20 and step S22 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG.
7 are substantially the same as step S20 and step S22 of FIG. 6 and
thus are not explained further.
If it is determined in step S20 that the output target value
P.sub.WF* is not updated (NO in step S20) or the WF output P.sub.WF
has reached the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*
(YES in step S22), the process advances to step S40 to determine
whether or not the state where the WF output P.sub.WF is below the
output target value P.sub.WF*has lasted for a prescribed period of
time. If it is determined that the state where the WF output
P.sub.WF is below the output target value P.sub.WF*has lasted for
the prescribed period of time, the process advances to step S42. In
contrast, if it is determined that the state where the WF output
P.sub.WF is below the output target value P.sub.WF*has not lasted
for the prescribed period of time, the process repeats step
S40.
In step S42, the output command value Pout.sub.i of all of the wind
turbines WTG.sub.i is set to a rated power value. More
specifically, in order to compensate for the sum of deficiency of
the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the output target value
P.sub.WF*, the output command value Pout.sub.i of each wind turbine
calculated in the WTG output determination step (step S8 of FIG. 5)
is corrected and the rated power value is supplied to each of the
wind turbines WTG.sub.i as the corrected output command value
Pout.sub.i.
Next, the process advances to step S44 to determine whether or not
the WF output P.sub.WF has exceeded the threshold value (=output
target value P.sub.WF*.times.E; E>1) or whether or not the state
where the state where the WF output P.sub.WF exceeds the output
target value P.sub.WF* has lasted for a prescribed period of time.
If it is determined YES in step S44, the WTG output correction step
(S10 of FIG. 5) is ended. If it is determined NO in step S44, the
process repeats step S44.
In this manner, the output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected
based on the difference between the total output P.sub.WF and the
output target value P.sub.WF*.
Step S20 and step S22 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG.
8 are substantially the same as step S20 and step S22 of FIG. 6 and
thus are not explained further. Further, step S40 in the
illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 8 is substantially the same
as step S40 of FIG. 7. Thus, these steps are not explained
further.
If it is determined in step S40 that the state where the WF output
P.sub.WF is below the output target value P.sub.WF*has lasted for a
prescribed period of time (YES in step S40), the correction C of
the output command value Pout.sub.i is determined in step S50 based
on the difference between the WF output P.sub.WF and the output
target value P.sub.WF*(output deficiency). Then, in step S52, the
correction C is added to the output command value Pout.sub.i
calculated in the above-described WTG output determination step
(step S8 in FIG. 5). Next, the process advances to step S54 to
determine whether or not the state where the WF output P.sub.WF has
exceeded the threshold value (=output target value
P.sub.WF*.times.E; E>1), or whether or not the state where the
state where the WF output P.sub.WF exceeds the threshold value has
lasted for a prescribed period of time. If it is determined YES in
step S54, the WTG output correction step (S10 of FIG. 5) is ended.
If it is determined NO in step S54, the process repeats step
S54.
In this manner, the output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected
based on the difference between the total output P.sub.WF and the
output target value P.sub.WF*.
Step S20 and step S22 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG.
9 are substantially the same as step S20 and step S22 of FIG. 6.
Further, step S54 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 9 is
substantially the same as step S54 of FIG. 8. Thus, these steps
S20, S22 and S54 are not explained further.
If it is determined in step S20 that the output target value
P.sub.WF* is not updated (NO in step S20) or the WF output P.sub.WF
has reached the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*
(YES in step S22), the process advances to step S56 to determine
for each of the wind turbines WTG.sub.i whether or not the state
where the current output P.sub.i is below the output command value
Pout.sub.i has lasted for a prescribed period of time. If there is
no wind turbine in which the state where the current output P.sub.i
is below the output command value Pout.sub.i has lasted for the
prescribed period of time (NO in step S56), the process repeats
step S56. In contrast, if there is even one wind turbine in which
the state where the current output P.sub.i is below the output
command value Pout.sub.i has lasted for the prescribed period of
time (YES in step S56), the process advances to step S58 to decide
the correction amount C for those wind turbines in which the state
where the current output P.sub.i is below the output command value
Pout.sub.i has lasted for the prescribed period of time. In this
process, the correction amount C is decided based on the difference
between the current output P.sub.i and output command value
Pout.sub.i (output deficiency). Next, in step S59, the correction C
is added to the output command value Pout.sub.i calculated in the
above-described WTG output determination step (step S8 in FIG.
5).
In this manner, the output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected
based on the difference between the current output P.sub.i and
output command value Pout.sub.i (output deficiency).
Step S20 and step S22 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG.
10 are substantially the same as step S20 and step S22 of FIG. 6.
Thus, these steps S20 and S22 are not explained further.
If it is determined in step S20 that the output target value
P.sub.WF* is not updated (NO in step S20) or the WF output P.sub.WF
has reached the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*
(YES in step S22), the process advances to step S60 to determine
whether or not a rate of decline of WF output P.sub.WF has exceeded
a threshold value. When the rate of decline of WF output P.sub.WF
has exceeded the threshold value, the process advances to step S42.
In contrast, if the rate of decline of WF output P.sub.WF is not
greater than the threshold value, the process repeats step S60.
In step S42, the output command value Pout.sub.i is set to a rated
power value for all of the wind turbine generators WTG.sub.i. More
specifically, the output command value Pout.sub.i calculated in the
WTG output determination step (Step S8 of FIG. 5) for each wind
turbine is corrected and then, the rated power value is supplied to
each of the wind turbines WTG.sub.i as the corrected output command
value Pout.sub.i. As a result, it is possible to compensate for the
sum of deficiency of the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the
output target value P.sub.WF*up to the present point, and a future
output deficiency which is expected based on a high rate of decline
of the WF output P.sub.WF.
Next, the process advances to step S44 to determine whether or not
the WF output P.sub.WF has exceeded the threshold value (=output
target value P.sub.WF*.times.E; E>1) or whether or not the state
where the state where the WF output P.sub.WF exceeds the output
target value P.sub.WF*has lasted for a prescribed period of time.
If it is determined YES in step S44, the WTG output correction step
(S10 of FIG. 5) is ended. If it is determined NO in step S44, the
process repeats step S44.
In this manner, the output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected
based on the change rate of WF output P.sub.WF (rate of
decline).
Step S20 and step S22 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG.
11 are substantially the same as step S20 and step S22 of FIG. 6.
Further, step S44 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 11
is substantially the same as step S44 of FIG. 7. Thus, these steps
S20, S22 and S44 are not explained further.
If it is determined in step S20 that the output target value
P.sub.WF* is not updated (NO in step S20) or the WF output P.sub.WF
has reached the updated value of the output target value
P.sub.WF*(YES in step S22), the process advances to step S62 to
determine whether or not the rate of decline of WF output P.sub.WF
or the current output P.sub.i of some of the wind turbine WTG.sub.i
has exceeded a threshold value. When the rate of decline of WF
output P.sub.WF or the current output P.sub.i of some of the wind
turbine WTG.sub.i has exceeded the threshold value, the process
advances to step S64. In contrast, if the rate of decline of WF
output P.sub.WF or the current output P.sub.i of all of the wind
turbines WTG.sub.i is not greater than the threshold value, the
process repeats step S62.
In step S64, the correction C is determined based on the rate of
decline of the WF output P.sub.WF or the current output P.sub.i of
the wind turbines WTG.sub.i, the difference between the WF output
P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF*, or the difference
between current output P.sub.i and the output command value
Pout.sub.i. Next, in step S66, the correction C is added to the
output command value Pout.sub.i calculated in the above-described
WTG output determination step (step S8 in FIG. 5).
In this manner, the output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected
based on the rate of decline of the WF output P.sub.WF or the
current output P.sub.i of the wind turbine, the difference between
the WF output P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF*, or
the difference between current output P.sub.i and the output
command value Pout.sub.i.
In other embodiments, step S62 of determining whether or not the
rate of decline of WF output P.sub.WF or the current output P.sub.i
of some of the wind turbine WTG.sub.i has exceeded a threshold
value may be skipped. In this embodiment, if it is determined in
step S20 that the output target value P.sub.WF* is not updated (NO
in step S20) or the WF output P.sub.WF has reached the updated
value of the output target value P.sub.WF* (YES in step S22), the
process advances directly to step S64 to determine the correction
amount C.
Step S20 and step S22 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG.
12 are substantially the same as step S20 and step S22 of FIG. 6.
Further, step S44 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 12
is substantially the same as step S44 of FIG. 7. Thus, these steps
S20, S22 and S44 are not explained further.
If it is determined in step S20 that the output target value
P.sub.WF* is not updated (NO in step S20) or the WF output P.sub.WF
has reached the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*
(YES in step S22), the process advances to step S70 to determine
whether or not a rate of decline of the wind speed V.sub.i, for
some of the wind turbine WTG.sub.i has exceeded a threshold
value.
When the rate of decline of the wind speed V.sub.i for some of the
wind turbine WTG.sub.i has exceeded the threshold value (YES in
step S70), the process advances to step S72. In contrast, if the
rate of decline of the wind speed V.sub.i for some of the wind
turbine WTG.sub.i is not greater than the threshold value (NO in
step S70), the process repeats step S70.
In step S72, the output command value Pout.sub.i is set to a rated
power value for those wind turbine generators WTG.sub.i whose wind
speed decline rate has exceeded the threshold value. More
specifically, in order to compensate beforehand for the efficiency
of the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the output target value
P.sub.WF*which is expected to take place in response to wind speed
reduction of a part of the wind turbines, the output command value
Pout.sub.i of the those wind turbines WTG.sub.i whose rate of
decline of the wind speed V.sub.i has exceeded the threshold value
is corrected and then, the rated power value is set as the
corrected output command value Pout.sub.i.
In this manner, the output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected
based on the change rate (decline rate) of the wind speed V.sub.i
for each of the wind turbine WTG.sub.i.
Step S20 and step S22 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG.
13 are substantially the same as step S20 and step S22 of FIG. 6.
Further, step S70 in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 13
is substantially the same as step S72 of FIG. 12. Further, step S44
in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 13 is substantially
the same as step S44 of FIG. 7. Thus, these steps S20, S22, S72 and
S44 are not explained further.
If it is determined in step S70 that the decline rate of the wind
speed V.sub.i for some of the wind turbine generators WTG.sub.i has
exceeded the threshold value (determined as YES), the process
advances to step S74 to determine the correction amount C based on
the decline rate of the wind speed V.sub.i and the difference
between the current output P.sub.i and the output command value
Pout.sub.i for those wind turbines WTG.sub.i whose decline rate of
the wind speed has exceeded the threshold value. Then, in step S76,
the correction amount C is added to the output command value
Pout.sub.i calculated in the WTG output determination step (Step S8
of FIG. 5).
In this manner, the output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected
based on the change rate (decline rate) of the wind speed V.sub.i
for each of the wind turbine WTG.sub.i and the difference between
the current output P.sub.i and the output command value
Pout.sub.i.
In other embodiments, step S70 of determining whether or not the
decline rate (decline speed) of the wind speed V.sub.i for each of
the wind turbine WTG.sub.i has exceeded a threshold value may be
skipped. In this embodiment, if it is determined in step S20 that
the output target value P.sub.WF* is not updated (NO in step S20)
or the WF output P.sub.WF has reached the updated value of the
output target value P.sub.WF*(YES in step S22), the process
advances directly to step S74. Then, in step S74, for each of the
wind turbine WTG.sub.i, the correction amount C is determined based
on the decline rate of the wind speed V.sub.i and the difference
between the current output P.sub.i and the output command value
Pout.sub.i.
In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the output control
method for the wind farm further includes an output change rate
limit step (step S12) of limiting the change rate of the WF output
P.sub.WF.
In the output change rate limit step (Step S12), in the transient
period from the point when the output target value P.sub.WF* is
updated to the point when the WF output P.sub.WF reaches the
updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*, the change rate
of the WF output P.sub.WF is limited to the first change rate. In
contrast, in the period excluding the transient period, the change
rate of the WF output P.sub.WF is limited to the second change
rate, which is higher than the first change rate.
As described above, by limiting the change rate of the WF output
P.sub.WF to the first change rate, which is comparatively a small
rate, in the transient period from the point when the output target
value P.sub.WF* is updated to the point when the WF output P.sub.WF
reaches the updated value of the output target value P.sub.WF*, the
output control by the ramp rate requested by the grid 2 is made
easy. Further, by limiting the change rate of the WF output
P.sub.WF to the second change rate, which is comparatively a high
rate, in the period excluding the transient period, the output
control of the wind farm can promptly follow changes in the wind
speed and it is possible to mitigate inequality between the WF
output P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF* which results
from wind speed decrease.
As described above, according to the above-described embodiments,
when the output target value P.sub.WF* is greater than the WF
output P.sub.WF, the output increase amount s.sub.i is assigned to
each wind turbine WTG.sub.i based on the potential output
Ppot.sub.i of each wind turbine WTG.sub.i. Therefore, it is
possible to mitigate inequality between the WF output P.sub.WF and
the output target value P.sub.WF* which results from wind speed
decrease. More specifically, it is possible to reduce effects that
the wind speed decrease of some wind turbine WTG.sub.i has on the
total output P.sub.WF of the wind farm 1 by taking into account the
potential output Ppot.sub.i, which is excess of the extractable
output Pmax.sub.i with respect to the current output P.sub.i, when
assigning the output increase amount s.sub.i to each wind turbine
WTG.sub.i.
While the embodiments of the present invention have been described,
it is obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and
modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the
invention. For instance, some of the above-described embodiments
may be combined arbitrarily.
[Simulation Result]
The simulation was conducted under the condition that the output
target value P.sub.WF* of the wind farm is updated and the wind
speed V for each of the wind turbines WTG.sub.i changes equally,
and a change in the WF output P.sub.WF with application of the WF
output control method according to the above embodiments is
evaluated.
More specifically, as the simulation condition, the WTG output
correction step (step S10) is performed for correcting the output
command value Pout.sub.i so that the sum of differences between the
WF output P.sub.WF and the output target value P.sub.WF* is at
least partially compensated. Further, the output change rate limit
step (Step S12) is performed for limiting the change rate of
P.sub.WF to the first change rate in the transient period from the
point when the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated to the
point when the WF output P.sub.WF reaches the updated value of the
output target value P.sub.WF* and limiting the change rate of the
WF output P.sub.WF to the second change rate in the period
excluding the transient period.
The simulation result of this case regarding the WF output P.sub.WF
is illustrated in FIG. 14.
Another simulation was conducted as a comparison example, under the
condition that neither the WTG output correction step (step S10) or
the output change rate limit step (step S12) is performed.
The simulation result of this case regarding the WF output P.sub.WF
is illustrated in FIG. 15.
As obvious from comparing the simulation results illustrated in
FIG. 14 and FIG. 15, the simulation result illustrated in FIG. 14
shows that the WF output P.sub.WF declines in response to decline
of the wind speed V and then exceeds the output target value
P.sub.WF*to promptly follow recovery of the wind speed V and
immediately after this, the deficiency of the WF output P.sub.WF
with respect to the output target value P.sub.WF* is compensated.
This is more obvious in a period from time t.sub.6 when the WF
output P.sub.WF reaches the updated value of the output target
value P.sub.WF* to time t.sub.7 when the output target value
P.sub.WF* is updated next time. More specifically, in the period
excluding the transient period from the point (time t.sub.3) when
the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated to the point (time
t.sub.6) when the WF output P.sub.WF reaches the updated output
target value P.sub.WF*, a phenomenon was observed where the
deficiency of the WF output P.sub.WF with respect to the output
target value P.sub.WF*which results from decline of the wind speed
V, is compensated. The first reason of this phenomenon is that the
output command value Pout.sub.i is corrected so that the sum of
differences between the WF output P.sub.WF and the output target
value P.sub.WF* is at least partially compensated. The second
reason of the phenomenon is that, in the period excluding the
transient period (t.sub.5-t.sub.6) from the point when the output
target value P.sub.WF* is updated to the point when the WF output
P.sub.WF reaches the updated output target value P.sub.WF*, the
change rate of the WF output P.sub.WF is limited to the second
change rate, which is higher than the output change rate (the first
change rate) in the transient period (t.sub.5-t.sub.6) and this
makes the effect of the correction of the output command value
Pout.sub.i more obvious.
Further, the simulation result illustrated in FIG. 14 shows
suppression of changes in the WF output P.sub.WF in the transient
period from the point (time t.sub.3) when the output target value
P.sub.WF* is updated to the point (time t.sub.6) when the WF output
P.sub.WF reaches the updated value of the output target value
P.sub.WF*. More specifically, the WF output P.sub.WF changes
significantly to promptly follow change in the wind speed in the
period (before t.sub.5, and t.sub.6-t.sub.7) excluding the
transient period, whereas the WF output P.sub.WF changes slightly
and decreases at an almost constant ramp rate in the transient
period (t.sub.5-t.sub.6) excluding the transient period. This is
achieved by limiting the change rate of the WF output P.sub.WF to
the first change rate in the transient period from the point when
the output target value P.sub.WF* is updated to the point when the
WF output P.sub.WF reaches the updated value of the output target
value P.sub.WF*and limiting the change rate of the WF output
P.sub.WF to the second change rate, which is higher than the first
change rate, in the period excluding the transient period.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
1 Wind Farm 2 Grid 10 WF output control device 11 WTG output
obtaining unit 12 Extractable output calculation unit 14 Potential
output calculation unit 16 WTG output determination unit 18 WTG
output correction unit 19 Output change rate controller
* * * * *