U.S. patent number 9,206,158 [Application Number 14/735,853] was granted by the patent office on 2015-12-08 for hydrazide containing nuclear transport modulators and uses thereof.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc.. The grantee listed for this patent is Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc.. Invention is credited to Dilara McCauley, Vincent P. Sandanayaka, Sharon Shacham, Sharon Shechter.
United States Patent |
9,206,158 |
Sandanayaka , et
al. |
December 8, 2015 |
Hydrazide containing nuclear transport modulators and uses
thereof
Abstract
The invention generally relates to nuclear transport modulators,
e.g., CRM1 inhibitors, and more particularly to a compound
represented by structural formula I: ##STR00001## or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the values and
alternative values for the variables are as defined and described
herein. The invention also includes the synthesis and use of a
compound of structural formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt or composition thereof, e.g., in the treatment, modulation
and/or prevention of physiological conditions associated with CRM1
activity.
Inventors: |
Sandanayaka; Vincent P.
(Northboro, MA), Shacham; Sharon (Newton, MA), McCauley;
Dilara (Arlington, MA), Shechter; Sharon (Andover,
MA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc. |
Newton |
MA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc.
(Newton, MA)
|
Family
ID: |
46634546 |
Appl.
No.: |
14/735,853 |
Filed: |
June 10, 2015 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20150274698 A1 |
Oct 1, 2015 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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14235306 |
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9079865 |
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PCT/US2012/048319 |
Jul 26, 2012 |
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61513428 |
Jul 29, 2011 |
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61513432 |
Jul 29, 2011 |
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61610178 |
Mar 13, 2012 |
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61654651 |
Jun 1, 2012 |
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61653588 |
May 31, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D
241/20 (20130101); A61P 27/00 (20180101); A61P
35/02 (20180101); A61K 31/498 (20130101); A61P
11/00 (20180101); A61P 37/06 (20180101); C07D
403/12 (20130101); A61K 31/4196 (20130101); A61K
31/454 (20130101); C07D 409/12 (20130101); A61K
31/496 (20130101); A61P 25/28 (20180101); A61P
37/02 (20180101); A61P 31/00 (20180101); A61P
29/00 (20180101); A61P 43/00 (20180101); A61K
31/506 (20130101); A61P 31/12 (20180101); A61P
27/02 (20180101); C07D 401/12 (20130101); A61P
25/00 (20180101); C07D 249/08 (20130101); A61P
37/08 (20180101); A61P 37/00 (20180101); A61P
35/00 (20180101); A61P 1/00 (20180101); A61K
31/55 (20130101); A61K 31/5377 (20130101); A61K
31/497 (20130101); A61K 31/4439 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61K
31/4196 (20060101); A61K 31/454 (20060101); A61K
31/55 (20060101); C07D 241/20 (20060101); C07D
401/12 (20060101); C07D 249/08 (20060101); A61K
31/506 (20060101); A61K 31/498 (20060101); C07D
409/12 (20060101); A61K 31/4439 (20060101); C07D
403/12 (20060101); A61K 31/497 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;514/340 ;546/272.4 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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101309912 |
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Nov 2008 |
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CN |
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101466687 |
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Jun 2009 |
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CN |
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1 939 180 |
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Jul 2008 |
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EP |
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1992618 |
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Nov 2008 |
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EP |
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2 090 570 |
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Aug 2009 |
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EP |
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WO 2007/147336 |
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Dec 2007 |
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WO |
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WO 2011/109799 |
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Sep 2011 |
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WO |
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WO 2012/099807 |
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Jul 2012 |
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WO |
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WO 2013/019548 |
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Feb 2013 |
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WO |
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Feb 2013 |
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WO |
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WO 2013/170068 |
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Nov 2013 |
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WO |
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WO 2014/144772 |
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Sep 2014 |
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WO |
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WO 2014/152263 |
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Sep 2014 |
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WO |
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WO 2014/205389 |
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Dec 2014 |
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WO |
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WO 2014/205393 |
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Dec 2014 |
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WO |
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Primary Examiner: Vajda; Kristin
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Foley Hoag LLP
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.
14/235,306, which is the U.S. National Stage Application of
International Application No. PCT/US2012/048319, filed on Jul. 26,
2012, published in English, which claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/513,428, filed Jul. 29, 2011, U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/513,432, filed Jul. 29, 2011, U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/610,178, filed Mar. 13, 2012, U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/654,651, filed Jun. 1, 2012, and
U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/653,588, filed May 31, 2012.
The contents of the above applications are incorporated herein by
reference in their entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A compound represented by the following structural formula:
##STR00174## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound represented
by the following structural formula: ##STR00175## or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Cells from most major human solid and hematologic malignancies
exhibit abnormal cellular localization of a variety of oncogenic
proteins, tumor suppressor proteins, and cell cycle regulators
(Cronshaw et al. 2004, Falini et al 2006). For example, certain p53
mutations lead to localization in the cytoplasm rather than in the
nucleus. This results in the loss of normal growth regulation,
despite intact tumor suppressor function. In other tumors,
wild-type p53 is sequestered in the cytoplasm or rapidly degraded,
again leading to loss of its suppressor function. Restoration of
appropriate nuclear localization of functional p53 protein can
normalize some properties of neoplastic cells (Cai et al. 2008;
Hoshino et al. 2008; Lain et al. 1999a; Lain et al. 1999b; Smart et
al. 1999), can restore sensitivity of cancer cells to DNA damaging
agents (Cai et al. 2008), and can lead to regression of established
tumors (Sharpless & DePinho 2007, Xue et al. 2007). Similar
data have been obtained for other tumor suppressor proteins such as
forkhead (Turner and Sullivan 2008) and c-Abl (Vignari and Wang
2001). In addition, abnormal localization of several tumor
suppressor and growth regulatory proteins may be involved in the
pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (Davis 2007, Nakahara 2009).
CRM1 inhibition may provide particularly interesting utility in
familial cancer syndromes (e.g., Li-Fraumeni Syndrome due to loss
of one p53 allele, BRCA1 or 2 cancer syndromes), where specific
tumor suppressor proteins (TSP) are deleted or dysfunctional and
where increasing TSP levels by systemic (or local) administration
of CRM1 inhibitors could help restore normal tumor suppressor
function.
Specific proteins and RNAs are carried into and out of the nucleus
by specialized transport molecules, which are classified as
importins if they transport molecules into the nucleus, and
exportins if they transport molecules out of the nucleus (Terry et
al. 2007; Sorokin et al. 2007). Proteins that are transported into
or out of the nucleus contain nuclear import/localization (NLS) or
export (NES) sequences that allow them to interact with the
relevant transporters. Chromosomal Region Maintenance 1 (Crm1 or
CRM1), which is also called exportin-1 or Xpo1, is a major
exportin.
Overexpression of Crm1 has been reported in several tumors,
including human ovarian cancer (Noske et al. 2008), cervical cancer
(van der Watt et al. 2009), pancreatic cancer (Huang et al. 2009),
hepatocellular carcinoma (Pascale et al. 2005) and osteosarcoma
(Yao et al. 2009) and is independently correlated with poor
clinical outcomes in these tumor types.
Inhibition of Crm1 blocks the exodus of tumor suppressor proteins
and/or growth regulators such as p53, c-Abl, p21, p27, pRB, BRCA1,
IkB, ICp27, E2F4, KLF5, YAP1, ZAP, KLF5, HDAC4, HDAC5 or forkhead
proteins (e.g., FOXO3a) from the nucleus that are associated with
gene expression, cell proliferation, angiogenesis and epigenetics.
Crm1 inhibitors have been shown to induce apoptosis in cancer cells
even in the presence of activating oncogenic or growth stimulating
signals, while sparing normal (untransformed) cells. Most studies
of Crm1 inhibition have utilized the natural product Crm1 inhibitor
Leptomycin B (LMB). LMB itself is highly toxic to neoplastic cells,
but poorly tolerated with marked gastrointestinal toxicity in
animals (Roberts et al. 1986) and humans (Newlands et al. 1996).
Derivatization of LMB to improve drug-like properties leads to
compounds that retain antitumor activity and are better tolerated
in animal tumor models (Yang et al. 2007, Yang et al. 2008, Mutka
et al. 2009). Therefore, nuclear export inhibitors could have
beneficial effects in neoplastic and other proliferative
disorders.
In addition to tumor suppressor proteins, Crm1 also exports several
key proteins that are involved in many inflammatory processes.
These include IkB, NF-kB, Cox-2, RXR.alpha., Commd1, HIF1, HMGB1,
FOXO, FOXP and others. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB/rel)
family of transcriptional activators, named for the discovery that
it drives immunoglobulin kappa gene expression, regulate the mRNA
expression of variety of genes involved in inflammation,
proliferation, immunity and cell survival. Under basal conditions,
a protein inhibitor of NF-kB, called IkB, binds to NF-kB in the
nucleus and the complex IkB-NF-kB renders the NF-kB transcriptional
function inactive. In response to inflammatory stimuli, IkB
dissociates from the IkB-NF-kB complex, which releases NF-kB and
unmasks its potent transcriptional activity. Many signals that
activate NF-kB do so by targeting IkB for proteolysis
(phosphorylation of IkB renders it "marked" for ubiquitination and
then proteolysis). The nuclear IkBa-NF-kB complex can be exported
to the cytoplasm by Crm1 where it dissociates and NF-kB can be
reactivated. Ubiquitinated IkB may also dissociate from the NF-kB
complex, restoring NF-kB transcriptional activity. Inhibition of
Crm1 induced export in human neutrophils and macrophage like cells
(U937) by LMB not only results in accumulation of transcriptionally
inactive, nuclear IkBa-NF-kB complex but also prevents the initial
activation of NF-kB even upon cell stimulation (Ghosh 2008, Huang
2000). In a different study, treatment with LMB inhibited
IL-1.beta. induced NF-kB DNA binding (the first step in NF-kB
transcriptional activation), IL-8 expression and intercellular
adhesion molecule expression in pulmonary microvascular endothelial
cells (Walsh 2008). COMMD1 is another nuclear inhibitor of both
NF-kB and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) transcriptional
activity. Blocking the nuclear export of COMMD1 by inhibiting Crm1
results in increased inhibition of NF-kB and HIF1 transcriptional
activity (Muller 2009).
Crm1 also mediates retinoid X receptor .alpha. (RXR.alpha.)
transport. RXR.alpha. is highly expressed in the liver and plays a
central role in regulating bile acid, cholesterol, fatty acid,
steroid and xenobiotic metabolism and homeostasis. During liver
inflammation, nuclear RXR.alpha. levels are significantly reduced,
mainly due to inflammation-mediated nuclear export of RXR.alpha. by
Crm1. LMB is able to prevent IL-1.beta. induced cytoplasmic
increase in RXR.alpha. levels in human liver derived cells
(Zimmerman 2006).
The role of Crm1-mediated nuclear export in NF-kB, HIF-1 and
RXR.alpha. signalling suggests that blocking nuclear export can be
potentially beneficial in many inflammatory processes across
multiple tissues and organs including the vasculature (vasculitis,
arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatic, atherosclerosis), dermatologic
(see below), rheumatologic (rheumatoid and related arthritis,
psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, crystal arthropathies,
systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease,
myositis syndromes, dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis,
undifferentiated connective tissue disease, Sjogren's syndrome,
scleroderma and overlap syndromes, etc.).
CRM1 inhibition affects gene expression by inhibiting/activating a
series of transcription factors like ICp27, E2F4, KLF5, YAP1, and
ZAP.
Crm1 inhibition has potential therapeutic effects across many
dermatologic syndromes including inflammatory dermatoses (atopy,
allergic dermatitis, chemical dermatitis, psoriasis), sun-damage
(ultraviolet (UV) damage), and infections. CRM1 inhibition, best
studied with LMB, showed minimal effects on normal keratinocytes,
and exerted anti-inflammatory activity on keratinocytes subjected
to UV, TNF.alpha., or other inflammatory stimuli (Kobayashi &
Shinkai 2005, Kannan & Jaiswal 2006). Crm1 inhibition also
upregulates NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2)
activity, which protects keratinocytes (Schafer et al. 2010, Kannan
& Jaiswal 2006) and other cell types (Wang et al. 2009) from
oxidative damage. LMB induces apoptosis in keratinocytes infected
with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) strains such as HPV16,
but not in uninfected keratinocytes (Jolly et al. 2009).
Crm1 also mediates the transport of key neuroprotectant proteins
that may be useful in neurodegenerative diseases including
Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS). For example, by (1) forcing nuclear
retention of key neuroprotective regulators such as NRF2 (Wang
2009), FOXA2 (Kittappa et al. 2007), parking in neuronal cells,
and/or (2) inhibiting NF.kappa.B transcriptional activity by
sequestering I.kappa.B to the nucleus in glial cells, Crm1
inhibition could slow or prevent neuronal cell death found in these
disorders. There is also evidence linking abnormal glial cell
proliferation to abnormalities in CRM1 levels or CRM1 function
(Shen 2008).
Intact nuclear export, primarily mediated through CRM1, is also
required for the intact maturation of many viruses. Viruses where
nuclear export, and/or CRM1 itself, has been implicated in their
lifecycle include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), adenovirus,
simian retrovirus type 1, Borna disease virus, influenza (usual
strains as well as H1N1 and avian H5N1 strains), hepatitis B (HBV)
and C (HCV) viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV), respiratory
syncytial virus (RSV), Dungee, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
coronavirus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, herpes simplex
virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus
(MCV). (Bhuvanakantham 2010, Cohen 2010, Whittaker 1998). It is
anticipated that additional viral infections reliant on intact
nuclear export will be uncovered in the future.
The HIV-1 Rev protein, which traffics through nucleolus and
shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, facilitates export of
unspliced and singly spliced HIV transcripts containing Rev
Response Elements (RRE) RNA by the CRM1 export pathway Inhibition
of Rev-mediated RNA transport using CRM1 inhibitors such as LMB or
PKF050-638 can arrest the HIV-1 transcriptional process, inhibit
the production of new HIV-1 virions, and thereby reduce HIV-1
levels (Pollard 1998, Daelemans 2002).
Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of the common
arthropod-borne viral disease, Dengue fever (DF), and its more
severe and potentially deadly Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DHF
appears to be the result of an over exuberant inflammatory response
to DENV. NS5 is the largest and most conserved protein of DENV.
CRM1 regulates the transport of NS5 from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm, where most of the NS5 functions are mediated. Inhibition
of CRM1-mediated export of NS5 results in altered kinetics of virus
production and reduces induction of the inflammatory chemokine
interleukin-8 (IL-8), presenting a new avenue for the treatment of
diseases caused by DENV and other medically important flaviviruses
including hepatitis C virus (Rawlinson 2009).
Other virus-encoded RNA-binding proteins that use CRM1 to exit the
nucleus include the HSV type 1 tegument protein (VP13/14, or
hUL47), human CMV protein pp65, the SARS Coronavirus ORF 3b
Protein, and the RSV matrix (M) protein (Williams 2008, Sanchez
2007, Freundt 2009, Ghildyal 2009).
Interestingly, many of these viruses are associated with specific
types of human cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due
to chronic HBV or HCV infection, cervical cancer due to HPV, and
Merkel cell carcinoma associated with MCV. CRM1 inhibitors could
therefore have beneficial effects on both the viral infectious
process as well as on the process of neoplastic transformation due
to these viruses.
CRM1 controls the nuclear localization and therefore activity of
multiple DNA metabolizing enzymes including histone deacetylases
(HDAC), histone acetyltransferases (HAT), and histone
methyltransferases (HMT). Suppression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
with irreversible CRM1 inhibitors has been demonstrated and is
believed to be linked to nuclear retention (and activation) of HDAC
5, an enzyme known to suppress a hypertrophic genetic program
(Monovich et al. 2009). Thus, CRM1 inhibition may have beneficial
effects in hypertrophic syndromes, including certain forms of
congestive heart failure and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies.
CRM1 has also been linked to other disorders. Leber's disorder, a
hereditary disorder characterized by degeneration of retinal
ganglion cells and visual loss, is associated with inaction of the
CRM1 switch (Gupta N 2008). There is also evidence linking
neurodegenerative disorders to abnormalities in nuclear
transport.
To date, however, small-molecule, drug-like Crm1 inhibitors for use
in vitro and in vivo are uncommon.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to compounds, or pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof, useful as nuclear transport modulators.
The invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable
compositions comprising compounds of the present invention and
methods of using said compounds and compositions in the treatment
of various disorders, such as those associated with abnormal
cellular responses triggered by improper nuclear transport.
In one embodiment of the invention, the compounds are represented
by formula I:
##STR00002## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
the values and alternative values for each variable are as defined
and described herein.
Another embodiment of the invention is a composition comprising a
compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method for treating a
disorder associated with CRM1 activity, the method comprising
administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition
comprising a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof.
Another embodiment of the invention is use of a compound of the
invention for treating a disorder associated with CRM1 activity in
a subject.
Another embodiment of the invention is use of a compound of the
invention for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a
disorder associated with CRM1 activity in a subject.
The nuclear transport modulators of the present invention, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or compositions thereof,
provide excellent in vivo exposure as measured by AUC in mouse,
rat, dog and monkey, while exhibiting low levels of brain
penetration. Therefore, compounds of the present invention, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or compositions thereof, are
useful for treating a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions,
associated with abnormal cellular responses triggered by improper
nuclear transport, such as those diseases, disorders, or conditions
described herein. Compounds provided by this invention are also
useful for the study of nuclear transport modulation in biological
and pathological phenomena; the study of intracellular signal
transduction pathways mediated by kinases; and the comparative
evaluation of nuclear transport modulators.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a graph of tumor volume as a function of time and shows
the effect of Compound I-3 on tumor volume in a mouse xenograft
model of Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC).
FIG. 2A is a Western blot image showing the effect of increasing
concentrations of Compound I-3 on CRM1 and apoptosis marker
proteins in MDA-MB-468 TNBC cells.
FIG. 2B is a Western blot image showing the effect of increasing
concentrations of Compound I-3 on CRM1 and apoptosis marker
proteins in DU4475 luminal BC cells.
FIG. 2C is a Western blot image showing the effect of increasing
concentrations of Compound I-3 on CRM1 and apoptosis marker
proteins in HS578T TNBC cells.
FIG. 3 is Western blot images showing the effect of increasing
concentrations of Compound I-3 on anti-apoptosis and cell cycle
proteins in MDA-MB-468 and HS578T TNBC cell lines.
FIG. 4 is a graph of mean body weight versus time for days 0 to 12
in antibody-induced male BALB/c arthritic mice subjected to the
indicated treatment.
FIG. 5 is a graph of mean total paw clinical arthritic scores
versus time for days 0 to 12 in antibody-induced male BALB/c
arthritic mice subjected to the indicated treatment.
FIG. 6 is a bar graph of scoring for mean ear thickness, scaling
and folding determined from day 0 to 7 in PMA-induced male BALB/c
psoriatic mice subjected to the indicted treatment.
FIG. 7 is a set of graphs showing object preference of rats treated
as indicted in the Novel Object Recognition Model.
FIG. 8A is a set of graphs showing cumulative and average food
intake versus time in obese and lean Zucker rats treated as
indicated.
FIG. 8B is a set of graphs showing average and percent body weight
versus time in obese and lean Zucker rats treated as indicated.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The novel features of the present invention will become apparent to
those of skill in the art upon examination of the following
detailed description of the invention. It should be understood,
however, that the detailed description of the invention and the
specific examples presented, while indicating certain embodiments
of the present invention, are provided for illustration purposes
only because various changes and modifications within the spirit
and scope of the invention will become apparent to those of skill
in the art from the detailed description of the invention and
claims that follow.
Compounds of the Invention
One embodiment of the invention is compounds represented by formula
I:
##STR00003##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
R.sup.1 is selected from hydrogen and methyl;
R.sup.2 is selected from pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl,
pyrazin-2-yl, and quinoxalin-2-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl,
1,1-dioxotetrahydrothiophen-3-yl and cyclopropyl, wherein R.sup.2
is optionally substituted with one or more independent substituents
selected from methyl and halogen; or
R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are taken together with their intervening atoms
to form 4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl,
4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl, 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl,
3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl, or morpholin-4-yl;
R.sup.3 is selected from hydrogen and halo; and
represents a single bond wherein a carbon-carbon double bond bound
thereto is in an (E)- or (Z)-configuration.
As described generally above, R.sup.1 is selected from hydrogen and
methyl. In some embodiments, R.sup.1 is hydrogen. In some
embodiments, R.sup.1 is methyl.
As described generally above, R.sup.2 is selected from
pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrazin-2-yl,
quinoxalin-2-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, 1,1-dioxotetrahydrothiophen-3-yl
and cyclopropyl, wherein R.sup.2 is optionally substituted with one
or more independent substituents selected from methyl and halogen.
In some embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is pyridin-2-yl. In some
embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is pyridin-3-yl. In some
embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is pyridin-4-yl. In some
embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is pyrazin-2-yl. In some
embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is pyrimidin-4-yl. In some
embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is quinoxalin-2-yl. In some
embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is selected from pyridin-2-yl,
pyridin-3-yl and pyridin-4-yl. In some embodiments of formula I,
R.sup.2 is selected from pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl,
pyrazin-2-yl and pyrimidin-4-yl. In some embodiments of formula I,
R.sup.2 is selected from pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrazin-2-yl
and pyrimidin-4-yl.
In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from:
##STR00004##
In some embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is optionally substituted
with a single substituent selected from methyl and chloro. In some
embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is optionally substituted with a
methyl group. In some embodiments of formula I, R.sup.2 is
optionally substituted with a chloro group. In some embodiments,
R.sup.2 is selected from:
##STR00005##
In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from:
##STR00006##
In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from:
##STR00007##
In some embodiments of formula I, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are taken
together with their intervening atoms to form
4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, azepan-1-yl,
4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl, 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl,
3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl, or morpholin-4-yl. In some embodiments of
formula I, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are taken together with their
intervening atoms to form 4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl.
As described generally above, R.sup.3 is selected from hydrogen and
halogen. In some embodiments, R.sup.3 is hydrogen. In some
embodiments, R.sup.3 is halogen (e.g., chloro, bromo, iodo or
fluoro). In some such embodiments, R.sup.3 is chloro.
As described generally above, the carbon-carbon double bond in
between the triazole moiety and the carbonyl moiety is in an
(E)-configuration or a (Z)-configuration. In some embodiments, that
double bond is in a (E)-configuration. In some embodiments, that
double bond is in a (Z)-configuration and the compound is
represented by formula II:
##STR00008##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.1,
R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined above and described herein.
A further embodiment of the invention is a compound represented by
formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
the values and alternative values for the variables are as defined
above for a compound of formula I.
In a first aspect of this further embodiment, R.sup.1 is as defined
above; and R.sup.2 is selected from pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-4-yl,
pyrazin-2-yl and pyrimidin-4-yl, wherein R.sup.2 is optionally
substituted with a single substituent selected from methyl and
chloro; or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are taken together with their
intervening atoms to form 4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl.
In a specific aspect of the first aspect R.sup.3 is hydrogen. The
values and alternative values for the remaining variables are as
described above for a compound of formula I, or in the further
embodiment, or first aspect thereof.
Exemplary compounds of formula I are set forth in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Exemplary compound of formula I.
##STR00009## I-3 ##STR00010## I-4 ##STR00011## I-5 ##STR00012## I-6
##STR00013## I-7 ##STR00014## I-8 ##STR00015## I-9 ##STR00016##
I-10 ##STR00017## I-11 ##STR00018## I-12 ##STR00019## I-13
##STR00020## I-14 ##STR00021## I-15 ##STR00022## I-16 ##STR00023##
I-17 ##STR00024## I-18 ##STR00025## I-19 ##STR00026## I-20
##STR00027## I-21 ##STR00028## I-22 ##STR00029## I-23 ##STR00030##
I-24 ##STR00031## I-25 ##STR00032## I-26
In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is selected from
any one of compounds I-3 to I-26. In one aspect of these
embodiments, the compound is selected from compounds I-3, I-4, I-5,
I-7, I-8, I-10, I-12, I-18, I-19 and I-24. In a more specific
aspect, the compound of the invention is selected from I-3 and
I-4.
Pharmacokinetics (PK) play an increasing role in drug discovery and
development. Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of the time
course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and/or
excretion. When a drug is administered, it distributes rapidly from
its administration site into the systemic blood circulation. One
measure of the extent of a therapeutic agent's distribution is the
area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), calculated to
the last measured concentration (AUC.sub.t) and extrapolated to
infinity (AUC.sub.Inf). AUC is thus a useful metric to quantitate
drug exposure.
Generally, the higher the exposure of a therapeutic agent, the
greater the effects of the agent. However, high exposure of a
therapeutic agent may have deleterious effects on certain tissues
such as the brain. While the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a
protective network consisting of tight junctions between
endothelial cells, restricts the diffusion of hydrophilic and/or
large molecules, drugs with high AUC are still capable of
penetrating the BBB and/or cerebrospinal fluid. Such penetration is
often undesirable and can lead to unwanted side effects. Current
drug discovery efforts are aimed, in part, at striking a balance
between maximizing drug exposure (e.g., AUC), while minimizing
brain penetration.
The brain to plasma (B:P) ratio is one method of quantifying the
relative distribution of a therapeutic agent in brain tissue to
that in circulation and, as such, provides one indication of the
brain penetration of a given therapeutic agent. A high brain to
plasma ratio is preferred when targeting diseases localized in the
central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and the
cerebrospinal fluid. However, a lower brain to plasma ratio is
generally preferable for non-CNS therapeutic agents to minimize
brain penetration and avoid potential side effects caused by
unwanted accumulation of the therapeutic agents in the brain and
CNS tissue.
As set forth in more detail in the Exemplification, the compounds
of the present invention display a higher AUC and/or a lower B:P as
compared to other nuclear transport inhibitors, such as those
disclosed in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/041,377,
filed Mar. 5, 2011 and published as US 2009/0275607 on Nov. 10,
2011. In some embodiments of the present invention, the compound of
formula I has a nuclear export activity of less than about 1 .mu.M,
an AUC.sub.Inf of greater than about 3300 (e.g., greater than about
3500), and a B:P ratio of less than about 2.5 when dosed in a mouse
at 10 mg/kg po.
Synthetic Methods of the Invention
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a
method of preparing (Z)-olefin derivatives of a compound of formula
Z useful in preparing compound of the invention (e.g., precursors
to the compounds of the invention):
##STR00033##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
Ring A is an optionally substituted ring selected from phenyl, an
8-10-membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6-membered monocyclic
heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and an 8-10-membered bicyclic
heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
Y is a covalent bond or -L-;
L is a bivalent C.sub.1-8 saturated or unsaturated, straight or
branched, hydrocarbon radical, wherein one or two methylene units
of L is optionally replaced by --NR--, --N(R)C(O)--, --C(O)N(R)--,
--O--, --C(O)--, --OC(O)--, --C(O)O--, --S--, --SO--, --SO2-,
--C(S)--, --C(NOR)-- or --C(NR)--;
each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group
selected from C.sub.1-6 aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7-membered saturated
or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 4-7-membered saturated
or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, a
5-6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, an
8-10-membered bicyclic aryl ring, and an 8-10-membered bicyclic
heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; or
two R groups on the same nitrogen are taken together with the
nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4-7-membered
saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4
heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and
sulfur, or a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur;
each of V.sup.1, V.sup.2 and V.sup.3 is independently C(R.sup.y) or
N;
each R.sup.x and R.sup.y is independently selected from --R,
halogen, --OR, --SR, --N(R).sub.2, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --N.sub.3,
--SOR, --SO.sub.2R, --SO.sub.2NR, --C(O)R, --CO.sub.2R, --C(O)OR,
--C(O)N(R).sub.2, --NRC(O)R, --OC(O)R, --OC(O)N(R).sub.2,
--NRC(O)OR, --NRC(O)NR.sub.2 and --NRSO.sub.2R;
each R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is independently hydrogen, deuterium,
tritium or halogen;
W is --CN, haloalkyl, --NO.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.Z)R.sup.3;
Z is O, S, or NR;
R.sup.3 is selected from hydrogen, --R, OR, --SR and
--N(R.sup.4).sub.2;
each R.sup.4 is independently --R; or
two R.sup.4 on the same nitrogen are taken together with the
nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 4-7-membered
saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4
heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and
sulfur, or a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein
the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with
--(R.sup.5).sub.n;
each R.sup.5 is independently selected from --R, halogen, --OR,
--SR, --N(R).sub.2, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --N.sub.3, --SOR,
--SO.sub.2R, --SO.sub.2NR, --C(O)R, --CO.sub.2R, --C(O)OR,
--C(O)N(R).sub.2, --NRC(O)R, --OC(O)R, --OC(O)N(R).sub.2,
--NRC(O)OR, --NRC(O)NR.sub.2 and --NRSO.sub.2R; and
each m and n is independently an integer selected from 0, 1, 2, 3
and 4.
Compounds of formula Z have been described, for example, in U.S.
Ser. No. 13/041,377, filed Mar. 5, 2011, and in U.S. Provisional
Application Nos. 61/513,428, filed Jul. 29, 2011, and 61/653,588,
filed Jun. 1, 2012. Compounds of formula Z are generally
synthesized as a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-olefin isomers, which must
be separated. The separation of (E)- and (Z)-olefin isomers
requires extensive chromatography and results in a loss of 50% of
the advanced intermediate A, as the undesired isomer cannot
typically be converted to the desired isomer. A 50% yield is
inefficient and costly at any step of a synthesis, but such
unacceptable yields are even more problematic at the end of a
multi-step synthesis. It has now been surprisingly discovered that
the use of sterically hindered bases in a 1,4-nucleophilic addition
can effect (Z)-selectivity of the reaction, thereby providing the
cis-olefin isomer as the major or exclusive product. Accordingly,
the present invention provides a (Z)-selective synthesis of
compounds of formula Z, and methods of preparing synthetic
intermediates useful for preparing compounds of formula Z. A key
step in the synthesis of compounds of formula Z is depicted in
Scheme I.
In certain embodiments, the compounds of formula Z are prepared
according to Scheme I, set forth below:
##STR00034##
wherein LG is a leaving group and each of Ring A, Y, V.sup.1,
V.sup.2, V.sup.3, R.sup.x, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, W and m is as defined
above with respect to a compound of formula Z and described in
embodiments herein.
In some embodiments of step S-1.1, intermediate A is coupled with
intermediate B via a 1,4-nucleophilic addition/elimination
reaction. In some embodiments of step S-1.1, LG is a suitable
leaving group. In some such embodiments of step S-1.1, LG is a
halogen. In some embodiments, LG is iodo. In some embodiments of
step S-1.1, LG is bromo. In some embodiments of step S-1.1, LG is a
sulfonate. In some such embodiments, LG is methanesulfonate
(mesylate).
In some embodiments of step S-1.1, intermediate A is coupled with
intermediate B in the presence of a sterically-hindered
nucleophilic base. One of ordinary skill will be able to select a
suitable sterically-hindered base. Suitable sterically-hindered
nucleophilic bases for use in the present invention include
1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU),
1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN),
1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO), N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine,
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine, quinuclidine,
1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP),
7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene (MTBD),
triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine and
tricyclohexylphosphine.
In certain embodiments, the compounds of formula Y are prepared
according to Scheme II, set forth below:
##STR00035##
wherein LG is a leaving group and each of R.sup.x, R.sup.y,
R.sup.1, R.sup.2, W and m is as defined above with respect to a
compound of formula Z and described in embodiments herein.
In some embodiments of step S-2.1, intermediate C is reacted with a
thiolate salt to provide intermediate D. In some embodiments of
step S-2.1, the thiolate salt is sodium thiolate. In some
embodiments of step S-2.1, the thiolate salt is potassium
thiolate.
At step S-2.2, intermediate D is reacted with a hydrazine
equivalent to provide intermediate E.
At step S-2.3, intermediate E is coupled with intermediate B to
provide a compound of formula Y. In some embodiments of step S-2.3,
LG is a suitable leaving group. In some such embodiments of step
S-2.3, LG is a halogen. In some embodiments, LG is iodo. In some
embodiments of step S-2.3, LG is bromo. In some embodiments of step
S-2.3, LG is a sulfonate. In some such embodiments, LG is
methanesulfonate (mesylate).
In some embodiments of step S-2.3, intermediate E is coupled with
intermediate B in the presence of a sterically-hindered
nucleophilic base. One of ordinary skill will be able to select a
suitable sterically-hindered base. Suitable sterically-hindered
nucleophilic bases for use in the present invention include
1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU),
1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN),
1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO), N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine,
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine, quinuclidine,
1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP),
7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene (MTBD),
triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine and
tricyclohexylphosphine.
According to one aspect, the present invention provides a method
for providing a compound of formula Z:
##STR00036## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
each of Ring A, Y, V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, R.sup.x, R, R.sup.1,
R.sup.2, W and m is as defined above with respect to a compound of
formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula A:
##STR00037##
wherein each of Ring A, R.sup.x, Y, V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3 and m
is as defined above for a compound of formula Z; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula A with an olefin of formula
B:
##STR00038##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, W, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is as defined above for a
compound of formula Z;
in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base to form
a compound of formula Z.
As described above, a compound of formula A is coupled with
intermediate B via a 1,4-nucleophilic addition/elimination
reaction. In some embodiments, a compound of formula A is coupled
with intermediate B in the presence of a sterically-hindered
nucleophilic base. Suitable sterically-hindered bases include
tertiary amine bases. In some embodiments, a suitable
sterically-hindered bases includes sterically-hindered secondary
amine bases. In some embodiments, the sterically-hindered
nucleophilic base is selected from
1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU),
1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN),
1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO), N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine,
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine, quinuclidine,
1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP),
7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene (MTBD),
triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine and
tricyclohexylphosphine. In some embodiments, the
sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is
1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO). In some embodiments, the
sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is
1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU).
In some embodiments, the sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is a
phosphine. In some such embodiments, the sterically-hindered
nucleophilic base is triphenylphosphine.
In some embodiments, step (b) above is performed at a temperature
range of about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. In some
embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about
0.degree. C. In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at a
temperature of about 25.degree. C. In some embodiments, step (b) is
performed at a temperature of about 50.degree. C. In some
embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about
100.degree. C.
One of ordinary skill will recognize that the 1,4-nucleophilic
addition/elimination reaction of a compound of formula A and
intermediate B requires the use of a polar, aprotic organic
solvent. Suitable polar, aprotic organic solvents include ethers
such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and methyl tert-butyl ether
(MTBE), and amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and
dimethylacetamide (DMA). One of ordinary skill is capable of
selecting the appropriate solvent for the desired reaction
temperature.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a
method of providing a compound of formula Y:
##STR00039## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
each of R, R.sup.x, R.sup.y, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, W and m is as
defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula E:
##STR00040##
wherein each of R.sup.x, R.sup.y and m is as defined above for a
compound of formula Y; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula E with an olefin of formula
B:
##STR00041##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, W, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is as defined above for a
compound of formula Y, in the presence of a sterically-hindered
nucleophilic base to form a compound of formula Y.
As described above, a compound of formula E is coupled with
intermediate B via a 1,4-nucleophilic addition/elimination
reaction. In some embodiments, a compound of formula E is coupled
with intermediate B in the presence of a sterically-hindered
nucleophilic base. Suitable sterically-hindered bases include
tertiary amine bases. In some embodiments, a suitable
sterically-hindered bases includes sterically-hindered secondary
amine bases. In some embodiments, the sterically-hindered
nucleophilic base is selected from
1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU),
1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN),
1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO), N,N-dicyclohexylmethylamine,
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine, quinuclidine,
1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP),
7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo(4.4.0)dec-5-ene (MTBD),
triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine and
tricyclohexylphosphine. In some embodiments, the
sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is
1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane (DABCO). In some embodiments, the
sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is
1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU).
In some embodiments, the sterically-hindered nucleophilic base is a
phosphine. In some such embodiments, the sterically-hindered
nucleophilic base is triphenylphosphine.
In some embodiments, step (b) above is performed at a temperature
range of about 0.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. In some
embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about
0.degree. C. In some embodiments, step (b) is performed at a
temperature of about 25.degree. C. In some embodiments, step (b) is
performed at a temperature of about 50.degree. C. In some
embodiments, step (b) is performed at a temperature of about
100.degree. C.
One of ordinary skill will recognize that the 1,4-nucleophilic
addition/elimination reaction of a compound of formula E and
intermediate B requires the use of a polar, aprotic organic
solvent. Suitable polar, aprotic organic solvents include ethers
such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and methyl tert-butyl ether
(MTBE), and amides such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and
dimethylacetamide (DMA). One of ordinary skill is capable of
selecting the appropriate solvent for the desired reaction
temperature.
In some embodiments of a compound of formula Y, W is --CN. In some
embodiments, W is haloalkyl. In some such embodiments, W is
--CF.sub.3. In some embodiments, W is --NO.sub.2.
In some embodiments, W is --C(.dbd.Z)R.sup.3. In some such
embodiments, Z is O. In some embodiments, W is --C(O)R.sup.3,
wherein R.sup.3 is selected from --OR, --SR or --N(R.sup.4).sub.2.
In some embodiments, W is --C(O)OR. In some embodiments, W is
--C(O)OR, wherein R is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl,
butyl, tert-butyl and sec-butyl. In some embodiments, W is
--C(O)OCH.sub.3. In some embodiments, W is --C(O)OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3.
In some embodiments, W is --C(O)OCH(CH.sub.3).sub.2.
In some embodiments, W is --C(O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2. In some
embodiments, W is --(O)NH(R.sup.4). In some embodiments, W is
--C(O)NH.sub.2. In some embodiments, W is
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein both R.sup.4 groups are taken
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form
a 4-7 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein
the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with
--(R.sup.5).sub.n. In some embodiments, W is
--C(O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein both R.sup.4 groups are taken
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form
a 4-7 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein
the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with
--(R.sup.5).sub.n--. In some embodiments, W is
--C(O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein both R.sup.4 groups are taken
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form
a 4-7 membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein
the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with
--(R.sup.5).sub.n--. In some embodiments, W is
--C(O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein both R.sup.4 groups are taken
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form
a 4-7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen atom,
wherein the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with
--(R.sup.5).sub.n--.
In some embodiments, W is --C(O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein both
R.sup.4 groups are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which
they are attached to form a 4-6-membered saturated heterocyclic
ring having 1 nitrogen atom, wherein the ring thereby formed is
optionally substituted with --(R.sup.5).sub.n--. In some
embodiments, W is --C(O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein both R.sup.4
groups are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
attached to form a 4-5-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having
1 nitrogen atom, wherein the ring thereby formed is optionally
substituted with --(R.sup.5).sub.n. In some embodiments, W is
--C(O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein both R.sup.4 groups are taken
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form
a 4-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen atom,
wherein the ring thereby formed is optionally substituted with
--(R.sup.5).sub.n. In some embodiments, W is
--C(O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein both R.sup.4 groups are taken
together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form
a 4-membered saturated heterocyclic ring having 1 nitrogen atom,
wherein the ring thereby formed is substituted with at least one
fluorine. In some embodiments, W is --C(O)N(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein
both R.sup.4 groups are taken together with the nitrogen atom to
which they are attached to form a 4-membered saturated heterocyclic
ring having 1 nitrogen atom, wherein the ring thereby formed is
substituted with at least two fluorines. In some embodiments, W
is
##STR00042##
In some embodiments, R.sup.1 is hydrogen. In some embodiments,
R.sup.1 is deuterium. In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is hydrogen. In
some embodiments, R.sup.2 is deuterium. In some embodiments,
R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each hydrogen.
In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some
such embodiments, R.sup.x is haloalkyl. In some embodiments,
R.sup.x is --CF.sub.3.
In some embodiments, R.sup.y is hydrogen.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of
providing a compound of formula E:
##STR00043##
wherein R.sup.x, R.sup.y and m are as described for a compound of
formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula D:
##STR00044##
wherein each of R.sup.x and m is as defined above for a compound of
formula E; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula D to form a compound of
formula E.
In some embodiments, conditions effective to form a compound of
formula D includes a hydrazine equivalent. Thus, in some
embodiments, step (b) of the method of providing a compound of
formula E includes reaction said compound of formula D with a
hydrazine equivalent to the form the compound of formula E. In some
embodiments, intermediate D is reacted with hydrazine hydrate to
provide a compound of formula E. In some embodiments, intermediate
D is reacted with a protected form of hydrazine such as tert-butyl
hydrazinecarboxylate and subsequently deprotected to provide
intermediate D.
One of ordinary skill will recognize that the addition of hydrazine
to intermediate D requires a polar, aprotic organic solvent.
Suitable polar, aprotic organic solvents include ethers such as
dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE),
alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol, and amides such as
dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMA). One of
ordinary skill is capable of selecting the appropriate solvent for
the desired reaction temperature.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for
preparing a compound of formula D:
##STR00045##
wherein R.sup.x and m are as defined above for a compound of
formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula C:
##STR00046##
wherein each of R.sup.x and m is as defined above for a compound of
formula D; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula C to form a compound of
formula D.
As described above, in some embodiments, intermediate C is treated
with a thiolate salt to provide intermediate D. In some
embodiments, the thiolate salt is sodium thiolate. One of ordinary
skill will recognize that the reaction of intermediate C with a
thiolate salt requires the use of a polar, aprotic solvent.
Suitable polar, aprotic solvents include ethers such as dioxane,
tetrahydrofuran and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for
preparing a compound of formula B:
##STR00047##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and W are as defined above for a
compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula F:
##STR00048##
wherein each of R.sup.2 and W is as defined above for a compound of
formula B; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula F to form a compound of
formula B.
As described above, in some embodiments of intermediate B, LG is a
halogen. In some such embodiments, a compound of formula F is
treated with a halide salt. In some embodiments, a compound of
formula F is treated with a sodium halide. In some such
embodiments, a compound of formula F is treated with sodium iodide.
In some embodiments, intermediate F is treated with a halide salt
in the presence of an acid. Suitable acids include both mineral
acids and organic acids. In some embodiments, intermediate F is
treated with a halide salt and an organic acid such as acetic acid.
In some embodiments, intermediate F is treated with sodium iodide
in the presence of acetic acid to provide a compound of formula
B.
One of ordinary skill will recognize that the addition of a halide
salt to intermediate F requires a polar, aprotic organic solvent.
Suitable polar, aprotic organic solvents include ethers such as
dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a
method of providing a compound of formula X:
##STR00049## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
each of R, R.sup.x, R.sup.y, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.4 and m is as
defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula E:
##STR00050##
wherein each of R.sup.x, R.sup.y and m is as defined above for a
compound of formula X; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula E with an olefin of formula
G:
##STR00051##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 is as defined above for a
compound of formula X,
in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base to form
a compound of formula X.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a
method of providing a compound of formula W:
##STR00052## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
each of R, R.sup.x, R.sup.y, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.5, m and n is
as defined above with respect to a compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula E:
##STR00053##
wherein each of R.sup.x, R.sup.y and m is as defined above for a
compound of formula W; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula E with an olefin of formula
H:
##STR00054##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.5 and n is as defined above for
a compound of formula W,
in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base to form
a compound of formula W.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a
method of providing a compound of formula V:
##STR00055## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
each of R, R.sup.x, R.sup.y, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and m is as defined
above with respect to a compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula E:
##STR00056##
wherein each of R.sup.x, R.sup.y and m is as defined above for a
compound of formula V; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula E with an olefin of formula
J:
##STR00057##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is as defined above for a compound
of formula V,
in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base to form
a compound of formula V.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for
preparing a compound of formula G:
##STR00058##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 is as described herein with
respect to a compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula K:
##STR00059##
wherein each of R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 is as defined above for a
compound of formula G; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula K to form a compound of
formula G.
As described above, in some embodiments of intermediate G, LG is a
halogen. In some such embodiments, a compound of formula K is
treated with a halide salt. In some embodiments, a compound of
formula K is treated with a sodium halide. In some such
embodiments, a compound of formula K is treated with sodium iodide.
In some embodiments, intermediate K is treated with a halide salt
in the presence of an acid. Suitable acids include both mineral
acids and organic acids. In some embodiments, intermediate K is
treated with a halide salt and an organic acid such as acetic acid.
In some embodiments, intermediate K is treated with sodium iodide
in the presence of acetic acid to provide a compound of formula
G.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for
preparing a compound of formula K:
##STR00060## wherein each of R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 is as defined
above with respect to a compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula L:
##STR00061##
wherein R.sup.2 is hydrogen, deuterium, tritium or halogen; and
(b) reacting said compound of formula L with HN(R.sup.4).sub.2,
wherein each R.sup.4 is as defined above with respect to a compound
of formula K, to form a compound of formula K.
In some embodiments, a compound of formula L is treated with an
amide coupling agent in the presence of HN(R.sup.4).sub.2 to form a
compound of formula K. Suitable amide coupling agents include HOBt,
HOAt, HAMDU, HAMTU, PyBOP, PyBrOP, TBTU, HATU and T3P. One of
ordinary skill will recognize that the use of such amide coupling
reagents requires the use of a base. Suitable bases include organic
bases, such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine, pyridine,
4-dimethylpyridine (DMAP), and the like.
In some embodiments, a compound of formula L is reacted with a
chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride to form an acyl
chloride, which is then reacted with HN(R.sup.4).sub.2 to form a
compound of formula K.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for
preparing a compound of formula G:
##STR00062##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.4 is as defined above with
respect to a compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a propargylic acid of formula L:
##STR00063##
wherein R.sup.2 is as defined above for a compound of formula
G;
(b) reacting said compound of formula L with an alcohol having the
formula HO--R to form a propargylic ester of formula M:
##STR00064##
wherein each of R and R.sup.2 is as defined above for a compound of
formula G;
(c) reacting said propargylic ester of formula M to form a compound
of formula N:
##STR00065##
wherein each of R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and LG is as defined above for
a compound of formula G;
(d) hydrolyzing said compound of formula N to form a compound of
formula Q:
##STR00066##
wherein each of R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and LG is as defined above for
a compound of formula G; and (e) reacting said compound of formula
Q with HN(R.sup.4).sub.2, wherein each R.sup.4 is as defined above
for a compound of formula G, to form a compound of formula G.
In some embodiments, a propargylic acid of formula L is treated
with an alcohol to form a propargylic ester of formula M. Suitable
alcohols include methanol, ethanol and isopropanol. One of ordinary
skill will recognize that the esterification of a propargylic acid
of formula L can be effected by catalytic acid. Thus, in some
embodiments, a propargylic acid of formula L is treated with
methanol or ethanol in the presence of catalytic sulfuric acid to
provide a propargylic ester of formula M.
One of ordinary skill will recognize that such esterification can
be performed at temperatures of about 25.degree. C. to about
100.degree. C., or up to the boiling point of the alcohol. In some
embodiments, the esterification of a propargylic acid of formula L
is heated to reflux (the boiling point of the alcohol).
As described above, in some embodiments of a compound of formula N,
LG is a halogen. In some such embodiments, a compound of formula M
is treated with a halide salt. In some embodiments, a compound of
formula M is treated with a sodium halide. In some such
embodiments, a compound of formula M is treated with sodium iodide.
In some embodiments, a compound of formula M is treated with a
halide salt in the presence of an acid. Suitable acids include both
mineral acids and organic acids. In some embodiments, a compound of
formula M is treated with a halide salt and an organic acid such as
acetic acid. In some embodiments, a compound of formula M is
treated with sodium iodide in the presence of acetic acid to
provide a compound of formula N.
In some embodiments, the ester of a compound of formula N is
hydrolyzed to the acrylic acid. Suitable hydrolysis conditions are
known to those skilled in the art and include hydroxide such as
lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and cesium
hydroxide in the presence of water. One of ordinary skill will
recognize that such hydrolysis can be performed at temperatures of
about 25.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. In some embodiments,
the hydrolysis of an acrylate of formula N is heated to reflux.
In some embodiments, an acrylic acid of formula Q is reacted with
HN(R.sup.4).sub.2 to form a compound of formula G. In some
embodiments, an acrylic acid of formula Q is treated with an amide
coupling agent in the presence of HN(R.sup.4).sub.2 to form a
compound of formula G. Suitable amide coupling agents include HOBt,
HOAt, HAMDU, HAMTU, PyBOP, PyBrOP, TBTU, HATU and T3P. One of
ordinary skill will recognize that the use of such amide coupling
reagents requires the use of a base. Suitable bases include organic
bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethyl amine, pyridine,
4-dimethylpyridine (DMAP), and the like.
In some embodiments, a compound of formula Q is reacted with a
chlorinating agent such as thionyl chloride to form an acyl
chloride, which is then reacted with HN(R.sup.4).sub.2 to form a
compound of formula G.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of
providing a compound of formula V:
##STR00067## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
each of R, R.sup.x, R.sup.y, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and m is as defined
above with respect to a compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula L:
##STR00068##
wherein R.sup.2 is as defined above for a compound of formula
V;
(b) reacting said compound of formula L with
##STR00069## to form a compound of formula R:
##STR00070##
wherein R.sub.2 is as defined above for a compound of formula
V;
(c) reacting said compound of formula R to provide a compound of
formula J:
##STR00071##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is as defined above for a compound
of formula V; and
(d) reacting said compound of formula J with a compound of formula
E:
##STR00072##
wherein each of R.sup.x, R.sup.y and m is as defined above for a
compound of formula V,
in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base to
provide a compound of formula V.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of
providing a compound of formula V:
##STR00073## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
each of R, R.sup.x, R.sup.y, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and m is as defined
above with respect to a compound of formula Z,
comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a compound of formula L:
##STR00074##
wherein R.sup.2 is as defined above for a compound of formula
V;
(b) reacting said compound of formula L with an alcohol having the
formula HO--R to form a compound of formula M:
##STR00075##
wherein each of R and R.sup.2 is as defined above for a compound of
formula V,
(c) reacting said compound of formula M to provide a compound of
formula N:
##STR00076##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is as defined above for a compound
of formula V;
(d) hydrolyzing said compound of formula N to form a compound of
formula Q:
##STR00077##
wherein each of R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and LG is as defined above for a
compound of formula V;
(e) reacting said compound of formula Q with
##STR00078## to form a compound of formula J:
##STR00079##
wherein:
LG is halogen, --OSO.sub.2R or --OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; and
each of R, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is as defined above for a compound
of formula V; and
(f) reacting said compound of formula J with a compound of formula
E:
##STR00080##
wherein each of R.sup.x, R.sup.y and m is as defined above for a
compound of formula V,
in the presence of a sterically-hindered nucleophilic base to
provide a compound of formula V.
DEFINITIONS
Compounds of this invention include those described generally
above, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and
species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions
shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this
invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with
the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed. Additionally, general principles of
organic chemistry are described in "Organic Chemistry", Thomas
Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and "March's
Advanced Organic Chemistry", 5th Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March,
J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of
which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Unless specified otherwise within this specification, the
nomenclature used in this specification generally follows the
examples and rules stated in Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry,
Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979,
which is incorporated by reference herein for its exemplary
chemical structure names and rules on naming chemical structures.
Optionally, a name of a compound may be generated using a chemical
naming program: ACD/ChemSketch, Version 5.09/September 2001,
Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, Canada.
Compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers,
chiral axes, and chiral planes (e.g., as described in: E. L. Eliel
and S. H. Wilen, Stereo-chemistry of Carbon Compounds, John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 1994, pages 1119-1190), and occur as
racemates, racemic mixtures, and as individual diastereomers or
enantiomers, with all possible isomers and mixtures thereof,
including optical isomers, being included in the present
invention.
The term "aliphatic" or "aliphatic group," as used herein, denotes
a monovalent hydrocarbon radical that is straight-chain (i.e.,
unbranched), branched, or cyclic (including fused, bridged, and
spiro-fused polycyclic). An aliphatic group can be saturated or can
contain one or more units of unsaturation, but is not aromatic.
Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 carbon
atoms. However, in some embodiments, an aliphatic group contains
1-10 or 2-8 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups
contain 1-4 carbon atoms and, in yet other embodiments, aliphatic
groups contain 1-3 carbon atoms. Suitable aliphatic groups include,
but are not limited to, linear or branched, alkyl, alkenyl, and
alkynyl groups, and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl,
(cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.
The term "alkyl," as used herein, means a saturated, straight-chain
or branched aliphatic group. In one aspect, an alkyl group contains
1-10 or 2-8 carbon atoms. Alkyl includes, but is not limited to,
methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, and
the like.
The term "alkenyl," as used herein, means a straight-chain or
branched aliphatic group having one or more carbon-carbon double
bonds (i.e., --CH.dbd.CH--). In one aspect, an alkenyl group has
from two to eight carbon atoms, and includes, for example, and
without being limited thereto, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 1-butenyl and
the like. The term "alkenyl" encompasses radicals having
carbon-carbon double bonds in the "cis" and "trans" or,
alternatively, the "E" and "Z" configurations. If an alkenyl group
includes more than one carbon-carbon double bond, each
carbon-carbon double bond is independently a cis or trans double
bond, or a mixture thereof.
The term "alkynyl," as used herein, means a straight-chain or
branched aliphatic radical having one ore more carbon-carbon triple
bonds (i.e., --C.ident.C--). In one aspect, an alkyl group has from
two to eight carbon atoms, and includes, for example, and without
being limited thereto, 1-propynyl(propargyl), 1-butynyl and the
like.
The terms "cycloaliphatic," "carbocyclyl," "carbocyclo," and
"carbocyclic," used alone or as part of a larger moiety, refer to a
saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic aliphatic monocyclic or
bicyclic ring system, as described herein, having from 3 to 10
members, wherein the aliphatic ring system is optionally
substituted as defined above and described herein. Cycloaliphatic
groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,
cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl,
cycloheptenyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, and cyclooctadienyl. The
terms "cycloaliphatic," "carbocyclyl," "carbocyclo," and
"carbocyclic" also include aliphatic rings that are fused to one or
more aromatic or nonaromatic rings, such as decahydronaphthyl,
tetrahydronaphthyl, decalin, or bicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
The term "cycloalkyl," as used herein, means a saturated cyclic
aliphatic monocyclic or bicyclic ring system having from 3-10
members. A cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted as described
herein. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl has 3-6 carbons.
The term "heterocycloalkyl," as used herein, means a saturated or
unsaturated aliphatic ring system in which at least one carbon atom
is replaced with a heteroatom selected from N, S and O. A
heterocycloalkyl can contain one or more rings, which may be
attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused. In one
aspect, a heterocycloalkyl is a three- to seven-membered ring
system and includes, for example, and without being limited
thereto, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl
and the like.
The term "heteroatom" means one or more of oxygen, sulfur,
nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon, and includes any oxidized form of
nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of
any basic nitrogen; and a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic
ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in
pyrrolidinyl) or NR.sup.+ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).
The term "unsaturated," as used herein, means that a moiety has one
or more units of unsaturation.
The term "halo" or "halogen," as used herein, means halogen and
includes, for example, and without being limited thereto, fluoro,
chloro, bromo, iodo and the like, in both radioactive and
non-radioactive forms.
The term "haloalkyl," as used herein, means an aliphatic group
which is substituted with one or more halogen atoms. In some
embodiments, haloalkyl refers to a perhalogenated aliphatic group.
In some embodiments, haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group which is
substituted with one or more halogen atoms. Exemplary haloalkyl
groups include --CF.sub.3, --CCl.sub.3, --CF.sub.2CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, --CH.sub.2(CF.sub.3).sub.2,
--CF.sub.2(CF.sub.3).sub.2, and the like.
The term "aryl," alone or in combination, as used herein, means a
carbocyclic aromatic system containing one or more rings, which may
be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused. In
particular embodiments, aryl is one, two or three rings. In one
aspect, the aryl has five to twelve ring atoms. The term "aryl"
encompasses aromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl,
tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl and
acenaphthyl. An "aryl" group can have 1 to 4 substituents, such as
lower alkyl, hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, cyano, alkoxy, lower
alkylamino and the like.
The term "heteroaryl," alone or in combination, as used herein,
means an aromatic system wherein at least one carbon atom is
replaced by a heteroatom selected from N, S and O. A heteroaryl can
contain one or more rings, which may be attached together in a
pendent manner or may be fused. In particular embodiments,
heteroaryl is one, two or three rings. In one aspect, the
heteroaryl has five to twelve ring atoms. The term "heteroaryl"
encompasses heteroaromatic groups such as triazolyl, imidazolyl,
pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyridazinyl, indolyl, furyl, benzofuryl, thienyl, benzothienyl,
quinolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, and the like. A
"heteroaryl" group can have 1 to 4 substituents, such as lower
alkyl, hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, cyano, alkoxy, lower
alkylamino and the like.
It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the
compounds of the invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill
in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that
can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art, as well
as those methods set forth below. In general, the term
"substituted," whether preceded by the term "optionally" or not,
means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are
replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated,
an "optionally substituted" group can have a suitable substituent
at each substitutable position of the group and, when more than one
position in any given structure may be substituted with more than
one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent
can be either the same or different at every position.
Alternatively, an "optionally substituted" group can be
unsubstituted.
Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are
preferably those that result in the formation of stable or
chemically feasible compounds. If a substituent is itself
substituted with more than one group, it is understood that these
multiple groups can be on the same carbon atom or on different
carbon atoms, as long as a stable structure results. The term
"stable," as used herein, refers to compounds that are not
substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for
their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their
recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes
disclosed herein.
Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of
an "optionally substituted" group are independently halogen;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4R.sup..smallcircle.,
--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4CH(OR.sup..smallcircle.).sub.2;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4SR.sup..smallcircle.; --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4Ph,
which may be substituted with R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph which may be substituted
with R.sup..smallcircle.; --CH.dbd.CHPh, which may be substituted
with R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1-pyridyl which may be
substituted with R.sup..smallcircle.; --NO.sub.2; --CN; --N.sub.3;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4N(R.sup..smallcircle.).sub.2;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(S)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(O)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(S)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(O)OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(O)NR.sup..smallcircle..su-
b.2;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)N(R.sup..smallcircle.)C(O)OR.sup..smallcircle-
.; --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(S)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)SR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)OSiR.sup..smallcircle..sub.3;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4OC(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--OC(O)(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4SR--, SC(S)SR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4SC(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4C(O)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--C(S)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2; --C(S)SR.sup..smallcircle.;
--SC(S)SR.sup..smallcircle.,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4OC(O)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--C(O)N(OR.sup..smallcircle.)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(O)C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(O)CH.sub.2C(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(NOR.sup..smallcircle.)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4SSR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4S(O).sub.2R.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4S(O).sub.2OR.sup..smallcircle.;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4OS(O).sub.2R.sup..smallcircle.;
--S(O).sub.2NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-4S(O)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)S(O).sub.2NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--N(R.sup..smallcircle.)S(O).sub.2R.sup..smallcircle.;
--N(OR.sup..smallcircle.)R.sup..smallcircle.;
--C(NH)NR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2; --P(O).sub.2R.sup..smallcircle.;
--P(O)R.sup..smallcircle..sub.2; --OP(O)R.sup..smallcircle..sub.2;
--OP(O)(OR.sup..smallcircle..sub.2; SiR.sup..smallcircle..sub.3;
--(C.sub.1-4 straight or
branched)alkylene)O--N(R.sup..smallcircle..sub.2; or --(C.sub.1-4
straight or branched) alkylene)C(O)O--N(R.sup..smallcircle.).sub.2,
wherein each R.sup..smallcircle. may be substituted as defined
below and is independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 aliphatic,
--CH.sub.2Ph, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph, --CH.sub.2-(5-6 membered
heteroaryl ring), or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially
unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or, notwithstanding the
definition above, two independent occurrences of
R.sup..smallcircle., taken together with their intervening atom(s),
form a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl
monocyclic or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, which may be
substituted as defined below.
Suitable monovalent substituents on R.sup..smallcircle. (or the
ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of
R.sup..smallcircle. together with their intervening atoms), are
independently halogen, --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2R.sup..circle-solid.,
-(haloR.sup..circle-solid.), --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sup..circle-solid.,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2CH(OR.sup..circle-solid.).sub.2;
--O(haloR.sup..circle-solid.), --CN, --N.sub.3,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2C(O)R.sup..circle-solid.,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2C(O)OH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2C(O)OR.sup..circle-solid.,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2SR.sup..circle-solid., --(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2SH,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2NH.sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2NHR.sup..circle-solid.,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2NR.sup..circle-solid..sub.2, --NO.sub.2,
--SiR.sup..circle-solid..sub.3, --OSiR.sup..circle-solid..sub.3,
--C(O)SR.sup..circle-solid., --(C.sub.1-4 straight or branched
alkylene)C(O)OR.sup..circle-solid., or --SSR.sup..circle-solid.
wherein each R.sup..circle-solid. is unsubstituted or where
preceded by "halo" is substituted only with one or more halogens,
and is independently selected from C.sub.1-4 aliphatic,
--CH.sub.2Ph, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated,
partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Suitable
divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of
R.sup..smallcircle. include .dbd.O and .dbd.S.
Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an
"optionally substituted" group include the following: .dbd.O,
.dbd.S, .dbd.NNR*.sub.2, .dbd.NNHC(O)R*, .dbd.NNHC(O)OR*,
.dbd.NNHS(O).sub.2R*, .dbd.NR*, .dbd.NOR*,
--O(C(R*.sub.2)).sub.2-3O--, and --S(C(R*.sub.2)).sub.2-3S--,
wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from
hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined
below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially
unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Suitable divalent
substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an
"optionally substituted" group include: --O(CR*.sub.2).sub.2-3O--,
wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from
hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 aliphatic which may be substituted as defined
below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially
unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen,
--R.sup..circle-solid., -(haloR.sup..circle-solid.), --OH,
--OR.sup..circle-solid., --O(haloR.sup..circle-solid.), --CN,
--C(O)OH, --C(O)OR.sup..circle-solid., --NH.sub.2,
--NHR.sup..circle-solid., --NR.sup..circle-solid..sub.2, and
--NO.sub.2, wherein each R.sup..circle-solid. is unsubstituted or
where preceded by "halo" is substituted only with one or more
halogens, and is independently C.sub.1-4 aliphatic, --CH.sub.2Ph,
--O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially
unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an "optionally
substituted" group include --R.sup..dagger.,
--NR.sup..dagger..sub.2, --C(O)R.sup..dagger.,
--C(O)OR.sup..dagger., --C(O)C(O)R.sup..dagger.,
--C(O)CH.sub.2C(O)R.sup..dagger., --S(O).sub.2R.sup..dagger.,
--S(O).sub.2NR.sup..dagger..sub.2, --C(S)NR.sup..dagger..sub.2,
--C(NH)NR.sup..dagger..sub.2, and
--N(R.sup..dagger.)S(O).sub.2R.sup..dagger.; wherein each
R.sup..dagger. is independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 aliphatic which
may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted --OPh, or an
unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or
aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition
above, two independent occurrences of R.sup..dagger., taken
together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted
3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl monocyclic
or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R.sup..dagger. are
independently halogen, --R.sup..circle-solid.,
-(haloR.sup..circle-solid.), --OH, --OR.sup..circle-solid.,
--O(haloR.sup..circle-solid.), --CN, --C(O)OH,
--C(O)OR.sup..circle-solid., --NH.sub.2, --NHR.sup..circle-solid.,
--NR.sup..circle-solid..sub.2, or --NO.sub.2, wherein each
R.sup..circle-solid. is unsubstituted or where preceded by "halo"
is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently
C.sub.1-4 aliphatic, --CH.sub.2Ph, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.0-1Ph, or a
5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having
0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and
sulfur.
As used herein, "hydrazine equivalent" means a chemical reagent
that can be used to introduce a --N--N-- moiety into a molecule.
Hydrazine equivalents include hydrazine hydrate as well as
protected forms of hydrazine, such as tert-butyl hydrazine
carboxylate.
As used herein, "leaving group" refers to a functional group that
is displaced from a molecule during a chemical reaction. Leaving
groups include halogens, as well sulfonate groups, such as tosylate
and mesylate.
As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers
to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical
judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans
and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic
response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable
benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well
known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe
pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, the relevant teachings of which are
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this
invention include salts derived from suitable inorganic and organic
acids and bases that are compatible with the treatment of
patients.
Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition
salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such
as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric
acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid,
oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid
or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as
ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts
include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate,
benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate,
camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate,
dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate,
glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate,
hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate,
laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate,
methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate,
oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate,
3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate, propionate, stearate,
succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate,
undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.
In some embodiments, exemplary inorganic acids which form suitable
salts include, but are not limited thereto, hydrochloric,
hydrobromic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid and acid metal salts such
as sodium monohydrogen orthophosphate and potassium hydrogen
sulfate. Illustrative organic acids which form suitable salts
include the mono-, di- and tricarboxylic acids. Illustrative of
such acids are, for example, acetic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic,
malonic, succinic, glutaric, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric,
ascorbic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic,
phenylacetic, cinnamic, salicylic, 2-phenoxybenzoic,
p-toluenesulfonic acid and other sulfonic acids such as
methanesulfonic acid and 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid. Either the
mono- or di-acid salts can be formed, and such salts can exist in
either a hydrated, solvated or substantially anhydrous form. In
general, the acid addition salts of these compounds are more
soluble in water and various hydrophilic organic solvents, and
generally demonstrate higher melting points in comparison to their
free base forms.
In some embodiments, acid addition salts of the compounds of
formula I are most suitably formed from pharmaceutically acceptable
acids, and include, for example, those formed with inorganic acids,
e.g., hydrochloric, sulfuric or phosphoric acids and organic acids
e.g. succinic, maleic, acetic or fumaric acid.
Other non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g., oxalates can be
used, for example, in the isolation of compounds of formula I for
laboratory use, or for subsequent conversion to a pharmaceutically
acceptable acid addition salt. Also included within the scope of
the invention are base addition salts (such as sodium, potassium
and ammonium salts), solvates and hydrates of compounds of the
invention. The conversion of a given compound salt to a desired
compound salt is achieved by applying standard techniques, well
known to one skilled in the art.
A "pharmaceutically acceptable basic addition salt" is any
non-toxic organic or inorganic base addition salt of the acid
compounds represented by formula I, or any of its intermediates.
Illustrative inorganic bases which form suitable salts include, but
are not limited thereto, lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium or barium hydroxides. Illustrative organic bases which
form suitable salts include aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic
organic amines such as methylamine, trimethyl amine and picoline or
ammonia. The selection of the appropriate salt may be important so
that an ester functionality, if any, elsewhere in the molecule is
not hydrolyzed. The selection criteria for the appropriate salt
will be known to one skilled in the art.
Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline
earth metal, ammonium and N.sup.+(C.sub.1-4alkyl).sub.4 salts.
Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium,
lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further
pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate,
nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed
using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate,
phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.
Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant
to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and
geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example,
the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E
double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore,
single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric,
diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the
present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless
otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the
invention are within the scope of the invention.
Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein
are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the
presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example,
compounds produced by the replacement of a hydrogen with deuterium
or tritium, or of a carbon with a .sup.13C- or .sup.14C-enriched
carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are
useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological
assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present
invention.
The term "stereoisomers" is a general term for all isomers of an
individual molecule that differ only in the orientation of their
atoms in space. It includes mirror image isomers (enantiomers),
geometric (cis/trans) isomers and isomers of compounds with more
than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another
(diastereomers).
The term "treat" or "treating" means to alleviate one or more
symptoms, to eliminate the causation of one or more symptoms,
either on a temporary or permanent basis, or to prevent or delay
the onset of one or more symptoms associated with a disorder or
condition.
The term "therapeutically effective amount" means an amount of a
compound that is effective in treating or lessening the severity of
one or more symptoms of a disorder or condition.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" means a non-toxic
solvent, dispersant, excipient, adjuvant or other material which is
mixed with the active ingredient in order to permit the formation
of a pharmaceutical composition, i.e., a dosage form capable of
being administered to a patient. One example of such a carrier is
pharmaceutically acceptable oil typically used for parenteral
administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known
in the art.
When introducing elements disclosed herein, the articles "a," "an,"
"the," and "said" are intended to mean that there are one or more
of the elements. The terms "comprising," "having" and "including"
are intended to be open-ended and mean that there may be additional
elements other than the listed elements.
Formulation and Administration
Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions
Another embodiment of the invention is a composition comprising a
compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or
vehicle. The amount of compound in a composition of the invention
is an amount that is effective to measurably inhibit CRM1 in a
biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, a
composition of the invention is formulated for administration to a
patient in need of the composition. The term "patient," as used
herein, means an animal. In some embodiments, the animal is a
mammal. In certain embodiments, the patient is a veterinary patient
(i.e., a non-human mammal patient). In some embodiments, the
patient is a dog. In other embodiments, the patient is a human.
The phrase "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or
vehicle" refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that
does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with
which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,
adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this
invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina,
aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum
albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic
acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated
vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as
protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen
phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium
trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances,
polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates,
waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene
glycol and wool fat.
Compositions of the present invention may be administered orally,
parenterally (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous
and intradermal), by inhalation spray, topically, rectally,
nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. In some
embodiments, provided compounds or compositions are administrable
intravenously and/or intraperitoneally.
The term "parenteral," as used herein, includes subcutaneous,
intravenous, intramuscular, intraocular, intravitreal,
intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal,
intrahepatic, intraperitoneal intralesional and intracranial
injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are
administered orally, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally or
intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this
invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These
suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the
art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending
agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile
injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally
acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, a solution in
1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may
be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium
chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are
conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be
orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including,
but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions and
solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly
used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as
magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral
administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose
and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for
oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and
suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or
coloring agents may also be added. In some embodiments, a provided
oral formulation is formulated for immediate release or
sustained/delayed release. In some embodiments, the composition is
suitable for buccal or sublingual administration, including
tablets, lozenges and pastilles. A provided compound can also be in
micro-encapsulated form.
Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this
invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for
rectal administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of
this invention may also be administered topically, especially when
the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible
by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or
the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are
readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected
in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable
enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be
used.
For ophthalmic use, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be
formulated as micronized suspensions or in an ointment such as
petrolatum.
Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention can also
be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of
this invention are formulated for intra-peritoneal
administration.
The amount of compounds of the present invention that may be
combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a
single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and
the particular mode of administration. In one embodiment, a
composition is formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100
mg/kg body weight/day of the inhibitor can be administered to a
patient receiving the composition. In another embodiment, the
dosage is from about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight, or
between 1 mg and 1000 mg/dose, every 4 to 120 hours, or according
to the requirements of the particular drug. Typically, the
pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered
from about 1 to about 6 times per day.
It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment
regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of
factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed,
the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of
administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the judgment
of the treating physician and the severity of the particular
disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present
invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular
compound in the composition.
In some embodiments, the composition further includes one or more
additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents. When the
compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound
of the formulae described herein and one or more additional
therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the compound and the
additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between
about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95% of the
dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen. The
additional agents can be administered separately, as part of a
multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this invention.
Alternatively, the additional agents can be part of a single dosage
form, mixed together with a compound of the invention in a single
composition.
Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance dose of a
compound, composition or combination of this invention can be
administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency
of administration, or both, can be reduced, as a function of the
symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained
when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level.
Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a
long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms
Uses of Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions
Compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful
for the inhibition of CRM1 and are, therefore, useful for treating
one or more disorders associated with activity of CRM1. Thus, in
certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for
treating a CRM1-mediated disorder comprising the step of
administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the
present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
composition thereof. The compounds and compositions described
herein can also be administered to cells in culture, e.g., in vitro
or ex vivo, or to a subject, e.g., in vivo, to treat, prevent,
and/or diagnose a variety of disorders, including those described
herein below.
The activity of a compound utilized in this invention as an
inhibitor of CRM1 may be assayed in vitro, in vivo or in a cell
line. Detailed conditions for assaying a compound utilized in this
invention as an inhibitor of CRM1 are set forth in the
Exemplification.
As used herein, the term "CRM1-mediated disorder or condition" or
"disorder or condition associated with CRM1 activity" means any
disease or other deleterious condition in which CRM1 plays a role.
Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention relates to
treating or lessening the severity of one or more diseases in which
CRM1 plays a role. In some embodiments, the present invention
provides methods of treating a disease associated with expression
or activity of p53, p73, p21, pRB, p27, I.kappa.B, NF.kappa.B,
c-Abl, FOXO proteins, COX-2 in a subject comprising administering
to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound
described herein. In another embodiment, the present invention
relates to a method of treating or lessening the severity of a
disease or condition selected from a proliferative disorder (e.g.,
cancer), an inflammatory disorder, an autoimmune disorder, a viral
infection, an ophthalmological disorder or a neurodegenerative
disorder, the method comprising administering to a patient in need
thereof a compound or composition according to the present
invention. In a more specific embodiment, the present invention
relates to a method of treating or lessening the severity of
cancer. Specific examples of the above disorders are set forth in
detail below.
Cancers treatable by the compounds of this invention include, but
are not limited to, hematologic malignancies (leukemias, lymphomas,
myelomas, myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative syndromes) and
solid tumors (carcinomas such as prostate, breast, lung, colon,
pancreatic, renal, ovarian as well as soft tissue and
osteosarcomas, and stromal tumors). Breast cancer (BC) can include,
Basal-like Breast Cancer (BLBC), Triple Negative Breast Cancer
(TNBC) and breast cancer that is both BLBC and TNBC. In addition,
breast cancer can include invasive or non-invasive ductal or
lobular carcinoma, tubular, medullary, mucinous, papillary,
cribriform carcinoma of the breast, male breast cancer, recurrent
or metastatic breast cancer, phyllodes tumor of the breast, paget's
disease of the nipple.
Inflammatory disorders treatable by the compounds of this invention
include, but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid
arthritis, degenerative joint disease, systemic lupus, systemic
sclerosis, vasculitis syndromes (small, medium and large vessel),
atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel
syndrome, Crohn's disease, mucous colitis, ulcerative colitis,
gastritis, sepsis, psoriasis and other dermatological inflammatory
disorders (such as eczema, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis,
urticaria, scleroderma, psoriasis, and dermatosis with acute
inflammatory components, pemphigus, pemphigoid, allergic
dermatitis), and urticarial syndromes. In some embodiments, the
disorder or condition associated with CRM1 activity is multiple
sclerosis, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis,
psoriasis or other dermatological inflammatory disorders.
Viral diseases treatable by the compounds of this invention
include, but are not limited to, acute febrile pharyngitis,
pharyngoconjunctival fever, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis,
infantile gastroenteritis, Coxsackie infections, infectious
mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma, acute hepatitis, chronic
hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, primary
HSV-1 infection (e.g., gingivostomatitis in children, tonsillitis
and pharyngitis in adults, keratoconjunctivitis), latent HSV-1
infection (e.g., herpes labialis and cold sores), primary HSV-2
infection, latent HSV-2 infection, aseptic meningitis, infectious
mononucleosis, Cytomegalic inclusion disease, Kaposi's sarcoma,
multicentric Castleman disease, primary effusion lymphoma, AIDS,
influenza, Reye syndrome, measles, postinfectious
encephalomyelitis, mumps, hyperplastic epithelial lesions (e.g.,
common, flat, plantar and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas,
epidermodysplasia verruciformis), cervical carcinoma, squamous cell
carcinomas, croup, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, common cold,
poliomyelitis, rabies, influenza-like syndrome, severe
bronchiolitis with pneumonia, German measles, congenital rubella,
varicella, and herpes zoster. Viral diseases treatable by the
compounds of this invention also include chronic viral infections,
including hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
Exemplary ophthalmology disorders include, but are not limited to,
macular edema (diabetic and nondiabetic macular edema), age-related
macular degeneration (wet and dry forms), aged disciform macular
degeneration, cystoid macular edema, palpebral edema, retina edema,
diabetic retinopathy, chorioretinopathy, neovascular maculopathy,
neovascular glaucoma, uveitis, iritis, retinal vasculitis,
endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis, metastatic ophthalmia,
choroiditis, retinal pigment epitheliitis, conjunctivitis,
cyclitis, scleritis, episcleritis, optic neuritis, retrobulbar
optic neuritis, keratitis, blepharitis, exudative retinal
detachment, corneal ulcer, conjunctival ulcer, chronic nummular
keratitis, ophthalmic disease associated with hypoxia or ischemia,
retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy,
polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, retinal angiomatous
proliferation, retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion,
Coats' disease, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, pulseless
disease (Takayasu's disease), Eales disease, antiphospholipid
antibody syndrome, leukemic retinopathy, blood hyperviscosity
syndrome, macroglobulinemia, interferon-associated retinopathy,
hypertensive retinopathy, radiation retinopathy, corneal epithelial
stem cell deficiency or cataract.
Neurodegenerative diseases treatable by a compound of the invention
include, but are not limited to, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and
Huntington's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS/Lou Gehrig's
Disease). In some embodiments, the disorder or condition associated
with CRM1 activity is ALS.
Compounds and compositions described herein may also be used to
treat disorders of abnormal tissue growth and fibrosis including
dilative cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive
cardiomyopathy, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis,
glomerulonephritis, and other renal disorders.
Compounds and compositions described herein may also be used to
treat disorders related to food intake, such as obesity and
hyperphagia. In some embodiments, the disorder or condition
associated with CRM1 activity is obesity.
In some embodiments, the disorder or condition associated with CRM1
activity is muscular dystrophy, arthritis, for example,
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondilitis,
traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, sepsis, rheumatic
disease, cancer atherosclerosis, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes,
leptospiriosis renal disease, glaucoma, retinal disease, ageing,
headache, pain, complex regional pain syndrome, cardiac
hypertrophy, musclewasting, catabolic disorders, obesity, fetal
growth retardation, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, chronic
heart failure, ischemia/reperfusion, stroke, cerebral aneurysm,
angina pectoris, pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, acid-induced
lung injury, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, Sjogren's syndrome, hyaline membrane disease,
kidney disease, glomerular disease, alcoholic liver disease, gut
diseases, peritoneal endometriosis, skin diseases, nasal sinusitis,
mesothelioma, anhidrotic ecodermal dysplasia-ID, behcet's disease,
incontinentia pigmenti, tuberculosis, asthma, crohn's disease,
colitis, ocular allergy, appendicitis, paget's disease,
pancreatitis, periodonitis, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel
disease, inflammatory lung disease, silica-induced diseases, sleep
apnea, AIDS, HIV-1, autoimmune diseases, antiphospholipid syndrome,
lupus, lupus nephritis, familial mediterranean fever, hereditary
periodic fever syndrome, psychosocial stress diseases,
neuropathological diseases, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy,
inflammatory neuropathy, parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis,
alzheimer's disease, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, huntington's
disease, cataracts, or hearing loss.
In other embodiments, the disorder or condition associated with
CRM1 activity is head injury, uveitis, inflammatory pain, allergen
induced asthma, non-allergen induced asthma, glomerular nephritis,
ulcerative colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis,
hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever (HIDS), TNF receptor
associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), cryopyrin-associated periodic
syndromes, Muckle-Wells syndrome (urticaria deafness amyloidosis),
familial cold urticaria, neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory
disease (NOMID), periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis
and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome), Blau syndrome, pyogenic sterile
arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acne (PAPA), deficiency of the
interleukin-1-receptor antagonist (DIRA), subarachnoid hemorrhage,
polycystic kidney disease, transplant, organ transplant, tissue
transplant, myelodysplastic syndrome, irritant-induced
inflammation, plant irritant-induced inflammation, poison
ivy/urushiol oil-induced inflammation, chemical irritant-induced
inflammation, bee sting-induced inflammation, insect bite-induced
inflammation, sunburn, burns, dermatitis, endotoxemia, lung injury,
acute respiratory distress syndrome, alcoholic hepatitis, or kidney
injury caused by parasitic infections.
In another embodiment, a compound or composition described herein
may be used to treat or prevent allergies and respiratory
disorders, including asthma, bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis,
allergic rhinitis, oxygen toxicity, emphysema, chronic bronchitis,
acute respiratory distress syndrome, and any chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD).
Another embodiment of the invention is use of a compound of formula
I in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a
disorder or condition associated with CRM1 activity. In further
aspects, the present invention provides a use of a compound of
formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of
a disease associated with expression or activity of p53, p73, p21,
pRB, p27, I.kappa.B, NF.kappa.B, c-Abl, FOXO proteins or COX-2 in a
subject. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a use
of a compound of formula I in the manufacture of a medicament for
the treatment of any of cancer and/or neoplastic disorders,
angiogenesis, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders and/or
diseases, epigenetics, hormonal disorders and/or diseases, viral
diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and/or diseases and
ophthalmologic disorders.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for
inhibiting CRM1 in a biological sample or a patient comprising
contacting the biological sample with, or administering to the
patient, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of
formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof.
Neoplastic Disorders
A compound or composition described herein can be used to treat a
neoplastic disorder. A "neoplastic disorder" is a disease or
disorder characterized by cells that have the capacity for
autonomous growth or replication, e.g., an abnormal state or
condition characterized by proliferative cell growth, benign or
malignant. Exemplary neoplastic disorders include: carcinoma,
sarcoma (e.g., soft tissue), osteosarcoma, metastatic disorders
(e.g., tumors arising from prostate, brain, bone, gastrointestinal,
lung, breast, ovarian, cervical, pancreas, kidney, head and neck,
and liver origin), hematopoietic neoplastic disorders (e.g.,
leukemias, lymphomas, myeloma and other malignant plasma cell
disorders), and metastatic tumors. In one embodiment, the cancer to
be treated is selected from breast, ovarian, cervical,
gastrointestinal, prostate, colon, lung, renal, brain, liver, and
pancreatic cancer. Treatment with the compound may be in an amount
effective to ameliorate at least one symptom of the neoplastic
disorder, e.g., reduced cell proliferation, reduced tumor mass,
etc.
In one embodiment, the neoplastic disorder is a Basal-like breast
cancer (BLBC). BLBCs account for up to 15% of breast cancers (BC)
and are usually triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized
by lack of ER, progesterone receptor PR, and HER-2 amplification.
In a specific embodiment, the breast cancer is TNBC. In addition,
most BRCA1-associated BCs are BLBC and TNBC, expressing basal
cytokeratins and EGFR. BLBC is characterized by an aggressive
phenotype, high histological grade, and poor clinical outcomes with
high recurrence and metastasis rates.
Combination Therapies
In some embodiments, a compound described herein is administered
together with an additional "second" therapeutic agent or
treatment. The choice of second therapeutic agent may be made from
any agent that is typically used in a monotherapy to treat the
indicated disease or condition. As used herein, the term
"administered together" and related terms refers to the
simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in
accordance with this invention. For example, a compound of the
present invention may be administered with another therapeutic
agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms
or together in a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, the present
invention provides a single unit dosage form comprising a compound
of formula I, an additional therapeutic agent, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.
In one embodiment of the invention, in which a second therapeutic
agent is administered to a subject, the effective amount of the
compound of the invention is less than its effective amount would
be were the second therapeutic agent not administered. In another
embodiment, the effective amount of the second therapeutic agent is
less than its effective amount would be were the compound of the
invention not administered. In this way, undesired side effects
associated with high doses of either agent may be minimized. Other
potential advantages (including, without limitation, improved
dosing regimens and/or reduced drug cost) will be apparent to those
of skill in the art.
Exemplary additional cancer treatments include, for example:
chemotherapy, targeted therapies such as antibody therapies, kinase
inhibitors, immunotherapy, and hormonal therapy, epigenetic
therapy, proteosome inhibitors, and anti-angiogenic therapies.
Examples of each of these treatments are provided below.
Examples of chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer therapy include,
for example, antimetabolites (e.g., folic acid, purine, and
pyrimidine derivatives) and alkylating agents (e.g., nitrogen
mustards, nitrosoureas, platinum, alkyl sulfonates, hydrazines,
triazenes, aziridines, spindle poison, cytotoxic agents,
topoisomerase inhibitors and others). Exemplary agents include
aclarubicin, actinomycin, alitretinoin, altretamine, aminopterin,
aminolevulinic acid, amrubicin, amsacrine, anagrelide, arsenic
trioxide, asparaginase, atrasentan, belotecan, bexarotene,
bendamustin, bleomycin, bortezomib, busulfan, camptothecin,
capecitabine, carboplatin, carboquone, carmofur, carmustine,
celecoxib, chlorambucil, chlormethine, cisplatin, cladribine,
clofarabine, crisantaspase, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine,
dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, decitabine, demecolcine,
docetaxel, doxorubicin, efaproxiral, elesclomol, elsamitrucin,
enocitabine, epirubicin, estramustine, etoglucid, etoposide,
floxuridine, fludarabine, fluorouracil (5FU), fotemustine,
gemcitabine, gliadel implants, hydroxycarbamide, hydroxyurea,
idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, irofulven, ixabepilone,
larotaxel, leucovorin, liposomal doxorubicin, liposomal
daunorubicin, lonidamine, lomustine, lucanthone, mannosulfan,
masoprocol, melphalan, mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, methyl
aminolevulinate, mitobronitol, mitoguazone, mitotane, mitomycin,
mitoxantrone, nedaplatin, nimustine, oblimersen, omacetaxine,
ortataxel, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pegaspargase, pemetrexed,
pentostatin, pirarubicin, pixantrone, plicamycin, porfimer sodium,
prednimustine, procarbazine, raltitrexed, ranimustine, rubitecan,
sapacitabine, semustine, sitimagene ceradenovec, strataplatin,
streptozocin, talaporfin, tegafur-uracil, temoporfin, temozolomide,
teniposide, tesetaxel, testolactone, tetranitrate, thiotepa,
tiazofurine, tioguanine, tipifarnib, topotecan, trabectedin,
triaziquone, triethylenemelamine, triplatin, tretinoin, treosulfan,
trofosfamide, uramustine, valrubicin, verteporfin, vinblastine,
vincristine, vindesine, vinflunine, vinorelbine, vorinostat,
zorubicin, and other cytostatic or cytotoxic agents described
herein.
Because some drugs work better together than alone, two or more
drugs are often given at the same time. Often, two or more
chemotherapy agents are used as combination chemotherapy. In some
embodiments, the chemotherapy agents (including combination
chemotherapy) can be used in combination with a compound described
herein.
Targeted therapy constitutes the use of agents specific for the
deregulated proteins of cancer cells. Small molecule targeted
therapy drugs are generally inhibitors of enzymatic domains on
mutated, overexpressed, or otherwise critical proteins within a
cancer cell. Prominent examples are the tyrosine kinase inhibitors
such as axitinib, bosutinib, cediranib, desatinib, erolotinib,
imatinib, gefitinib, lapatinib, lestaurtinib, nilotinib, semaxanib,
sorafenib, sunitinib, and vandetanib, and also cyclin-dependent
kinase inhibitors such as alvocidib and seliciclib. Monoclonal
antibody therapy is another strategy in which the therapeutic agent
is an antibody which specifically binds to a protein on the surface
of the cancer cells. Examples include the anti-HER2/neu antibody
trastuzumab (Herceptin.RTM.) typically used in breast cancer, and
the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab and tositumomab typically used in
a variety of B-cell malignancies. Other exemplary antibodies
include cetuximab, panitumumab, trastuzumab, alemtuzumab,
bevacizumab, edrecolomab, and gemtuzumab. Exemplary fusion proteins
include aflibercept and denileukin diftitox. In some embodiments,
targeted therapy can be used in combination with a compound
described herein, e.g., Gleevec (Vignari and Wang 2001).
Targeted therapy can also involve small peptides as "homing
devices" which can bind to cell surface receptors or affected
extracellular matrix surrounding a tumor. Radionuclides which are
attached to these peptides (e.g., RGDs) eventually kill the cancer
cell if the nuclide decays in the vicinity of the cell. An example
of such therapy includes BEXXAR.RTM..
Anti-angiogenic therapy can include kinase inhibitors targeting
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) such as sunitinib,
sorafenib, or monoclonal antibodies or receptor "decoys" to VEGF or
VEGF receptor including bevacizumab or VEGF-Trap, or thalidomide or
its analogs (lenalidomide, pomalidomide), or agents targeting
non-VEGF angiogenic targets such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF),
angiopoietins, or angiostatin or endostatin.
Epigenetic therapies include inhibitors of enzymes controlling
epigenetic modifications, specifically DNA methyltransferases and
histone deacetylases, which have shown promising anti-tumorigenic
effects for some malignancies, as well as antisense
oligonucleotides and siRNA.
Cancer immunotherapy refers to a diverse set of therapeutic
strategies designed to induce the patient's own immune system to
fight the tumor. Contemporary methods for generating an immune
response against tumors include intravesicular BCG immunotherapy
for superficial bladder cancer, prostate cancer vaccine Provenge,
and use of interferons and other cytokines to induce an immune
response in renal cell carcinoma and melanoma patients.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be
considered a form of immunotherapy, since the donor's immune cells
will often attack the tumor in a graft-versus-tumor effect. In some
embodiments, the immunotherapy agents can be used in combination
with a compound described herein.
Hormonal therapy agents include the administration of hormone
agonists or hormone antagonists and include retinoids/retinoic
acid, compounds that inhibit estrogen or testosterone, as well as
administration of progestogens.
The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A
more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the
following specific Examples. These Examples are described solely
for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the
scope of the invention. Changes in form and substitution of
equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render
expedient. Although specific terms have been employed herein, such
terms are intended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of
limitation.
EXEMPLIFICATION
Abbreviations
atm Atmosphere
aq. Aqueous
BINAP 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl
Boc tert-butoxycarbonyl
CDI N,N'-Carbonyldiimidazole
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 Dichloromethane
DCC N,N-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
DCM Dichloromethane
DBU Diaza(1,3)bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane
DIC N,N'-Diisopropylcarbodiimide
DIPEA N,N-Diisopropylethylamine
DMAP N,N-Dimethyl-4-aminopyridine
DMF N,N-Dimethylformamide
DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide
DPPF Diphenylphosphinoferrocene
EA Ethyl acetate
EDCI N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-N'-ethylcarbodiimide
hydrochloride
EDC 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
eq. equivalent(s)
Et2O Diethylether
EtOAc Ethyl acetate
EtOH Ethanol
EtI Iodoethane
Et Ethyl
Fmoc 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl
GC Gas chromatography
h hour(s)
HetAr Heteroaryl
HOBt N-Hydroxybenzotriazole
HBTU O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium
hexafluorophosphate
HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
LAH Lithium aluminium hydride
LCMS Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
MCPBA m-Chloroperbenzoic acid
MeCN Acetonitrile
MeOH Methanol
min Minutes
MeI Iodomethane
MeMgCl Methyl magnesium chloride
Me Methyl
NaOAc Sodium acetate
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
NMP N-Methyl pyrrolidinone
o.n. Over night
RT Room Temperature or Retention Time
T3P Propylphosphonic anhydride
TEA Triethylamine
THF Tetrahydrofuran
TLC Thin Layer Chromatography
Throughout the following description of processes it is to be
understood that, where appropriate, suitable protecting groups will
be added to, and subsequently removed from, the various reactants
and intermediates in a manner that will be readily understood by
one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Conventional
procedures for using such protecting groups, as well as examples of
suitable protecting groups, are described, for example, in
"Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis", T. W. Green, P. G. M.
Wuts, Wiley-Interscience, New York, (1999). It is also to be
understood that a transformation of a group or substituent into
another group or substituent by chemical manipulation can be
conducted on any intermediate or final product on the synthetic
path toward the final product, in which the possible type of
transformation is limited only by inherent incompatibility of other
functionalities carried by the molecule at that stage to the
conditions or reagents employed in the transformation. Such
inherent incompatibilities, and ways to circumvent them by carrying
out appropriate transformations and synthetic steps in a suitable
order, will be readily understood to the one skilled in the art of
organic synthesis. Examples of transformations are given below, and
it is to be understood that the described transformations are not
limited only to the generic groups or substituents for which the
transformations are exemplified. References and descriptions on
other suitable transformations are given in "Comprehensive Organic
Transformations--A Guide to Functional Group Preparations" R. C.
Larock, VHC Publishers, Inc. (1989). References and descriptions of
other suitable reactions are described in textbooks of organic
chemistry, for example, "Advanced Organic Chemistry", March, 4th
ed. McGraw Hill (1992) or, "Organic Synthesis", Smith, McGraw Hill,
(1994). Techniques for purification of intermediates and final
products include, for example, normal and reverse-phase
chromatography on column or rotating plate, recrystallization,
distillation and liquid-liquid or solid-liquid extraction, which
will be readily understood by the one skilled in the art. The
definitions of substituents and groups are as described for formula
I, except where defined differently. The terms "room temperature"
and "ambient temperature" shall mean, unless otherwise specified, a
temperature between 16 and 25.degree. C. The term "reflux" shall
mean, unless otherwise stated, in reference to a solvent, a
temperature at or above the boiling point of the solvent.
EXAMPLE 1
Synthesis of Intermediate
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid
##STR00081##
Synthesis of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide
##STR00082##
A 2-L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution
of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (200 g) in DMF (1 L). The
solution was then treated with NaSH (123.7 g, 2.0 eq.) and
MgCl.sub.2 (186.7 g, 1.0 eq.) and the reaction mixture was stirred
at RT for 3 hours. The mixture was poured into an ice-water slurry
(10 L) and the compound was extracted with EtOAc (3.times.1 L). The
combined organic layers were washed with aqueous saturated brine
(3.times.100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered,
and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 205 g of desired
crude 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (yield: 90%), which
was used without purification in the following step.
Synthesis of
3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole
##STR00083##
A 5-L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution
of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (205.65 g) in DMF (1.03
L). Hydrazine hydrate (73.2 mL, 2.0 eq.) was added dropwise and the
reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. HCOOH (1.03 L) was
added dropwise and the reaction mixture was refluxed at 90.degree.
C. for 3 hours. After being allowed to cool to RT, the reaction
mixture was poured into saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate
solution (7 L) and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.1 L). The combined
organic layers were washed with aqueous saturated brine
(3.times.500 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered,
and concentrated under reduced pressure (35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to
afford 180 g of crude compound. This crude material was stirred
with petroleum ether (3.times.500 mL), filtered and dried to obtain
160 g. of 3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole
obtained as a pale yellow solid (yield: 75%).
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
##STR00084##
A 2-L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution
of 3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (160 g) in
DMF (960 mL). The solution was treated with DABCO (127.74 g, 2 eq.)
and stirred for 30 min before adding (Z)-isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate
(150.32 g, 1.1 eq.) dropwise. After ca. 1 hour, the reaction
mixture was poured into an ice-water slurry (5 L) and extracted
with EtOAc (3.times.1 L). The combined organic layers were washed
with aqueous saturated brine (3.times.100 mL), dried over anhydrous
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 250 g of crude compound that was
purified by column chromatography (60/120 silica gel) using a ethyl
acetate/n-hexane gradient (the column was packed in hexane and the
desired compound started eluting from 2% EtOAC/n-hexane). Fractions
containing the desired compounds were combined to afford 138 g the
pure desired compound (yield: 61%).
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid
##STR00085##
In a 5-L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask, (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
(130 g, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in THF (1.3 L). A solution of LiOH
(69.3 g, 5.0 eq.) in water (1.3 L) was added dropwise to the
solution and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature
for 4 h before being quenched with 400 mL ice-water slurry and made
acidic (pH=2-3) with dilute aqueous HCl. The mixture was extracted
with EtOAc (3.times.1 L) and the combined organic layers were
washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and
concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 110 g of desired
carboxylic acid (yield: 94%) (cis content=90.0%, trans content=8.2%
by LCMS).
EXAMPLE 2
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyra-
zin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-3)
##STR00086##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a
suspension of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.200 g) in 1:1 CH2Cl2:AcOEt (25 mL). 2-Hydrazinopyrazine
(0.062 g) was added at -40.degree. C. followed by T3P (50%) (0.432
g) and DIPEA (0.147 g). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min
at -40.degree. C. before being concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mmHg). The crude oil was purified by preparative
TLC using 5% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase (under
ammonia atmosphere) to afford 40 mg (yield: 16%) of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyra-
zin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.,
10.53 (s, 1H), 9.59 (s, 1H), 9.14 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 2H), 8.29 (s,
1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.06-8.07 (m, 1H), 7.92-7.93 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H),
7.51-7.53 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.07-6.10 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS
for C.sub.17H.sub.12F.sub.6N.sub.7O [M+H].sup.+ predicted: 444.31,
found: 444.49 (RT 2.70 min, purity: 95.78%).
EXAMPLE 3
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
din-2-yl)acrylohydrazide hydrochloride (I-4)
##STR00087##
A 500-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a
suspension of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (10 g, 1.0 eq.) in 1:1 CH2Cl2:AcOEt (200 mL).
2-Hydrazinopyridine (3.11 g) was added at -40.degree. C. T3P (50%
in ethylacetate) (21.75 g) was added dropwise followed by DIPEA
(7.36 g) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at
-40.degree. C. before being concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mm Hg) to afford a crude brown oil that was
purified by column chromatography (the compound eluted with 1.3%
MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2). Fractions containing desired compound
were combined to afford 6.0 g (yield: 48%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyr-
idin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.,
10.41 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s,
1H), 8.06-8.08 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.52 (d,
J=10.4, 1H), 6.71-6.75 (m, 1H), 6.66-6.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),
6.07-6.09 (d, J=10.4, 1H). LCMS for C.sub.18H.sub.12F.sub.6N.sub.6O
[M+H].sup.+ predicted: 443.33, found: 443.44 (RT 2.45 min, purity:
100%).
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
din-2-yl)acrylohydrazide hydrochloride
##STR00088##
A 500-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a
solution of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
din-2-yl)acrylohydrazide (5.5 g) in Et2O (250 mL). The solution was
cooled to 5.degree. C., treated with HCl in 1,4-dioxane, allowed to
warm to RT and stirred until completion, as shown by TLC analysis
(about 1 h). The solids were filtered on a Buchner funnel, washed
with Et.sub.2O and dried under vacuum to afford 5.5 g (yield: 92%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
din-2-yl)acrylohydrazide hydrochloride. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
DMSO-d6) .delta., 11.26 (s, 1H), 10.89 (s, 1H), 9.55 (s, 1H), 8.52
(s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.03-8.07 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.59 (d, J=10.4 Hz,
1H), 7.21-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.09 (m, 1H), 6.16-6.19 (d, J=10.4 Hz,
1H), LCMS for C.sub.18H.sub.13F.sub.6N.sub.6O [M+H].sup.+ 443.33;
found 443.44 (RT 3.54 min, purity: 99.0%).
EXAMPLE 4
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(4-hyd-
roxypiperidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (I-5)
##STR00089##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution
of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.20 g) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL). Piperidin-4-ol (0.07 g,
1.2 eq.) was added and the solution was cooled to -60.degree. C.
for the addition of T3P (propyl phosphonic anhydride) (0.40 mL, 1.2
eq.) and DIPEA (0.19 mL, 2.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred
for 30 min before being poured into water (50 mL) and extracted
with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2.times.50 mL). The combined organic layers
were washed with aqueous saturated brine (50 mL), dried over
anhydrous MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced
pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg). Purification by column
chromatography using silica 60/120 and MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as
mobile phase. (desired compound started eluting using 3.0%
MeOH/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 0.025 g (yield: 10%) of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(4-hyd-
roxypiperidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)
.delta., 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 2H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.08-7.11 (d,
J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.01-6.04 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.02-4.14 (m, 1H),
3.98-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.47-3.52 (s, 1H), 3.32-3.38
(s, 1H), 1.96 (s, 1H), 1.83 (s, 1H), 1.27 (s, 1H), 0.90 (s, 1H);
LCMS for Chemical Formula: C.sub.18H.sub.17F.sub.6N.sub.4O.sub.2
[M+H].sup.+ 435.34; found 435.24 (RT 2.408 min, purity: 89.6%).
EXAMPLE 5
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-(pyrro-
lidin-1-yl)acrylamide (I-6)
##STR00090##
A cold (-40.degree. C.) solution of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.35 g) in 1:1 CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2:EtOAc (200 mL) was treated
with 1-aminopyrrolidine HCl (0.134 g). The mixture was then treated
with T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.77 ml, 1.3 eq.) followed by the slow
addition of DIPEA (0.51 ml, 3.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was
stirred for 30 min at -40.degree. C. before being quenched with
ice-water, and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.20 mL). The combined
organic layers were washed with aqueous saturated brine, dried with
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.275 g of crude solid.
Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (60-120 mesh
size) using MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase afforded the
pure desired
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-(pyrro-
lidin-1-yl)acrylamide (7.0 mg yield: 1.7%): .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
DMSO-d6) .delta., 9.49 (s, 1H), 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 2H), 8.28
(s, 1H), 7.4-7.38 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.87-5.84 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H),
2.86-2.81 (m, 4H), 1.74-1.73 (m, 4H); LCMS for
C.sub.17H.sub.16F.sub.6N.sub.5O [M+H].sup.+420.33; found 420.13 (RT
7.76 min, purity: 92.4%).
EXAMPLE 6
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-methy-
l-N'-(pyridin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-7)
##STR00091##
Synthesis of 2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)pyridine
##STR00092##
A 25-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
2-bromopyridine (0.31 g) and methyl hydrazine (5.09 g, 34.2 eq.)
under nitrogen atmosphere and the mixture was stirred and heated to
reflux temperature at 80-85.degree. C. for 1 hr. The reaction
mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure (40.degree. C., 20
mmHg) to afford a yellow oil that was treated with 10% w/v aqueous
Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was
washed with aqueous saturated brine, dried over anhydrous
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure
(40.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford a yellow oil (0.40 g), which was
used as such in the following step.
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.43 g), 2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)pyridine (0.15 g, 1.0 eq.) in
EtOAc (10 mL). T3P (50% in EtOAc; 1.1 g, 1.5 eq.) and DIPEA (0.40
g, 2.5 eq.) were added under nitrogen atmosphere at -60.degree. C.
and the progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (using 10%
MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase and visualization with UV
light). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced
pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.65 g of crude solid.
Purification was performed on Combi-Flash Column chromatography in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 and MeOH (desired compound started eluting at 3.3%
MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2). The fractions containing the desired
compound were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mm Hg) to afford 90.0 mg (yield: 18%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-methy-
l-N'-(pyridin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta. 9.89 (s, 1H), 9.79 (brs, 1H), 8.57-8.62 (d, 2H), 7.92-7.94
(d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 7.59-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.25 (q, 1H), 6.75-6.89
(m, 2H), 5.85-5.88 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (d, 3H); LCMS for
C.sub.19H.sub.15F.sub.6N.sub.6O [M+H].sup.+ 457.35; found 456.26
(RT 2.52 min, purity: 100.0%).
EXAMPLE 7
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-methy-
l-N'-(pyrazin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-8)
##STR00093##
Synthesis of 2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)pyrazine
##STR00094##
In a 25-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask, 2-chloropyrazine (0.5
g) was dissolved in methyl hydrazine (0.5 g, 1.5 eq.) under
nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. Solid K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.9
g, 1.5 eq.) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred and
heated to reflux at 80-85.degree. C. for 1.0 h. The reaction
mixture was then allowed to cool to RT and was concentrated under
reduced pressure (40.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford a yellow oily
residue that was treated with 10% w/v aqueous Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 and
extracted with EtOAc. The organic extract was washed with brine,
dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated
under reduced pressure (40.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford yellow
0.43 g of a yellow oil that was used as such in the following
step.
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.3 g), 2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)pyrazine (0.12 g, 1.1 eq.) and
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL). T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.38 g, 1.5 eq.) and
DIPEA (0.50 g, 3.5 eq.) were added under nitrogen atmosphere at
-60.degree. C. monitoring the progress of the reaction by TLC
(using 10% MeOH:CH2Cl2 as mobile phase and visualizing under UV
light). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced
pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.265 g of solid crude.
Purification using Combi-Flash Column chromatography using
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2:MeOH as eluent (desired compound started eluting
at 1.5% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 75.0 mg of pure compound
(yield 23%);
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-methy-
l-N'-(pyrazin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide: .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta. 10.77 (s, 1H), 9.40-9.36 (br s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 2H),
8.29-8.27 (d, 2H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.925-7.92 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.54 (d,
J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.13-6.10 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (d, 3H); LCMS
for C.sub.18H.sub.14F.sub.6N.sub.7O [M+H].sup.+ 458.34; found
458.24 (RT 2.83 min; purity: 96.31%).
EXAMPLE 8
Synthesis
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-
-N'-methyl-N'-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-9)
##STR00095##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution
of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.25 g) in EtOAc (20 mL). The solution was cooled to
-70.degree. C. and was treated consecutively with
3-methyl-2-(1-methylhydrazinyl)pyridine (0.135 g, 1.0 eq.), T3P
(50% in EtOAc; 1.4 mL, 4 eq.) and DIPEA (0.6 mL, 6 eq.). The clear
reaction mixture was stirred at -60.degree. C. for 4 hr. The
progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis using 2.5%
MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase and visualizing under UV.
The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure
(25.degree. C., 20 mm Hg) to afford a crude compound that was
purified by column chromatography (60/120 mesh SiO2 and eluting
with a MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 gradient). The desired compound
started eluting with 0.3-0.4% MeOH in dichloromethane. Fractions
containing the desired material were combined to obtain 0.21 g
(yield: 40%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'--
methyl-N'-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400
MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.=10.73 (s, 1H), 9.32 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 2H),
8.45-8.46 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.97-7.99 (d, J=8 Hz,
1H), 7.48-7.50 (d, J=10 Hz, 1H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 1H), 5.86-5.88 (d,
J=10 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (s, 3H); LCMS for
C.sub.20H.sub.14F.sub.9N.sub.6O [M+H].sup.+ 525.35; found 525.19
(RT 3.31 min, purity 99.40%).
EXAMPLE 9
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(5-me-
thylpyridin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-10)
##STR00096##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round bottom flask, charged with a solution of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.25 g) in EtOAc (10 mL) was treated with
2-hydrazinyl-5-methylpyridine (0.97 g, 1.1 eq.). The mixture was
cooled to -60.degree. C. and treated with T3P (propyl phosphonic
anhydride; 0.85 mL, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.5 mL, 4.0 eq.). The
mixture was stirred for 30 min then poured into water (50 mL) and
extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2.times.50 mL). The combined
organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous
MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure
(25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford a crude compound that was
purified by column chromatography (SiO.sub.2, 60/120 mesh,
MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase). The desired compound
started eluting with 2.5% MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2. Fractions
containing the desired compound were combined and concentrated
under reduced pressure to afford 0.130 g (yield: 40%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(5-me-
thylpyridin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)
.delta., 10.38 (s, exchangeable, 1H), 9.65 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 2H),
8.40 (s, exchangeable, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.51
(d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.36 (dd, J=2 Hz, J=6 Hz, 1H), 6.61-6.63
(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.20-6.23 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H); LCMS
for C.sub.19H.sub.15F.sub.6N.sub.6O [M+H].sup.+ 457.35; found
457.24 (RT 2.61 min, purity: 99.13%).
EXAMPLE 10
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-methy-
l-N'-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-11)
##STR00097##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round bottom flask charged with a solution of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.25) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (12 mL) was treated with
3-(1-methylhydrazinyl)pyridine (0.105 g, 1.2 eq.). The mixture was
cooled to -60.degree. C. and treated with T3P (propyl phosphonic
anhydride; 0.50 mL, 1.2 eq.) and DIPEA (0.24 mL, 2.0 eq.) and
stirred for 1 h. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC
analysis using 10% MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase and
visualizing under UV light. The reaction mixture was then poured
into water (50 mL) and extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2.times.50
mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL),
dried over anhydrous MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated under
reduced pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford crude compound
which was purified by column chromatography (SiO.sub.2, 60/120
mesh, MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase). The desired compound
started eluting in 3.0% MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2. The fractions
containing the compound were collected and concentrated under
reduced pressure to afford 140 mg (yield: 43%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-methy-
l-N'-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta., 10.55 (s, 1H), 9.41 (s, 1H), 9.15 (s, 2H), 8.58 (s, 1H),
8.53 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.54 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.22
(m, 2H), 6.05-6.07 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (s, 3H); LCMS for
C.sub.19H.sub.15F.sub.6N.sub.6O [M+H].sup.+ 457.35; found 457.19
(RT 2.43 min, purity: 83.48%).
EXAMPLE 11
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(6-ch-
loropyrimidin-4-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-12)
##STR00098##
A 25-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution
of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.5 g) and 4-chloro-6-hydrazinopyrimidine (0.20 g, 1.0 eq.)
in EtOAc (5.0 mL). The mixture was cooled at -40.degree. C. and
treated with T3P (2.3 mL, 2.5 eq.) and DIPEA (0.98 mL, 4.0 eq.).
TLC analysis (using 5% MeOH--CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as eluent) showed
that the starting material was consumed after 30 min. The reaction
mixture was then diluted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, washed with water,
dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated
under reduced pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford crude
material that was subjected to preparative TLC purification using
5% MeOH--CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 with as the mobile phase. This afforded
250 mg (yield: 36.74%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(6-ch-
loropyrimidin-4-yl-)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
DMSO-d6), .delta.=10.59 (br s, exchangeable, 1H), 9.85 (br s,
exchangeable, 1H), 9.52 (s, 1H), 8.50 (s, 2H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.27
(s, 1H), 7.52-7.55 (d, 1H, J=10.4 Hz), 6.69 (s, 1H), 6.05-6.08 (d,
1H, J=10.4 Hz); LCMS: Calculated for
C.sub.17H.sub.11ClF.sub.6N.sub.7O (M+H).sup.+478.76; found: 478.09
(RT 2.79 min, purity: 97.51%).
EXAMPLE 12
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
din-3-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-13)
##STR00099##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.25 g) and 3-hydrazinopyridine (0.077 g, 1.0 eq.) in EtOAc
(10 mL). T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.52 g, 1.2 eq.) and DIPEA (0.27 g, 2.0
eq.) were added under nitrogen atmosphere at -55 to -60.degree. C.
The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis using 10%
MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase and visualization under UV
light. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure
(25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.475 g of a crude solid.
Purification was performed using Combi-Flash Column chromatography
(with MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2). The desired compound started eluting
at 2.3% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2. The fractions containing the
compound were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 20.0 mg (yield: 6%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
din-3-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.
10.35 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s,
1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.93-7.95 (m, 1H), 7.52-7.54 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H),
7.09-7.15 (m, 2H), 6.04-6.07 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), LCMS for
C.sub.18H.sub.13F.sub.6N.sub.6O [M+H].sup.+ 443.33 found 443.19 (RT
2.19 min, purity: 99.60%).
EXAMPLE 13
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(quin-
oxalin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-14)
##STR00100##
Synthesis of 2-hydrazinylquinoxaline
##STR00101##
In a 30-mL sealed tube, 2-chloroquinoxaline (1.0 g) was dissolved
in ethanol (8 mL) and hydrazine hydrate (8 mL) was added under
nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The mixture was stirred
and heated to reflux temperature (80.degree. C.) for 1 hr. The
progress of the reaction was followed by TLC analysis using 10%
MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase and visualization under UV
light and/or with ninhydrin. The reaction mixture was concentrated
under reduced pressure (40.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 240 mg of
a white solid, which was used as such in the following step.
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution
of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.25 g) and 2-hydrazinylquinoxaline (0.14 g, 1.2 eq.) in
EtOAc. T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.83 mL, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.5 mL, 4.0
eq.) were added under nitrogen atmosphere at -55 to -60.degree. C.
and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hr before being
concentrated under reduced pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to
afford 0.150 g of crude solid. Purification using Combi-Flash
column chromatography (eluting with MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2; desired
compound started eluting at 5% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded
60 mg (yield: 20%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(quin-
oxalin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta.=10.851 (s, 1H), 9.89-9.87 (s, 1H), 9.67 (s, 1H), 8.49-8.54
(m, 3H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.86-7.88 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H),
7.45-7.66 (m, 4H), 6.17-6.20 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS for
C.sub.21H.sub.14F.sub.6N.sub.7O [M+H].sup.+ 494.37; found 494.19
(RT 2.88 min, purity: 100%).
EXAMPLE 14
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(1,1--
dioxotetrahydrothiophen-3yl)acrylohydrazide (I-15)
##STR00102##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask charged with a solution of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.5 g) in EtOAc (20.0 mL) was treated with
2-(1,1-dioxotetrahydrothiophen-3-yl)hydrazine (0.3 g, 1.2 eq.). The
mixture was cooled to -60.degree. C. and treated simultaneously
with T3P (50% in EtOAc; 2.0 mL, 2 eq.) and DIPEA (1 mL, 4 eq.). The
reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at -60.degree. C. before
being concentrated under reduced pressure (35.degree. C., 20 mmHg)
to afford 0.60 g of a solid residue. Purification by column
chromatography (SiO2; elution with MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2; desired
compound eluted at 5% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 100 mg
(yield=15%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(tetr-
ahydrothiophen-1-1-dioxide-3-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400
MHz, CD3OD) .delta.=9.57 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 2H), 8.10 (s, 1H),
7.34-7.36 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.89-5.92 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.01
(m, 1H), 3.04-3.26 (m, 4H), 2.27-2.34 (m, 2H). LCMS for
C.sub.17H.sub.15F.sub.6N.sub.5O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+ 484.40; found
483.39 (RT 2.63 min, purity: 66.39%).
EXAMPLE 15
Synthesis of
(Z)--N-(azepan-1-yl)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triaz-
ol-1-yl)acrylamide (I-16)
##STR00103##
A 500-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a
solution of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.3 g) in CH2Cl2:EtOAc (1:1, 200 mL) and the solution was
treated with azepan-1-amine (0.137 g) at room temperature. The
mixture was cooled to -60.degree. C. and treated first with T3P
(50% in EtOAc, 0.78 ml) and then with DIPEA (0.58 mL). The reaction
mixture was stirred for 30 min at -60.degree. C. before being
quenched with ice-cold water and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.20
mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried
over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced
pressure (35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.57 g of solid.
Purification by column chromatography (SiO2, MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2
as mobile phase; compound started eluting with 0.1% MeOH in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 90 mg (yield: 24%)
(Z)--N-(azepan-1-yl)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triaz-
ol-1-yl)acrylamide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta., 9.61
(s, 1H), 9.49 (s, 1H), 9.14 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H),
7.39-7.97 (d, J=10 Hz, 1H), 6.52-6.49 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.86-5.83
(d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.00-2.97 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.54 (m, 8H) LCMS for
C.sub.19H.sub.19F.sub.6N.sub.5O [M+H].sup.+ 448.39; found 448.30 at
RT 3.22 min purity (96.48%).
EXAMPLE 16
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(2,6--
dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-17)
##STR00104##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution
of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.20 g.) dissolved in ethyl acetate (15 mL). The solution was
cooled to -40.degree. C. and treated with
4-hydrazinyl-2,6-dimethylpyrimidine (0.078 g, 1 eq.). T3P (50% in
EtOAc; 0.7 g, 3.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.367 g, 4.0 eq.) were then added
simultaneously and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at
-40.degree. C. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to
room temperature and was concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.340 g of oily crude compound
that was purified by combi-flash using MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as
mobile phase (the desired compound was eluted with 7-8% MeOH in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) to afford 50 mg (yield: 18%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(2,6--
dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
DMSO-d6) .delta., 10.54 (s, 1H), 9.19 (b, 1H), 8.54 (s, 2H), 8.30
(s, 1H), 7.52-7.55 (d, J=10.4, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 6.06-6.08 (d,
J=10.4, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), LCMS for
C.sub.19H.sub.15F.sub.6N.sub.7O [M+H].sup.+ 472.37; found 472.24
(RT 2.88 min, purity: 99.59%).
EXAMPLE 17
Synthesis of
(E)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyra-
zin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide
##STR00105##
Synthesis of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide
##STR00106##
A 2-L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask, charged with a solution of
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (200 g) in DMF (1 L), was
treated with NaSH (123.7 g, 2.0 eq.) and MgCl.sub.2 (186.7 g, 1
eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 3 h before being
poured into an ice-water slurry (10 L) and was extracted with EtOAc
(3.times.1 L). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine
(3.times.100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered,
and concentrated under reduced pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to
afford 205 g of crude compound (yield: 90%), which was used in the
following step without further purification.
Synthesis of
3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole
##STR00107##
A 5-L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask, charged with a solution of
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (205.65 g) in DMF (1.03 L)
was treated with hydrazine hydrate (73.16 mL, 2.0 eq.) added
dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for
1 h before being treated with HCOOH (1.028 L) added dropwise. The
reaction mixture was refluxed at 90.degree. C. for 3 h then cooled
to room temperature and poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO.sub.3
solution (7 L) and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.1 L). The combined
organic layers were washed with brine (3.times.500 mL), dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated under
reduced pressure (35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 180 g of a
solid. The solid was suspended in petroleum ether and the
suspension was stirred, filtered and dried to afford the desired
triazole as a pale yellow solid (160 g, yield: 75%).
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
and (E)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
##STR00108##
2-L, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask, charged with a solution of
3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (160 g,) in
DMF (0.96 L, 6V), was treated with DABCO (127.74 g, 2 eq.) and
stirred for 30 min. (Z)-isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate (150.32 g, 1.1
eq.) was added dropwise to the above reaction mixture and stirred
for 1 h before being poured into an ice-water slurry (5 L) and
extracted with EtOAc (3.times.1 L). The combined organic extracts
were washed with brine (3.times.100 mL), dried over anhydrous
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 250 g of crude compound.
Purification by column chromatography (SiO2, 60/120 mesh, elution
with EtOAc:hexanes gradient; the desired compounds started eluting
in 2-2.5% EtOAc in hexanes) afforded pure cis ester (138 g, yield:
61.6%) and pure trans ester (11.6 g, yield: 5.2%).
Synthesis of
(E)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid
##STR00109##
A 500-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a
solution of (E)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
(5.0 g) in THF (50 mL). The solution was treated with a solution of
LiOH (2.66 g, 5.0 eq.) in water (50 mL) and the reaction mixture
was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. before being diluted with
40 mL water, acidified (pH=2-3) with dilute aqueous HCl and
extracted with EtOAc (3.times.100 mL). The organic extract was
washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered
and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 2.75 g of the
desired unsaturated carboxylic acid (yield: 61.6%, purity: 99.0% by
LCMS).
Synthesis of
(E)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyra-
zin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide
##STR00110##
To a solution of
(E)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.75 g,) in EtOAc (25 mL) and THF (12.5 mL) was added a
solution of 2-hydrazinopyrazine (0.23 g) in 12 mL THF at room
temperature. T3P (50% in ethyl acetate, 1.52 mL) and DIPEA (1.46
mL) were added dropwise and simultaneously and the reaction mixture
was stirred for 30 min at room temperature before being quenched
with ice-cold water and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.25 mL). The
combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mmHg), affording 0.698 g of a crude solid.
Trituration first with petroleum ether then with Et.sub.2O afforded
275 mg (yield: 29%)
(E)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyra-
zin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.,
10.3 (s, 1H), 9.15 (s, 2H), 8.59 (s, 2H), 8.30-8.26 (d, J=14.8 Hz,
1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.06-8.07 (m, 1H), 6.98-6.95 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H);
LCMS for C.sub.17H.sub.12F.sub.6N.sub.7O [M+H].sup.+ 443.31; found
444.19 (RT 2.625 min, purity: 99.06%).
EXAMPLE 18
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
din-4-yl)acrylohydrazide hydrochloride (I-19)
##STR00111##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.25 g) and EtOAc (10.0 mL). 4-Hydrazinylpyridine
hydrochloride (0.16 g, 1.2 eq.) was added at -40.degree. C.
followed by the simultaneous addition of T3P (50% in EtOAc, 0.85
mL, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.49 mL, 4.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was
stirred for 30 min at -40.degree. C. before being concentrated
under reduced pressure (35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.35 g of
crude material. Purification by column chromatography using
MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as a mobile phase (compound was eluted with
4% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 80 mg (yield: 29.85%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
din-4-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.,
10.53 (br s, NH exchangeable, 1H), 9.58 (s, 1H), 8.88 (br s, NH
exchangeable, 1H), 8.84 (s, 2H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.09-8.11 (d, 2H),
7.52-7.54 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.66-6.69 (m, 2H), 6.06-6.10 (d,
J=14.4 Hz, H); LCMS for C.sub.18H.sub.13F.sub.6N.sub.6O [M+H].sup.+
443.33; found 443.24 (RT 2.241 min, purity: 90.17%).
A 25-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a cold
(0.degree. C.) solution of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
din-4-yl)acrylohydrazide (0.08 g) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (5.0 mL) and
treated with 4N HCl in dioxane (0.5 mL). The reaction mixture was
allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 4 h before
being concentrated under reduced pressure (35.degree. C., 20 mmHg)
to afford 0.05 g (yield: 40.81%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)--
N'-(pyridin-4-yl)acrylohydrazide-HCl salt. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz,
DMSO-d6) .delta. 13.67 (br s, exchangeable, 1H), 10.67 (s,
exchangeable, 1H), 9.43 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 2H), 8.35-8.38 (m, 4H),
7.60-7.62 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.96 (m, 2H), 611-6.13 (d,
J=10.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS for C.sub.18H.sub.13F.sub.6N.sub.6O
[M+H].sup.+ 443.33; found 443.24 (RT 3.00 min, purity: 90.97%).
EXAMPLE 19
Synthesis of
(Z)--N-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H--
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylamide (I-20)
##STR00112##
Synthesis of 4-benzylpiperazin-1-amine
##STR00113##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with conc. HCl
and water, and the solution was cooled at 0-5.degree. C. for the
addition of NaNO.sub.2 and benzyl piperazine (5.0 g) under a
nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2.5 h at
0-5.degree. C. before being diluted with water and extracted with
EtOAc (3.times.100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried
over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under
reduced pressure (40.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 4.40 g a
colorless solid. Purification using combi-flash chromatography
(elution with 25.5% EtOAc:hexane) afforded 2.0 g of desired
compound (yield: 34.3%).
A cold (-70.degree. C.) solution of 1-benzyl-4-nitroso-4-piperizine
(0.8 g) in THF was treated with excess LAH under a nitrogen
atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to ambient
temperature and stirred 1.0 h before being quenched with water and
extracted with EtOAc (3.times.10 mL). The combined organic extracts
were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and
concentrated under reduced pressure (40.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to
afford 0.70 g 4-benzylpiperazin-1-amine as a colorless solid.
Synthesis of
(Z)--N-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H--
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylamide
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.220 g, 1.2 eq.), 4-benzylpiperazin-1-amine (0.10 g, 1.0
eq.) and EtOAc (15 ml). T3P (50% in EtOAc 0.99 g, 3.0 eq.) and
DIPEA (0.27 mg, 4.0 eq.) were added under nitrogen atmosphere to
the cold (-60.degree. C.) solution. The progress of the reaction
was followed by TLC analysis (SiO.sub.2, 15% MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2
as mobile phase, visualization under UV light). The reaction
mixture was quenched in water and extracted with ethyl acetate
(3.times.15 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under reduced
pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.35 g of crude solid.
Purification on Combi-flash (eluting with 10%
MeOH/CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 20 mg (yield: 6%)
(Z)--N-(4-benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H--
1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylamide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta. 9.44-9.48 (t, 3H), 9.10 (s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 2H), 7.23-7.41
(m, 6H), 6.46-6.49 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.83-5.86 (d, J=10.4 Hz,
1H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 2.81 (s, 4H), 2.23-2.33 (d, 2H) LCMS for
C.sub.24H.sub.23F.sub.6N.sub.6O [M+H].sup.+ 525.47; found 525.20
(RT 9.87 min, purity: 100%).
EXAMPLE 20
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-(4-eth-
ylpiperazin-1-yl)acrylamide
##STR00114##
A cold (-40.degree. C.) solution of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.25 g) in EtOAc (20 mL) was treated with
4-ethylpiperazin-1-amine (0.12 g). T3P (50% in EtOAc, 0.84 mL) and
DIPEA (0.24 mL) were added simultaneously and the reaction mixture
was stirred for 30 min at -40.degree. C. before being quenched with
ice-cold water and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.20 mL). The
combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated under reduced pressure
(35.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.280 g of crude compound.
Purification by combi-flash chromatography (eluting with 2% MeOH in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) followed by purification on a preparative TLC
plate (eluting with 10% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 60 mg
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-(4-eth-
ylpiperazin-1-yl)acrylamide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CF3COOD)
.delta.: 10.75 (s, 1H), 8.31-8.29 (d, J=10.2H), 7.98 (s, 1H),
7.21-7.23 (d, 1H), 6.08-6.10 (d, 1H), 3.52-3.54 (m, 3H), 3.36 (s,
1H), 3.11 (m, 8H), 1.19-1.22 (m, 3H); LCMS for
C.sub.19H.sub.21F.sub.6N.sub.6O [M+H].sup.+ 463.40; found 463.23
(RT 2.43 min, purity: 98.63%).
EXAMPLE 21
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-morpho-
linoacrylamide (I-22)
##STR00115##
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.250 g), morpholin-4-amine (0.072 g, 1.0 eq.) and EtOAc (10
mL). The solution was cooled to -60.degree. C. and treated with T3P
(50% in EtOAc; 0.63 mL, 1.5 eq.) and DIPEA (0.24 mL, 2.0 eq.) under
a nitrogen atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was followed by
TLC analysis using 10% MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase and
visualization under UV light. Upon completion, the reaction mixture
was quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.15 mL).
The combined organic extracts were dried over anhydrous
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure
(25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.35 g of a crude solid.
Purification (Combi-flash, elution with 3% MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2)
afforded 100 mg (yield: 33%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-morpho-
linoacrylamide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.=9.52 (s, NH
exchange, 1H), 8.51 (s, 2H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.42 (m, 1H),
6.50-6.53 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 5.84-5.86 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.63
(s, 4H), 2.87 (s, 4H); LCMS for
C.sub.17H.sub.16F.sub.6N.sub.5O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 436.33; found
436.18 (RT 2.64 min, purity: 100%).
EXAMPLE 22
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
midin-4-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-23)
##STR00116##
Synthesis of 4-hydrazinylpyrimidine
##STR00117##
A solution of 2,4-dichloropyrimidine (2.0 g) in EtOH (25 mL) was
cooled to 0-20.degree. C. and treated with hydrazine (2.8 mL). The
progress of the reaction was followed by TLC using 10% MeOH:CH2Cl2
as mobile phase and visualizing under UV light. The mixture was
concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3.1 g of crude
2-chloro-4-hydrazinyl-pyrimidine (yield=94.8%).
To a solution of 2-chloro-4-hydrazinyl-pyrimidine (200 mg)
dissolved in MeOH (10 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (200 mg) and the
suspension was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere until shown to
be complete by TLC analysis (using 10% MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as
mobile phase and visualizing under UV light). The mixture was
filtered through Celite.RTM. and concentrated under reduced
pressure to afford 250 mg of 4-hydrazinylpyrimidine.
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
midin-4-yl)acrylohydrazide
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (250 mg, 1.0 eq.) and EtOAc (20.0 mL). 4-Hydrazinylpyrimidine
(231 mg, 3 eq.) was added at -60.degree. C. followed by the
simultaneous addition of T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.84 mL, 2.0 eq.) and
DIPEA (0.24 mL, 2.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30
min at -60.degree. C. before being concentrated under reduced
pressure (35.degree. C., 20 mm Hg) to afford 0.20 g of a solid.
Purification by column chromatography (eluting with 5% MeOH in
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 75 mg of material that was purified by
preparative TLC (using MeOH:CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 as mobile phase) to
provide 13 mg (yield=5%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-(pyri-
midin-4-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta.=10.59 (s, 1H), 9.68 (s, NH exchange, 1H), 9.47 (s, NH
exchange, 1H), 8.53-8.59 (t, 2H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.19-8.20 (d, 1H),
7.53-7.56 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 6.66-6.67 (d, 1H), 6.06-6.09 (d,
J=10.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS for C.sub.17H.sub.12F.sub.6N.sub.7O
[M+H].sup.+ 444.31; found 444.19 (RT 2.39 min, purity: 94.97%).
EXAMPLE 23
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-
-N'-(pyrazin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide (I-24)
##STR00118##
Synthesis of 4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide
##STR00119##
A solution 4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (1.0 g) in
DMSO (10 mL) was treated with solid K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.55 g, 1.1
eq.) and H2O2 (30% v/v, 1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred
at room temperature for 3 h before being poured into ice-cold water
(20 mL). The precipitate was filtered and washed with petroleum
ether to afford 1.0 g of crude desired primary amide (yield:
90%).
Synthesis of 4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide
##STR00120##
To a solution of 4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (1.2 g)
in toluene (20 mL) was added Lawesson's reagent (3.32 g, 2.0 eq.).
The reaction mixture was stirred at 90.degree. C. for 8 h before
being cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was
poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.100 mL). The
combined organic extracts were washed with brine (3.times.50 mL),
dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated
under reduced pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 2 g of
crude compound. The crude compound was purified by combi-flash
chromatography (eluting with 7% EtOAc:hexane) to afford 1.0 g of
desired compound (yield: 79%).
Synthesis of
3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole
##STR00121##
A solution of 4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (1 g)
in DMF (10 mL) was treated with hydrazine hydrate (0.32 g, 2.0 eq.)
and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h
before adding formic acid (3 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed
at 90.degree. C. for 3 h then cooled to room temperature, poured
into aqueous saturated NaHCO.sub.3 (slowly, maintaining temperature
25-30.degree. C.) and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.100 mL). The
combined organic extracts were washed with brine (3.times.50 mL),
dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated
under reduced pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 1.5 g of
crude compound. Purification by column chromatography (eluting with
40% EtOAc in hexane) afforded 0.50 g of desired compound (yield:
36%).
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acry-
late
##STR00122##
A solution of
3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (2.1
g) in DMF (20 mL) was treated with DABCO (1.5 g, 2 eq.) and the
mixture was stirred for 30 min before adding (Z)-isopropyl
3-iodoacrylate (1.76 g, 1.1 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred
at room temperature for 5 h then poured into ice-cold water (50 mL)
and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.15 mL). The combined organic
extracts were washed with brine (3.times.10 mL), dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated under
reduced pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 3.0 g of crude
compound. Purification by column chromatography using (60/120 mesh
SiO.sub.2, elution with 1-1.2% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded
desired unsaturated ester (1.33 g, yield: 52%).
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-
acrylic acid
##STR00123##
A 25-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution
of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acry-
late (1.33 g) in 1:1 THF:water (26 mL). The solution was treated
with solid LiOH (0.53 g, 4 eq.) and stirred at room temperature for
4 h before being diluted with 400 ml water, acidified to pH=2-3
with dilute aqueous HCl, and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.100 mL).
The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under reduced
pressure to afford 0.8 g of crude compound (yield: 66%).
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-
-N'-(pyrazin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide
##STR00124##
In a 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask charged with a solution
of
(Z)-3-(3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-
acrylic acid (0.8 g) in 1:1 EtOAc:THF (20 mL). The solution was
cooled to -70.degree. C. and treated sequentially with
2-hydrazinopyrazine (0.275 g, 1.2 eq.), T3P (50% in EtOAc; 2.5 mL,
2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (1.44 mL, 4.0 eq.), added dropwise. The clear
reaction mixture was stirred at -60.degree. C. for 1 h before being
concentrated under reduced pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mm Hg) to
afford crude compound. Purification by column chromatography using
(60/120 mesh SiO.sub.2, elution with 3-4% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2)
afforded 0.30 g (yield: 30%)
(Z)-3-(3-(4-chloro-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-
-N'-(pyrazin-2-yl)acrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta.=10.53 (s, 1H), 9.58 (s, 1H), 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H),
8.32 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.55
(d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.08-6.11 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H); LCMS for
C.sub.17H.sub.11ClF.sub.6N.sub.7O [M+H].sup.+ 478.76 found 478.1
(RT 2.64 min, purity: 100%).
EXAMPLE 24
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-cyclo-
propylacrylohydrazide (I-25)
##STR00125##
A 100-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (0.50 g.) and CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (25 mL). DCC (0.29 g, 1.0 eq.)
was added and the mixture was cooled to 0.degree. C. for the
sequential addition of cyclopropylhydrazine hydrochloride (0.15 g,
1.0 eq.) and DIPEA (0.24 mL, 1.0 eq.). The reaction mixture was
stirred for 1 h before being poured into water (50 mL) and
extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2.times.50 mL). The combined
organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over
anhydrous MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced
pressure (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford crude compound.
Purification by combi-flash chromatography (elution with 1.5-2.5%
MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) followed by further purification on a
preparative TLC plate (eluting with 70% EtOAc in hexane) afforded
15 mg (yield: 2.6%)
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N'-cyclo-
propylacrylohydrazide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta., 9.16
(s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.26 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H),
6.40-6.43 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 4.63 (s, 1H), 3.18-3.20
(m, 1H), 0.83-0.87 (m, 2H), 0.65-0.69 (m, 2H); LCMS for Chemical
Formula: C.sub.16H.sub.14F.sub.6N.sub.5O [M+H].sup.+ 406.31 found
406.19 (RT 2.74 min, purity: 98.85%).
EXAMPLE 25
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-(3-hyd-
roxyazetidin-1-yl)acrylamide (I-26)
##STR00126##
Synthesis of 1-aminoazetidin-3-ol
##STR00127##
A cooled (15-20.degree. C.) solution of azetidin-3-ol hydrochloride
(2.0 g) in water (20 ml) was treated with NaOH (0.8 g in 10 mL
water) and the mixture was stirred at 15-20.degree. C. for 1 h. The
reaction mixture was then cooled to 0.degree. C. and treated
sequentially with a NaNO.sub.2 solution (1.89 g in 10 mL water) and
acetic acid (1.3 mL). After being stirred for 2 h at 0-5.degree.
C., the reaction mixture was poured into water (20 mL), acidified
to pH=2-3 with dilute aqueous HCl and extracted with EtOAc
(3.times.25 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with
brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and
concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 0.26 g desired
compound, which was used as such in the following step (LCMS
purity: 59.84%).
A solution of 1-nitrosoazetidin-3-ol (0.25 g) in MeOH (15 mL) was
cooled to -75.degree. C. and treated with dilute aqueous HCl (1.5
mL). Zinc powder (1.35 g) was then added portionwise and the
reaction mixture was stirred at ca. -70.degree. C. for 3 h before
being filtered through Celite.RTM. and concentrated under reduced
pressure to afford 90 mg 1-aminoazetidin-3-ol, which was used as
such in the following step.
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-(3-hyd-
roxyazetidin-1-yl)acrylamide
A 50-mL, 3-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (200 mg) and THF (20.0 mL). The solution was cooled to
-60.degree. C. and treated with a solution of 1-aminoazetidin-3-ol
(65 mg, 1.3 eq.) in THF. T3P (50% in EtOAc; 0.67 mL, 2.0 eq.) and
DIPEA (0.51 mL, 2.0 eq.) were added simultaneously and the reaction
mixture was stirred for 30 min at -60.degree. C. before being
allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was then
concentrated under reduced pressure (35.degree. C., 20 mmHg),
affording 100 mg of solid. Purification by column chromatography
(elution with 3% MeOH in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2) afforded 20 mg
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-N-(3-hyd-
roxyazetidin-1-yl)acrylamide. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta. 9.60 (s, 1H), 6.38 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 2H), 8.26 (s, 1H),
7.32-7.35 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (d, exchangeable, 1H), 5.78-5.81
(d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.14-4.15 (d, 1H), 3.82 (m, 2H), 3.71 (m, 2H);
LCMS for Chemical Formula C.sub.16H.sub.14F.sub.6N.sub.5O.sub.2
[M+H].sup.+ 422.31 found; 422.19 (RT 2.46 min, purity: 91.49%).
EXAMPLES 26-31
Examples 26-31 describe novel synthetic methods useful in
preparation of compounds of the invention (e.g., as precursors to
compounds of the invention, such a compounds described by Formula Z
above).
EXAMPLE 26
##STR00128##
Synthesis of Isopropyl Propiolate
##STR00129##
A 20-L, four-necked, round-bottomed flask, equipped with addition
funnel, thermometer socket and a mechanical stirrer was charged
with propiolic acid (1000 g, 1 equiv.) and IPA (8 L, 8 Vol.).
BF.sub.3-etherate (4.54 kg, 2.0 equiv.) was added slowly from an
addition funnel at 25.degree. C. over a period of 30 minutes. The
temperature of the reaction mixture was gradually increased up to
90.degree. C. and the reaction mass was maintained at that
temperature for 3 hrs. GC monitoring after 3 hrs showed the
completion of the reaction. The reaction mixture was cooled to room
temperature, quenched with 20 L of ice cold DM water and stirred
for 30 minutes. 10 L of dichloromethane was added to the reaction
mixture and the reaction mass was stirred for another 30 minutes.
The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was
reextracted with 5 L of dichloromethane. The combined organic
layers was washed with 10 L of saturated brine, dried over
anhydrous sodium sulphate, and concentrated under vacuum at
35.degree. C. to 40.degree. C. (product is volatile) to yield the
product as a brown liquid (1.32 kg, 81.25%). Purity 89.67% (GC);
.sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) .delta.: 1.22 (d, 6H, J=6.6 Hz), 2.85
(s, 1H), 4.98-5.05 (m, 1H).
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate
##STR00130##
A 20-L, four-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with addition
funnel, thermometer socket and mechanical stirrer was charged with
isopropyl propiolic ester (1000 g, 1 equiv.) and acetic acid (3.7
L, 3.7 Vol.) at 25.degree. C. and the reaction mass was stirred for
10 minutes. Sodium iodide (2.138 Kg, 1.6 Vol.) was added and the
reaction mixture was stirred (a dark brown colour was observed).
The temperature was increased to 110.degree. C. and the reaction
was maintained at that temperature for 1.5 hrs. GC monitoring
showed the completion of the reaction after 1.5 hrs. The reaction
mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with ice cold DM
water (18.75 L, 18.75 V) and stirred for 30 mins. MTBE (5 L) was
added to the reaction mass and stirred for another 30 minutes. The
organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was reextracted
with MTBE (5 L). The combined organic layer was washed with
NaHCO.sub.3 (2.times.10 L), NaHSO.sub.3 (2.times.5 L), saturated
brine solution (5.2 L, 5.2 V), dried over sodium sulphate and
concentrated under vacuum at 35.degree. C. to yield (Z)-isopropyl
3-iodoacrylate as a brown liquid (1.49 kg, 70%). Purity 87.34%
(GC); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) .delta.: 1.28 (d, 6H, J=6.3 Hz),
5.08-5.131 (m, 1H), 6.83 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz), 7.38 (d, 1H, J=8.7
Hz).
Synthesis of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide
##STR00131##
A 20-L, multi-necked flask equipped with an over-head stirrer, and
thermometer socket was charged with
bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (1.25 kg, 1.0 equiv.) and DMF
(6.25 L, 5V), and the resulting mixture was stirred under nitrogen
at room temperature (28.degree. C.). The reaction mixture was
cooled to 10.degree. C. and 0.775 g NaSH.H.sub.2O (2 equiv.) was
added over a period of 10 mins. After stirring for 15 minutes,
MgCl.sub.2.6H.sub.2O (1.169 kg, 1.1 equiv.) was added portionwise
over a period of 15 minutes and the reaction was stirred for
another 35 minutes. The progress of the reaction (green-colored
solution) was monitored by HPLC which showed 99.6% product and
0.03% benzonitrile. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0-5.degree.
C. and 30% dil. HCl (3.75 L) was added dropwise to adjust the pH to
2-3. The resulting mass was extracted with MTBE (5 L.times.1). The
layers were separated and 1 L of DM water was added to the aqueous
layer, which was reextracted with MTBE (2.5 L.times.1). The
combined organic layers were washed with brine (4.5 L.times.3),
dried and concentrated under vacuum. Hexane was added to the solid
obtained, chased and the product was isolated as yellow solid
(1.400 Kg, 98.0%). Purity: 99.28% (HPLC). .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3) .delta.: 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 2H), 10.0 (s, 1H), 10.38 (s,
1H).
Synthesis of
3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole
##STR00132##
A 20-L, multi-necked flask equipped with an over-head stirrer and
thermometer socket was charged with thioamide (1378 g, 1 equiv.)
and DMF (6.89 L, 5V), and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen at
room temperature (28.degree. C.). The reaction mass was cooled to
10.degree. C. and hydrazine hydrate (505.4 g, 2.0 equiv.) was added
dropwise over 2 hours with stirring. The reaction mass was cooled
to 0.degree. C. to 5.degree. C. and formic acid was added over a
period of 1 hour (6.89 L, 5V) (exotherm was observed and the
temperature increased to 20.degree. C.). The reaction mixture was
then heated at 95 to 100.degree. C. for another 12 hrs. The
progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC which showed the
formation of 99.5% product. The reaction mass was cooled to 35 to
40.degree. C., added to 20.6 L of pre-cooled DM water (10 to
15.degree. C.) and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mass was
extracted with MTBE (8.26 L). The aqueous layer was again extracted
with MTBE (5.512 L) and the combined organic layers were washed
with 10% sodium bicarbonate (6.89 L, 2V), brine (6.89 L.times.3),
dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum.
Dichloromethane (2V) was added to the yellow solid obtained and
stirred at 0 to 5.degree. C. for 1 hour, which, on filtration, gave
the product as a yellow solid (1156 g, 82.2%). Purity: 99.7%
(HPLC); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) .delta.: 8.15 (s, 1H), 8.55 (s,
2H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 14.5 (s, 1H, NH).
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
##STR00133##
A 10-L, four-necked, round-bottomed flask, equipped with addition
funnel, thermometer socket, mechanical stirrer, and stopper was
charged with 3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole
(600 g, 1.0 eq.), DABCO (480 g, 2.0 eq) and DMF (3.0 L). The
reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, a
solution of iodo ester (1024.8 g, 2.0 eq) in DMF (1200 mL) was
added dropwise over a period of 1 hour. The progress of the
reaction was monitored by HPLC and showed (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate:
62.36% and 3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole:
15.1%. After 1 hour further, one equivalent of DABCO (258 g) was
added and the reaction was maintained for another hour. HPLC
analysis showed the conversion as 75.63% (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
and 2% 3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole. The
reaction mixture was quenched with cold DM water (12 L), stirred
for 15 minutes, and extracted with ethyl acetate (2.times.6 L). The
combined organic layers were washed with saturated brine solution
(30%, 2.times.3 L), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate (100 g) and
concentrated. The crude mass (840 g) was taken in a 10 L round
bottomed flask and methanol (1200 mL) was added. The solution was
maintained at 0-5.degree. C. and stirred for 30 minutes. The
obtained solid was filtered and washed with methanol (200 mL),
which yielded the product as a white solid (550 g, 65.0%). Purity:
87.34% (HPLC); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 1.30 (d,
6H, J=6.0 Hz), 5.12 (m, 1H), 5.73 (d, 1H, J=10.8 Hz), 7.24 (d, 1H,
J=10.8 Hz), 7.91 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 2H), 9.70 (s, 1H). Cis-isomer:
Trans-isomer ratio is 83:8.
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid
##STR00134##
A 5-L, four-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with addition
funnel, thermometer socket, mechanical stirrer and stopper was
charged with THF (1.25 L) and (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
(125 g, 1 eq.) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled
to 0.degree. C. To the stirring solution was added ice cold lithium
hydroxide solution (66.58 g in 1.25 L water) over a period of 30
minutes through an addition funnel. The reaction temperature was
slowly raised to 25.degree. C. and the reaction mass was maintained
at that temperature for 2 hours. HPLC monitoring showed the
following status:
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid: 87.66%;
(E)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid: 9.91%, (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
2%. The reaction was continued for another 30 minutes and submitted
for HPLC monitoring
((Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid: 88.20%;
(E)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid: 11.03%. After completion of the reaction, the reaction
mixture was quenched with ice cold water (385 mL) and stirred for
30 minutes. The pH was adjusted to 1-2 with dilute hydrochloric
acid (30%, 400 mL) and the reaction mass was extracted with ethyl
acetate (3.times.625 mL). The combined organic layers were washed
with saturated brine solution (30%, 650 mL), dried over anhydrous
sodium sulfate (12.5 g) and concentrated under reduced pressure at
30-35.degree. C. Hexane was added to the crude material and stirred
for 30 minutes. The obtained solids were filtered through a Buchner
funnel and washed with hexane (250 mL). The solid obtained was
dried for 30 minutes under vacuum and at room temperature for 3-4
hours. The product was isolated as a white powder (92.8 g, 84.36%).
Purity: 93% (HPLC); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.: 5.98
(d, 1H, J=10.2 Hz), 7.48 (d, 1H, J=10.2 Hz), 8.2 (s, 1H), 8.50-8.54
(m, 2H), 9.39 (s, 1H).
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(3,3-d-
ifluoroazetidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
##STR00135##
To a 3-L, four-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with nitrogen
inlet, addition funnel, thermometer socket, mechanical stirrer was
added
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylic
acid (100 g, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (1.8 L, 18 V). The reaction mixture
was cooled to -10.degree. C. To the cooled solution, were added
HOBT (4.4 g, 0.1 eq.), EDC.HCl (80.6 g, 1.5 eq.) and
3,3-difluoroazetidine hydrochloride (44 g, 1.2 eq.). To the
resulting mixture at -10.degree. C., was added DIPEA (72 mL, 1.5
eq) dropwise over a period of 1.5 hours. The progress of the
reaction was monitored by HPLC analysis which showed the completion
of the reaction at the end of DIPEA addition. The reaction
temperature was slowly raised to 15.degree. C. to 20.degree. C.
(.about.2 h). The reaction mixture was quenched with 1 L ice-water
slurry. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was
extracted with DCM (400 mL.times.2). The organic layer was washed
with saturated brine solution (2.times.500 ml), dried over
anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (10 g) and concentrated under reduced
pressure (.about.35.degree. C.) to afford crude compound. The crude
compound thus obtained was dissolved in 5 vol. of DIPE and stirred
at rt for 30 min. and then filtered. Crude weight was 100 g
(yield=82.39%) [Cis-85.07% by HPLC, Trans-14.36% by HPLC].
The crude compound thus obtained was further purified by
recrystallisation with ethyl acetate according to the following
procedure. To a 500-mL, four-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped
with mechanical stirrer, thermometer socket and stopper was added
100 g of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(3,3-d-
ifluoroazetidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one. To this compound at rt was
added ethyl acetate (7 volumes) under stirring. However, compound
was not completely soluble. Hence, the resulting solution was
heated to 60.degree. C. to obtain a clear solution and was then
slowly cooled to -30.degree. C. At -30.degree. C., solution was
stirred for 20 min. and filtered under suction. The compound
obtained was dried under vacuum at 40-45.degree. C. for 3 h-4 hrs
to yield the product as a white solid. (Cis-98.9% by HPLC);
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(3,3-d-
ifluoroazetidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 9.57 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H),
7.18-7.21 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.61-5.65 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H),
4.39-4.45 (m, 4H).
EXAMPLE 27
Synthesis of (Z)-3-iodoacrylic acid
##STR00136##
A 250-mL, three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with nitrogen
inlet was added propiolic acid (7.0 g, 1.0 eq) dissolved in acetic
acid (70 mL, 10V) and sodium iodide (29.96 g, 2.0 eq). The reaction
mixture was refluxed at 1000 C for 2-3 h. The progress of the
reaction was followed by TLC analysis on silica gel with 10%
MeOH:DCM as mobile phase. SM Rf=0.3 and Product Rf=0.5. Reaction
mixture was poured into ice water (700 mL) and neutralized with
saturated solidum bicarbonate solution. The reaction mixture was
extracted with EtOAc (3.times.100 mL). The combined organic layers
were washed with brine solution (3.times.100 mL), dried over MgSO4,
filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation (25.degree. C., 20
mmHg) to afford 12.0 g of crude compound which was purified by
column chromatography using silica 60/120 using MeOH:DCM as mobile
phase. The column (5.times.10 cm) was packed in DCM and started
eluting in MeOH in gradient manner starting with fraction
collection (50-mL fractions) from 2% to 5% MeOH in DCM. Compound
started eluting with 2% MeOH in DCM. Fractions containing such TLC
profile were combined to obtain 8.0 gm of desired compound (yield
40.44%).
Synthesis of
(Z)-1-(3,3-difluoroazetidin-1-yl)-3-iodoprop-2-en-1-one
##STR00137##
In a 25-mL, three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with
nitrogen inlet and a rubber septum, (Z)-3-iodoacrylic acid (0.250
g, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in DCM (10 mL, 40 V). The reaction
mixture was cooled to 0.degree. C., and DIPEA (0.168 g, 1.1 eq),
HATU (0.494 g, 1.1 eq) and 3,3-difluoroazetidine hydrochloride
(0.179 g, 1.1) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at
0.degree. C. for 2-3 hr. The progress of the reaction was followed
by TLC analysis on silica gel with 40% ethyl acetate in hexane. The
reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated by rotary
evaporation (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.3 g of crude
compound which was purified by column chromatography using silica
60/120 using 40% ethyl acetate in hexane as mobile phase. The
column (5.times.10 cm) was packed in 5% ethyl acetate in hexane and
started eluting in ethyl acetate in gradient manner starting with
fraction collection (50-mL fractions) from 20% to 30% ethyl acetate
in hexane. Compound started eluting with 20% ethyl acetate in
hexane. Fractions containing such TLC profile were combined to
obtain 0.18 g of desired compound (yield 52.33%). Mass:
[M+H].sup.+:273.8.
Synthesis of
(Z)-3-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-(3,3-d-
ifluoroazetidin-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
##STR00138##
In a 25-mL, three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with
nitrogen inlet,
3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (0.18 g, 1.0
eq.) was dissolved in DMF (5.0 mL, 27.0 V), and DABCO (0.143 g, 2.0
eq) and (Z)-1-(3,3-difluoroazetidin-1-yl)-3-iodoprop-2-en-1-one
(0.192 g, 1.1 eq) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at
RT for 2-3 hr. The progress of the reaction was followed by TLC
analysis on silica gel with 80% ethyl acetate-hexane as mobile
phase, SM Rf=0.60 and Product R.sub.f=0.4. Reaction mixture was
poured in to ice water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3.times.25
mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine solution
(3.times.25 mL), dried over MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated
by rotary evaporation (25.degree. C., 20 mmHg) to afford 0.3 g of
crude compound which was purified by column chromatography using
silica 60/120 using ethyl acetate:hexane as mobile phase. The
column (5.times.10 cm) was packed in hexane and started eluting in
ethyl acetate in gradient manner starting with fraction collection
(50-mL fractions) from 40% to 45% ethyl acetate in hexane. Compound
started eluting with 40% ethyl acetate in hexane. Fractions
containing such TLC profile were combined to obtain 70 mg of
desired compound (yield 25.64%).
EXAMPLE 28
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3-isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acryl-
ate
##STR00139##
Synthesis of isopropyl propiolate. To a mixture of propiolic acid
(500 g, 7.1 moles) in isopropanol (4000 mL) was added BF3 etherate
(2015 g, 14.2 moles) at 10.degree. C. After stirring for 10
minutes, the reaction mixture was heated to 90.degree. C. and
stirred for 2 hours. The completion of the reaction was monitored
by TLC. The reaction mixture was brought down to 25 to 30.degree.
C. and quenched with crushed ice followed by extraction with
dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with water and then
with brine solution. Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate
and concentrated under vacuum to give the isopropyl propiolate (440
g; 55%). Product was confirmed by .sup.1H NMR.
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate. To a mixture of
isopropyl propiolate (350 g, 3.1 moles) in AcOH (1300 mL) was added
NaI (930 g, 6.2 moles) at 25.degree. C. The reaction mixture was
heated to 115.degree. C. and stirred for 1.5 hrs. The reaction
mixture was cooled to 25 to 30.degree. C. and quenched with water
followed by extraction with MTBE. The organic layer was washed with
saturated bicarbonate, bisulfite and brine solution. The organic
layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum
to give the product (Z)-isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate (626 g; 83.5%).
Product was confirmed by .sup.1H NMR.
Synthesis of 3-isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile
##STR00140##
To a mixture of propan-2-ol (102.96 g 1.76 moles) in DMF (3200 mL,
8 V) at 5.degree. C. was added NaH (122 g, 5.08 moles). The mixture
was stirred for 2 hours. To this mixture
3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (400, 2.1 moles) was added
dropwise. The temperature of the mass was increased to 25 to
30.degree. C. and maintained at same temperature for 1 hour.
Reaction was monitored by HPLC. After completion, the reaction
mixture was quenched with ice cold water and extracted with ethyl
acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with brine, dried over
sodium sulfate and then concentrated under vacuum to give 530 g
(2.31 moles; 110%) of 3-isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile,
which was taken as such to next step with no further purification.
HPLC purity--96.5% by area (a/a).
Synthesis of 3-isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide
##STR00141##
3-Isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (1000 g, 4.3 moles)
was dissolved in DMF (4000 mL) and sodium hydrogensulfide hydrate
(636 g; 8.6 moles) was added followed by magnesium chloride
hexahydrate (960.2 g, 4.7 moles). The reaction mixture was stirred
for 1 hr at 25 to 30.degree. C. Reaction completion was monitored
by TLC using ethyl acetate:hexane (2:8) as the mobile phase. The
reaction mixture was quenched in an ice-water slurry (250 mL) and
the pH was adjusted to 5 by addition of 10% aqueous HCl. The
reaction mixture was extracted with MTBE and was washed with 20%
brine solution. The organic layer was concentrated under vacuum to
give 1136 g (4.3 moles; 100%) of the title compound, which was
taken as such to next step. HPLC purity--97.37% a/a.
Synthesis of
3-(3-isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole
##STR00142##
3-Isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzothioamide (646 g; 2.74 moles)
was combined with hydrazine hydrate (140 g; 4.4 moles) and DMF
(3200 mL; 5V). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and cooled to
10.degree. C. To this reaction mixture was added formic acid (3200
mL) dropwise. Reaction mixture was heated to 90 to 100.degree. C.
and maintained for 12 hrs. After reaction completion by HPLC,
reaction mass was cooled to 25 to 30.degree. C. and quenched with
ice-cold water. The mixture was extracted in MTBE. The organic
layer was washed with brine followed by aqueous sodium bicarbonate,
and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was chased off using
hexane, the resulting residue was slurried at 10.degree. C. for 1
hour. The solid obtained was filtered and dried for 12 hours at 25
to 30.degree. C. to yield 550 g (2.26 moles: 82%) of the product
3-(3-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole. HPLC
purity--95.24% a/a.
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3-isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acryl-
ate
##STR00143##
A mixture of
3-(3-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (500 g,
1.8 moles) and DABCO (417.6 g; 3.6 moles) in DMF (1200 mL) was
stirred for 30 minutes. To this mixture was added (Z)-isopropyl
3-iodoacrylate (864 g; 3.6 moles) in DMF (1200 mL) slowly at 25 to
30.degree. C. and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour.
After 1 hour, DABCO (208 g; 1 eq) was added and the reaction
mixture was stirred for 1 hour. HPLC analysis showed
3-(3-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole 9.59%,
(Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3-isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acryl-
ate: 73.76%, (E)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3-isopropoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acryl-
ate: 6.66%. The reaction mass was quenched with water, extracted
with dichloromethane and concentrated under vacuum to give the
crude product. The crude product was chromatographed using ethyl
acetate-hexane system in 60-120 silica gel to give 310 g (0.8
moles; 44%). HPLC purity--99% a/a.
EXAMPLE 29
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
##STR00144##
To a solution of
3-(3-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole (0.50 g)
(prepared according to Example 3) in DMF (1.5 mL) was added DABCO
(2 equiv). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at
room temperature then (Z)-isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate (2.0 equiv;
prepared according to Example 3) was added. The resulting mixture
was stirred at rt for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with
ice-cold water, and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 times). Organic
layers were separated and the combined organic layer was dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate. LC-MS and HPLC analysis revealed 62%
cis-isomer and 36% trans-isomer. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta.: 9.72 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H),
7.28 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.71-5.73 (d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 5.12-5.18 (m,
1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 1.34 (d, 6H): LCMS for
C.sub.16H.sub.16F.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.3 [M+1].sup.+355.31 found
355.92 at 4.317 min (LCMS 99.82%).
EXAMPLE 30
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(2-chloro-6-isopropoxypyridin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)acrylate
##STR00145##
To 2-chloro-6-isopropoxy-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridine (0.5 g)
(prepared as in Example 3) in 3 mL of DMF, was added DABCO (0.467
g, 2 equiv) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. A
solution of (Z)-isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate (0.990 g, 2 equiv)
(prepared as in Example 3) was added to the reaction mixture, and
the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature.
Reaction mixture was worked up as in Example 3, to obtain 53%
cis-isomer and 34% trans isomer 34%.
EXAMPLE 31
Synthesis of (Z)-isopropyl
3-(3-(3-(cyclobutylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-y-
l)acrylate
##STR00146##
To
N-cyclobutyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline
(0.5 g) (prepared as in Example 3) in 1.5 mL of DMF, was added
DABCO (0.188 g) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. A
solution of (Z)-isopropyl 3-iodoacrylate (0.404 g) (prepared as in
Example 3) was added to the reaction mixture, and the resulting
mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. Reaction mixture
was worked up as in Example 3, to obtain 44% cis-isomer and 20%
trans-isomer.
EXAMPLE 32
Assays. Exemplary compounds of the invention were tested in
parallel with Compounds X-1, X2 and X-3 (depicted in Table 2), in
various assays. The results are set forth in Table 2 below.
Inhibition of Nuclear Export
The ability of exemplary compounds of the invention to inhibit
CRM1-mediated nuclear export was assessed in a RevGFP assay. Rev is
a protein from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and
contains a nuclear export signal (NES) in its C-terminal domain and
a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in its N-terminal domain.
Nuclear export of Rev protein is dependent on the classical
NES/CRM1 pathway (Neville et al. 1997). Nuclear accumulation of Rev
can be observed in cells treated with specific inhibitors of CRM1,
such as LMB (Kau et al. 2003).
In this assay, U2OS-RevGFP cells were seeded onto clear-bottomed,
black, 384-well plates the day before the experiment. Compounds
were serially diluted 1:2 in DMEM, starting from 40 .mu.M in a
separate, 384-well plate, and then transferred onto the cells. The
cells were incubated with compound for about 1 hr before fixation
with 3.7% formaldehyde and nuclei staining with Hoechst 33258. The
amount of GFP in cell nuclei was measured and the IC.sub.50 of each
compound was determined (Kau et al. 2003). Compounds of the
invention are considered active in the Rev-GFP assay outlined above
if they have an IC.sub.50 of less than about 10 .mu.M, with the
most preferred compounds having an IC.sub.50 of less than about 1
.mu.M. The results of the RevGFP assay appear in Table 2.
Cell Proliferation Assay
The CellTiter 96.RTM. AQueous One Solution cell proliferation assay
(Promega) was used on MM.1S multiple myeloma cell line to study the
cytotoxic and cytostatic properties of the compounds. The assay is
based on the cleavage of the tetrazolium salt, MTS, in the presence
of an electron-coupling reagent PES (phenazine ethosulfate). The
MTS tetrazolium compound is bioreduced by cells into a colored
formazan product that is soluble in tissue culture medium. This
conversion is presumably accomplished by NADPH or NADH produced by
dehydrogenase enzymes in metabolically active cells. Assays are
performed by adding a small amount of the CellTiter 96.RTM. AQueous
One solution reagent directly to culture wells, incubating for 1-4
hours and then recording the absorbance at 490 nm with a 96-well
plate reader. The absorbance revealed directly correlates to the
cell number and their metabolic activity.
The cells were seeded at 5.times.10.sup.3 to 1.5.times.10.sup.4
cells in each well of a 96-well plate in 100 .mu.L of fresh culture
medium and adherent cells were allowed to attach overnight. The
stock solutions of the compounds were diluted in cell culture
medium to obtain eight concentrations of each drug, ranging from 1
nM to 30 .mu.M and DMSO at less than 1% v/v was used as a negative
control. The resulting drug solutions were transferred onto the
cells. After 72 h of treatment, 20 .mu.l of CellTiter 96.RTM.
AQueous reagent was added into each well of the 96-well assay
plates and the plate was incubated at 37.degree. C. for 1-4 hours
in a humidified, 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere. Then the absorbance of
each well was recorded at 490 nm using a 96-well plate reader. In
most cases, the assay was performed in triplicate and the results
were presented as half maximal inhibitory concentration
(IC.sub.50). Optical density versus compound concentration was
plotted and analyzed using non-linear regression equations (IDBS
XLfit) and the IC.sub.50 for each compound was calculated.
Pharmacokinetic (PK) Assay and Brain: Plasma Ratio
Determination
AUC.
Blood was collected from mice (N=3) to contribute to the total of
10 time points (pre-dose, 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4
hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours post dose). Mice were bled on
a rotating basis, each mouse contributing 3 time points to the
blood collection. At the designated time points, animals were
anaesthetized under isoflurane, and approximately 110 .mu.L of
blood per time point was collected via retro-orbital puncture into
pre-cooled K.sub.2EDTA (anti-coagulant) tubes. Blood samples were
put on wet ice and centrifuged (2000 g, 5 min at 4.degree. C.) to
obtain plasma within 30 minutes of sample collection. All samples
were stored frozen at approximately -80.degree. C. until analysis.
Prior to analysis, samples were mixed with internal standard
(dexamethasone) in acetonitrile, vortexed, centrifuged, and
supernatant was injected for analysis. Concentration of compounds
in plasma was determined using LC-MS-MS instrumentation (API 4000,
Triple Quadruple with electrospray ionization; Acuity Ultra
Performance Liquid Chromatography column C18, with MeOH and formic
acid as organic solvents). AUC values were calculated using
WinNonlin Professional 6.2 software package, non-compartmental
pharmacokinetic model NCA200.
Brain to Plasma (B:P) Ratio.
A separate group of mice (N=3) were dosed (PO at 10 mg/kg) and then
sacrificed at the time of maximal plasma concentration (estimated
T.sub.max at 2 hours post-dose), at which time terminal plasma and
brain tissue were collected. Following collection, brain tissue was
rinsed with cold saline, dried on filter paper, weighed and
snap-frozen by placing on dry ice. All samples were stored frozen
at approximately -80.degree. C. until analysis. At the time of
analysis, brain tissue was homogenized (homogenizing solution PBS,
pH 7.4), mixed with internal standard (dexamethasone) in
acetonitrile, vortexed, centrifuged, and supernatant was injected
for analysis of compound concentration using LC-MS-MS methodology
(API 4000, Triple Quadruple with electrospray ionization; Acuity
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography column C18, with MeOH and
formic acid as organic solvents). Plasma samples were treated with
the identical method (except homogenization step) and the
concentration of compound in each matrix was calculated based on
generated standard curves. The results of the PK assay and the B:P
ratio determination are presented in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Asay Results for Compounds of Formula I and
Comparators Thereto (A = IC.sub.50 value of <=1 .mu.M; B =
IC.sub.50 value from 1-10 .mu.M; C = IC.sub.50 value of >10
.mu.M; NT = not tested). AUC.sub.Inf Cmpd. Rev Cytotoxicity (hr ng/
No. Structure Export Assay mL)* B:P* X-1** ##STR00147## A A
209.sup..dagger-dbl. NT X-2*** ##STR00148## A A 68.3.sup..dagger.
1.27.sup..dagger. X-3 ##STR00149## A A 12300 5.0 I-3 ##STR00150## A
A 10100 0.71 I-4 ##STR00151## A A 10800 1.8 I-5 ##STR00152## NT A
3850 1.4 I-6 ##STR00153## NT A NT NT I-7 ##STR00154## A A 12200 1.5
I-8 ##STR00155## A A 4600 2.1 I-9 ##STR00156## NT A NT NT I-10
##STR00157## NT A 4170 0.77 I-11 ##STR00158## NT A NT NT I-12
##STR00159## A A 24900 0.13 I-13 ##STR00160## NT A NT NT I-14
##STR00161## NT A NT NT I-15 ##STR00162## NT A NT NT I-16
##STR00163## NT A NT NT I-17 ##STR00164## NT A NT NT I-18
##STR00165## NT A 7140 0.28 I-19 ##STR00166## NT A 4020 0.2 I-20
##STR00167## NT A NT NT I-21 ##STR00168## NT A NT NT I-22
##STR00169## NT A NT NT I-23 ##STR00170## NT A NT NT I-24
##STR00171## NT A 3350 0.7 I-25 ##STR00172## NT A NT NT I-26
##STR00173## NT A NT NT *Dosed in mice at 10 mg/kg po. **Compound
26 from U.S. 2009/0275607. ***Compound 44 from U.S. 2009/0275607.
.sup..dagger-dbl.AUC.sub.Inf values for compound X-1 dosed in mice
at 10 mg/kg po were below the limit of quantitation. Data reported
for 5 mg/kg iv. .sup..dagger.Dosed in rats at 10 mg/kg po.
The AUC.sub.Inf for compound X-1 was below the limit of detection
when dosed in mice at 10 mg/kg po. When dosed at 5 mg/kg iv,
compound X-1 showed minimal exposure, as indicated by the low
AUC.sub.Inf of 209 hrng/mL. The brain to plasma ratio for compound
X-1 was not determined due to its negligible exposure levels when
dosed po.
The AUC.sub.Inf for compound X-2 was calculated to be 68.3 hrng/mL
when dosed in rats at 10 mg/kg po. Such exposure levels are
exceedingly low when compared to compound X-3 and compounds of
formula I of the present invention. However, compound X-2 exhibits
a moderate brain to plasma ratio. The low AUC.sub.Inf coupled with
a non-negligible brain to plasma ratio suggests that compound X-2
can cross the BBB despite the low exposure levels. It is believed
that Compound X-2 would have a significantly higher brain to plasma
ratio if its AUC.sub.Inf were increased.
The AUC.sub.Inf for compound X-3 was calculated to be 12300 hrng/mL
when dosed in rats at 10 mg/kg po, indicating good exposure.
However, compound X-3 demonstrated a high B:P ratio of 5.0.
The compounds of Formula I are characterized by AUC.sub.Inf of
greater than about 3300 hrng/mL, in most instances greater than
about 3500 hrng/mL, and a relatively low B:P ratio (<2.5).
Generally, greater exposure levels of a therapeutic agent increase
the likelihood of brain penetration. It is therefore surprising and
unexpected that compounds of formula I exhibit high AUC.sub.Inf
levels and relatively low brain to plasma ratios.
In Vivo and In Vitro Activity of Compounds of the Invention Against
Breast Cancer
Basal-like breast cancers (BLBC) compose up to 15% of breast cancer
(BC) and are usually triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and
characterized by lack of ER, progesterone receptor PR, and HER-2
amplification. In addition, most BRCA1-associated BCs are BLBC and
TNBC, expressing basal cytokeratins and EGFR. BLBC is characterized
by an aggressive phenotype, high histological grade, and poor
clinical outcomes with high recurrence and metastasis rates.
Additional therapies are needed. The activity of the compounds of
the invention, for example, Compound I-3 was assessed in various
breast cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo.
Inhibition of TNBC (Triple Negative Breast Cancer) Xenograft In
Vivo
MDA-MB-468 (ATCC #HTB-132) triple negative breast cancer cells were
obtained from ATCC. These cells were grown in Leibovitz's L-15
medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 1% penicillin
and streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamine. Cells were sub-cultured by
dilution at a ratio of 1:3. Fifty (50) female SCID mice (Charles
River Labs), aged 5 to 6 weeks, with a mean pre-treatment body
weight of 19.2 grams were used. SCID mice were inoculated s.c. in
the left flank with 5.times.10.sup.6 MDA-MB-468 cells. When the
tumors reached a mean size of between 100 and 200 mm.sup.3, mice
were randomly and prospectively divided into a vehicle control
group of ten (10) mice and five treatment groups of eight (8) mice
per group. The groups were as follows:
Vehicle (1% Pluronic, 1% PVP in distilled water)
5 FU 50 mg/kg
Compound I-3 5 mg/kg Monday (M), Wednesday (W), Friday (F)
Compound I-3 15 mg/kg, M, W, F
Compound I-3 25 mg/kg M, W, F
Compound I-3 25 mg/kg M, Thursday (Th).
All administrations were via the oral route. Animals were fed with
sterile Labdiet.RTM. 5053 (pre-sterilized) rodent chow and sterile
water was provided ad libitum. Tumors were measured once every two
days with micro-calipers, and tumor volume was calculated as
(length.times.width.times.width)/2. All animals were weighed every
day in order to assess differences in weight among treatment groups
and monitor wellness of animals. Any animals exhibiting a loss of
greater than 20% of starting weight during the course of the study
were euthanized. Any animals with a tumor over 1500 mm.sup.3 in
volume were also euthanized. Survival was recorded daily. Dosing
solutions were prepared freshly each day. Compound I-3 was supplied
as a lyophilized powder containing 67.8% drug product with the
balance made up of Pluronic F-68 and PVP K29/32. This was prepared
by dissolving the lyophilized powder at a rate of 6.64 mg/90 .mu.L
in sterile water, and diluting as necessary in vehicle (1% Pluronic
F-68 and 1% PVP K29/32) in sterile water. All dosing solutions of
Compound I-3 were dosed at 0.1 mL/10 g. Statistical differences
between treatment groups were determined using Mann-Whitney Rank
Sum or ANOVA tests with a critical value of 0.05.
On day 33 post inoculation, the tumors were excised. FIG. 1 is a
graph of tumor volume as a function of time and shows that Compound
I-3 displayed efficacy in a dose dependent manner, inhibiting from
approximately 60% (5 mg/kg Monday, Wednesday, Friday) to nearly
100% of tumor growth (for 25 mg/kg Monday, Thursday regimen)
compared with vehicle-treated animals. In addition, Compound I-3
was well tolerated.
Upon excision, the tumors were also stained for the tumor
suppressor proteins (TSPs) FOXO3a, I.kappa.B, and p27, and nuclear
localization of the TSPs was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
Inhibition of Proliferation and Cytotoxicity in TNBC and Luminal BC
Cell Lines
The CellTiter 96.RTM. AQueous One Solution cell proliferation assay
(Promega) was used to study the cytotoxic and cytostatic properties
of Compound I-3 in various TNBC and luminal BC cell lines.
The cells were seeded at 5.times.10.sup.3 to 1.5.times.10.sup.4
cells (depending on cell type) in each well of a 96-well plate in
1000 .mu.L of fresh culture medium and adherent cells were allowed
to attach overnight. The stock solutions of the compounds were
diluted in cell culture medium to obtain eight concentrations of
each drug, ranging from 1 nM to 30 .mu.M and DMSO at less than 1%
v/v was used as a negative control. The resulting drug solutions
were transferred onto the cells. After 72 h of treatment, 20 .mu.l
of CellTiter 96.RTM. AQueous reagent was added into each well of
the 96-well assay plates and the plate was incubated at 37.degree.
C. for 1-4 hours in a humidified, 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere. Then the
absorbance of each well was recorded at 490 nm using a 96-well
plate reader. In most cases, the assay was performed in triplicate
and the results were presented as half maximal inhibitory
concentration (IC.sub.50). Optical density versus compound
concentration was plotted and analyzed using non-linear regression
equations (Excel Fit) and the IC.sub.50 for each cell line against
Compound I-3 was calculated.
The results of the cell proliferation assay are shown in Table 3.
The results demonstrate the potent cytotoxicity of Compound I-3 on
nine of fifteen BC cell lines tested. The compound was considered
potent in a cell line if it had an IC.sub.50 value of less than
about 1.0 .mu.M. Cell lines in which Compound I-3 had an IC.sub.50
value of less than 1.0 .mu.M were considered sensitive cell lines,
while cell lines in which Compound I-3 had an IC.sub.50 value of
greater than 1.0 .mu.M were considered resistant cell lines. Seven
of the nine sensitive cell lines were TNBC. Genomic analyses on all
BC lines indicated that p53, PI3K/AKT and BRCA1 or 2 status did not
affect cyototoxicity.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 IC.sub.50 values for Compound I-3 in various
breast cancer cell lines. Cell Line Type IC.sub.50 (.mu.M)
MDA-MB-468 BaB 0.01 MDA-MB-231 BaB 0.01 DU4475 Lu 0.013 BT-549 BaB
0.02 MCF12A BaB 0.15 MCF10A BaB 0.18 UACC812 Lu 0.59 HCC-1143 BaA
0.6 HCC-1569 BaA 0.96 MDA-MB-157 BaB 1.3 HS578T BaB 1.5 BT-20 BaA
1.5 HCC-202 Lu/HER+ 5.2 HCC-1428 Lu 10.4 ZR7530 Lu/HER+ 19
Compound I-3 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Long-Term BC Growth
The ability of Compound I-3 to induce apoptosis and to inhibit the
long-term growth of selected BC cell lines was assessed.
MDA-MB-468 TNBC, DU4475 and HS578T TNBC cells were exposed to
concentrations of Compound I-3 ranging from 0 to 10 .mu.M for 24
hours. After 24 hours, whole protein cell extracts were run on
immunoblots and were exposed to antibodies against the proteins
indicated in FIGS. 2A-2C.
FIGS. 2A-2C are images of immunoblots obtained from a few of the
most resistant and most sensitive breast cancer cell lines
described above, including MDA-MB-468 TNBC, DU4475 and HS578T TNBC.
The study shows that Compound I-3 induces apoptosis in the
sensitive TNBC and luminal BC cell lines (MDA-MB-468 and DU4475,
respectively) after 24 hours, as indicated by the decrease in PARP
and caspase 3, two apoptosis markers, and the increase in cleaved
PARP and cleaved caspase 3. In contrast, only a negligible increase
in cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 was observed when a resistant
cell line, HS578T, was treated with Compound I-3.
Long-term growth assays were also conducted, in which MDA-MB-468,
MDA-MB-231 and HS578T cells were treated with 1 .mu.M Compound I-3
and incubated for 7 (HS578T) or 10 (MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231)
days. At the end of the assay, media was removed from the cells and
the remaining cells were stained with crystal violet. The study
showed that Compound I-3 inhibited the long-term growth of all
three cell lines, including both sensitive (MDA-MB-468 and
MDA-MB-231) and resistant (HS578T) BC cell lines.
Compound I-3 Increases Nuclear FOXO3a and I.kappa.B in TNBC Cell
Lines
MDA-MB-468 TNBC Basal A and BT-20 TNBC Basal B cells were exposed
to DMSO or 1 .mu.M Compound I-3 for 24 hours and then stained for
FOXO3a or I.kappa.B with or without DAPI nuclear stain. The stained
cells were examined for nuclear localization. Following treatment
with Compound I-3, both FOXO3a and I.kappa.B were localized in the
cell nucleus, while in DMSO-treated cells, both FOXO3a and
I.kappa.B were localized in the cytoplasm.
Effect of Compound I-3 on Anti-Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Proteins in
Two TNBC Lines
The effect of increasing concentrations of Compound I-3 on
MDA-MB-468 and HS578T cells was examined. MDA-MB-468 and HS578T
cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of Compound I-3 for
24 hours and total cellular protein levels of various proteins was
probed with antibodies against the proteins indicated in FIG.
3.
FIG. 3 shows that, despite the approximately 100-fold difference in
the IC.sub.50 of Compound I-3 in the two cell lines after 72 hours
(10 nM versus 1.5 .mu.M), a reduction in MCL-1 is observed in both
cell lines in response to increasing concentrations of Compound
I-3.
The experiments described in Example 32 indicate that inhibition of
CRM1-mediated nuclear export by the compounds of the invention,
including Compound I-3, induces nuclear localization and activation
of tumor suppressor gene proteins, resulting in selective
apoptosis, cancer cell cytotoxicity and tumor growth
inhibition.
EXAMPLE 33
Monoclonal-Antibody Induced Arthritis (CAIA)
BalbC mice were randomly assigned to cages on arrival Day (-1) and
each group (n=8) was assigned to the treatment groups shown below
with the following regimen:
Vehicle: PO Day 4, 6, 8, 10
Dexamethasone: 1 mg/kg IP Days 4, 6, 8, 10
Compound I-4: 4 mg/kg PO, Day 4, 6, 8, 10
Compound I-4: 7.5 mg/kg PO, Day 4, 6, 8, 10
Compound I-4: 15 mg/kg PO, Day 4, 6, 8, 10
The health status of the animals was examined on arrival. Only
animals in good health were acclimatized to laboratory conditions
and were used in the study. Animals were provided ad libitum a
commercial rodent diet and free access to drinking water, supplied
to each cage via polyethylene bottles with stainless steel sipper
tubes. Automatically controlled environmental conditions were set
to maintain temperature at 20-24.degree. C. with relative humidity
(RH) of 30-70%, a 12:12 hour light:dark cycle and 10-30 air
changes/hr in the study room Temperature, RH and light cycle were
monitored daily by the control computer. Animals were given a
unique animal identification number and on Day 0 of the study each
animal received a tail vein injection of antibody cocktail (200 uL
of 10 mg/mL). The antibody cocktail was supplied by MD Biosciences
(Catalog #: CIA-MAB-50). On day 3, post the single mAb
administration, all animals were subjected to LPS (200 uL of 0.5
mg/mL) administration by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection.
LPS was supplied by MD Biosciences (Catalog #: MDLPS.5). Mice were
examined for signs of arthritogenic responses in peripheral joints
on day 0. From disease onset, arthritogenic response will be
examined on study days 3-8, 10, and 12. Arthritis reactions are
reported for each paw according to a 0-4 scale in ascending order
of severity.
TABLE-US-00004 Arthritis Score Grade No reaction, normal 0 Mild,
but definite redness and swelling of the 1 ankle/wrist or apparent
redness and swelling limited to individual digits, regardless of
the number of affected digit Moderate to severe redness and
swelling of the ankle/wrist 2 Redness and swelling of the entire
paw including digits 3 Maximally inflamed limb with involvement of
multiple joints 4
Animals found in a moribund condition, animals with broken skin on
an arthritic paw, or with a greater than a 20% decrease in body
weight and animals showing severe pain and enduring signs of severe
distress were humanely euthanized. Severe pain or distress was
assessed on a case by case basis by experienced animal technicians.
Briefly however, assessments looked for abnormal vocalizations,
isolation from other animals, unwillingness to use limbs, abnormal
response to handling, tremors and posture. Animals were euthanized
by CO.sub.2 inhalation followed by cervical dislocation. Evaluation
is primarily based on the mean values for arthritis scoring and paw
thickness measurements. Statistical analysis was also be carried
out on body weight. Where appropriate, analysis of the data by
ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis was applied to determine
significance of treatment effects.
As part of this model, animals lose weight quickly for the first
5-8 days and slowly start gaining/losing weight depending on the
disease progression. I-4 increased the rate of weight gain compared
to vehicle or dexamethasone treatment groups. FIG. 4 is a graph of
mean body weight versus time for days 0 to 12 in the
antibody-induced male BALB/c arthritic mice subjected to the
model.
In addition, animals subjected to the CAIA model typically begin to
display signs of arthritis around Day 4 and as the disease
progresses total arthritis scores increase as a function of time.
Treatment with Compound I-4 significantly decreased the total score
when compared with vehicle and displayed a dose dependent effect.
FIG. 5 is a graph of mean total paw clinical arthritic scores
versus time for days 0-12 in antibody-induced male BALB/c arthritic
mice subjected to the indicated treatment.
EXAMPLE 34
PMA Induced Psoriasis Model
BALB/c mice were housed in individually ventilated cages in a
controlled environment (temperature 22.+-.1.degree. C., humidity
70.+-.5%, and 12 h light/12 h dark cycle) in the animal facility.
The mice had access to commercially available feed pellets and
UV-treated potable water ad libitum. 4 mice were housed per
individually ventilated cage. Each animal in the cage was
identified by a tail. 8 mice per group mice were randomized into
different treatment groups according to body weight. Following
randomization the mean body weight for all groups was equivalent.
Study design was Group 1: Naive, 1% DMSO vehicle (10-30 ul, topical
once daily), Group 2: PMA, 1% DMSO vehicle (10-30 ul, topical once
daily), Group 3: PMA, I-4 10 mg/kg in PVP/Pluronics (oral, M-W-F;
Day 1-Day 3-Day 5-Day 7), Group 4: PMA, 0.1% betamethasone--25 mg
(reference standard) (topical once daily)
4 ug Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in 20 uL of acetone was
applied every day to mouse ears. Starting from Day 2, PMA-induction
of dermal inflammation/psoriasis manifested with increases in
clinical disease activity index associated with increased thickness
of ear, scaling of ear-skin, and folding of ear-skin. The following
parameters were evaluated: (i) the thickness of the ear, (ii)
scaling on the skin of ear. This will be based on a scoring
index--0, no scaling; 1, mild scaling; 2, moderate scaling; 3,
severe scaling. (iii) folding on the skin of the ear. This will be
based on a scoring index--0, no folding; 1, mild folding; 2,
moderate folding; 3, severe folding, (iv) the weight of the ear (on
sacrifice day).
FIG. 6 is a bar graph providing scoring for thickness of the ear,
scaling of the skin on the ear and folding of the skin of the ear.
The results show that oral administration of Compound I-4 at 10
mg/kg reduced mean ear thickness in a statistically significant
manner compared to vehicle. Efficacy obtained with I-4 was
comparable to positive control betamethasone. In addition, Compound
I-4 was well tolerated.
EXAMPLE 35
Novel Object Recognition
For novel object recognition test, Zucker rats were placed into a
test chamber (dimension 26''.times.18''.times.18'';
L.times.W.times.H). Food and water was not be permitted during the
test. The test had 3 phases: a) Familiarisation phase: Rats were
singly placed in test chamber and allowed to freely explore for 60
min. The distance traveled by the animal during this phase was
recorded using tracking software (AnyMaze system). The purpose of
this phase was to familiarise the animals to the test apparatus.
This test phase was conducted on day 1. b) Sample phase: On day 2,
the rats were singly placed in the test chamber for 3 min and
allowed to freely explore the test arena which contained 2
identical novel objects (e.g metal cube, plastic cylinder)
positioned at 2 corners of the test chamber. The distance traveled
by the animal during this sample phase was automatically recorded,
as well as the time spent by the animal interacting with the novel
objects, using a tracking software system and visual observation.
Interaction with the object was defined as active interaction with
the animals snout in contact or immediate proximity to the object.
c) Test phase: 1 h after the sample phase, the rats were singly
returned to the test chamber for 3 min and allowed to freely
explore the test arena which contained 2 objects, one of which was
the object presented during the sample phase, and the second a
novel object which was unique to the test phase. The 2 objects were
positioned at the same 2 corners of the test chamber as used for
the sample phase. The distance traveled by the animal during the
test phase was automatically recorded, as well as the time spent by
the animal interacting with the novel and familiar objects, using a
tracking software system and visual observation. Object interaction
scores during both the sample and test phase were independently
recorded by 2 observers. The final score represents the difference
score between each reading. Object preference scores presented as
D1 (i.e time spent exploring novel object-time spent exploring
familiar object; therefore positive score represents novel object
preference), and D2 (i.e D1/a+b; D1 score divided by overall object
exploration time).
FIG. 7 provides a set of graphs showing object preference of
untreated and I-4 treated Zucker rats. From FIG. 7 it can be seen
that Compound I-4 orally administered at 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg
doses induced trends of improved novel object recognition in Zucker
rats and I-4 was well tolerated.
EXAMPLE 36
Obese Zucker Rats Feeding Study
Male Zucker (fa/fa) rats and male Zucker lean rats (both from
Charles River) at 10 weeks of age--a timepoint at which the Zucker
fa/fa rats should show elevated food intake, body mass and elevated
plasma lipid profile relative to their "lean" counterparts were
singly housed in plastic bottomed cages and were given 14 days of
habituation. During this period, animal body weight, food and water
intakes were recorded daily. All animals were given ad-lib access
to standard lab chow and water throughout the study. Once the 14
day baseline intake data were collected, the Zucker obese rats were
assigned into treatment groups based on equivalent baseline data,
i.e. all Zucker obese rats had equivalent daily food/water intakes
and body weights. During this phase the rats also received two
vehicle administrations as familiarisation to the dosing procedure.
Immediately after the baseline phase, the treatment phase
commenced. Test article and vehicle were administered at
approximately 1 h prior to onset of the dark cycle. Dose scheduling
varied according to group: 5.times. weekly dosing was Monday-Friday
The study design was the following: Group A=Zucker lean male rats,
vehicle treatment 5.times. week, oral, n=6, Group B=Zucker obese
male rats, vehicle treatment 5.times. week, oral, n=6, Group
C=Zucker obese male rats, I-4 2.5 mg/kg 5.times. week, oral,
n=6.
Daily body weight, food and water intake were measured at
approximately the same time of the day. At day -1 and day 7 of
treatment phase.
FIG. 8A provides cumulative and average food intake in obese and
lean Zucker rats (W/O indicates washout period). Oral
administration of Compound I-4 at 2.5 mg/kg 5.times. weekly reduced
mean and cumulative food intake in obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats.
Compound I-4 was well tolerated.
FIG. 8B provides average and percent body weight in obese and lean
Zucker rats (W/O indicates washout period). Oral administration of
I-4 at 2.5 mg/kg 5.times. weekly significantly reduced weight gain
compared to Zucker fa/fa controls. 2 day washout phase, body weight
gain still reduced compared to Zucker fa/fa controls. I-4 was well
tolerated.
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The relevant teachings of all patents, published applications and
references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their
entirety.
While this invention has been particularly shown and described with
references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by
those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details
may be made therein without departing from the scope of the
invention encompassed by the appended claims.
* * * * *