U.S. patent number 9,072,636 [Application Number 13/621,315] was granted by the patent office on 2015-07-07 for dynamic fitting body adhering absorbent article.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.. The grantee listed for this patent is Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.. Invention is credited to Melissa Jean Dennis, Gerhard Andrew Foelsche, Luke Hagan, Thomas Andrew Lutzow, Aidan J Petrie, Russell Frederick Ross, Alan Schinazi.
United States Patent |
9,072,636 |
Dennis , et al. |
July 7, 2015 |
Dynamic fitting body adhering absorbent article
Abstract
A disposable personal care article includes a shell having a
unitary structure for disposition adjacent a wearer's vulva region;
wherein the shell has a first side and a second side, the first
side having a first area and a second area, the first area
including body adhesive properties; wherein at least a portion of
the first area comprises a body attachment means for adhering the
shell directly to the skin and/or hair of the wearer; and wherein
the shell has an anterior portion and a posterior portion where the
posterior portion exhibits a higher % Extension relative to the
anterior portion when a stretching force of 454 grams is applied,
as measured by the % Strain Differential Test; and an absorbent
structure present in the second area of the shell, wherein the
first area is longitudinally separated from the second area.
Inventors: |
Dennis; Melissa Jean (Appleton,
WI), Ross; Russell Frederick (Atlanta, GA), Hagan;
Luke (Providence, RI), Lutzow; Thomas Andrew
(Providence, RI), Foelsche; Gerhard Andrew (Rehoboth,
MA), Petrie; Aidan J (Jamestown, RI), Schinazi; Alan
(Providence, RI) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. |
Neenah |
WI |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
(Neenah, WI)
|
Family
ID: |
42396119 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/621,315 |
Filed: |
September 17, 2012 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20130018344 A1 |
Jan 17, 2013 |
|
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
12507703 |
Jul 22, 2009 |
8292862 |
|
|
|
12364486 |
Feb 2, 2009 |
|
|
|
|
11890093 |
Aug 3, 2007 |
8251969 |
|
|
|
12005793 |
Dec 28, 2007 |
7947027 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61F
13/82 (20130101); A61F 13/47209 (20130101); A61F
13/15203 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61F
13/15 (20060101); A61F 13/472 (20060101); A61F
13/82 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;604/378,385.03,385.17,385.22,387 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0353972 |
|
Feb 1990 |
|
EP |
|
0 638 303 |
|
Nov 1997 |
|
EP |
|
0 850 628 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
EP |
|
0 909 662 |
|
Apr 1999 |
|
EP |
|
0 609 236 |
|
May 2002 |
|
EP |
|
1 407 743 |
|
Apr 2004 |
|
EP |
|
1407737 |
|
Apr 2004 |
|
EP |
|
1426025 |
|
Jun 2004 |
|
EP |
|
1 468 661 |
|
Oct 2004 |
|
EP |
|
2 284 767 |
|
Jun 1995 |
|
GB |
|
2 430 686 |
|
Apr 2007 |
|
GB |
|
04-279159 |
|
Oct 1992 |
|
JP |
|
09-117473 |
|
May 1997 |
|
JP |
|
2004-129923 |
|
Apr 2004 |
|
JP |
|
10-2001-0022000 |
|
Mar 2001 |
|
KR |
|
10-0563880 |
|
Mar 2006 |
|
KR |
|
2 277 891 |
|
Jun 2006 |
|
RU |
|
WO 93/07841 |
|
Apr 1993 |
|
WO |
|
WO 95/16424 |
|
Jun 1995 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/23305 |
|
Jun 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/27910 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/27912 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/27913 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/27915 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/27916 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/27917 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/27918 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/28015 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/28017 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/28019 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/28022 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/28023 |
|
Jul 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/47454 |
|
Oct 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/55065 |
|
Dec 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 98/57609 |
|
Dec 1998 |
|
WO |
|
WO 99/01094 |
|
Jan 1999 |
|
WO |
|
WO 99/01095 |
|
Jan 1999 |
|
WO |
|
WO 99/30659 |
|
Jun 1999 |
|
WO |
|
WO 00/00235 |
|
Jan 2000 |
|
WO |
|
WO 00/68542 |
|
Nov 2000 |
|
WO |
|
WO 01/60300 |
|
Aug 2001 |
|
WO |
|
WO 02/087642 |
|
Nov 2002 |
|
WO |
|
WO 02/094160 |
|
Nov 2002 |
|
WO |
|
WO 03/062343 |
|
Jul 2003 |
|
WO |
|
WO 2006/028612 |
|
Mar 2006 |
|
WO |
|
WO 2010/077306 |
|
Jul 2010 |
|
WO |
|
Other References
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) Designation: D1300-53
T, "Tentative Specifications and Methods of Test for Laminated
Thermosetting Decorative Sheets," pp. 148-166, issued 1953. cited
by applicant .
"Antiperspirant Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use: Final
Monograph," Final Rule, Federal Register--Rules and Regulations,
vol. 68, No. 110, Jun. 9, 2003, pp. 34273-34293. cited by applicant
.
Berner, G. et al. "Photoinitiators-An Overview", Journal of
Radiation Curing, vol. 6, No. 2, Apr. 1979, pp. 2-9. cited by
applicant .
Lloyd, J. et al., "Female genital appearance: `normality` unfolds,"
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol.
112, May 2005, pp. 643-646. cited by applicant .
Mandavi, Alborz et al., "A Biodegradable and Biocompatible
Gecko-Inspired Tissue Adhesive," PNAS, vol. 105, No. 7, Feb. 19,
2008, pp. 2307-2312. cited by applicant .
Patent Cooperation Treaty Search Report from the International
Search Authority, International Application No. PCT/IB2009/055744
dated Sep. 14, 2010. cited by applicant .
Patent Cooperation Treaty Search Report from the International
Search Authority, International Application No. PCT/IB2010/050335
dated Oct. 18, 2010. cited by applicant .
Patent Cooperation Treaty Search Report from the International
Search Authority, International Application No. PCT/IB2010/050338
dated Oct. 18, 2010. cited by applicant .
Patent Cooperation Treaty Search Report from the International
Search Authority, International Application No. PCT/IB2010/050407
dated Oct. 21, 2010. cited by applicant .
Patent Cooperation Treaty Search Report from the International
Search Authority, International Application No. PCT/IB2010/050408
dated Nov. 1, 2010. cited by applicant .
Patent Cooperation Treaty Search Report from the International
Search Authority, International Application No. PCT/IB2010/050416
dated Nov. 1, 2010. cited by applicant .
Product specification of Reemay.RTM. Spunbonded Polyester
Nonwovens, Style# 2214, found at
"http://filters.kavonfilter.com/item/fiter-paper/reemay-spunbonded-polyes-
ter-nonwovens/item-1117?", 1 page. cited by applicant .
Spindler, Ralph et al., "Poly-Pore, A Microparticle Delivery
System," Happi--Household and Personal Products Industry, vol. 39,
No. 5, May 1, 2002, pp. 138-141. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Hand; Melanie
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 12/507,703 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/364,486 filed Feb. 2, 2009, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/890,093
filed Aug. 3, 2007 and granted as U.S. Pat. No. 8,251,969 and of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/005,793 filed Dec. 28, 2007 and
granted as U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,027. Each of these applications is
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A disposable personal care article comprising: a shell having a
unitary structure for disposition adjacent a wearer's vulva region;
wherein the shell has a first side and a second side, the first
side having a first area and a second area, the first area
including body adhesive properties; wherein the first area of the
shell contacts to the wearer's skin and/or hair surrounding the
vulva region; wherein at least a portion of the first area
comprises a body attachment means for adhering the shell directly
to the skin and/or hair of the wearer; and wherein the shell has an
anterior portion and a posterior portion where the posterior
portion exhibits a higher % Extension relative to the anterior
portion when a stretching force of 454 grams is applied, as
measured by the % Strain Differential Test; and an absorbent
structure present in the second area of the shell, wherein the
first area is longitudinally separated from the second area.
2. The disposable personal care article of claim 1, wherein the
shell comprises a woven web, nonwoven web, a gel, a film, a sheet
of a polymeric material, a foam, or a laminate.
3. The disposable personal care article of claim 1, wherein the
shell comprises a silicone material.
4. The disposable personal care article of claim 1, wherein the
first area of the shell has an anterior portion and a posterior
portion, wherein at least a portion of the anterior portion of the
shell and at least a portion of the posterior portion of the shell
each comprise body adhesive properties, wherein the body adhesive
properties provide a means to attach the personal care article
directly to the wearer's body.
5. The disposable personal care article according to claim 1,
wherein the shell has an anterior portion and a posterior portion,
wherein at least a portion of the posterior portion is adapted to
attach to the body of a wearer between the vulva region and the
coccyx of the body of the wearer and at least a portion of the
anterior portion is adapted to attach to the pubic area above the
vulva region of the wearer.
6. The disposable personal care article of claim 1, wherein the
shell is breathable.
7. The disposable personal care article of claim 1, wherein the
shell comprises material that is selected from extensible or
elastically extensible materials, or combinations thereof.
8. The disposable personal care article according to claim 1,
wherein at least a portion of the first area of the shell further
comprises at least one of a release sheet, a carrier sheet, or an
adhesive transfer layer.
9. The disposable personal care article according to claim 1,
wherein the body attachment means and shell form a body attachment
means/shell composite having a higher stiffness and/or a lower
stretch than the remainder of the shell.
10. The disposable personal care article of claim 1, wherein the
anterior absorbent structure attachment is a permanent attachment
means, and the posterior absorbent structure attachment is a
refastenable attachment means.
11. The disposable personal care article of claim 1, wherein the
body attachment means is an adhesive.
12. The disposable personal care article of claim 1, the absorbent
structure configured for disposition adjacent a wearer's vulva
region; wherein the absorbent structure has an anterior portion and
a posterior portion; wherein the absorbent structure is attached to
the shell via an absorbent structure attachment means in the
anterior portion and in the posterior portion of the absorbent
structure; and wherein the absorbent structure attachment means is
selected from an anterior point bond, a posterior point bond or a
U-shaped attachment, or combinations thereof.
13. A disposable personal care article comprising: a shell having a
unitary structure for disposition adjacent a wearer's vulva region,
wherein the shell has a first side and a second side, the first
side having a first area and a second area, wherein the first area
of the shell contacts to the wearer's skin and/or hair surrounding
the vulva region, wherein at least a portion of the first area
comprises a body attachment means for adhering the shell directly
to the skin and/or hair of the wearer, and wherein the shell has an
anterior portion and a posterior portion where the posterior
portion exhibits a higher % Extension relative to the anterior
portion when a stretching force of 454 grams is applied, as
measured by the % Strain Differential Test; an absorbent structure
configured for disposition adjacent a wearer's vulva region,
wherein the absorbent structure has an anterior portion and a
posterior portion, wherein the absorbent structure is present in
the second area of the shell, wherein the absorbent structure is
attached to the shell via an absorbent structure attachment means
in the anterior portion and in the posterior portion of the
absorbent structure, and wherein the absorbent structure attachment
means is selected from an anterior point bond, a posterior point
bond or a U-shaped attachment, or combinations thereof; and an
anterior point bond and a posterior point bond, wherein the
anterior point bond has a coverage area of about 5 mm.sup.2-about
200 mm.sup.2 and the posterior point bond has a coverage area of
about 5 mm.sup.2-about 200 mm.sup.2, wherein the bonds are
longitudinally aligned along the longitudinal centerline of the
personal care article and wherein the anterior point bond and the
posterior point bond are separated by a distance of at least about
5 mm.
14. The disposable personal care article of claim 12, wherein the
absorbent structure is at least partially free-floating.
15. The disposable personal care article according to claim 12,
wherein the absorbent structure further comprises at least one of a
topsheet, a backsheet, a surge layer or a transfer layer.
16. The disposable personal care article according to claim 12,
further comprising at least one of an absorbent structure
positioning aid, an article positioning aid, or an article removal
aid.
17. The disposable personal care article according to claim 12,
wherein the shell further comprises an absorbent material.
18. The disposable personal care article according to claim 12,
wherein the absorbent structure attachment means is present as an
anterior absorbent structure attachment means and a posterior
absorbent structure attachment means, wherein the anterior
absorbent structure attachment means is a permanent attachment and
the posterior absorbent structure attachment means is a
refastenable attachment.
19. The disposable personal care article of claim 1, wherein the
shell has a lower coefficient of friction than the adjacent surface
of a garment with which the shell comes in contact with.
20. The disposable personal care article according to claim 1,
wherein the personal care article is selected from a pantiliner, a
sanitary napkin, a maxi-pad or an incontinence article.
Description
BACKGROUND
Personal care articles are well known in the art. Such articles can
desirably be disposable. Such articles can also be absorbent and
can absorb discharged bodily fluids from a user. Such absorbent
articles generally comprise a fibrous mass or other absorbent
structure which can absorb and hold body fluids. Similarly, it is
well known that feminine care articles have been employed to absorb
and hold liquids, such as urine and/or menses and/or other complex
fluids. A typical structure of an absorbent article includes a
fluid impermeable backsheet, a fluid permeable topsheet and an
absorbent core positioned between the backsheet and the topsheet.
Prior absorbent articles have also included various other features
to improve fluid handling, such as intake layers, distribution
layers, retention layers and the like. In these absorbent personal
care articles, the topsheet is the body-facing side of the
absorbent article and the backsheet is the garment-facing side of
the absorbent article.
Generally, such absorbent articles are held in place during use by
using the wearer's waist and elastic materials in the waist portion
of the articles, in the case of pant-like garments, such as diapers
and training pants, or by attaching the absorbent article to the
underwear or undergarment of a wearer, in the case of pads or
liners. Current methods of attaching the absorbent article to the
underwear or undergarment of a wearer include placing an adhesive
on the garment-facing side of the backsheet, having optional flaps
(also called wings or side panels) that extend from the
longitudinal sides of the absorbent article which wrap around the
crotch portion of the underwear or undergarment of the wearer, and
a combination of the adhesive and the flaps.
It has also been suggested to use an adhesive to adhere the
absorbent article to the skin of the wearer. However, the design of
these absorbent articles was essentially the same as the absorbent
articles which were attached to the underwear or undergarment of
the wearer. That is, the adhesive is applied to the body-facing
surface of the topsheet of the absorbent structure. Alternatively,
in another design, a portion of the backsheet of the absorbent
structure was wrapped around and over the topsheet. This portion of
the backsheet which is wrapped around and over the topsheet of the
absorbent structure then becomes a body-facing surface. An adhesive
is applied to the portion of the backsheet which is wrapped over
the topsheet. While these designs were effective for adhering the
absorbent article to the skin of a wearer, these absorbent articles
were not comfortable for wearers to wear, since the shape and size
of such absorbent articles were the same as those absorbent
articles which were attached to the undergarment or underwear of
the wearer. Furthermore, if the adhering portion came into contact
with any hair in the region, such as pubic hair, removal of the
garment could be excruciatingly painful to the user.
Similarly, absorbent articles that are attached to the underwear or
undergarment of a wearer can also be uncomfortable for the wearer.
This is because during normal movement of the body, portions of the
body place opposed forces on the undergarment, which may cause the
undergarment to be bunched or twisted. When this occurs, any
absorbent article attached to the underwear or undergarment may
also become bunched or twisted, causing discomfort to the wearer of
the absorbent article. For example, the presence and absence of
pressure from the absorbent article on the inner thighs as the
wearer moves, which is often described by wearers as feeling "like
a diaper", is one source which compromises comfort and confidence
for wearers of conventional absorbent articles, including liners,
ultra-thin absorbent pads and maxi pads, for example. In addition,
the movement of the wearer or deformation of the underwear while
being worn may also cause the absorbent article to have a poor fit
against the body of the wearer, which could result in leaks from
the absorbent article.
Another disadvantage of conventional absorbent articles is that the
silhouette or outline of the absorbent article may be visible to
others through the clothing of the wearer. Even currently available
ultra-thin absorbent articles may be visible through tight fitting
outer clothing of a wearer. Therefore, conventional absorbent
personal care articles do not always provide discretion for
wearers.
There is a need in the art to provide wearers of absorbent articles
with a discrete article which can function as an undergarment if
desired, is as easy to use as a conventional pad and is comfortable
to wear, and will effectively prevent or reduce premature leakage
during use. A suitable body adhering absorbent article in the form
of a feminine pad having an absorbent structure adhered to an
extensible body adhering shell is described in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/890,093 filed Aug. 3, 2007, and U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/364,486 filed Feb. 2, 2009, each of which
is incorporated by reference in manner that is consistent herewith.
However, it has been discovered that a disadvantage of such pad is
that it may not always provide a desirably snug fit with minimal
gaps for a wide range of consumers over the entire range of
movement. This is particularly apparent when the absorbent
structure is adhered to the shell primarily throughout its entire
length, which consequently limits extension in the posterior half
of the shell. Another disadvantage is that the attachment adhesive
located on the absorbent structure utilized for attaching the
absorbent structure to the shell extends past the peripheral edge
of the shell. Such an arrangement results in exposed adhesive which
can cause discomfort for the wearer of the article. Thus, there is
a further need for a body adhering absorbent article that provides
a snug fit with minimal gaps for a wide range of consumers over the
entire range of movement.
SUMMARY
In response to the needs discussed above, a disposable article of
the present invention provides a body-adhering absorbent article
having a shell composition, absorbent structure composition, shell
shape and properties, shell application, body attachment means,
stretch properties, and absorbent structure attachment to the shell
which provides a comfortable, discreet and snug fit with minimal
gaps for a wide range of consumers over the entire range of
movement.
In some aspects, a disposable personal care article comprises a
shell having a unitary structure for disposition adjacent a
wearer's vulva region, where the shell has a first side and a
second side, the first side having a first area and a second area.
The the first area of the shell contacts to the wearer's skin
and/or hair surrounding the vulva region. At least a portion of the
first area comprises a body attachment means for adhering the shell
directly to the skin and/or hair of the wearer. In addition, the
shell has an anterior portion and a posterior portion where the
posterior portion exhibits a higher extension relative to the
anterior portion when a stretching force of 454 grams is applied,
as measured by the Strain Differential Test. In further aspects,
the shell comprises a woven web, nonwoven web, a gel, a film, a
sheet of a polymeric material, a foam, or a laminate. In other
aspects, the shell comprises a silicone material. In yet other
aspects, the first area of the shell has an anterior portion and a
posterior portion, wherein at least a portion of the anterior
portion of the shell and at least a portion of the posterior
portion of the shell each comprise body adhesive properties,
wherein the body adhesive properties provide a means to attach the
personal care article directly to the wearer's body. In still other
aspects, the shell has an anterior portion and a posterior portion,
wherein at least a portion of the posterior portion is adapted to
attach to the body of a wearer between the vulva region and the
coccyx of the body of the wearer and at least a portion of the
anterior portion is adapted to attach to the pubic area above the
vulva region of the wearer. In yet other aspects, the shell is
breathable. In still other aspects, the shell comprises material
that is selected from extensible or elastically extensible
materials, or combinations thereof. In yet other aspects, at least
a portion of the first area of the shell further comprises at least
one of a release sheet, a carrier sheet, or an ATL. In still other
aspects, the body attachment means and shell form a body attachment
means/shell composite having a higher stiffness and/or a lower
stretch than the remainder of the shell. In further aspects, the
anterior absorbent structure attachment is a permanent attachment
means, and the posterior absorbent structure attachment is a
refastenable attachment means. In yet other aspects, the body
attachment means is an adhesive.
In some aspects, the disposable personal care article further
comprises an absorbent structure configured for disposition
adjacent a wearer's vulva region. The absorbent structure has an
anterior portion and a posterior portion. The absorbent structure
is present in the second area of the shell. The absorbent structure
is attached to the shell via an absorbent structure attachment
means in the anterior portion and in the posterior portion of the
absorbent structure. In addition, the absorbent structure
attachment means is selected from an anterior point bond, a
posterior point bond or a U-shaped attachment, or combinations
thereof. In other aspects, the disposable personal care article has
an anterior point bond and a posterior point bond, wherein the
anterior point bond has a coverage area of of about 5
mm.sup.2-about 200 mm.sup.2 and the posterior point bond has a
coverage area of about 5 mm.sup.2-about 200 mm.sup.2, where the
bonds are longitudinally aligned along the longitudinal centerline
of the personal care article and where the anterior point bond and
the posterior point bond are separated by a distance of at least
about 5 mm. In yet other aspects, the absorbent structure is at
least partially free-floating. In still other aspects, the
absorbent structure further comprises at least one of a topsheet, a
backsheet, a surge layer or a transfer layer. In yet other aspects,
the disposable personal care article further comprises at least one
of an absorbent structure positioning aid, an article positioning
aid, or an article removal aid. In still other aspects, the shell
further comprises an absorbent material. In yet other aspects, the
absorbent structure attachment means is present as an anterior
absorbent structure attachment means and a posterior absorbent
structure attachment means, where the anterior absorbent structure
attachment means is a permanent attachment and the posterior
absorbent structure attachment means is a refastenable attachment,
and where the force required to sever the refastenable attachment
is less than the knee point of shell. In still other aspects, the
shell has a lower coefficient of friction than the adjacent surface
of a garment with which the shell comes in contact with.
In some aspects, the personal care article is selected from a
pantiliner, a sanitary napkin, a maxi-pad or an incontinence
article.
Numerous other features and advantages of the present invention
will appear from the following description. In the description,
reference is made to exemplary aspects of the invention. Such
aspects do not represent the full scope of the invention. Reference
should therefore be made to the claims herein for interpreting the
full scope of the invention. In the interest of brevity and
conciseness, any ranges of values set forth in this specification
contemplate all values within the range and are to be construed as
support for claims reciting any sub-ranges having endpoints which
are real number values within the specified range in question. By
way of a hypothetical illustrative example, a disclosure in this
specification of a range of from 1 to 5 shall be considered to
support claims to any of the following ranges: 1-5; 1-4; 1-3; 1-2;
2-5; 2-4; 2-3; 3-5; 3-4; and 4-5.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other features, aspects and advantages of the
present invention will become better understood with regard to the
following descriptions, appended claims and accompanying drawings
where:
FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of one aspect of the article having
a shell and an absorbent structure;
FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of one aspect of the article having
a shell and an absorbent structure with portions;
FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of one aspect of the article having
regions;
FIG. 4 is a longitudinal cross section view of one aspect of an
absorbent article taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a longitudinal cross section view of one aspect of an
absorbent article taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 6 is a longitudinal cross section view of one aspect of an
absorbent article taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 7 is a longitudinal cross section view of one aspect of an
absorbent article taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;
FIG. 8 is a top view of a comparative absorbent article;
FIG. 9 is a top view of one aspect of an absorbent article of the
present invention;
FIG. 10 is a top view of one aspect of an absorbent structure of
the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a top view of one aspect of an absorbent article of the
present invention illustrating a body attachment means;
FIG. 12 is a top view of one aspect of an absorbent article of the
present invention illustrating a body attachment means;
FIG. 13 is a top view of one aspect of an absorbent article of the
present invention illustrating a body attachment means;
FIG. 14 is a top view of one aspect of an absorbent article of the
present invention illustrating a body attachment means;
FIG. 15 is a top view of one aspect of an absorbent article of the
present invention;
FIG. 16 is a top view of one aspect of a shell of the present
invention;
FIG. 17 is a graphical representation of a stress/strain curve and
showing a knee point;
FIG. 18 is a longitudinal cross section view of one aspect of an
absorbent article taken along line A-A of FIG. 1 and having a
protrusion;
FIG. 19 is a longitudinal cross section view of one aspect of an
absorbent article taken along line A-A of FIG. 1 and having a
positioning aid;
FIG. 20 is a top view of one aspect of an absorbent article of the
present invention having spot bonds;
FIG. 21 is a top view of one aspect of an absorbent article of the
present invention having an alternate absorbent structure
attachment means; and
FIG. 22 is a device for measuring % Strain Differential.
Repeated use of reference characters in the present specification
and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous
features or elements of the present invention. The drawings are
representational and are not necessarily drawn to scale. Certain
proportions thereof may be exaggerated, while others may be
minimized.
TEST METHODS
% Strain Differential Test
This test determines the % strain differential of anterior and
posterior halves (503 and 505, respectively) of the disposable
personal care article of the present invention at a specified load.
Reference is made to FIG. 22.
The following materials are required: Two 7.6-cm Bulldog clips 671A
and 671B that are approximately 44 grams each; A 452 gram weight
with hook 672; A 30.5 cm.times.61.0 cm plexiglass hanging board
673; A securement screw 674; A stop watch that can measure in
seconds (not shown); and A 61.0 cm ruler that can measure in
millimeters (not shown).
Equipment Assembly of the Apparatus 670:
Secure one of the bulldog clips 671A to the board 673 with the
securement screw 674. Then position the hanging board 673 so that
it is in the vertical position, as shown in FIG. 22.
Test Procedure:
Provide the test sample 10. Mark a lateral line at the longitudinal
center of the article 10 (denoted in the illustration as line C-C).
Measure 10 mm from the furthest extent of anterior longitudinal
edge 20A. This point is identified as point 675. On the test sample
10 mark a lateral line 676 intersecting point 675. Measure 10 mm
from the furthest extent of posterior edge 20B of the test sample.
This point is identified as point 677. On the test sample 10 make a
lateral line 678 intersecting point 677. Secure the body adhering
absorbent article 10 in the jaws of the bulldog clip 671A that is
secured to the hanging board 673 so that line 676 is adjacent to
the edges 681A of the bull dog clip 671A with the majority of the
product dangling below. Apply the second unsecured bulldog clip
671B so that line 678 is adjacent to the clamping edges 681B of the
bull dog clip 671B with the majority of the product 10 suspended
between the bulldog clips 671A,671B. Allow the unsecured bulldog
clip 671B to hang vertically without support applying initial
stress of approximately 44 grams to the body adhering article 10
for 60 seconds using the stopwatch. Measure the length of the
product between the bulldog clip edges (681A,681B) using the ruler.
This is dimension A-Int. Next, determine dimensions 503-Int and
505-Int by using the following equation: 503Int=505Int=(20
mm+(dimension A-Int))/2)
Apply the 452 gram weight 672 to the free hanging bulldog clip
671B. Wait for 60 seconds using the stopwatch. Then, measure the
length between the centerline (line C-C) and the unsecured bulldog
clip edge 681B using the ruler. This is the dimension 505Aft.
Determine dimension 505Fin using the following equation:
505Fin=(505Aft+10 mm)
Measure the length between the secured bulldog clip edge 681A and
centerline (line C-C) using the ruler. This is the dimension
503Aft. Determine dimension 503Fin by using the following equation:
503Fin=(503Aft+10 mm)
Determine the % Strain Differential between anterior half 503 and
the posterior half 505 of the body adhering absorbent article 10 by
using the following equation: % Strain
Differential=((505Fin-503Fin)/(503Fin)).times.100%
Determine the % Extension of posterior half 505 relative to the
anterior half 503 of the body adhering absorbent article 10 by
using the following equation:
Extension=[((505Fin-505Int)-(503Fin-503Int))/(503Fin-503Int)].t-
imes.100% Light Transmittance Test
Light transmittance (also referred to herein as light transmission)
is measured consistent with ASTM D-1300 utilizing a GARDNER HAZE
GUARD PLUS Model #4725 (available from BYK Gardner, having a place
of business located in Columbia, Md., U.S.A.). In particular, a
flat sample of the material to be tested is placed in the round
holder having approximately a 60 mm diameter. Measurements are then
taken by placing the flat sample in the measuring port. The haze
port is used for measuring light transmittance. A series of five
samples are measured and the average value of the five samples
provides the light transmittance. Haze and clarity may also be
measured using the GARDNER HAZE GUARD PLUS unit.
Coefficient of Friction Test (ASTM D-1894-78)
This test method covers determination of the coefficient of sliding
friction of the shell material when sliding over itself or other
substances at specified test conditions.
Generally, the apparatus used to carry out the test method includes
a sled made of a metal block 63.5 mm (2.5 inches) square by
approximately 6 mm (0.25 inch) thick with a suitable eye screw
fastened in one end. In addition, a polished plastic, wood, or
metal sheet, approximately 150 by 300 by 1 mm (6 by 12 by 0.040
inch) is used as a plane. A smooth, flat piece of glass may cover
the upper surface of the plane, thereby providing a smooth support
for the specimen. Other materials include scissors or a cutter
suitable for cutting specimens to the desired dimensions, adhesive
tape such as cellophane or pressure-sensitive tape, and
double-faced adhesive tape. Additional materials include a nylon
monofilament, having a 0.33.+-.0.05 mm (0.013.+-.10.002 inch)
diameter and capable of supporting a 3.6 kg (8 pound) load,
low-friction pulleys such as a phenolic type pulley mounted in
hardened steel cone bearings on a metal fork, or a ball-bearing
type pulley may be used, and a force-measuring device capable of
measuring the frictional force to .+-.5% of its value, for example
a spring gage, a universal testing machine or a strain gage may be
used. Other equipment includes a supporting base. A smooth wood or
metal base approximately 200 mm by 380 mm (8 by 15 inches) is
necessary to support the plane. The supporting base may be a simple
rectangular box. A driving or pulling device for the sled or plane
is also needed. The plane may be pulled by a driven pair of
rubber-coated rolls not less than 200 mm (8 inches) long, capable
of maintaining a uniform surface speed of 150.+-.30 mm/min
(0.5.+-.0.1 ft/min) by the crosshead of a universal testing
machine, or a worm drive driven with a synchronous motor. A
constant-speed chain drive system can also be used. A
power-operated source may be used for pulling the sled over the
horizontally-mounted specimen at a uniform speed of 150.+-.30
mm/min (0.5.+-.0.1 ft/min).
The test specimen that is to be attached to the plane should be cut
approximately 250 mm (10 inches) in the longitudinal direction and
130 mm (5 inches) in the transverse direction when such extrusion
directions exist and are identifiable.
The test method is carried out by taping the edge of the test
specimen to a plane with the longitudinal direction of the specimen
in the 250-mm direction. Smooth the specimen to eliminate wrinkles
if necessary, taking care not to alter the specimen surface through
finger oils, etc. For film specimens, tape the edges of the film
specimen to the back of the sled, using adhesive tape and pulling
the specimen tight to eliminate wrinkles without stretching it. For
sheet specimens, tape the sheet specimen to the sled face with
double-faced tape. Keep the longitudinal direction of the specimen
parallel to the length of the sled (where such direction exists and
is identifiable).
Next, attach the specimen-covered sled through its eye screw to the
nylon filament. If a universal testing machine is used, pass the
filament through the pulley(s) and upward to the bottom of the
load-sensing device and attach securely. If a spring gage is used,
securely attach the filament to it. The nylon filament shall be of
sufficient length to allow maximum sled or plane travel. With some
slack in the nylon filament, lightly place the sled in position on
the horizontal plane. The positioning of the sled shall be such
that the length of the sled, the adjacent length of nylon filament,
and the long dimension (longitudninal direction) of the
plane-mounted specimen are parallel.
Start the driving mechanism (which has been adjusted previously to
provide a speed of 150.+-.30 mm/min (0.5.+-.0.1 ft/min)). As a
result of the frictional force between the contacting surfaces, no
immediate relative motion may take place between the sled and the
moving plane until the pull on the sled is equal to, or exceeds the
static frictional force acting at the contact surfaces. Record the
visual average reading during a run of approximately 130 mm (5
inches) while the surfaces are sliding uniformly over one another.
This is equivalent to the kinetic force required to sustain motion
between the surfaces and normally is lower than the static force
required to initiate motion. After the sled has traveled over 130
mm (5 inches) stop the apparatus and return to the starting
position.
If a strain gage and load-displacement recorder are used, either
draw the best straight line midway between the maximum points and
minimum points shown on the chart while the sled was in motion, or
obtain the average load by integration of the recorder trace. The
mean load is the kinetic friction force required to sustain motion
on the sled.
Remove the test specimen from the sled and the horizontal plane.
The apparatus is now ready for the next set of specimens. A new set
of specimens shall be used for each run.
Calculate the coefficient of friction, .mu.k, as follows:
.mu..sub.k=A.sub.k/B
where:
A .sub.k=average scale reading obtained during uniform sliding of
the film surfaces, and
B=sled weight.
DEFINITIONS
It should be noted that, when employed in the present disclosure,
the terms "comprises", "comprising" and other derivatives from the
root term "comprise" are intended to be open-ended terms that
specify the presence of any stated features, elements, integers,
steps, or components, and are not intended to preclude the presence
or addition of one or more other features, elements, integers,
steps, components, or groups thereof.
It should be understood that the term "absorbent product" or
"absorbent article", as used herein, refers to any article used to
control bodily fluids that are configured to absorb and retain
bodily exudates, including urine, blood, menses, and other bodily
discharges, such as sweat and vaginal secretions resulting from
sexual activity and the like. In addition, the term is intended to
include odor absorbing articles.
As used herein, the term "absorbent structure" is intended to mean
a configuration of an absorbent material which allows fluids to be
absorbed by the absorbent material. As used herein, an absorbent
structure of the present invention does not include the shell.
As used herein, the term "anterior" refers to the direction towards
the front of the wearer during use.
As used herein, the term "attach" and its derivatives refer to the
joining, adhering, connecting, bonding, sewing together, or the
like, of two elements. Two elements will be considered to be
attached together when they are integral with one another or
attached directly to one another or indirectly to one another, such
as when each is directly attached to intermediate elements.
"Attach" and its derivatives include permanent, releasable, or a
refastenable attachment. In addition, the attachment can be
completed either during the manufacturing process or by the end
wearer.
As used herein, "body-facing" means that surface or side of the
article which is intended to be disposed toward or placed adjacent
to the body of the wearer during ordinary use. The term
"garment-facing" means that surface or side that is on the opposite
side of the article from the body-facing surface or side. The
garment-facing surface is an outward surface of the article and is
intended to be disposed to face away from the wearer's body during
ordinary use. The garment-facing surface is generally arranged to
face toward or placed adjacent to the wearer's undergarments or
clothing when the article is worn.
The term "coform" refers to a blend of meltblown fibers and
absorbent fibers such as cellulosic fibers that can be formed by
air forming a meltblown polymer material while simultaneously
blowing air-suspended fibers into the stream of meltblown fibers.
The coform material may also include other materials, such as
superabsorbent materials. The meltblown fibers and absorbent fibers
(and other optional materials) are collected on a forming surface,
such as provided by a foraminous belt. The forming surface may
include a gas-pervious material that has been placed onto the
forming surface.
The term "complex liquid" describes a liquid generally
characterized as being a viscoelastic liquid comprising multiple
components having inhomogeneous physical and/or chemical
properties. It is the inhomogeneous properties of the multiple
components that challenge the efficacy of an absorbent or adsorbent
material in the handling of complex liquids. In contrast with
complex liquids, simple liquids, such as, for example, urine,
physiological saline, water and the like, are generally
characterized as being relatively low-viscosity and comprising one
or more components having homogeneous physical and/or chemical
properties. As a result of having homogeneous properties, the one
or more components of simple liquids behave substantially similarly
during absorption or adsorption, although some components of the
simple liquids may be absorbed or adsorbed more readily than
others. Although a complex liquid is generally characterized herein
as including specific components having inhomogeneous properties,
each specific component of a complex liquid generally has
homogeneous properties. Consider for example a representative
complex body-liquid having three specific components: red blood
cells, blood protein molecules and water molecules. Upon
examination, one skilled in the art could easily distinguish
between each of the three specific components according to their
generally inhomogeneous properties. Moreover, when examining a
particular specific component such as the red blood cell component,
one skilled in the art could easily recognize the generally
homogeneous properties of the red blood cells.
As used herein, the term "connected" is intended to mean directly
connected and indirectly connected. By directly connected, it is
intended that the connected elements are in contact with one
another or affixed to one another. By indirectly connected, it is
intended that one or more intervening or intermediate elements are
between the two elements which are secured or "connected" together.
The intervening elements may be affixed.
As used herein, the term "disposable" is used herein to describe
personal care articles that are not intended to be laundered or
otherwise restored or reused as a personal care article after a
single use.
Unless otherwise defined in the specification, the terms
"elastomeric," "elastic" and variations thereof, refer to a
material that can be stretched without breaking by at least 50% (to
least 150% of its initial un-stretched length) in at least one
direction and which, upon release of stretching will recover at
least 30% of its elongation within about one minute. The term
"extensible" refers to a material that may be stretched by at least
about 50% in one or more directions. The term "inelastic" refers to
materials that do not stretch by 50% or more and to materials that
stretch by that amount but do not retract by more than 30%.
Inelastic materials also include materials that do not extend,
e.g., which tear, when exposed to a stretching force.
As used herein, the term "knee point" refers to tangent lines that
are drawn on either side of the concave portion of a stress/strain
curve. A point is identified by the intersection of these two
lines. A line is then drawn that intersects that point and which is
perpendicular to the stress/strain curve. Where this line
intersects the stress/strain curve identifies a point which is the
knee point of the curve. This is illustrated in FIG. 17 as element
801.
As used herein, the term "liquid impermeable," when used in
describing a layer or multi-layer laminate means that liquid, such
as urine, menses or bowel movement, will not pass through the layer
or laminate, under ordinary use conditions, in a direction
generally perpendicular to the plane of the layer or laminate at
the point of liquid contact.
As used herein, the term "liquid permeable" refers to any material
that is not liquid impermeable.
As used herein, the terms "nonwoven" and "nonwoven web" refer to
materials and webs of material having a structure of individual
fibers or filaments which are interlaid, but not in an identifiable
manner as in a knitted fabric. The terms "fiber" and "filament" are
used herein interchangeably. Nonwoven fabrics or webs have been
formed from many processes such as, for example, meltblowing
processes, spunbonding processes, air laying processes, and
bonded-carded-web processes. The basis weight of nonwoven fabrics
is usually expressed in ounces of material per square yard (osy) or
grams per square meter (gsm) and the fiber diameters are usually
expressed in microns. (Note that to convert from osy to gsm,
multiply osy by 33.91.)
As used herein, the term "personal care article" includes, but is
not limited to, articles such as diapers, diaper pants, baby wipes,
training pants, absorbent underpants, child care pants, swimwear,
and other disposable garments; feminine care products including
sanitary napkins, wipes, menstrual pads, menstrual pants,
pantiliners, panty shields, interlabials, tampons, and tampon
applicators; adult-care products including wipes, pads such as
breast pads, containers, incontinence products, and urinary
shields; clothing components; bibs; athletic and recreation
products; and the like.
As used herein, the term "polymer" generally includes, but is not
limited to, homopolymers, copolymers, such as for example, block,
graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc., and
blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise
specifically limited, the term "polymer" shall include all possible
geometrical configurations of the material. These configurations
include, but are not limited to, isotactic, syndiotactic and random
symmetries.
As used herein, the term "posterior" refers to the direction
towards the back of the wearer during use.
As used herein, the term "superabsorbent material" refers to a
water-swellable, generally water-insoluble, hydrogel-forming
polymeric absorbent material, which is capable of absorbing at
least about 10, suitably about 30, and possibly about 60 times or
more its weight in physiological saline (e.g., saline with 0.9 wt %
NaCl). In contrast, the term "absorbent material" refers to a
material that is capable of absorbing at least about 5 times or
more its weight in physiological saline (e.g., saline with 0.9 wt %
NaCl). In the case of complex fluids, the term "superabsorbent
material" refers to a water-swellable, generally water-insoluble,
hydrogel-forming polymeric absorbent material, which is capable of
absorbing at least about 10 times or more its weight in menses
simulant (i.e., menses simulant composed of swine blood diluted
with swine plasma to provide a hematocrit level of 35% (by volume),
suitably HEMATOSTAT-2, available from Separation Technology, Inc.,
a business having offices located in Altamonte Springs, Fla.,
U.S.A.).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The product of the present invention provides a personal care
article which is designed to adhere to the body of a wearer in the
area of the body which may need bodily fluids controlled. In one
particular aspect, the article is a disposable personal care
absorbent article that is attached to the body of a female wearer
to or around the vulva region of the body. By "to or around the
vulva region," it is meant adjacent regions of the body of a female
including the pubic region and the perinea region up to and
including the coccyx.
When applied to or around the vulva region of the female body, the
personal care article may be used as a pantiliner, sanitary napkin
or incontinence article, for example. In addition, in some aspects,
the article may be worn as an underwear substitute since the
article of the present invention does not need underwear to hold
the article in place. As an underwear substitute, the article
provides protection to the vulva area by creating a barrier between
the outer clothing and the vulva region of a wearer. In some
aspects, the article is a disposable article that can provide a
means for attaching or changing out an absorbent structure during
use. In contrast, a woven undergarment, such as underwear, is not
considered to be a disposable article since it is intended to be
laundered and worn again. The article of the present invention can
serve to protect the outer clothing of the wearer from bodily
discharges from the vulva region, and optionally other regions
(e.g., the perinea region) of the wearer's body. In other aspects,
the article can serve to protect the sensitive skin and body
features of the vulva region from roughness of outer or adjacent
garments or clothing, thereby preventing or alleviating irritation
to the sensitive skin and body features of at least the vulva
region.
To gain a better understanding of the present invention, attention
is directed to the Figures of the present specification. As is
shown in FIGS. 1-3, one aspect of the article 10 has a longitudinal
direction (x-direction) 1 a lateral direction (y-direction) 2 and a
z-direction 3. One component of the personal care article is a
shell 14. This shell 14 has a first side 15 and a second side 17,
as is shown in FIG. 1. In desirable aspects, the shell 14 is a
single contiguous structure. The shell 14 can help to provide the
overall contour or silhouette of the article of the present
invention. In addition, the shell 14 can also provide a surface for
attachment or adhesion of the article 10 to the body of a wearer.
In some desirable aspects, the shell 14 also provides a surface for
attachment or adhesion of an absorbent structure 21, either prior
to or during use.
The first side 15 of the shell 14 is the body-facing side of the
article 10 and the second side 17 of the shell 14 is the
garment-facing (or outward-facing) side of the article. By
"out-ward facing side," it is meant the side which does not face
toward body of the user. The first side 15 of the shell 14 has a
first area 11 and a second area 12. The first area 11 is adjacent
to, and in contact with, the second area 12, as is shown in FIG. 1.
The second area 12 defines the portion of the shell 14 that is
covered by the absorbent structure 21, when present. The first area
11 defines the portion of the shell 14 that is not covered by the
absorbent structure when the absorbent structure 21 is in
place.
FIG. 9 illustrates the article 10 where line C-C divides the shell
14 transversely (2) at the longitudinally extending (1) midpoint
into substantially equal half portions. In desirable aspects, at
least a portion of the anterior half 503 and/or the posterior half
505 of the first area 11 of the first side 15 of the shell 14 is
designed or adapted to contact, attach or adhere to the wearer's
skin. In one particular aspect, the first area 11 of the shell 14
is designed or adapted to contact a wearer's skin surrounding the
vulva region of the female torso when the article 10 is applied to
the wearer. By "designed or adapted to contact a wearer's skin
surrounding the vulva region of the female torso", it is meant that
the size and shape of the shell is such that the shell fits in the
vulva region and optionally the surrounding pubic region and/or
perinea regions and/or coccyx of the female torso. In one
particular aspect, the anterior edge 20A of the shell is present in
the pubic hair region above the vagina area of the female torso and
the posterior edge 20B is present in the coccyx area of the female
torso.
Generally, the shell 14 is desirably sized and shaped such that at
least a portion of the first area 14 of the shell only contacts and
attaches or adheres to the skin and/or hair surrounding and
proximate to the vulva area and/or the pubic and/or perinea and/or
coccyx regions of the wearer. Accordingly, in addition to
contacting the skin in the vulva, pubic perinea and/or coccyx
regions of the wearer, the first area 11 of the first side 15 of
the shell 14 may also, or alternatively, contact and attach or
adhere to any hair in which may be present in such regions.
In some aspects, the article is an absorbent article. Generally,
the second area 12 of the shell 14 is the portion of the shell 14
onto which the absorbent structure 21 is attached to provide
absorbency to the article. In some aspects of the present
invention, the second area 12 of the shell 14 has an absorbent
structure 21 contained therein or attached to the shell 14 in the
second area to form the absorbent article 10. In additional
aspects, the second area 12 of the shell 14 has an absorbent
structure attachment means for connecting, hinging or changing out
the absorbent structure 21 during use.
In some aspects, as seen in FIG. 4, the second area 12 can include
both a separate absorbent structure 21 and an absorbent material
27A and/or 27B, such as a superabsorbent material for example,
coated onto and/or integrated into the shell 14. In further
aspects, the first area 11 of the shell 14 can also, or
alternatively, at least partially include an absorbent material 27B
coated onto and/or integrated into the shell. In other words, the
absorbent material can be present in at least a portion of the
first area 11. Other such variations or combinations of absorbent
structures and absorbent materials with respect to the first area
11 and the second area 12 will be apparent to those skilled in the
art. In aspects which include the presence of an absorbent
structure 21, such structure can be attached to the shell 14 using
methods well known in the art, such as adhesives, discussed in more
detail below.
To gain a better understanding of the vulva region and surrounding
regions of the female body, a general description of the anatomical
structures can be found in The Illustrated Running Press Edition of
the American Classic Gray's Anatomy (1974) by Henry Gray and
Structure and Function in Man (1974) by Stanley W. Jacob, M.D.,
F.A.C.S. and relevant portions are included herein by reference.
The general form can be found in Anatomy for an Artist: Elements of
Form by Eliot Goldfinger and relevant portions are included herein
by reference. The general description of the pubic hair covering
these regions can be found in Woman's Body: A Manual for Life and
relevant portions are included herein by reference.
The female anatomical structures to be described include the leg
and the lower torso. The external anatomical structures of the
lower torso include the gluteal region and the perineum region. The
gluteal region includes the buttocks and the anus. The anatomical
structure involved on the leg is the medial surface of the upper
thigh.
The gluteal region includes generally the buttocks and anus and is
typically bound in front by the line of the buttocks and the
gluteal folds, in the back by the sacral triangle and the sides by
lines extending through the greater trochanters. The shape of the
gluteal region is roughly hemi-spherical and convex and is
determined by a series of muscles, including the gluteus maximus
and a series of fat pads including the posterior gluteal fat pad.
The line of the buttocks separates the gluteal region and the
perineum region.
The upper thigh region includes typically the right and left thigh
and is typically bound on top by the thigh lines and the sides by
the front and back of the leg. The thigh lines are two lines that
are on either side of the labia and each of the lines runs along
the line of the inguinal ligament to the gluteal folds and marks
where the upper thigh meets the lower torso. The shape of the
region is roughly a portion of a tapered cylinder and convex, and
is shaped by a series of muscle groups including the gracilis,
pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus
and series of fat pads including the inner thigh fat pad.
The perineum region, which extends from the inferior outlet of the
pelvis to the bony structure of the coccyx, is comprised of two
divisions, the urogenital triangle and the anal division or
obstetrical perineum. The region includes the external organs of
reproduction; the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris,
meatus urinarius and the opening to the vagina. The region is
generally bound in front by the lower abdominal line, on the sides
the thigh lines, and in the back the line of the buttocks. The
abdominal line is a line that passes across the top of the pubis.
The lines of the buttocks are lines that connect the thigh lines to
the gluteal cleft. For convenience in describing the form and
created spaces in the perineum region, this region will be
subdivided into three regions including an anterior region
including the mons pubis, a central region including the labia
majora and minora, and posterior region. The anterior region is
bound in front by the lower abdominal line, in back by anterior
commissure, and on the sides by line of the labia. The central
region is bound in front by the anterior commissure, in the back by
the posterior commissure, and on the side by the line of the labia.
The posterior region is bound in front by the line of the labia, in
the back by the lines of the buttocks, and on the sides by the
thigh line.
The vulva region includes the female external genitalia and
generally includes the anterior and central regions of the
perineum. The mons pubis [or veneris] is generally a rounded
eminence in front of the symphysis pubis, formed by a collection of
fatty tissue including the pubic fat pad beneath the integument and
is generally covered with pubic hair. The labia majora are
generally two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds extending
downward from the mons veneris to the anterior boundary of the
perineum, and generally enclosing the common urinary-sexual
opening. The space between the two folds is the labial cleft. Each
labium has generally two surfaces, an outer, which is pigmented and
covered generally with strong, crisp pubic hairs, and an inner
within the labia cleft, which is smooth and is beset with large
sebaceous follicles and is continuous with the genito-urinary
mucous tract; between the two there is considerable quantity of
areolar tissue, fat including the labia fat pad, and tissue besides
vessels, meeting the anterior commissure. Posteriorly they are
typically not joined, but generally appear to become lost in the
neighboring integument, terminating close to, and nearly parallel
with each other. Together with the connecting skin between them,
they form the posterior commissure or posterior boundary of the
vulval orifice. The interval between the posterior commissure and
the anus constitutes the perineum region. The fourchette is the
anterior edge of the perineum, and between it and the hymen is a
depression, the fossa navicularis. The line of the labia separates
the labia and the perineum region.
The labia minora are two small cutaneous folds, situated generally
within the labia majora, and extending from the clitoris obliquely
downward, outward, and backward on each side of the orifice of the
vagina.
The form of the perineum, gluteal, and upper thigh regions combine
to form a very intricate skin topography and spaces. The roughly
two-hemispherical-like forms of the buttocks, the roughly
tapered-cylinder-like form of the upper thigh, split-teardrop-like
form of the vulvar region create intricate generally convex
topography with intersections to form a series of recesses. The
generally convex topography of the buttocks, the vulvar region, and
upper thigh join to create spaces including two inner thigh grooves
along two thigh lines, a depression in the posterior perineum
region and a cleft extending through the labia and gluteal clefts.
The grooves, depression, and cleft are like interconnected recesses
in the topography. The central region general has lateral sides
separated by a distal surface created by the labial cleft and
includes the labial cleft.
Pubic hair generally cover some of these regions and fill in a
portion of these recesses especially the labial cleft and the
portion of the groove of the thigh parallel to the labial cleft to
create a hair surface topography. The hair topography is the
surface topography of an imaginary distal surface created by the
hair. The depression of the perineum, thigh groove parallel to the
gluteal cleft, and the gluteal cleft generally has little or no
pubic hair. The skin topography combines with the hair topography
to create an overall body topography.
This intricate space created by the intricate body form in this
region of the body varies between women in both size and form, and
varies with the position and movement of the women. Some of these
variations are summarized in "Female genital appearance:
`normality` unfolds" by Jillian Lloyd et al., BJOG: An
International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, May 2005, Vol.
112, pp. 643-646 and is included herein by reference.
The shell 14 of the article 10 of the present invention may be
prepared from a variety of materials. For example, the shell may
include a layer constructed of any material which will provide the
desired performance of the article. In some aspects, the shell
material 26 can be operatively liquid impermeable, while in other
aspects, the shell material can be operatively liquid permeable. In
still other aspects, the shell material can include combinations of
liquid permeable and liquid impermeable materials, such as to form
regions in the x-, y- and/or z-direction, for example. In some
particular aspects, the shell 14 comprises liquid permeable
material in the first area 11 of the shell 14, and liquid
impermeable material (or materials that are treated to be liquid
impermeable) in the second area 12 of the shell 14.
In general, the shell 14 can include a polymeric film, a nonwoven
fabric, a foam or the like, as well as combinations or composites
thereof. In some aspects, the shell 14 may include a laminate
structure, such as a polymer film laminated to a woven or nonwoven
fabric, for example, provided that it is disposable, as defined
above. In this particular feature, the polymer film can be composed
of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, silicone and the like,
as well as combinations thereof. A laminate shell 14 structure is
shown in FIG. 5, having an upper layer 141 and a lower layer 142,
wherein the upper layer 141 is the body-facing side of the shell 14
and the lower layer 142 is the garment-facing side of the shell
14.
In some aspects, at least a portion of the first side 15 and/or the
second side 17 of the shell 14 can be micro-embossed, textured,
have a printed design, have a printed message, and/or may be at
least partially colored. In one particular aspect, the shell is
colored and/or printed to resemble a non-disposable
undergarment.
In some aspects, the shell 14 can operatively permit a sufficient
passage of air and moisture vapor out of the article 10,
particularly out of the absorbent structure 21, while blocking the
passage of bodily fluids, and/or odors often associated with bodily
fluids, particularly in the second area 12. Accordingly, other
non-limiting examples of a suitable shell material can include a
breathable, microporous film, such as those described in, for
example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,900 to Haffner et al., which is
incorporated herein by reference in a manner that is consistent
herewith. Still other shell materials include those that are
extensible or elastically extensible. In some aspects, the shell
material 26 can have portions that have different properties, for
example, portions of the shell 14 can be elastic in one or more
directions, portions that can be extensible in one or more
direction, and/or portions that can be inelastic. In some desirable
aspects, the shell material 26 is at least partially elastic to
properly fit varying body shapes and changes in body shape during
wear as a result of change in body position. Accordingly, the shell
can have different areas of extensibility or elasticity to provide
improved benefits. In some aspects, the shell has an anterior half
703 and a posterior half 705 (FIGS. 16 and 22) where the posterior
half exhibits a higher extension relative to the anterior half when
a stretching force of 454 grams is applied, as measured by the %
Strain Differential Test. For example, in some aspects, the
posterior half 703 exhibits at least a 5% greater extension, such
as at least a 10% greater extension, or at least a 15% greater
extension or more, as measured by the % Strain Differential
Test.
Suitable shell materials can also include various types of foams,
including, but not limited to, thermoplastic foams, high internal
phase emulsion (HIPE) foams and inverse high internal phase
emulsion (I-HIPE) foams, and other suitable polymeric foams,
including, but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
7,053,131 to Ko et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,358,282 to Krueger et al.
and U.S. Publication No. US2006/0148917 to Radwanski et al., which
are incorporated herein by reference in a manner that is consistent
herewith. One such example of a suitable foam is a polyurethane
foam with a negative Poisson ratio. Materials typically used as
backsheet materials in conventional feminine pads can also be
suitable. Examples of extensible backsheet materials are described
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,790, issued Mar. 18, 1997, to Osborn, III et
al., herein incorporated by reference in a manner that is
consistent herewith. However, it should be understood that the
shell 14 is not considered to be a backsheet of the absorbent
structure 21 of the present invention. Rather, the shell 14 is
considered to be a separate structure from the absorbent structure
21, regardless of whether or not the absorbent structure 21
includes a backsheet 23. Other materials that are inherently
breathable, such as polyurethanes, may be used to form the shell
14.
In one particular aspect of the present invention, the shell 14 may
be a laminate of a woven or nonwoven fabric with a silicone
polymer, wherein the silicone polymer has adhesive properties. In
this aspect, the second side 17 of the shell 14 can be the woven or
nonwoven fabric and the first side 15 of the shell 14 can be the
silicone polymer. One commercially available laminate is an OLEEVA
FABRIC I, available from Bio Med Sciences, Inc., having a place of
business in Allentown, Pa., U.S.A. The OLEEVA fabric is a silicone
sheeting having adhesive properties laminated to a fabric backing.
In particular features of this aspect, the silicone sheeting can
form the body-facing first side 15 of the shell material 26.
Relating this particular structure to the Figures, in FIG. 5, the
silicone polymer is the upper layer 141 of the shell 14 and the
nonwoven or woven layer is the lower layer 142 of the shell.
Bicomponent films or other multi-component films can also be used
as the shell material 26. In addition, in some aspects, woven
and/or nonwoven fabrics which have been treated to render them
operatively liquid-impermeable or liquid permeable can also be used
as an effective shell material 26. Another suitable shell material
26 can include a closed-cell polyolefin foam, a polyurethane
polymer material, a silicone polymer or other similar
materials.
In some desirable aspects, silicone polymers having naturally
occurring adhesive properties, or silicone polymers having a
silicone adhesive layer applied thereto, can be used for the shell
material. Such silicone polymers can allow the first area 11 of the
shell 14 to adhere to the body of the wearer without the need of an
additional adhesive. These materials may be laminated to another
material, such that the other material is present on the second
side 17 of the shell 14, which is the garment-facing side of the
article 10, so that the adhesive nature of the silicone polymer
does not adhere to the undergarments of the wearer. In another
aspect of the present invention, the shell material 26 may be
prepared from an interpenetrating polymer network of two or more
polymers. Generally, one of the polymers of the interpenetrating
polymer network may be a silicone material. Examples of
interpenetrating polymer networks are described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,759,560, issued to Dillion, which is hereby incorporated by
reference in a manner that is consistent herewith.
The shell material 26 should be selected such that the overall
properties of the shell 14 allow the shell material to move with
the skin of the wearer during normal use and normal movements by
the wearer during use. By "normal movement by the wearer" it is
meant any movement that normally occurs during use of the article,
including, walking, running, sitting, laying, standing, kneeling,
riding a bicycle, exercising, lifting, playing sports, getting into
and out of an automobile, and other similar movements made by
wearers when wearing the article. The shell 14 should not be too
rigid, such that the shell detaches from the skin of the wearer
during use, and the shell 14 should not be so flexible that the
shell tends to twist and bunch during use. The shell 14 desirably
has sufficient flexibility to conform to the skin of the wearer and
become similar to an additional skin of the wearer. The shell 14
also desirably has the ability to remain attached to the body of
the wearer under dry, moist or wet conditions.
Generally, the shell material 26 should have sufficient thickness
to allow the shell 14 to mold to the body of the wearer, but not
too thick such that the shell 14 becomes uncomfortable for the
wearer to wear. In addition, the shell 14 should not be so thin
that it ineffectively forms a seal with the skin of the wearer when
applied to the wearer, or becomes detached from the skin of the
wearer during use and normal movement of the wearer during use, or
that it does not adequately conform to the shape and skin of the
wearer at the point of attachment to the wearer. Depending on the
material used for the shell 14, the typical thickness of the shell
is between about 0.03 mm and about 5.0 mm, such as between about
0.1 mm and about 3.0 mm, or between about 0.25 mm and about 3.0 mm
to provide improved benefits. Again, the actual thickness used is
dependent on several factors including rigidity of the material,
the flexibility of the material and the ability of the material to
assume the shape of the skin of the wearer at the location of use,
which is typically the vulva region of a wearer, but can extend
through the coccyx region in some desirable aspects.
Generally, the second side 17 of the shell 14 forms at least a
portion of the garment-facing side of the article 10 when worn by a
wearer. In some aspects, the shell material 26 can be selected such
that the second side 17 of the shell 14 will freely move against
the undergarment or clothing of a wearer. One way to achieve this
result is to construct the second side 17 of the shell 14 to have a
fairly low coefficient of friction, preferably the same or lower
coefficient of friction as the adjacent surface of a garment with
which the shell comes in contact with, such as an undergarment or
other clothing. This will allow the second side 17 of the shell 14
to freely move against the undergarment or other clothing worn by
the wearer. In this particular aspect, if the second side 17 of the
shell 14 does not freely move against the undergarment or other
clothing worn by the wearer, the article 10 may catch on the
undergarment or clothing, which can result in the article being
prematurely and undesirably removed from the wearer, or may cause
the article 10 to be shifted from its desired placement against the
body of a wearer. However, in other aspects, it may be desirable
that at least one or more portions of the second side 17 of the
shell 14 have a coefficient of friction that is higher relative to
the adjacent surface of a garment with which the shell comes in
contact with. For example, as seen in FIG. 3, the shell 14 of the
article of the present invention can be configured to have an
anterior region 7, a posterior region 9 that is distal of the
anterior region, and a central region 8 located between the
anterior region and the posterior region. In this particular
aspect, with respect to the adjacent surface of a garment with
which the second side 17 of the shell 14 comes in contact with, at
least a part of one of both distal end portions (i.e., anterior
region 7 and/or posterior region 9 of the shell) can have a higher
coefficient of friction, whereas, at least the central region 8 of
the second side 17 of the shell 14 can have a coefficient of
friction that is the same or less than that of the adjacent surface
of the garment, as measured by the Coefficient of Friction
Test.
In order to achieve the desired coefficient of friction on the
second side 17 of the shell 14, the materials used to prepare the
shell can be selected such that the second side 17 of the shell
material 26 will inherently have the desired coefficient of
friction. Alternatively, the second side 17 of the shell 14 may be
treated with a coating composition, such as polytetrafluoroethylene
containing coating, a silicone containing coating or other similar
coating having low coefficient of friction properties, for
example.
In some aspects, the shell 14 can be made from a laminate of two or
more materials such that the first side 15 of the shell 14 is
prepared from a material which meets the needed properties of the
first side 15 (such as gentle to the skin and/or hair, for
example), while the material selected for the second side 17 of the
shell 14 meets the desired coefficient of friction such that the
second side 17 will freely move against the undergarment or other
clothing worn by a wearer. Accordingly, in some aspects, the shell
14 can be a unitary structure having desired surfaces, or regions,
on the same surface of differing coefficients of friction.
The shell 14 of the article 10 may be flat or may have a
three-dimensional shape. When the shell 14 is a generally flat
shape, meaning that the shell does not have a third dimension other
than thickness, the shell 14 is desirably constructed to be
flexible enough such that the shell 14 can conform to the body of
the wearer at the point of attachment. In addition to being flat,
the overall shape of the shell 14 may be contoured in the
z-direction. Such contour shape is one of many possible shapes that
the shell 14 may have. Other shapes may be used without departing
from the scope of the present invention. Generally, the shape
selected should be such that the shell 14 and article 10 provide
comfort and/or confidence to the wearer, while providing leakage
protection to the wearer.
In general, the shell 14 may be any desired color and/or may be
translucent. By "translucent" it is meant that the shell 14 has a
minimum light transmittance of about 45% or more, such as about 60%
or more, or 80% or more, such as in the range of about 60% to about
79%, as measured by as measured by the Light Transmittance Test. In
addition, the shell 14 may have one or more of a various finish,
such as matte finish, satin finish or a smooth finish, or
combinations thereof, for example. The particular finish, color or
translucency can be a matter of choice for the manufacturer of the
article of the present invention. However, by providing a shell
which is translucent may assist the wearer in placing the article
10 prior to or during use, since the wearer may be able to see
where the article is placed compared to the genitalia of the
wearer.
In desirable aspects, the article further comprises an absorbent
structure and optionally an absorbent material to form an absorbent
article 10. The absorbent structure 21 and optional absorbent
material 27A and/or 27B (e.g., FIG. 4) are intended to absorb body
exudates, including menstrual fluid, blood, urine, and/or other
bodily fluids, such as sweat and vaginal discharges. In the case of
an absorbent structure, the absorbent structure 21 has a
longitudinal direction 1, a lateral direction 2, and a z-direction
3. The absorbent structure 21 may be a single layer or may be
multiple layers. In some desirable aspects, as seen in FIGS. 4-7,
the absorbent structure 21 has an absorbent core 22, and can
optionally comprise additional layers, such as a generally
liquid-permeable topsheet 24 and/or a generally liquid-impermeable
backsheet 23. The absorbent core 22 may contain one or more layers
of absorbent materials 27, such as fibrous materials and/or
superabsorbent materials for example. That is, the absorbent core
22 may be a single layer or may be a multilayer structure. Each of
the layers can contain similar materials or different materials. In
some aspects, the article of the present invention is an absorbent
article 10, where the materials that can be used to form the
absorbent core 22 include those materials conventionally used in
absorbent articles and includes materials, such as cellulose, wood
pulp fluff, rayon, cotton, and meltblown polymers such as
polyester, polypropylene or coform, for example. In one particular
aspect, the absorbent structure 21 includes a coform that is a
combination of meltblown polymers, such as polypropylene, and
absorbent staple fibers, such as cellulose. In another particular
aspect, the absorbent structure 21 includes a wood pulp fluff,
since it is low in cost, relatively easy to form, and has good
absorbency. In some aspects, the absorbent core 22 can comprise a
foam, including but not limited to, a polyurethane foam, a
thermoplastic foam, a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) foam, an
inverse high internal phase emulsion (IHIPE) foam, and the like,
and combinations thereof.
The absorbent core 22 can also be formed from a composite comprised
of a hydrophilic material which may be formed from various natural
or synthetic fibers, wood pulp fibers, regenerated cellulose or
cotton fibers, or a blend of pulp and other fibers. One particular
example of a material which may be used as the absorbent core is an
airlaid material. The absorbent core 22 may have other properties
including extensibility and elastic extensibility, which will allow
the absorbent core to be extended or fit to a particular wearer.
One example of extensible absorbent cores is described in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,611,790 to Osborn, III et al., herein incorporated by
reference in a manner that is consistent herewith. One example of
elastically extensible absorbent cores is described in U.S. Pat.
No. 6,362,389 to McDowall, herein incorporated by reference in a
manner that is consistent herewith.
As referenced above, in some aspects, the absorbent core 22 also
includes a superabsorbent material, in addition to or in place of
fibrous materials which increases the ability of the absorbent core
to absorb a large amount of fluid in relation to its own weight.
The superabsorbent materials can be inserted as particles or in
sheet or film-form, which may be continuous or discontinuous, and
which may or may not be in the form of a pattern. In some aspects,
the superabsorbent polymer may be applied as a liquid. The
superabsorbent material may optionally be biodegradable or bipolar.
The hydrogel-forming polymeric absorbent material may be formed
from organic hydrogel-forming polymeric material, which may include
natural material such as agar, pectin, and guar gum; modified
natural materials such as carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyethyl
cellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose. The hydrogel-forming
polymeric absorbent material may also be formed from synthetic
hydrogel-forming polymers. Synthetic hydrogel-forming polymers
include, for example, alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid,
polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene maleic anhydride
copolymers, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl morpholinone, polymers and
copolymers of vinyl sulfonic acid, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides,
polyvinyl pyridine, and the like. Other suitable hydrogel-forming
polymers include hydrolyzed acrylonitrile grafted starch, acrylic
acid grafted starch, and isobutylene maleic anhydride copolymers
and mixtures thereof. The hydrogel-forming polymers may be lightly
crosslinked to render the material substantially water insoluble.
Crosslinking may, for example, be by irradiation or covalent,
ionic, Van der Waals, or hydrogen bonding. Hydroxyfunctional
polymers have been found to be good superabsorbents for sanitary
napkins. Such superabsorbents are commercially available from BASF
and Evonik Stockhausen, Inc., among others. Other types of
superabsorbent materials known to those skilled in the art can also
be used.
Generally, the absorbent core 22 will be positioned adjacent the
shell 14, as is shown in FIGS. 4-7, for example. By "adjacent to
the shell", it is meant that the absorbent core 22 is directly in
contact with the shell or may be separated by one or two additional
layers and/or an attachment means, such as a bonding agent, such as
pressure sensitive adhesive for example. In addition, the absorbent
core 22 may be recessed into the shell 14 as is shown in FIG.
6.
As referenced above, in addition to the absorbent core 22, the
absorbent structure 21 may include other additional layers which
aid the absorbent core 22 in capturing and holding the bodily fluid
into the absorbent core 22. These other optional layers, including
a topsheet 24 and/or backsheet 23, when present, in combination
with the absorbent core 22, form the absorbent structure 21 of the
article 10. There may be a single layer or multiple layers in
addition to the absorbent core in the absorbent structure 21.
Alternatively, the absorbent structure 21 may be a single layer,
which is generally the absorbent core 22.
For purposes of reference, the absorbent structure can be divided
in half, resulting in an anterior half 103 and a posterior half
105. This is illustrated in FIG. 2 where line B-B divides the
absorbent structure 21 transversely (2) at the longitudinally
extending (1) midpoint into substantially equal portions. In some
aspects, the absorbent structure 21 has approximately the same area
in the anterior half 103 as in the posterior half 105, whereas in
other aspects, it may be desirable to have more area in either the
anterior half 103 or in the posterior half 105. For example, FIG.
10 shows an absorbent structure 21 that has more area in the
anterior half 103 than in the posterior half 105, which can provide
improved coverage, absorbency, and fit in some aspects.
As shown in FIGS. 4-6, one particular example of an additional
layer which may be used in addition to the absorbent core 22 in the
absorbent structure 21 is a body-side liner (i.e., a topsheet) 24,
which is generally a liquid permeable material, which allows bodily
fluids to pass through the topsheet into the absorbent core. It is
noted that the terms "body-side liner" and "topsheet" may be used
interchangeably. The topsheet 24 can also provide the wearer with a
dry feeling by separating the absorbent core 22 from the body of
the wearer. That is, the topsheet 24 is placed between the
absorbent core 22 and the body of the wearer such that the
absorbent core 22 is between the topsheet 24 and the shell 14.
In the present invention, generally the topsheet 24 will only
extend to the edge 25 of the absorbent core, as is shown in FIGS.
4-6. However, in some aspects, the topsheet 24 may extend beyond
the edge 25 of the absorbent core 22 and may optionally be attached
to the first side 15 of the shell 14. Generally, if the topsheet 24
extends beyond the absorbent core 22, any portions of the topsheet
24 that are attached to the shell 14 will be attached to the first
side 15 of the shell 14. Also, if the topsheet 24 extends beyond
the absorbent core 22, the topsheet 24 will generally not cover the
entire first area 11 of the first side 15 of the shell 14.
Optionally, the topsheet 24 may be formed from one or more
materials. The topsheet 24 should be able to manage different body
excretions depending on the type of product. In feminine care
products, often the topsheet 24 must be able to handle complex
fluids, such as menses and mucin for example, as well as urine. In
the present invention, the topsheet 24 may include a layer
constructed of any operative material, and may be a composite
material. For example, the topsheet can include a woven fabric, a
nonwoven fabric, a polymer film, a film-nonwoven fabric laminate,
and the like, as well as combinations thereof. Examples of a
nonwoven fabric useable in the topsheet 24 include, for example, an
airlaid nonwoven web, a spunbond nonwoven web, a meltblown nonwoven
web, a bonded-carded web, a hydroentangled nonwoven web, a spunlace
web and the like, as well as combinations thereof. Other more
particular examples of suitable materials for constructing the
topsheet 24 can include rayon, bonded-carded webs of polyester,
polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, or other heat-bondable fibers,
finely perforated film webs, net-like materials, and the like, as
well as combinations thereof. These webs can be prepared from
polymeric materials such as, for example, polyolefins, such as
polypropylene and polyethylene and copolymers thereof, polyesters
in general including aliphatic esters such as polylactic acid,
nylon or any other heat-bondable materials. When the body-side
liner is a film or a film laminate, the film should be apertured or
otherwise be made to allow fluids to flow through the body-side
liner to the absorbent core.
Other examples of suitable materials for the topsheet 24 are
composite materials of a polymer and a nonwoven fabric material.
The composite materials are typically in the form of integral
sheets generally formed by the extrusion of a polymer onto a
nonwoven web, such as a spunbond material. In some aspects, the
topsheet layer 24 can be configured to be operatively
liquid-permeable with regard to the liquids that the article is
intended to absorb or otherwise handle. The operative
liquid-permeability may, for example, be provided by a plurality of
pores, perforations, apertures or other openings, as well as
combinations thereof, which are present or formed in the liner or
body contacting layer. The apertures or other openings can help
increase the rate at which bodily liquids can move through the
thickness of the liner or body contacting layer and penetrate into
the other components of the article (e.g. into the absorbent core
22). The selected arrangement of liquid permeability is desirably
present at least on an operative portion of the topsheet 24 that is
appointed for placement on the body-side of the article. The
topsheet 24 can provide comfort and conformability, and can
function to direct bodily exudates away from the body and toward
the absorbent core 22. The topsheet 24 can be configured to retain
little or no liquid in its structure, and can be configured to
provide a relatively comfortable and non-irritating surface next to
the body tissues of a wearer. In the present invention, the
topsheet 24 or other body-facing surface of the absorbent structure
21 may be embossed, printed or otherwise imparted with a pattern or
color.
In some aspects, additional layers or substrates, including for
example, a liquid acquisition and/or distribution layer, also
referred to as a surge or transfer layer, and an optional tissue
layer are also incorporated into the absorbent structure 21 of the
absorbent structure 21, for example, between the topsheet 24 and
the absorbent core 22. A distribution layer, if present, may be
shorter than the absorbent core or have the same length as the
absorbent core 22. The distribution layer serves to temporarily
hold an insulting fluid to allow the absorbent core sufficient time
to absorb the fluid, especially when a superabsorbent material is
present.
In other aspects, the absorbent core, optional transfer layer and
other optional components, such as tissue layers, may be free
floating (unattached) between the shell 14 and the topsheet 24, and
are secured along only the peripheral edges thereof. Alternatively,
the absorbent core 22, transfer layer, if present, and any other
layer or component, if present, may be attached to one or both of
the shell 14 and topsheet 24 and/or to each other.
In aspects wherein a liquid-impermeable backsheet is present (e.g.,
FIG. 7), the backsheet 23 will typically be located on the
garment-facing side of the absorbent structure 21, such that the
absorbent core is located between the backsheet 23 and the shell
14. The backsheet 23 may be prepared from a variety of materials
which will function to provide desired properties. For example, the
backsheet 23 may include a layer constructed of any operative
material, and may have a selected level of liquid-permeability or
liquid-impermeability, as desired. In some particular
configurations, the backsheet 23 may be configured to provide an
operatively liquid-impermeable backsheet structure. The backsheet
23 may, for example, include a polymeric film, a woven fabric, a
nonwoven fabric, and the like, as well as combinations or
composites thereof. For example, the backsheet 23 may include a
polymer film laminated to a woven or nonwoven fabric. In a
particular feature, the polymer film can be composed of
polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester and the like, as well as
combinations thereof. Additionally, the polymer film may be
micro-embossed. Desirably, the backsheet 23 can operatively permit
a sufficient passage of air and/or moisture vapor out of the
article, particularly out of the absorbent core 22, while blocking
the passage of bodily liquids. An example of a suitable backsheet
material can include a breathable, microporous film, such as a
HANJIN Breathable Backsheet available from Hanjin Printing, Hanjin
P&C Company Limited, a business having offices located in
Sahvon-li. Jungan-mvu.Kongiu-City, Chung cheong nam-do, Republic of
South Korea. This backsheet material is a breathable film, which is
dimple embossed and contains 47.78% calcium carbonate, 2.22% TiO2,
and 50% polyethylene.
In a particular feature, the polymer film can have a minimum
thickness of no less than about 0.025 mm, and in another feature,
the polymer film can have a maximum thickness of no greater than
about 0.13 mm. Bicomponent films or other multi-component films can
also be used, as well as woven and/or nonwoven fabrics which have
been treated to render them operatively liquid-impermeable. Another
suitable backsheet material can include a closed-cell polyolefin
foam. For example, closed-cell polyethylene foam may be employed.
Still another example of a backsheet material would be a material
that is similar to a polyethylene film which is used on
commercially sold KOTEX brand pantiliners, and is obtainable from
Pliant Corporation, a business having offices located in
Schaumburg, Ill., U.S.A.
The absorbent structure 21 is generally attached to the first side
15 of the shell 14 in the second area 12 of the shell. The
attachment may be in a permanent manner, meaning that the absorbent
structure 21 is generally intended not to be removable by the
wearer of the article 10. Alternatively, the absorbent structure 21
may be constructed to be removable by the wearer, meaning that a
portion (i.e., hinged), or the entire, absorbent structure 21 may
be removed by the user, and in some aspects may be replaced with
another absorbent structure 21 by the wearer of the article 10, or
be replaced with nothing at all. In still other aspects, a portion
of the absorbent structure 21 may be permanently attached, while
another portion of the absorbent structure 21 may be refastenably
attached. By "refastenably attached" it is meant that the
attachment is releasably attached (i.e., is intended to be removed
by the wearer) and is configured to re-attach to the same or a
different absorbent structure. In some aspects, when the absorbent
structure 21 is attached to the shell 14 in a permanent manner,
meaning that the absorbent structure is not intended to be removed
by the wearer, various bonding means can be used, such as a
construction adhesive for example. Examples of useable construction
adhesives include any adhesive which will effectively hold the
absorbent structure 21 in place, so as not to be separated from the
shell 14. Commercially available construction adhesives usable in
the present invention include, for example, REXTAC adhesives
available from Huntsman Polymers, having a place of business in
Houston, Tex., U.S.A., as well as adhesives available from Bostik
Findley, Inc, having a place of business in Wauwatosa, Wis., U.S.A.
Other means may be used to hold the absorbent structure 21 to the
shell 14 including bonding techniques known in the art, including,
but not limited to, adhesive bonds, cohesive bonds, thermal bonds,
ultrasonic bonds, embossing, crimping, entangling, fusing, hook and
loop, or the like, and combinations thereof.
When the absorbent structure 21 is removably (refastenably)
attached, the absorbent structure 21 is held in place on the shell
14 by a means which will allow the wearer to remove the absorbent
structure 21. One such means of holding the absorbent structure 21
is by using a pressure sensitive adhesive. Suitable pressure
sensitive adhesives include, but are not limited to, any
commercially available pressure sensitive adhesive. Examples of
suitable pressure sensitive adhesives suitable to removably hold
the absorbent structure 21 in place on the shell 14 include
pressure sensitive adhesives available from National Starch, having
a place of business in Bridgewater, N.J., U.S.A. By providing an
absorbent structure 21 which is removable, the shell 14 may be
reused several times without the need to again replace the shell 14
when the absorbent structure 21 needs to be replaced. Also, by
having a removable absorbent structure 21, the absorbent structure
21 can be selected by the wearer prior to use. This would allow the
wearer to select an appropriate level of protection for a given day
or allow the wearer to select a size or shape of the absorbent
structure 21 which the wearer finds to be more comfortable or
desirable. Other removable attachment means include, but are not
limited to, hook-and-loop, buttons, snaps, nanofabricated
adhesives, and the like, or combinations thereof.
Another advantage of having an absorbent structure 21 which is at
least partially removable is that the wearer may be able to perform
normal bodily functions, such as urination, without replacement of
the entire article 10. By having an absorbent structure 21 that is
at least partially removable, a wearer could remove the absorbent
structure 21, urinate and return or replace the absorbent structure
21 only. This would alleviate the need for a wearer to replace the
entire article 10 in order to perform bodily functions.
FIG. 8 illustrates a typical absorbent article that is not
specifically designed for use as the present invention. In the
illustrated embodiment, the absorbent structure 221 is adhered to a
shell 214 primarily throughout its entire length with attachment
means 247 that limits extension in the posterior half 705 of shell
214. In contrast, it is desirable in the present invention to have
stretch in the posterior half 705 of the shell 14 after application
to provide improved benefits. In some aspects, it is also, or
alternatively, desirable in the present invention for the absorbent
structure 21 to become detached from the shell 14 in the posterior
half 705 of the shell 14 allowing shell 14 to expand to meet the
fit requirements as a result of changing body positions. Another
disadvantage illustrated in this specific example in FIG. 8 is that
the absorbent article attachment adhesive 247 extends past the
peripheral edge 240 of shell 214. The exposed adhesive 247 could
cause discomfort for the wearer of the article.
FIGS. 9,15,16 and 20 illustrate a desirable aspect of the invention
where the absorbent structure 21 is configured such that it is
attached to shell 14 in the anterior half 703 of the shell 14 with
attachment means 74A, and in the posterior half 705 of the shell 14
with attachment means 74B to provide a snug fit with minimal gaps
for a wide range of consumers over the entire range of movement. In
some desirable aspects, the anterior attachment 74A is a permanent
absorbent structure attachment, while posterior attachment 74B is a
refastenable absorbent structure attachment, which is releasable
(refastenable) (i.e., not permanent). The refastenable absorbent
structure attachment 74B in the posterior half 705 is designed to
remain attached during initial donning until sufficient force is
applied by the consumer such that attachment 74B is severed.
Preferably, the force to break refastenable absorbent structure
attachment 74B is less than the donning force required to snug the
product. In a particular aspect of this invention, the force to
sever the refastenable absorbent structure attachment 74B is less
than the knee point of shell 14. In some aspects, the force to
sever the refastenable absorbent structure attachment 74B is less
than the shear force to sever the permanent absorbent structure
attachment 74A. When the posterior refastenable absorbent structure
attachment 74B is severed, the posterior half 705 of the shell 14
is free to elongate to meet fit requirements as a result of
changing body positions. In one particular aspect, the posterior
half 705 of the body adhering article 10 will exhibit greater
strain than the anterior half 703 when stress is applied to the
entire body adhering article 10. Such a configuration (i.e., an
anterior attachment means 74A and a separate posterior attachment
means 74B) can allow the absorbent structure 21 to be partially
free-floating with respect to the shell 14 (significantly more than
the comparative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8), allowing the
article to better conform to the wearer during movement and various
changes in position of the wearer. In some particularly desirable
aspects, the anterior absorbent structure attachment means 74A and
separate posterior absorbent structure attachment means 74B are in
the form of a spot bond 49A and 49B, respectively, such as seen in
FIG. 9. As used herein, the term "spot bond" refers to a bond point
for attaching the article 21 to the shell 14, and each spot bond
having an area in the range of about 5 mm.sup.2 to about 200
mm.sup.2. The spot bonds 49A, 49B can provide additional ability
for the absorbent structure 21 to be at least partially
free-floating in both the x- and/or y-position and/or z-direction
to better conform to the wearer during movement and various changes
in position of the wearer. In some aspects, the spot bonds can be
ideal when the absorbent structure is removable, such as when the
spot bond is in the form of a refastenable attachment means,
including, but not limited to, a pressure sensitive adhesive, a
hook-and-loop material, nanofabricated adhesive, buttons, snaps,
and the like, and combinations thereof. In some aspects, multiple
spot bonds can be present as the anterior absorbent structure
attachment means 74A, posterior absorbent structure attachment
means 74B, or both. In further aspects, the spot bonds 49A,49B can
be placed in particular locations to provide improved benefits,
such as improved fit and contour of the article during movement of
the wearer, such as seen in FIGS. 9, 15 and 20.
In another aspect, as shown in FIG. 21, the absorbent structure 21
is configured such that it is attached to the shell 14 in the
anterior half 703 and in the posterior half 705 of the shell 14
with attachment means 174 to provide a snug fit with minimal gaps
for a wide range of consumers over the entire range of movement.
The attachment means 174 is generally U-shaped and can be present
in both the anterior half 103 of the absorbent structure 21 and in
the posterior half 105 of the absorbent structure 21. It is
understood that a generally U-shaped attachment means can also
include other operative shapes, such as V-shaped, or variations
thereof, without departing from the scope of the invention,
provided that space 175 is present. In some aspects, the absorbent
structure attachment means 174 is a permanent attachment means. In
other aspects, the absorbent structure attachment means 174 is a
refastenable attachment means. In some aspects, the absorbent
structure attachment means 174 is configured to have an anterior
portion 174A and a posterior portion 174B, as denoted by line G-G.
In this aspect, the anterior portion of the attachment means 174A
can be a permanent absorbent structure attachment, while the
posterior portion of the attachment means 174B can be a
refastenable absorbent structure attachment, which is releasable
(i.e., not permanent). In this illustrated embodiment of FIG. 21,
the refastenable absorbent structure attachment 174B is designed to
remain attached during initial donning until sufficient force is
applied by the consumer such that attachment 174B is severed.
Preferably, the force to break the refastenable absorbent structure
attachment 174B is less than the donning force required to snug the
product. In a particular aspect of this invention, the force to
sever the refastenable absorbent structure attachment 174B is less
than the knee point of shell 14. In some aspects, the force to
sever the refastenable absorbent structure attachment 174B is less
than the shear force to sever the permanent absorbent structure
attachment 174A. When the posterior refastenable absorbent
structure attachment 174B is severed, the posterior half 705 of the
shell 14 is free to elongate to meet fit requirements as a result
of changing body positions. In one particular aspect, the posterior
half 505 of the body adhering article 10 will exhibit greater
strain than the anterior half 503 when stress is applied to the
entire disposable body adhering article 10. Such a configuration
(i.e., an anterior attachment means 174A and a posterior attachment
means 174B) can allow the absorbent structure 21 to be partially
free-floating in the non-adhesive portion 175 with respect to the
shell 14 (significantly more than the comparative embodiment
illustrated in FIG. 8) while providing secure attachment at the
peripheral edges 121 of the absorbent structure 21, thus allowing
the article to better conform to the wearer during movement and
various changes in position of the wearer. In some aspects, the
anterior attachment means 174A and posterior attachment means 174B
can be ideal when the absorbent structure 21 is removable, such as
when the posterior attachment means 174B is in the form of a
refastenable attachment means, including, but not limited to, a
pressure sensitive adhesive, a hook-and-loop material,
nanofabricated adhesive, and the like, and combinations
thereof.
To aid a wearer in replacing the absorbent structure 21, an
absorbent structure placement aid may be present on the shell 14
and/or the absorbent structure 21. Suitable absorbent structure
placement aids include the use of color, tactile indicators or any
other means that would assist the wearer in replacing a removed
absorbent structure.
As stated above, the absorbent structure 21, when present, is
located in the second area 12 of the shell 14 and on the first side
15 of the shell 14. The size and shape of the absorbent structure
21 may be varied depending on the intended use of the article and
will be discussed in more detail below.
In some aspects, the absorbent structure 21 can be a relatively
flat structure, as shown in FIG. 10. Alternatively, the absorbent
structure can have a three-dimensional shape other than a
relatively flat shape, such as shown in FIG. 1. The absorbent
structure can have an anatomically correct shape such that the
absorbent structure fits within the labia of the wearer.
Anatomically correct shapes of absorbent structures are generally
known to those skilled in the art and are generally found in the
interlabial art field. In some aspects, the absorbent structure may
be designed to be partially or fully interlabial. Alternatively, a
three-dimensional shaped absorbent structure 21 may also be used in
the article 10 which is designed to not fit within the labia majora
of the wearer. Accordingly, in some aspects, the absorbent
structure 21 is positioned completely outside the labia during
use.
The size, location and shape of the absorbent structure 21 may also
be selected for an intended use. For example, in an overnight use,
the absorbent structure 21 may be located further back on the
wearer towards the perinea region of the wearer. In an overnight
use, the absorbent structure may be larger than in a product
intended for daytime use. In a daytime use, the absorbent structure
will generally be centrally located in the vulva region.
In some aspects of the present invention, absorbent material 27A,
27B is contained within the shell material. For example, as seen in
FIG. 4, the absorbent material 27A and/or 27B can be attached to or
be an integral part of the shell 14. One way to achieve an integral
absorbent structure is to have a shell 14 which is prepared from a
material which is a laminate of two or more materials. The first
side 15 of the shell 14 contains an absorbent material within the
body-facing side of the laminate. For example, superabsorbent
particles or materials may be incorporated into the material making
up the body-facing layer of the shell 14. Another way is to place a
coating of absorbent material onto the first area 11, the second
area 12, or both, of the shell material 26. In some aspects, the
absorbent material 27A,27B can be a coating containing
superabsorbent particles, a superabsorbent sheet or film, or a
liquid superabsorbent material. Such a coating can be continuous or
discontinuous. It is understood that other absorbent materials
(i.e., other than superabsorbent materials), may be used in place
of, or in addition to, the superabsorbent materials.
In some aspects, the entire absorbent structure 21 may be located
over the second area 12 of the shell 14, meaning that the shell 14
material is located beneath the absorbent structure 21 and covers
the entire bottom surface of the absorbent structure. In other
aspects, the absorbent structure 21 is positioned over the shell
14, such that only a portion of the absorbent structure 21 is in
contact with the shell 14, such as shown in FIGS. 1-3. More
particularly, FIGS. 1-3 show an aspect where portions of the
absorbent structure 21 extend past the peripheral edges 114 of the
shell 14. As can be seen, only a portion of the absorbent structure
21 is positioned over the shell 14. As with the other aspects of
the present invention, the portion of the first side 15 of the
shell 14 in which the absorbent structure 21 is attached is the
second area 12 of the shell 14. The second side 17 of the shell 14
is the side of the article which faces the wearer during use. By
having a disposable personal care article with the structure shown
in FIG. 1 where at least a portion of the absorbent structure 21
extends beyond the peripheral edges 114 of the shell 14, it may be
beneficial for the absorbent structure to include a backsheet 23,
such as shown in FIGS. 7 and 10. The backsheet 23 can then serve to
provide liquid impermeability to the absorbent structure 21, such
that any fluids entering the absorbent core 22 will not flow
through the core to the clothing of a wearer. This is particularly
desirable if the shell does not provide liquid-impermeable
properties.
As referenced above, at least a portion of the first area 11 of the
shell 14 serves to either directly or indirectly attach the article
10 to the body of a wearer. Stated another way, the shell 14 is the
body attachment member and at least a portion of the first area 11
is the portion of the shell 14 which is attached to the body of the
wearer. Depending on the material selected for the shell, the shell
14 may actively attach to the body of the wearer using
electrostatic means, suction means, body adhesive means, frictional
means, nanofabricated attachment means and the like, and
combinations thereof, to attach the article to the body of a
wearer. Electrostatic means can be used by selecting the shell
material 26 to be a material which has an affinity for the body of
a wearer, such that the shell material "clings" to the body of the
wearer. Examples of such materials include ethylene vinyl acetate,
low density polyethylene and other similar materials known to those
skilled in the art. Suction means may be achieved by shaping the
shell to conform to the body of the wearer, much like a contact
lens fits to the eye. Generally, suction means can be achieved by
forming the shell 14 into a three-dimensional shape. Frictional
means can be used by selecting a material or modifying a material
to have a desired coefficient of friction to prevent slippage or
detachment, such as for a shell member that provides for attachment
within the gluteal groove. Nanofabricated attachment means include
those described in U.S Patent Publication 2005/0148984 to Lindsay
et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in a manner that
is consistent herewith.
A further desirable means to achieve body attachment is to place a
body adhesive in at least a portion of the first area 11 of the
shell 14. For example, as shown in FIGS. 11-14, a body adhesive 44
can be positioned on the first area 11 of the first side 15 of the
shell 14. The body adhesive 44 contacts the skin and/or hair, if
present, in the vulva region and optionally the pubic region and/or
the perinea region and/or the gluteal region and/or the coccyx
region of the wearer's body, thereby supporting and holding the
article 10 against the body of the wearer during use. The body
adhesive 44 can overlie a portion of the first area 11 or
optionally can overlie the entire first area 11 of the shell 14.
Generally, the body adhesive 44 will be present on at least an
outer portion or near the longitudinal edges 20A,20B of the article
10. The body adhesive 44 may also be placed in a pattern on the
first area 11, such as shown in FIG. 14. The body adhesive 44 can
be applied to the first area 11 of the shell 14 using any known
process including, but not limited to, inkjet printing, screen
printing or extruding the body adhesive 44 from one or more
nozzles, slot coating and the like, and combinations thereof.
Generally, any pressure sensitive adhesive known to those skilled
in the art may be used, although preferably the pressure sensitive
adhesive is not a known irritant to human skin and preferably the
adhesive is not so aggressive that it causes pain to the wearer
when the article 10 is removed from the skin and/or hair. It is
also desirable that the adhesive 44 is selected such that the
adhesive does not leave a substantial amount of an adhesive residue
on the surface of the skin of the wearer, when the article 10 is
removed by the wearer after use. Particularly suitable pressure
sensitive adhesive materials are disclosed in commonly assigned
U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,993 to Zacharias et al. and U.S. Pat. No.
6,620,143 to Zacharias et al., which are incorporated herein by
reference in a manner that is consistent herewith. Other suitable
adhesives are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,281 to Batrabet et
al., which is incorporated herein by reference in a manner that is
consistent herewith. Other known body adhesives, such as those
described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,524 to Corzani et al., which is
incorporated by reference in a manner that is consistent herewith,
may also be used. Additional examples of sutiable pressure
sensitive adhesives include hydrogels, hydrocolloids, acrylic based
adhesives, and rubber based adhesives, such as KRATON based
adhesives.
Referring to FIG. 15, the shell 14 consists of shell material 26,
and body attachment means (or fastening means) 31. In some aspects,
the body fastening means 31 is an adhesive transfer layer (ATL)
having a carrier sheet 42, body adhesive 44 and release sheet 48.
In some desirable aspects, the ATL 31 is applied to the body facing
side 15 of the shell material 26. In some aspects, the body
adhesive 44 is covered with release sheet 48.
In some aspects of the present invention, the body adhesive 44 may
be placed on the entire first area 11, just outside of the
absorbent structure 21. In other aspects of the present invention,
as is shown in FIG. 15, the body adhesive 44 may be placed along
the outer portions of the first area 11 near the distal ends 20A,
20B of the shell 14. In some aspects, the body adhesive 44 may also
be placed on the absorbent structure 21. Generally, however, the
body adhesive 44 is confined to being placed on the first area 11
of the shell 14, since placing the body adhesive on an area of the
absorbent structure 21 which contacts the female genitalia such as
the labia majora may cause discomfort to the wearer of the
article.
In some aspects, the body adhesive 44 may be applied in a pattern
of small discrete dots so as to leave numerous areas free from
adhesive. Alternatively, the body adhesive may be applied as a
continuous bead, or may be applied as a series of semi-continuous
beads, such as shown in FIG. 14. Other suitable adhesive patterns
may be selected for applying the body adhesive 44 to the
body-contacting first area 11 of the article 10 without departing
from the scope of the invention. For example, adhesive patterns can
be circular, oval, swirls, various linear or non-linear arrays of
adhesive longitudinally, and/or transversely, and/or any angle
therebetween, and reticulated webs having unobstructed interstices
between the adhesive fibers or combinations thereof. In addition,
the adhesive patterns may be open or closed. The amount of adhesive
is dependent upon the particular adhesive and various properties of
the article, such as size, shape, weight, and the like. In some
aspects, the weights of adhesives are limited to less than about
800 g/m.sup.2, and generally less than about 400 g/m.sup.2.
Generally, the weight of the adhesive is at least 20 g/m.sup.2. For
example, the adhesive can be applied in an amount of about 100 to
about 400 g/m.sup.2. The limitations on the basis weight of the
adhesive are a factor to provide the correct adhesive
characteristics for applying directly to the wearer's vulva region
and optionally the pubic, perinea, gluteal and/or coccyx regions of
the wearer's body. If the basis weight is too high, the article
will have a sticky feeling or otherwise uncomfortable feeling. If
the basis weight of the adhesive is too low, there may be
insufficient adhesion to the body of the wearer.
Generally, the body adhesive 44 is applied in a manner which is
symmetrical about the longitudinally extending centerline A-A
(e.g., FIG. 1) which bisects the article 10 and divides the article
10 into substantially equal portions. This symmetrical pattern
provides the wearer a balanced feel when wearing the article 10.
The symmetrical pattern also reduces the perception of any
associated discomfort when the article 10 is removed from the
body.
In some aspects, as is shown in FIG. 15, an optional peel sheet
(i.e., release sheet) 48 may be used to prevent the body adhesive
44 from becoming contaminated, thus losing its ability to stick to
the body of a wearer and/or prematurely adhering to an unintended
surface. Suitable materials for use as a peel strip 48 are well
known in the art and are commercially available. Examples of
suitable peel sheets include, but are not limited to, a silicone
coated Kraft paper, a silicone coated film, and the like. Other
release coatings besides silicone include coatings containing
polytetrafluoroethylene. The release sheet 48 may extend beyond one
or both of the ends and/or sides of the shell 14. Alternatively,
the release sheet 48 may be sized to only cover the body adhesive
on the first area 11 of the shell 14, as is shown in FIG. 15. In
yet another aspect of the present invention, the release sheet 48
may extend beyond the adhesive 44 at one or more locations, such as
one of the ends or one of the sides of the shell 14 by providing
the release sheet 48 with a tab (not shown) for the wearer to grasp
to remove the release sheet 48 from the article 10 and the body
adhesive 44 on the article. When the release sheet 48 extends
beyond the adhesive 44, it may be easier for the wearer to remove
the release sheet 48 to place the article 10 for use.
Alternatively, the release sheet 48 may be provided with a pressure
sensitive adhesive to hold the release sheet 48 in place when the
article is devoid of an adhesive for body attachment (e.g., an
alternative body attachment means). In this configuration, the
release sheet serves to protect the first side 15 of the shell 14
and optionally the absorbent structure 21 from dirt and damage
prior to use.
In some aspects, the optional release sheet 48 is not desirable.
For example, the article may be rolled, folded onto itself or
stacked upon adjacent articles. If rolled, the body adhesive 44
will generally contact the second side 17 of the shell 14. The body
adhesive 44 should releasably stick to one second side of the shell
14 by readily releasing when unrolled by the wearer. In addition,
it is desirable that the body adhesive 44 not leave a residue on
the second side 17 of the shell 14. This should similarly occur
when the articles 10 are stacked upon each other such that the body
adhesive 44 of one article will attach or leave a residue on the
second side 17 of the shell 14 of a second article. In another
aspect, the article 10 may be folded longitudinally along the
lateral axis 2 such that the body adhesive 44 in one area comes
into contact with a surface in another area of the article. In
cases of this aspect where the body adhesive of one area comes into
contact with the body adhesive of another area, the body adhesive
should be selected such that the body adhesive will release from
the other body adhesive when manipulated by a wearer.
The dimensions and shape of the shell 14 should be such that it is
appropriately sized for its intended use. The same is true for the
size and shape of the absorbent structure 21. Generally, the size
and shape of the absorbent structure 21, when present, will dictate
the size and/or shape of the shell 14. The shape of the shell 14 is
selected so that the article 10 will have a comfortable feeling for
the wearer, thereby providing protection against leaks and
preventing the article from becoming detached from the body of the
wearer during wearing. In some aspects, the shell 14 may optionally
be curved to better fit the body of a wearer. In some aspects, the
shell 14 also generally gives the article 10 its overall size and
shape in the longitudinal-1, lateral-2 and/or z-directions. That
is, the shell 14 can be generally longer and/or wider than the
absorbent structure 21, and may optionally have a 3-dimensional
shape as well. For example, the shell 14 can be wider in the
lateral direction 2 than the absorbent structure 21, and/or the
shell can be longer in the longitudinal direction 1 than the
absorbent structure 21. However, in some aspects, it is also
possible for the absorbent structure 21 to be the same or longer
and/or the same or wider than the shell 14.
When the article is intended for use as a pantiliner, a sanitary
napkin, a maxi-pad or a feminine incontinence article, the shell 14
can be wider and longer than the absorbent structure 21 attached to
the second area 12 of the shell 14. For example, the absorbent
structure 21 can be at least as wide and as long as the labia
majora of the wearer. As a result, to fit most women, the absorbent
structure is longer in the longitudinal direction than it is wide
in the lateral direction of the absorbent structure. Generally, for
most women, the labia majora are generally between about 40 mm and
about 70 mm in width and between about 80 mm and 150 mm in length.
Ideally, the absorbent structure 21 should be wider than the labia
majora and slightly longer that the labia minora and slightly
longer than or equal to the labia majora. Generally, the absorbent
structure 21 should be between about 40 mm and 90 mm in width in
the lateral direction and between about 95 mm and about 150 mm in
length in the longitudinal direction. The shape of the absorbent
structure 21 will generally tend to be oblong and may be an oval, a
rectangle, teardrop shaped, hourglass shaped or racetrack shaped,
for example. As can be seen in FIG. 10, in some aspects, the
absorbent structure 21 has a generally elliptical/hourglass shape
to match the size and shape of the vaginal area of most women.
Generally, the shape of the shell 14 may vary. For example, in some
aspects, the shell may have a generally oval shape. In other
aspects, the shell may have a generally hourglass-like shape. By
generally hourglass shape, it is meant a shape in which the sides
of the shell converge towards one another at a point along the
longitudinal axis of the shell to form a narrowest portion of the
article. Generally, the hourglass-like shape provides a cut-out for
the wearer's legs. By having an hourglass-like shape, the shell 14
will preferably not be attached to the legs of a wearer during use.
This can provide additional comfort to the wearer of the article
10. The shape of the shell 14 can generally be any operative shape,
or combination of shapes, and should be selected such that the
article 10 will be comfortable to wear, while providing very
effective leakage protection to the wearer. The shell 14 and the
absorbent structure 21 should preferably be capable of adapting to
the curvature of a wearer's body during use. In one particular
aspect, as seen in FIG. 1, the shell 14 has a relative short and
wide hourglass-like portion with a relatively long and narrow
extension which ends in a bulbus portion. Other operative shapes
not specifically shown are also suitable.
FIG. 16 illustrates a shell 14 that has a generally fiddle shape.
This fiddle shape is divided into three sections, body section 401,
neck section 402, and head section 403. The body section 401 of the
shell 14 consists of body adhering section 404 where anterior body
adhering means 31A is located, and in the illustrated embodiment,
absorbent article adhering section 405. With additional reference
to FIG. 10, the anterior half 103 of the absorbent structure 21 is
attached to the shell 14 in section 405. For reference purposes
only, as illustrated in FIG. 16, line C-C divides the shell 14
transversely (2) at the longitudinally extending (1) midpoint into
substantially equal portions Body section 401 occupies the anterior
half 703 of the shell 14. Neck section 402 is located between the
lateral center line C-C and the head section 403. The neck section
402 of the shell 14 is narrower than the rest of the chassis so
that it will operatively fit within the gluteal groove of the
wearer. The posterior body adhering means 31 B is located in the
head section 403 of shell 14. In some particular aspects, as
illustrated in FIG. 16, the shell 14 has the following dimensional
relationships: The lateral direction 2 width of section 404 at its
greatest extent is greater than or equal to lateral direction 2
width of sections 405, 402, and 403 at their greatest extent. The
area of the anterior half 703 of the shell 14 is greater than the
area of the posterior half 705 of the shell 14. The area of section
405 is greater than area of section 402. The area of section 404 is
greater than area of section 403. The longitudinal direction 1
(length) of section 405 is greater than the longitudinal direction
1 (length) of section 404. The longitudinal direction 1 (length) of
section 402 is greater than the longitudinal direction 1 (length)
of section 403. The transition between section 402 and sections 403
and 405 along the peripheral edge 140 is primarily non-linear and
has a concave shape.
In some aspects when the article is used as a feminine care
article, to obtain an effective attachment of the article to the
wearer, generally the width of the shell 14 should be at least 10
mm on either side of the labia majora. Generally, the portion of
the shell 14 of the article 10 that will be located in the vulva
region will have a width in the lateral direction 2 of about 50 mm
up to 200 mm or more, such as about 60 mm to about 120 mm at its
narrowest lateral point. With respect to FIG. 16, the above width
dimensions would be suitable for section 405 of the illustrated
embodiment. This will allow the shell 14 to have an anterior region
7 that can provide effective body attachment above the labia
majora, and a posterior region 9 that can effectively fit into the
gluteal groove of the wearer. For aspects such as FIG. 16 which
have an extension of the shell 14, such as to operatively fit into
the gluteal groove of the wearer, section 402 can have a width in
the lateral direction 2 at its narrowest point of about 5 mm up to
70 mm or more, such as about 10 mm to about 60 mm, and section 403
can have a width in the lateral direction 2 at its widest point of
about 10 mm up to about 160 mm or more, such as about 30 mm to
about 80 mm to provide improved benefits.
The article also has a length dimension. Generally, the portion of
the shell 14 of the article 10 that will be located in the vulva
region will have a length in the longitudinal direction 1 of about
120 mm up to 300 mm or more, such as about 150 mm to about 200 mm
at its narrowest longitudinal point. With respect to FIG. 16, the
above dimensions would be suitable for section 405 of the
illustrated embodiment. This will allow the shell 14 to have a
anterior region 7 that can provide effective body attachment above
the labia majora, and a posterior region 9 that can effectively fit
into the gluteal groove of the wearer. For aspects such as FIG. 16
which have an anterior attachment means and an extension of the
shell 14, such as to operatively fit into the gluteal groove of the
wearer, the entire length of the article, which in most aspects is
substantially defined by the length of the shell 14, can have a
length in the longitudinal direction 1 of about 250 mm up to 400 mm
or more, such as about 300 mm to about 385 mm, or about 315 mm to
about 370 mm to provide improved benefits.
By providing specific portions for attachment to specific areas of
the body of the wearer, the article may be configured to better fit
the body of the wearer. In desirable aspects, the anterior region 7
of the article, such as shown in FIG. 3, will be the portion of the
article between the absorbent structure 21 and the first end 20A of
the article 10. The posterior region 9 of the article 10 in the
illustrated embodiment will be the portion of the article between
the absorbent structure 21 and the second end 20B of the article
10. In the illustrated embodiment, the posterior region 9 will be
designed to be placed within the gluteal groove and to or through
the coccyx area of the wearer. In desirable aspects, the anterior
region 7 is designed to be placed in the pubic area above the vulva
region of a female wearer. The central region 8 of the article 10
is designed to cover the vagina area of the wearer and the skin
area surrounding the lateral sides of the labia majora, when the
article is used as a pantiliner, sanitary napkin or an incontinence
article.
In general, the article 10 is applied to the user when the user is
in a somewhat upright position, although this need not be the case.
In this particular aspect, the user applies some initial force to
achieve the desired snugness of fit. In use, the user can typically
bend approximately twenty degrees in the backward direction and
greater than ninety degrees in the forward direction beyond the
application angle. When bending forward beyond the application
angle, the front of the body where the product is applied
compresses and the back of the body where the product is applied
expands. In some desirable aspects, the posterior half 705 of the
shell 14 will exhibit greater strain than the anterior half 703 of
the shell 14 when stress is applied to the entire article 10.
One important factor that has been discovered relative to body
attachment is the minimal acceptable shear force. It has been found
that many users, when applying the shell 14, pull the product close
to the knee point to snug the product to the body. Accordingly, in
some desirable aspects, the minimal shear strength should be
greater than the knee point of the shell 14, such as illustrated
graphically in FIG. 17. In particular, FIG. 17 shows that the
minimum shear force of the body attachment is desirably greater
than the force at the "knee" of the curve 801 in order to minimize
unintended detachment of the article when in use. In addition,
extending an elasticized member past the knee point provides a cue
that the member is cinching and becoming secure. This rapid change
in curve slope is an intuitive cue to the user that the article is
secure.
It has been found that increasing the stiffness and/or reducing the
stretch properties of the body attachment means/shell composite
(31/14) can improve comfort and/or ease of removal for the user at
the time of removal. This may be accomplished by using specific
materials in the body attachment section of the shell which
increase the stiffness and/or reduce the stretch properties of that
portion of the shell, or may be the result of the attachment means
itself when applied to the shell. For example, due to the carrier
sheet 42 and adhesive 44 of an ATL if present, the body attachment
means 31/shell 14 composite may have a higher stiffness than the
remainder of the shell, and thus would be easier and more
comfortable to remove from the wearer's body. Without being held to
one particular theory, it is believed that a higher stiffness
and/or lower stretch of the body attachment means 31/shell 14
composite relative to the remainder of the article 10 changes the
peel angle at removal, which has the affect of spreading the
removal force over a wider area when the shell is removed. For
example, if a lower peel angle is at least partially responsible
for improved user comfort, then having a composite stiffness
greater than that of human skin would be desirable.
In some aspects, as illustrated in FIGS. 11-14, the shell 14
includes attachment means 31 applied to first side 15. In some
aspects, the attachment means 31 are coextensive with at least a
portion of the shell peripheral edge 140 as shown in FIGS. 11 and
14. In other aspects, there can be a gap between the shell
peripheral edge 140 and the attachment means 31 peripheral edge 141
as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. In a particular aspect, the attachment
means 31, or components of the attachment means 31, such as an
optional carrier sheet 42 (FIG. 15), can be elastic or extensible
in at least one direction to enhance the extension of the shell 14.
In other aspects, the body adhesive 44 can be applied to the shell
material 26 or carrier sheet 42 in discrete segments as shown in
FIGS. 13 and 14.
To obtain an effective attachment to the body of the wearer, the
shell 14 can be configured to be anatomically correct for a wearer.
As referenced earlier, the shape of the article 10 is such that it
will correctly and securely fit in the vulva region of a wearer.
Additional features may also be included to ensure an anatomically
correct shape. For example, in the posterior region 9 of the
article 10 of FIGS. 1 and 18, more particularly, the posterior
region 9 of the shell on the first side 15, the shell 14 may be
imparted with a three-dimensional protrusion 67. The protrusion 67
acts to fit comfortably in the perinea region of the wearer. The
protrusion 67 may be formed from the shell material 26 or may be
formed from the body adhesive 44, or some other material as
desired. By providing the three-dimensional protrusion 67, the
article can effectively fit to the typical body shape of the female
wearer, thereby preventing leaks from the posterior portion of the
article. The protrusion 67 may also serve as a guide to the wearer
in placement of the article 10 on the body prior to use.
The article of the present invention may have other features which
aid the wearer to place and remove the article from the body. As is
shown in FIG. 19, the second side 12 of the shell 14 may be
provided with article positioning aids such as a finger pocket 99
and/or finger grooves in the shell material. In the illustrated
embodiment, the finger pocket 99 has an opening 98 towards the
anterior edge 20A of the article 10. The pocket 99 gives the wearer
a location to place her fingers during placement of the article 10
onto the wearer's body. The pocket 99 may be an opening wide enough
for the wearer to place one or more fingers in the pocket.
Alternatively, the article can comprise two or more openings which
allow the wearer to place only one finger in each opening. Other
similar article positioning aids may be used to help guide a wearer
to properly position the article for use. For example, grooves may
be placed in the second side 17 of the shell 14 opposite the
absorbent structure 21. This can allow the wearer to feel the
location of the absorbent structure 21 relative to the vulva region
during application of the article 10 to the vulva region of the
body. The pocket 99 can also assist the wearer in removing the
article from their body.
In some aspects, the article 10 can optionally be provided with an
article removal aid which provides the wearer with an easy way to
grasp and remove the article when attached to the body. One
particular article removal aid is shown in FIG. 15 including a tab
92 located on the anterior edge 20A of the shell 14 which is not
adhered to the body or is devoid of adhesive. Alternatively, other
article removal aids can be utilized, such as having an area of the
anterior edge 20A or posterior edge 20B region being devoid of the
body attaching adhesive 44. Other types of article removal aids
which may be present include loops, pull strings, and the like. The
article removal aid allows the wearer to effectively begin the
process of gently removing the article from the body of the wearer,
without the need of having to find a portion of the shell which may
not be completely attached.
Other features or additives may be incorporated into the article of
the present invention. For example, the article may contain an odor
control agent, a fragrance, a skin wellness agent and other similar
additives used in currently available disposable absorbent
articles. Any odor control agent, fragrance or wellness agent known
to those skilled in the art can be used in the article of the
present invention. The odor control agent, fragrance or wellness
agent may be added in various components of the article, including
the shell 14, the absorbent structure 21 or the body adhesive 44,
for example.
Generally, with reference to FIG. 15, to apply the article 10 to
the body of a wearer, the release sheet(s) 48, if present,
protecting the body adhesive 44 and/or absorbent structure 21 is
removed from the first surface 15 of the shell 14. Next, the wearer
positions the shell 14, or absorbent structure 21, onto the portion
of the body in which protection is desired. If positioning pockets
or other article positioning aids are present on the article, the
wearer may optionally use these article positioning aids to
properly place the article for use. In the case of disposable
feminine care absorbent articles, the absorbent structure 21 is
positioned over the vagina area such that the absorbent structure
will absorb body fluids. The wearer then checks to ensure that the
first area 11 of the shell or the adhesive 44 is contacting the
skin and/or hair around the vagina area. With respect to FIG. 1,
the posterior region 9 of the article 10 is then positioned into
the gluteal groove, and the attachment means adjacent the posterior
edge 20B is attached to the coccyx area of the wearer's body.
If the article is intended to have an anterior region 7 and a
posterior region 9, such as shown in FIG. 1, the wearer first
identifies the anterior region and/or the posterior region of the
article. To aid in identification of the anterior and posterior
regions, indicia may optionally be located on the release sheet 48,
shell 14 or absorbent structure 21 to indicate the anterior region
7 and/or posterior region 9 of the article 10. Indicia can be
simply lettering or a picture to indicate the front or back of the
article. Other examples include, color, wording, diagrams and the
like, which would indicate to a wearer the anterior and posterior
regions of the article. In some aspects, a set of instructions can
also be included with the article which aids the wearer in
determining proper placement and use. Once the anterior region and
posterior region are identified by the wearer, the wearer places
the article in the same manner described above.
In some aspects, the article can be positioned with the aid of the
absorbent structure. More specifically, the absorbent structure,
when sized and shaped to the approximate size of the labia majora,
can serve to guide the placement of the absorbent structure over
the labia majora. Once properly placed, pressure is applied by the
wearer to the second surface of the shell which will allow the
first surface of the shell to contact the skin and/or hair of the
wearer, or to allow any adhesive applied to the first surface to be
applied to the skin and/or hair of the wearer.
By having the article 10 attached to the body of a wearer, the
article 10 will desirably move with the skin of the wearer. This
results in an article that is comfortable to wear and which will be
less likely to leak than conventional personal care articles. The
article of the present invention advantageously has a very close to
the body fit which can provide improved discretion and confidence
for the wearer as compared to conventional personal care articles.
In addition, because of the particular attachment configuration of
the absorbent structure 21 to the shell 14 of the present
invention, the article 10 provides a snug fit with minimal gaps for
a wide range of consumers over the entire range of movement.
FIGS. 1, 9 and 20 illustrate one aspect of a body adhesive personal
care article 10 of the present invention. The shell 14 has an
anterior region 7, a central region 8, and an elongated posterior
region 9 extending from the central region. The shell 14 also has a
first side 15, which defines a body-facing surface, and a second
side 17, which defines a garment-facing surface. The first side 15
of the shell 14 has first area 11 and a second area 12. In the
illustrated embodiment, the first side 15 of the shell 14 has a
body adhesive 44 on at least a portion thereof for adhering the
article 10 directly to the wearer's skin and/or hair, and
particularly, to a female wearer's skin and/or hair surrounding her
vulva region for the illustrated article. The body adhesive 44
contacts the skin and/or hair in the vulva region and and/or the
pubic region and/or the perinea region, for example, of the
wearer's body, thereby supporting and holding the shell 14 and the
absorbent structure 21 against the body of the wearer during
use.
In the illustrated embodiment, the shell 14 contains adhesive 44 in
at least a portion of the anterior region 7 and in only a portion
of the posterior region 9. It is understood that the entire exposed
area (i.e., the area not covered by the absorbent structure 21,
that is, the first area 11) can have adhesive 44 thereon without
departing from the scope of this invention. A release sheet 48 may
be used to prevent the body adhesive 44 from becoming contaminated,
thus losing its ability to stick to the body of the wearer and/or
prematurely adhering to an unintended surface. The absorbent
structure 21 is suitably secured to the first side 15 of the shell
14 at the central region 8 and is sized and located relative to the
shell such that the shell extends longitudinally outward beyond the
periphery 121 of the absorbent structure. In some aspects, the
article can include an absorbent material coated onto and/or
integrated into the shell 14.
The anterior region 7 of the article 10 is suitably contoured along
the width of the shell 14 to accommodate the lower abdomen region
of the wearer. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 1, 9 and 20,
for example, the longitudinal 1 extent (e.g., length) of the shell
14 relative to the transverse axis 2 of the article is non-uniform
across the width of the shell at the anterior region 7 of the
article 10. In this particular aspect of the illustrated
embodiment, the longitudinal edge of the shell 14 (i.e., at
anterior edge 20A of article 10 in the illustrated embodiment) is
generally U-shaped as it extends across the width of the shell at
its longitudinal edge 20A. It is understood, however, that the
contour of the longitudinal edge 20A of the shell 14 may be
inwardly arcuate, V-shaped, transversely straight, outwardly
arcuate or other suitable shape without departing from the scope of
this invention.
In this particular aspect of FIGS. 1, 9 and 20, the sides of the
article 10 and more particularly the longitudinal side edges 19 of
the shell 14 are generally inwardly arcuate along at least a
portion of the length of the article 14. Alternatively, the sides
19 may be inwardly arcuate along substantially the entire length of
the article. It is also understood that the sides 19 defining the
leg cutouts may be V-shaped, U-shaped, outwardly arcuate or other
suitable shape, or it may be uniform (e.g., straight or
longitudinal) along substantially the entire length of the article
10.
In this particular aspect of FIGS. 1, 9 and 20, the contoured
longitudinal end edge of the shell 14 (e.g., anterior edge 20A of
the article 10) together with the contoured longitudinal side edges
of the shell 19 where these side edges generally intersect the
longitudinal edge of the shell, define a pair of transversely
spaced tabs 520. Each of the tabs 520 suitably has body adhesive 44
on the body-facing surface (e.g., first side 15) for adhering the
tabs directly to the wearer and more suitably to the abdomen region
of the wearer. In some aspects, the tabs 520 are sized to extend to
a region of the wearer that has little or no pubic hair to
facilitate adherence to the wearer's skin, although it need not be.
For example, in some aspects, it is desirable to provide a shape
that attaches to the hairs in the region.
The elongated portion 532 of the shell 14 includes a tab 532' for
generally aligning with the coccyx of the wearer. The tab 532' has
adhesive thereon for adhering the shell 14 to the body of the
wearer. The tab 532' of the illustrated embodiment is generally
bulbous in shape but it is understood that the tab could have other
shapes without departing from the scope of the invention. In some
aspects, the elongated portion 532 can additionally or
alternatively rely on friction within the gluteal groove to provide
additional attachment of the article to the body. Accordingly, in
some aspects of the illustrated embodiment, the elongated portion
532 comprises no body adhesive.
Other benefits of the article 10 of the present invention may also
be provided. For example, when the first side 15 of the shell 14
has an adhesive applied thereto, upon removal of the article 10
after use, the wearer may fold the first side 15 of the shell 14
onto itself to dispose of the used article. An effective seal may
be formed around the perimeter of the shell, thereby effectively
encapsulating bodily fluids within a closure. As a result, any
odors associated with the fluids will be contained within the shell
material. Another advantage of the article of the present invention
is a tampon backup article. For example, the article can be
effective in hiding the withdraw string of a tampon, while
providing additional leakage protection.
The article described above can be an individual article or may be
part of a personal care system, offering the wearer a wide variety
of options to fill the needs of the wearer. For example, the shell
14 can be provided to wearers in a variety of shapes or sizes to
allow wearers to select the appropriate shape or size for their
given body shape or degree of fluid flow. Likewise, the body
adhesive 44 may be provided in a variety of adhesive strengths to
match the adhesive strength needed or desired by the wearer. By
providing a variety of adhesive or other attachment means, a wearer
could select shells to match body type, body condition and other
various factors that may vary from one wearer to another.
Similarly, the absorbent structure 21 could be provided in various
absorbent capacities so that the wearer could select the
appropriate absorbency to match the wearer's needs.
The personal care system may be provided to wearers in a variety of
packaging arrangements. In one packaging arrangement, a plurality
of shells 14 having different properties may be provided in
separate packages or could be provided in a single package.
It is generally a better packaging arrangement if shells having
similar properties, shapes or sizes are provided in a single
package. That is, in a given package, the wearer is provided with a
plurality of shells all having the same shape, size, and
properties, such as similar body attachment properties. Regarding
the absorbent structures 21, the absorbent structures could be
provided to the wearer in packages sorted by absorbent capacity or
various absorbent capacity structures could be provided in a single
package. By having all absorbent structures in a single package
with a single absorbent capacity, a wearer is able to select the
correct absorbent capacity for their typical needs. However, by
providing different absorbent capacity absorbent structures in a
single package, the wearer will be provided with the ability to
select the absorbent structure with the appropriate absorbent
capacity for a given situation, without the need to purchase
multiple packages of absorbent structures.
It will be appreciated that details of the foregoing examples,
given for purposes of illustration, are not to be construed as
limiting the scope of this invention. Although only a few exemplary
embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above,
those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many
modifications are possible in the examples without materially
departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this
invention. For example, features described in relation to one
example may be incorporated into any other example of the
invention.
Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included
within the scope of this invention, which is defined in the
following claims and all equivalents thereto. Further, it is
recognized that many embodiments may be conceived that do not
achieve all of the advantages of some embodiments, particularly of
the desirable embodiments, yet the absence of a particular
advantage shall not be construed to necessarily mean that such an
embodiment is outside the scope of the present invention. As
various changes could be made in the above constructions without
departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all
matter contained in the above description shall be interpreted as
illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
* * * * *
References