U.S. patent number 8,870,124 [Application Number 12/832,966] was granted by the patent office on 2014-10-28 for application of elastomeric vortex generators.
The grantee listed for this patent is Peter Ireland. Invention is credited to Peter Ireland.
United States Patent |
8,870,124 |
Ireland |
October 28, 2014 |
Application of elastomeric vortex generators
Abstract
A method of improving aerodynamic performance of foils by the
application of conformal, elastomeric vortex generators. The novel
use of elastomers allows the application of various forms of vortex
generators to sections that have been problematic from engineering
and cost considerations. A novel and efficient vortex generator
profile is identified, which develops an additional co rotating
vortex at low energy expenditure. The mechanisms allow for the
application of transverse vortex generators, or Gurney Flaps/Lift
Enhancement Tabs/Divergent Trailing Edges, to propellers,
rotorblades, and to wings/flaps/control trailing edges. Cove Tabs
are additionally described using an elastomeric transverse vortex
generator to achieve performance improvements of a high lift
device.
Inventors: |
Ireland; Peter (Wenworth Falls,
AU) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Ireland; Peter |
Wenworth Falls |
N/A |
AU |
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Family
ID: |
43426759 |
Appl.
No.: |
12/832,966 |
Filed: |
July 8, 2010 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20110008174 A1 |
Jan 13, 2011 |
|
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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61224481 |
Jul 10, 2009 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
244/200.1;
244/199.2; 244/199.1; 244/130; 416/223R; 244/198 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B64C
23/065 (20130101); B64C 23/06 (20130101); B64C
2003/147 (20130101); Y02T 50/10 (20130101); Y02T
50/12 (20130101); Y02T 50/162 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B64C
21/10 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;244/200.1,199.1,199.2,199.3,199.4,198,199,130,132 ;416/223R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
International Search Authority, Written Opinion of the ISA and
Search Report, International Application PCT/IB2010/001885 for
Peter Ireland for Elastomeric Vortex Generator, Mailed Dec. 7,
2010. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Alsomiri; Isam
Assistant Examiner: Woldemaryam; Assres H
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Nwamu, P.C. Nwamu; Fidel D.
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation-in-part application of
U.S. provisional patent application, Ser. No. 61/224,481, filed
Oct. 7, 2009, for ELASTOMERIC VORTEX GENERATORS, by Peter S.
Ireland, included by reference herein and for which benefit of the
priority date is hereby claimed.
Elastomeric Vortex Generator Provisional patent, Ireland P S, of
August 2009. (EFS ID 5676629 Application Number 61224481
Confirmation Number 2708 Title Elastomeric Vortex Generator(s)
First Named Inventor Peter Stephen Ireland)
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators lift enhancement tabs for improving
flow on a foil or series of foils, thereby improving lift, drag,
angle of attack capability or lift to drag ratios, comprising:
passive means for providing an element for forming transverse
vortices, and a base surface for attachment to a foil or
aero/hydrodynamic surface, wherein said passive means for providing
an element for forming said transverse vortices is elastomeric and
is configured to be bonded to the foil or aero/hydrodynamic
surface, said passive means further comprising a front surface
configured at an angle normal to a free stream aero/hydrodynamic
flow to generate a first vortex, and a rear surface configured at
an angle normal to said free stream aero/hydrodynamic flow to
generate a second vortex, whereby said passive means body is
configured for force balance between said first and second vortex
forces so as to provide minimum force loading on said base surface,
and said first and second vortices are configured to reenergize a
downstream boundary layer, improving lift, drag, angle of attack
capability or lift to drag ratios.
2. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators in accordance with claim 1, wherein
said passive means for providing an element for forming vortices is
configured to be bonded directly on to a surface of the foil or
aero/hydrodynamic surface to improve flow on a foil or series of
foils, thereby improving lift, drag, angle of attack capability or
lift to drag ratios.
3. An application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators in accordance with claim 2 for
improving flow on a foil or series of foils, thereby improving
lift, drag, angle of attack capability or lift to drag ratios,
comprising: a passive, bondable, conformal elastomeric extrusion or
section, for providing an element for forming vortices, and a base
surface for attachment to foil or aero/hydrodynamic surface.
4. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators as recited in claim 3, further
comprising: a profile in a U form, or alternatively an F profile,
or alternatively an inverted T profile, or alternatively an L
profile mounted at an angle to the free stream flow of between 15
and 25 degrees, located on the surface of the section within 20% of
the chord of the wing, flap or surface applied thereon elastomeric
blade vortex generator, for developing vortices to re-energise the
boundary layer, or to adjust existing flow to improve lift, drag or
lift/drag ratios.
5. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators lift enhancement tabs as recited in
claim 1, further comprising: an aligned transversely to free
stream, parallel to trailing edge, positioned on the lower (high
pressure) surface, between 0 and 2 times the height of the tab
forward of the trailing edge of the wing, or flap, or flap cove, of
a height of less than 2% of chord, bondable, conformable, extrusion
section of a box, rectangle, or ramp elastomeric gurney tab, for
generating an off body recirculation field that then jets the upper
flow from the main wing down the face of the flap, reattaching flow
on the flap and increasing total lift and reducing drag, resulting
in increased aft aerodynamic loading, a reduction in leading edge
suction, and reduced adverse pressure gradient development thereby
increasing total lift, and reducing drag at low speeds, and
increasing the critical Mach number/drag divergence Mach of the
foil.
6. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators as recited in claim 1, further
comprising: a conformal, bondable U form or F form double blade
vortex generator, for efficiently developing vortices.
7. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators as recited in claim 1, further
comprising: a conformal, bondable F form double blade vortex
generator, for efficiently developing vortices, rotated anti
clockwise such that the bonding surface is the vertical stroke of
the F shape, for efficiently developing vortices and developing a
trapped vortex between the twin blades thus formed arising normal
to the substrate surface and aligned with the extruded axis between
15 and 25 degrees from the free stream flow.
8. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators as recited claim 1, further
comprising: a low profile wedge or ogival section, or F, T or U
ogival section, or F, inverted T or U section extrusion, bondable,
elastomeric, aligned with aft face at, or forward by not more than
2 times the tab height from the lower trailing edge of the foil
section, acts as low tab height lift enhancement tab at low
velocities elastomeric divergent trailing edge-lift tab for
developing a transverse vortex proximate to the trailing edge which
induces an increase in the wake exit angle and local velocity at
the upper trailing edge, resulting in increased aft aerodynamic
loading and reduction in leading edge suction, thereby reducing
upper surface velocities while maintaining total lift, and
therefore reducing drag and increasing the critical mach number of
the foil resulting in increased aft aerodynamic loading, a
reduction in leading edge suction, and reduced adverse pressure
gradient development thereby increasing total lift, and reducing
drag at low speeds, and increasing the critical Mach number/drag
divergence Mach of the foil.
9. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric lift enhancement tabs vortex generators as recited in
claim 1, further comprising: an elastomeric section aligned
transversely to free stream, parallel to trailing edge, constant
span wise height from substrate, positioned on the lower (high
pressure) surface, between 0 and 2 times the height of the tab
forward of the trailing edge of the wing, or flap, or flap cove, of
a height of less than 2% of chord, bondable, conformable, extrusion
section of a box, rectangle, or ramp elastomeric gurney tab, for
generating an off body recirculation field that then jets the upper
flow from the main wing down the face of the flap, reattaching flow
on the flap and increasing total lift and reducing drag generating
an transverse vortex proximate to the trailing edge which induces
an increase in the wake exit angle and local velocity at the upper
trailing edge, resulting in increased aft aerodynamic loading, a
reduction in leading edge suction, and reduced adverse pressure
gradient development thereby increasing total lift, and reducing
drag at low speeds, and increasing the critical Mach number/drag
divergence Mach of the foil.
10. The application of passive, flexibly attached elastomeric
vortex generators as recited in claim 4, further comprising: a low
profile wedge or ogival section, or F or U section extrusion or
ogival section, or F, inverted T or U section extrusion, bondable,
elastomeric, aligned with aft face at, or forward by not more than
2 times the tab height from the lower trailing edge of the foil
section, acts as low tab height lift enhancement tab at low
velocities elastomeric divergent trailing edge-lift tab for
developing a transverse vortex proximate to the trailing edge which
induces an increase in the wake exit angle and local velocity at
the upper trailing edge, resulting in increased aft aerodynamic
loading and reduction in leading edge suction, thereby reducing
upper surface velocities while maintaining total lift, and
therefore reducing drag and increasing the critical mach number of
the foilresulting in increased aft aerodynamic loading, a reduction
in leading edge suction, and reduced adverse pressure gradient
development thereby increasing total lift, and reducing drag at low
speeds, and increasing the critical Mach number/drag divergence
Mach of the foil.
11. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators lift enhancement tabs as recited in
claim 1, further comprising: a low profile wedge or ogival section,
or F, T or U section extrusion ogive section, or F, inverted T or U
section extrusion, bondable, elastomeric, aligned with aft face at,
or forward by not more than 2 times the tab height from the lower
trailing edge of the foil section, acts as low tab height lift
enhancement tab at low velocities elastomeric divergent trailing
edge-lift tab for developing a transverse vortex proximate to the
trailing edge which induces an increase in the wake exit angle and
local velocity at the upper trailing edge, resulting in increased
aft aerodynamic loading and reduction in leading edge suction,
thereby reducing upper surface velocities while maintaining total
lift, and therefore reducing drag and increasing the critical mach
number of the foil resulting in increased aft aerodynamic loading,
a reduction in leading edge suction, and reduced adverse pressure
gradient development thereby increasing total lift, and reducing
drag at low speeds, and increasing the critical Mach number/drag
divergence Mach of the foil.
12. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators as recited in claim 6, further
comprising: a low profile wedge or ogival section, or F or U
section extrusion, box, rectangle, F, inverted T or U or folding
section extrusion, bondable, elastomeric, aligned with aft face at,
or forward by not more than 2 times the tab height from the lower
trailing edge of the wing-flap or flap-flap cove section, acts as
low tab height lift enhancement tab at low velocities elastomeric
divergent trailing edge-lift tab, for developing a transverse
vortex proximate to the trailing edge which induces an increase in
the wake exit angle and local velocity at the upper trailing edge,
resulting in increased aft aerodynamic loading and a reduction in
leading edge suction, thereby reducing upper surface velocities
while maintaining total lift, and therefore reducing drag and
increasing the critical mach number of the foil resulting in the
development of a transverse vortex proximate to the lower trailing
edge of the forward element that thereby results in jetting of the
flow off the trailing edge of said element such as to cause an
off-body recirculation field to be established above the trailing
element of the series, and therefore resulting in a surface jetting
over the trailing element below the off body recirculation field,
reducing separation at high flap deflections, increasing lift, and
reducing drag.
13. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generator as recited in claim 5, further
comprising: a low profile wedge or ogival section, or F, T or U
section extrusion, bondable, elastomeric, aligned with aft face at,
or forward by not more than 2 times the tab height from the lower
trailing edge of the foil section, acts as low tab height lift
enhancement tab at low velocities elastomeric divergent trailing
edge-lift tab for developing a transverse vortex proximate to the
trailing edge which induces an increase in the wake exit angle and
local velocity at the upper trailing edge, resulting in increased
aft aerodynamic loading and reduction in leading edge suction,
thereby reducing upper surface velocities while maintaining total
lift, and therefore reducing drag and increasing the critical mach
number of the foil a low profile square, rectangular or wedge, or
F, inverted T or U section extrusion, bondable, elastomeric,
aligned with aft face at, or forward by not more than 2 times the
tab height from the lower trailing edge of the foil section, acts
as low tab height lift enhancement tab at low velocities and as a
elastomeric divergent trailing edge-tab at high Mach, low angle of
attack conditions, for developing a transverse vortex proximate to
the trailing edge which induces an increase in the wake exit angle
and local velocity at the upper trailing edge, resulting in
increased aft aerodynamic loading, a reduction in leading edge
suction, and reduced adverse pressure gradient development thereby
increasing total lift, and reducing drag at low speeds, and
increasing the critical Mach number/drag divergence Mach of the
foil.
14. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric vortex generators as recited in claim 6, further
comprising: a conformal, bondable U or F form double blade that
results in a trapped vortices, for efficiently developing vortices,
and maintaining a stable generator structure.
15. The application of passive, flexibly attached elastomeric
vortex generators as recited in claim 10, further comprising: a
conformal, bondable f form U or F form double blade that results in
a trapped vortices, for efficiently developing vortices, and
maintaining a stable generator structure.
16. The application of passive, flexibly attached elastomeric
vortex generators as recited in claim 10, further comprising: a low
profile wedge or ogival section, or F, T or U section extrusion or
ogive section, or F, inverted T or U section extrusion, bondable,
elastomeric, aligned with aft face at, or forward by not more than
2 times the tab height from the lower trailing edge of the foil
section, acts as low tab height lift enhancement tab at low
velocities elastomeric divergent trailing edge-lift tab for
developing a transverse vortex proximate to the trailing edge which
induces an increase in the wake exit angle and local velocity at
the upper trailing edge, resulting in increased aft aerodynamic
loading and reduction in leading edge suction, thereby reducing
upper surface velocities while maintaining total lift, and
therefore reducing drag and increasing the critical mach number of
the foil thereby increasing total lift, and reducing drag at low
speeds, and increasing the critical Mach number/drag divergence
Mach of the foil.
17. An elastomeric vortex generator comprising: an elastomeric
extrusion or section, for providing an element for forming
vortices, and a base surface for attachment to foil or
aero/hydrodynamic surface, wherein although flexible, said
elastomeric extrusion or section is configured to retain its shape
at high fluid flow velocities over said foil or aero/hydrodynamic
surface.
18. The elastomeric vortex generator of claim 17 wherein the shape
of the elastomeric extrusion or section is retained by vortices
generated by elastomeric extrusion or section, the vortices being
generated on either side of the elastomeric extrusion or
section.
19. The application of passive, flexibly attached geometry,
elastomeric lift enhancement tabs vortex generators as recited in
claim 1, wherein the passive means causes no increase in radar
cross section change to the substrate or underlying body.
20. An application of elastomeric, passive, flexibly attached
geometry, lift enhancement tabs for improving flow on a foil,
comprising: a bondable, conformal elastomeric extrusion or section
of square, or rectangular, or U, or F or inverted T section,
aligned transversely to free stream, parallel to trailing edge,
positioned on the lower (high pressure) surface, between 2 and zero
times the height of the tab forward of the trailing edge of the
wing, or flap, or flap cove, of a height of less than 2% of chord,
that acts at high Mach number as a divergent trailing edge tab, for
developing a transverse vortex proximate to the trailing edge which
induces an increase in the wake exit angle and local velocity at
the upper trailing edge, resulting in increased aft aerodynamic
loading, a reduction in leading edge suction, and delayed adverse
pressure gradient development thereby delaying the development of a
normal shock wave at high subsonic Mach, and increasing the
critical Mach number/drag divergence Mach of the foil at high Mach,
or reducing wave drag for a given Mach number.
21. The application of elastomeric, passive, fixedly attached
geometry, lift enhancement tabs wherein the divergent trailing edge
tabs as recited in claim 20, further comprising: a conformal,
bondable U or F form double blade that results in a trapped
vortices, for efficiently developing vortices, and maintaining a
stable generator structure.
22. The application of elastomeric, passive, fixedly attached
geometry, lift enhancement tabs wherein the divergent trailing edge
tabs as recited in claim 20 has no increase in radar cross section
change to the substrate or underlying body.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to improving foil aerodynamics and,
more particularly, to improving lift and drag characteristics. It
provides novel material and properties to the field of boundary
layer modification and separated flow control, and particularly in
the use of blade, ramp, Gurney Flap/Lift Enhancing tab or divergent
trailing edge vortex generating systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Performance of a foil or surface in a flow of fluid such as air or
water is critical for a system performance, affecting lift, drag
and vibration of a system.
The leading section of the foil is usually an area of increasing
thickness and results in a thin laminar boundary layer until such
point that viscous drag, surface friction or pertuberances causes
turbulence to occur in the boundary layer. The turbulent boundary
layer has characteristically higher drag than the laminar flow
region, however may also have improved stability of flow. The
development of an adverse pressure gradient results in separation
of the flow from the surface, and a further large increase in drag
occurs from this point rearwards. While a foil section may be
designed to maintain a large area of laminar boundary layer,
practical limitations of manufacture and cleanliness generally
preclude widescale laminar boundary layer development.
Noise signature of a blade, or other foil is affected by the vortex
development in the wake of the section. Additionally, lift and drag
performance can be affected greatly by the use of trailing edge
modifiers. In practice, this performance is not attained due to
constraints of engineering a suitable mechanism.
Micro Vortex generators, microVG's, are fabricated from a rigid
material such as aluminium are used to reenergise boundary layers.
Large Eddy Breakup Units, or LEBU's are occasionally used to adjust
a boundary layer condition, and are constructed from rigid
materials. A drag modifying surface is manufactured by 3M under the
tradename "Riblet". This surface is a thin textured film, designed
to provide a reenergising of the boundary layer to reduce surface
drag. Alternatively, a rigid surface may be deformed by fluting or
indentations that act as a form of flow modifier.
To change acoustic signature and/or lift/drag performance, fluting
of the trailing edge of a foil or section has been accomplished,
and tabs such as lift enhancing tabs or gurney tabs have been
applied in experimentation. Fluting has been accomplished on jet
engine exhaust systems in current art.
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Current boundary layer modifiers such as micro VG's and LEBU's are
rigid in structure. The material they are made from allows limited
flexure of the structure, and will not permit the underlying
surface to flex. Where there is substantial structural flexing and
the modifier extends over any length, these solutions are unable to
be used without affecting the torsional or flexing characteristics
of the underlying structure. This can result in serious aeroelastic
effects, causing structural failure or damage, and are inherently
impacted by any alternating loads, bending or flexing resulting in
material fatigue. The micro VG's, and similar current art vortex
generators are often characterised as being "micro", however as a
percentage of the boundary layer height, they are multiples of the
laminar boundary layer height in the region of the forward chord of
the blade, whereas conventional design optimisation of micro VG's
indicate that their height should be less than the boundary layer
and generally of the order of 20% or less of the boundary layer
thickness to minimise drag losses, while maintaining effectiveness
of developing streamwise vortices.
Structural mass of any addition to a foil must be considered for
the tensile loading of the foil, particularly for a blade, and also
the location on the blade relative to the chort must be considered:
weight added at the trailing edge is potentially adverse to the
dynamic stability of the foil (flutter). This may be offset by
related aerodynamic effects if those effects move the centre of
pressure rearward more than the weight addition shifts the centre
of mass of the foil section. Addition of mass to a rotor system
increases inertial loading in the feathering axis, pitching axis,
and increases radial shear loads. Therefore, minimum mass needs to
be achieved at all times.
Fluting of a section involves complex engineering, and can result
in structural problems such as material fatigue. Gurney tabs are
predominately mechanical devices, and the structure adds weight and
additionally affects torsional and bending moments of inertia of a
structure. This may cause bond or fastener failure over time
through fatigue and incompatibility of the attachment system.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided new and
enhanced alternatives for the application of vortex generating
mechanisms. These mechanisms are fabricated from elastomeric
materials, either by extrusions cut to form or by sheet stock cut
to beneficial designs.
The use of elastomeric materials in a vortex generating device is
counter intuitive, in that the prior art has developed using either
rigid formed structures, or air jet systems, and the ability of an
elastomeric compound to retain a stabilised form arises from the
surprising fact that the vorticity on each side of a blade once
established are in the main both stable and both series of vortices
support the structure between them, thereby retaining the structure
in place when subjected to high velocity newtonian fluid flows.
This is valid for blade and tabs such as Gurney Flaps/Lift
Enhancement Tabs, which are able to be formed form either an L or T
form blade running transversely proximate to the trailing edge of a
foil, or surprisingly, as a rectangular extrusion (or machined
strip) section of elastomeric material.
The profiles of blade vortex generators additionally are improved
by the incorporation of multi bladed sections, which increase the
total fluid entrainment in vortices. these are described as F, or U
forms with multiple parallel blades being fabricated in section,
and the vortex generator being completed by trimming the extrusion
to the desired length and lengthwise profile. This arrangement
results in an additional central vortice being produced, which is
co rotational with the 2 vortices that are produced from a single
blade generator, however the total drag is nominally unchanged, as
the central vortex efficiently develops in a channel. Testing to
date indicates that the vortex generator of multiple blades is
effective at developing vortices, however comparative performance
is not completed.
The use of elastomeric materials allows the designer new freedom to
place a flow modifier such as these items in areas that are either
sensitive to mass, such as the trailing edge of an aileron or other
surface subject to flutter considerations, and in areas where the
existing dynamic flexure and torsion of the structure would
preclude safety attaching any additional structure which has
different material properties to the substrate. This condition also
includes cases where the materials may have been common, but the
fabrication results in variation of the bending and torsional
properties of the flow modifier and the substrate. A particular
case in point is attempting to place a transverse device such as a
Gurney Flap or Lift Enhancement Tab to the trailing edge of a
helicopter rotor, where the attachment base and tab form an L or T
form that increases rigidity in an area subject to cyclical bending
loads, which cause spanwise distortion of the blade from a straight
span. Such application of current art structure of vortex
generators would generate high fatigue loads at the bond, resulting
in failure or alternatively transfers high loads to the end
sections of a strongly bonded/connected tab to blade, where the
structural properties of the section with the tab vary from the
section without such reinforcement. In the case of a rotor,
additionally the increase in rigidity of the trailing edge by the
application of a rigid form of tab results in a change in
characteristics between the trailing edge bending and the leading
edge behavior to these cyclical loads, and results in torsional
variations being introduced.
Gurney Flaps/Lift Enhancement Tabs have been the subject of
substantial research, however the primary focus has been on the
blade form extending normal to the lower rear surface of the foil.
One series of experiments did evaluate alternative rigid forms,
including triangular and concave profiles, at relatively low
velocities, in the area of high lift capability, and separately
current art has described rigid mechanisms of a divergent trailing
edge to a foil at high velocities, and low angles of attack,
consistent with cruise conditions for subsonic cruise. The flow
structure of a trailing edge tab is in the main consistent with the
structure of the divergent trailing edge. The efficiency of a low
aspect, below 0.5% chord blade form tab located within 2.times. the
tab height of the trailing edge of a foil is beneficial, and
affects both low speed performance of lift, angle of attack
capability and lift drag ratio, and at high speed can improve
lift/drag ratio and additionally increasing the critical drag rise
mach number, through lowering of the suction peak. Flight testing
indicates that an elastomeric rectangular section bonded to the
trailing edge in the manner of a Gurney Flap, acts as both a Gurney
Flap, and as a Divergent Trailing Edge device.
testing of an elastomeric Lift Enhancing Tab was conducted on an
aircraft propellor, and also a helicopter Main Rotor.
In the case of the propeller, the 1.6 mm high.times.12 mm wide
elastomeric tape of EPDM foam was bonded to the pressure face
trailing edge of the left hand engines propeller of the twin
engined aircraft, a PA23-250. Spanwise location was varied in
testing, however the application of the tape with the tape aft face
parallel, and 1.6 mm forward of the trailing edge of the blade in
chordwise location, and extending as a continuous tape from 40%
span to 85% span resulted in improved performance of the propeller.
In comparison to baseline performance, the power settings to
achieve equivalent thrust from the engines resulted in a reduction
of fuel flow required and manifold pressure of approximately 20%.
where equal fuel flows and manifold pressures were used on both
engines, the indicated airspeed achieved by the aircraft was
increased by approximately 5KIAS, with a notable asymmetry in
thrust evident supporting improved performance from the modified
propellor. Application of the tape to the tip region, approximately
95% span, resulted in some wear of the leading edge of the outer
section of the tape, in sandy environmental conditions.
A limited test of elastomeric Lift Enhancement Tabs was conducted
on an R22 helicopter main rotor. Acoustic signature variation was
immediately noted, and a reduction in blade vortex interaction was
also noted, but not empirically recorded due to testing
constraints. The power required to hover was reduced by
approximately 15% from baseline, for a 3.0 mm.times.12 mm.times.1.0
m tab section located 3.0 mm forward of the lower trailing edge of
the blade, in the mid span area, approximately 40-75% span. Of
note, the normal low rotor RPM stall occurred at 80% RPM for the
baseline (manufacturer guidance value given as 83% for test
conditions), whereas with the elastomeric tab, the stall occurred
at 68% RPM. In the baseline case, the anti torque demanded to
maintain directional control, approaches the control limit, whereas
in the elastomeric tab test case, the control authority remaining
was greater than baseline, even though the reduced RPM
substantially reduces the anti torque force developed at the lower
RPM. This finding is consistent with the tab developing lower drag,
and increasing lift coefficient. The additional conclusion is that
the section of the span with the tab also increases the component
of total lift that is produced, and reduces the aerodynamic loading
at the tip of the blade, which is consistent with the reduction in
blade vortex interaction. A reduction in vibration while passing
through translational lift is also consistent with this conclusion.
High speed flight was conducted up to manufacturers VNE, but was of
a limited nature, however no adverse behavior was noted.
Autorotation was not evaluated due to the limited nature of the
testing, however, quick stop maneuvers which enter autorotative
flow conditions were conducted and were unremarkable.
The application of a tab in the cove of a wing/flap system has been
shown by current art to be beneficial to improving flow attachment
over the flap upper surface at high flap deflections. The current
art uses a transverse blade in this area to achieve the transverse
vortex that initiates the rather complex and interesting separated
flow structure that results in the continued attachment of the
boundary layer to the flap in conditions where normally the
boundary layer would have separated. The invention as an
elastomeric box or rectangular section has been applied in this
area in flight test and acts as a Cove Tab, resulting in fully
attached flow over a simple flap at 50 degrees flap deflection, as
indicated by tuft testing. Lift and drag performance was as
expected for the application of a current art Cove Tab. When
combined with a series of elastomeric blade vortex generators on
the flap upper leading edge, and a series of elastomeric blade
vortex generators in the area of the outer wing leading edge
outboard of the flaps, the test aircraft, a PA23-250 which normally
stalled at 52KIAS, had a resultant stall of 39KIAS, evaluated by
GPS method. The cruise performance of this aircraft was improved by
2KIAS where the elastomeric Cove Tab acted as a flap gap seal in
the flap retracted position. Drag in the landing configuration was
reduced markedly, and aerodynamic vibration related to flow
separation from the flaps was absent. Total fly by noise was
diminished from the lower power setting required. It should be
noted that Cove tabs are primarily beneficial at high deflections,
and at lower deflections may cause a slight reduction in
coefficient of lift. In testing, it was found that the performance
shift was significant to the extent that the aircraft with full
flap deflection on takeoff performed to the same level as the
aircrafts baseline performance with 1/4 or 1/2 flap deployment.
It would be advantageous to provide a structure of a vortex
generator that does not alter the torsional and bending
characteristics of the substrate structure
It would also be advantageous to provide a vortex generator in a
material that allows for conformal attachment to a surface with
simple or complex curvatures.
It would further be advantageous to provide increased vorticity for
a given drag value, to minimise the size of a vortex generator.
It is advantageous to provide a structure for a vortex generating
device that is tolerant of operational damage, whereby it may be
deformed by excessive forces or impacts but revert to the design
shape on removal of such disturbances.
It is advantageous to have a low density and mass material for a
vortex generator applied at or near the rear of a foil section to
minimise adverse aeroelastic dynamics.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained
by reference to the accompanying drawings, when considered in
conjunction with the subsequent, detailed description, in
which:
FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a generic foil;
FIG. 2 is a section view of an of a foil showing general flow
conditions;
FIG. 3 is a top perspective view of an alternative blade form
elastomeric extrusions, and vertical trimming;
FIG. 4 is a top perspective view of a representative application of
conformal elastomeric blade vortex generators to an aerodynamic
surface;
FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of an elastomeric vortex
generator applied around the radius of a leading edge;
FIG. 6 is a bottom perspective view of a 2 element wing and flap
system, with an extruded elastomeric vortex generator fitted in the
flap cove;
FIG. 7 is a bottom detail view of a flap cove and tab location;
FIG. 8 is a bottom detail view of a deflected flap showing the
location of an extruded elastomeric cove tab, and a representation
of a blade vortex generator mounted on the upper forward chord of
the flap element;
FIG. 9 is a top perspective view of an extrusion of ogival
elastomeric vortex generator stock;
FIG. 10 is a top perspective view of an extrusion of an ogival
profile elastomeric stock trimmed vertically in a v form to produce
a conformal elastomeric vortex generator; and
FIG. 11 is a bottom perspective view of a foil section with an
elastomeric section acting as a gurney flap/lift enhancing
tab/divergent trailing edge element.
For purposes of clarity and brevity, like elements and components
will bear the same designations and numbering throughout the
Figures.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a generic foil, representation
of a foil or aero/hydrodynamic surface 10, showing the general
arrangement for the following figures. A foil leading edge 26 is
identifiable, as is the foil trailing edge 28. Representative flow
directions are shown by annotation with an arrow head, in this case
as streamwise flow 94, flowing from left to right in the image.
Short streamwise flow 94 or spanwise flow 90 arrows indicate that
the flow referred to is on the underside of the image. The arrows
for aft face vortice 80, foreward face vortice 78 are indicative
only of general flow location, and in the case of a transverse
vortex, the direction of the convection of the vortex core is
dependent on the incident angle of the streamwise flow 94 and the
presence of spanwise flow 90 migration. It is best considered that
the rotational flow of the vortex is generally perpendicular to the
direction of the vortex arrow, such that the arrow indicates an
approximation of the core center.
FIG. 2 is a section of a foil showing general flow conditions,
being a representative arrangement of the boundary layer
development of an arbitrary foil. it shows, qualitatively, the
general location of the upper boundary layer transition point 32,
lower boundary layer transition point 34, separation point 36, a
laminar boundary layer region 38, turbulent boundary layer region
40, and separated flow region 42. These flow conditions are highly
dependent on the foil, and Reynolds Number of a foil moving
relative to a fluid. The exact location of vortex generators
applied to any structure require a determination of the conditions
of the boundary layer for the desired operating condition. In
general however, it is noted that a vortex generator in the laminar
boundary layer will have relatively high drag for a given height,
due to the thin nature of the boundary layer. in this location, sub
boundary layer vortex generators 24 are desirable from a drag
outcome, but the mechanical constraints of fabrication may require
a minimum height to be accepted. The vortex generator is usually
located towards the rear of the extent of laminar flow for the
condition that the application is desired. A Gurney Flap 56, Lift
Enhancing Tab, or Divergent Trailing Edge transverse vortex
generator exists in an area of thickened turbulent boundary
layer.
FIG. 3 is a top perspective of alternative blade form elastomeric
extrusions, and vertical trimming representation of alternative
arrangements for elastomeric blade vortex generators. Upper left to
right are a U form double blade 66, F form vortex generator 68,
single blade extrusion 70, with a series of L form extrusion 72
sections below, showing different trim line 64 configurations. A
representation of streamwise flow 94 is shown with approximate
locations of vortex development shown.
FIG. 4 is a top perspective view of representative application of
conformal elastomeric blade vortex generators to an aerodynamic
surface.
FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of detail of an elastomeric
vortex generator applied around the radius of a leading edge.
FIG. 6 is a bottom perspective view of a 2 element wing and flap 56
system, with an extruded elastomeric vortex generator fitted in the
flap cove 52.
FIG. 7 is bottom detail view of a flap cove 52 and tab
location.
FIG. 8 is a bottom detail view of deflected flap 56 showing the
location of an extruded elastomeric cove tab 92, and a
representation of a blade vortex generator mounted on the upper
forward chord of the flap 56 element.
FIG. 9 is a top perspective view of extrusion of ogival elastomeric
vortex generator stock. This is manufactured from an EPDM type
material or other elastomeric compound that achieves the desired
mass, wear and adhesion properties.
FIG. 10 is a top perspective view of an extrusion of an ogival
profile elastomeric stock trimmed vertically in a V form to produce
a conformal elastomeric vortex generator. The trim line 64 achieved
by a rotary profile cutter, laser or water jet, results in a ramp
vort4ex generator being produced. The trimmed sides may be angled
as indicated, endeavoring to achieve a relative angle of the side
to the freestream flow of between 15 and 25 degrees, or
alternatively and more efficiently, may be planform profiled to an
ogival shape consistent with a NACA inlet planform. The ramp angle
is dependent on the use but data from NACA references indicate that
between 4 and 8 degrees of rise from the leading edge of the ramp
to the top is desirable. This profile wedge form may also be
advantagely adjusted to incorporate an ogival form.
FIG. 11 is a bottom perspective of a foil section with an
elastomeric section acting as a Gurney Flap 56/Lift Enhancing
Tab/Divergent Trailing Edge element. This is also a representative
location for the employment of an L form elastomeric vortex
generator applied as a Gurney Flap/Lift Enhancement Tab/Divergent
Trailing Edge 88, or an inverted T form single blade extrusion 70,
where the base is provided such that the trailing base element does
not extend past the trailing edge. It should also be noted that the
symmetrical positioning of transverse trailing edge forms such as
these may be applied in special conditions, where pitching moment
is excessive, or the foil is subject to both positive and negative
angles of attack, such as for a rudder or aileron system. In such a
case, the mass will naturally be greater, however the effect is
generally to shift the lift coefficient correlation to angle of
attack to a higher angle per degree of angle of attack.
Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular
operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those
skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the
example chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers all changes
and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true
spirit and scope of this invention.
Having thus described the invention, what is desired to be
protected by Letters Patent is presented in the subsequently
appended claims.
* * * * *