U.S. patent number 8,557,285 [Application Number 13/215,855] was granted by the patent office on 2013-10-15 for pharmaceutical compositions for the coordinated delivery of nsaids.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Pozen Inc.. The grantee listed for this patent is John R. Plachetka. Invention is credited to John R. Plachetka.
United States Patent |
8,557,285 |
Plachetka |
October 15, 2013 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Pharmaceutical compositions for the coordinated delivery of
NSAIDs
Abstract
The present invention is directed to drug dosage forms that
release an agent that raises the pH of a patient's gastrointestinal
tract, followed by a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The
dosage form is designed so that the NSAID is not released until the
intragastric pH has been raised to a safe level. The invention also
encompasses methods of treating patients by administering this
coordinated release, gastroprotective, antiarthritic/analgesic
combination unit dosage form to achieve pain and symptom relief
with a reduced risk of developing gastrointestinal damage such as
ulcers, erosions and hemorrhages.
Inventors: |
Plachetka; John R. (Chapel
Hill, NC) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Plachetka; John R. |
Chapel Hill |
NC |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Pozen Inc. (Chapel Hill,
NC)
|
Family
ID: |
26854841 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/215,855 |
Filed: |
August 23, 2011 |
Prior Publication Data
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|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20120064156 A1 |
Mar 15, 2012 |
|
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
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12553804 |
Sep 3, 2009 |
|
|
|
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11129320 |
Jun 26, 2012 |
8206741 |
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10158216 |
Aug 9, 2005 |
6926907 |
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60294588 |
Jun 1, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/472; 424/482;
424/463; 424/468; 424/474; 424/457 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K
9/5084 (20130101); A61K 9/5026 (20130101); A61P
1/04 (20180101); A61K 9/0053 (20130101); A61K
31/192 (20130101); A61K 9/28 (20130101); A61K
31/426 (20130101); A61K 45/06 (20130101); A61P
29/00 (20180101); A61K 9/1611 (20130101); A61K
9/209 (20130101); A61K 9/4891 (20130101); A61K
9/2095 (20130101); A61K 31/60 (20130101); A61K
31/4439 (20130101); A61K 9/5073 (20130101); A61K
31/495 (20130101); A61K 9/2886 (20130101); A61K
9/5089 (20130101); A61K 9/2866 (20130101); A61K
9/2846 (20130101); A61K 2201/107 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61K
9/22 (20060101); A61K 9/32 (20060101); A61K
9/52 (20060101); A61K 9/24 (20060101) |
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|
Primary Examiner: Westerberg; Nissa
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Parker Highlander PLLC
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser.
No. 12/553,804 filed Sep. 3, 2009, now abandoned which is a
divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/129,320 filed May 16,
2005, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,206,741 on Jun. 26, 2012 which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/158,216, filed
on May 31, 2002, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,926,907 on Aug. 9, 2005,
which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No.
60/294,588, filed on Jun. 1, 2001. The entire contents of all
applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form comprising
therapeutically effective amounts of: (a) esomeprazole, wherein at
least a portion of said esomeprazole is not surrounded by an
enteric coating; and (b) naproxen surrounded by a coating that
inhibits its release from said unit dosage form unless said dosage
form is in a medium with a pH of 3.5 or higher; wherein said unit
dosage form provides for release of said esomeprazole such that
upon introduction of said unit dosage form into a medium, at least
a portion of said esomeprazole is released regardless of the pH of
the medium.
2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein naproxen is
present in said unit dosage form in an amount of 200-600 mg.
3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein esomeprazole
is present in said unit dosage form in an amount of from 5 to 100
mg.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein naproxen is
present in said unit dosage form in an amount of between 200-600 mg
and esomeprazole in an amount of from 5 to 100 mg per unit dosage
form.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions
that provide for the coordinated release of an acid inhibitor and a
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). These compositions
have a reduced likelihood of causing unwanted side effects,
especially gastrointestinal side effects, when administered as a
treatment for pain, arthritis and other conditions amenable to
treatment with NSAIDs.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely accepted
as effective agents for controlling pain, their administration can
lead to the development of gastroduodenal lesions, e.g., ulcers and
erosions, in susceptible individuals. It appears that a major
factor contributing to the development of these lesions is the
presence of acid in the stomach and upper small intestine of
patients. This view is supported by clinical studies demonstrating
an improvement in NSAID tolerability when patients are also taking
independent doses of acid inhibitors (Dig. Dis. 12:210-222 (1994);
Drug Safety 21:503-512 (1999); Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 12:135-140
(1998); Am. J. Med. 104(3A):67S-74S (1998); Clin. Ther.
17:1159-1173 (1995)). Other major factors contributing to
NSAID-associated gastropathy include a local toxic effect of NSAIDs
and inhibition of protective prostaglandins (Can. J. Gastroenterol.
13:135-142 (1999) and Pract. Drug Safety 21:503-512, (1999)), which
may also make some patients more susceptible to the ulcerogenic
effects of other noxious stimuli.
In general, more potent and longer lasting acid inhibitors, such as
proton pump inhibitors, are thought to be more protective during
chronic administration of NSAIDs than shorter acting agents, e.g.,
histamine H.sub.2 receptor antagonists (H-2 blockers) (N. Eng. J.
Med. 338:719-726 (1998); Am. J. Med. 104(3A):56S-61S (1998)). The
most likely explanation for this is that gastric pH fluctuates
widely throughout the dosing interval with short acting acid
inhibitors leaving the mucosa vulnerable for significant periods of
time. In particular, the pH is at its lowest point, and hence the
mucosa is most vulnerable, at the end of the dosing interval (least
amount of acid inhibition) and for some time after the subsequent
dose of acid inhibitor. In general, it appears that when a short
acting acid inhibitor and an NSAID are administered simultaneously,
NSAID-related mucosal damage occurs before the pH of the
gastrointestinal tract can be raised and after the acid inhibiting
effect of the short acting acid inhibitor dissipates.
Although longer lasting agents, such as proton pump inhibitors
(PPIs), usually maintain a consistently higher gastroduodenal pH
throughout the day, their antisecretory effect may be delayed for
several hours and may not take full effect for several days (Clin.
Pharmacokinet. 20:38-49 (1991)). Their effect may be diminished
toward the end of the usual dosing interval. Intragastric pH rises
particularly slowly with the first dose in a course of treatment
since this class of drugs is enteric coated to avoid destruction by
stomach acid. As a result, absorption is delayed for several hours.
Even then, some patients fail to respond consistently to drugs of
this type and suffer from "acid breakthrough" which again leaves
them vulnerable to NSAID-associated gastroduodenal damage (Aliment.
Pharmacol. Ther. 14:709-714 (2000)). Despite a significant
reduction in gastroduodenal lesions with the concomitant
administration of a proton pump inhibitor during six months of
NSAID therapy, up to 16% of patients still develop ulcers,
indicating that there remains substantial room for improvement (N.
Eng. J. Med. 338:727-734 (1998)). Thus, the addition of a pH
sensitive enteric coating to an NSAID could provide additional
protection against gastroduodenal damage not provided by the H2
blocker or PPI alone. In addition, although long acting acid
inhibitors may reduce the risk of GI lesions in chronic NSAID
users, there are questions about the safety of maintaining an
abnormally elevated pH in a patient's GI tract for a prolonged
period of time (Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 178:85-92
(1990)).
Recognizing the potential benefits of PPIs for the prevention of
NSAID-induced gastroduodenal damage, others have disclosed
strategies for combining the two active agents for therapeutic
purposes. However, these suggestions do not provide for coordinated
drug release or for reducing intragastric acid levels to a
non-toxic level prior to the release of NSAID (U.S. Pat. No.
5,204,118; U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,980; U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,436; and
U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,815). In certain cases, suggested means of
delivery would expose the gastrointestinal tract to NSAIDs prior to
onset of PPI activity (U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,184).
Attempts to develop NSAIDs that are inherently less toxic to the
gastrointestinal tract have met with only limited success. For
example, the recently developed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
show a reduced tendency to produce gastrointestinal ulcers and
erosions, but a significant risk is still present, especially if
the patient is exposed to other ulcerogens (JAMA 284:1247-1255
(2000); N. Eng. J. Med. 343:1520-1528 (2000)). In this regard, it
appears that even low doses of aspirin will negate most of the
benefit relating to lower gastrointestinal lesions. In addition,
the COX-2 inhibitors may not be as effective as other NSAIDs at
relieving some types of pain and have been associated with
significant cardiovascular problems (JADA 131:1729-1737 (2000);
SCRIP 2617, pg. 19, Feb. 14, 2001); NY Times, May 22, 2001, pg.
C1)).
Other attempts to produce an NSAID therapy with less
gastrointestinal toxicity have involved the concomitant
administration of a cytoprotective agent. In 1998, Searle began
marketing Arthrotec.TM. for the treatment of arthritis in patients
at risk for developing GI ulcers. This product contains misoprostol
(a cytoprotective prostaglandin) and the NSAID diclofenac. Although
patients administered Arthrotec.TM. do have a lower risk of
developing ulcers, they may experience a number of other serious
side effects such as diarrhea, severe cramping and, in the case of
pregnant women, potential damage to the fetus.
Another approach has been to produce enteric coated NSAID products.
However, even though these have shown modest reductions in
gastroduodenal damage in short term studies (Scand. J.
Gastroenterol. 20: 239-242 (1985) and Scand. J. Gastroenterol.
25:231-234 (1990)), there is no consistent evidence of a long term
benefit during chronic treatment.
Overall, it may be concluded that the risk of inducing GI ulcers is
a recognized problem associated with the administration of NSAIDs
and that, despite considerable effort, an ideal solution has not
yet been found.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is based upon the discovery of a new method
for reducing the risk of gastrointestinal side effects in people
taking NSAIDs for pain relief and for other conditions,
particularly during chronic treatment. The method involves the
administration of a single, coordinated, unit-dose product that
combines: a) an agent that actively raises intragastric pH to
levels associated with less risk of NSAID-induced ulcers; and b) an
NSAID that is specially formulated to be released in a coordinated
way that minimizes the adverse effects of the NSAID on the
gastroduodenal mucosa. Either short or long acting acid inhibitors
can be effectively used in the dosage forms. This method has the
added benefit of being able to protect patients from other
gastrointestinal ulcerogens whose effect may otherwise be enhanced
by the disruption of gastroprotective prostaglandins due to NSAID
therapy.
In its first aspect, the invention is directed to a pharmaceutical
composition in unit dosage form suitable for oral administration to
a patient. The composition contains an acid inhibitor present in an
amount effective to raise the gastric pH of a patient to at least
3.5, preferably to at least 4, and more preferably to at least 5,
when one or more unit dosage forms are administered. The gastric pH
should not exceed 7.5 and preferably should not exceed 7.0. The
term "acid inhibitor" refers to agents that inhibit gastric acid
secretion and increase gastric pH. In contrast to art teaching
against the use of H2 blockers for the prevention of
NSAID-associated ulcers (N. Eng. J. Med. 340:1888-1899 (1999)),
these agents are preferred compounds in the current invention.
Specific H2 blockers that may be used include cimetidine,
ranitidine, ebrotidine, pabutidine, lafutidine, loxtidine or
famotidine. The most preferred acid inhibitor is famotidine present
in dosage forms in an amount of between 5 mg and 100 mg.
Other preferred agents that may be effectively used as acid
inhibitors are the proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole,
esomeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pariprazole,
leminoprazole and tenatoprazole. Examples of particular proton pump
inhibitors include omeprazole, present in unit dosage forms in an
amount of between 5 mg and 50 mg; lansoprazole, present in unit
dosage forms in an amount of between 5 mg and 150 mg (and
preferably at between 5 mg and 30 mg); and pantoprazole, present in
unit dosage forms in an amount of between 10 mg and 200 mg.
Recently, a newer class of acid inhibitor has been developed which
competes with potassium at the acid pump. The compounds in this
class have been referred to as "reversible proton pump inhibitors"
or "acid pump antagonists" and may also be used in the present
invention. Examples include AZD-0865, AR-H047108, CS-526,
pumaprazole, revaprazan and soraprazan (see WO9605177 and
WO9605199). Other compounds in this group are H-335/25
(AstraZeneca, Dialog file 128, accession number 020806); Sch-28080
(Schering Plough, Dialog file 128, accession number 009663);
Sch-32651 (Schering Plough, Dialog file 128, accession number
006883) and SK&F-96067 (CAS Registry no. 115607-61-9).
The pharmaceutical composition also contains a non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drug in an amount effective to reduce or
eliminate pain or inflammation. The NSAID may be celecoxib,
rofecoxib, lumiracoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, etoricoxib, CS-502,
JTE-522, L-745,337, NS398, aspirin, acetaminophen (considered to be
an NSAID for the purposes of the present invention), ibuprofen,
flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, oxaprozin, etodolac,
indomethacin, ketorolac, lornoxicam, meloxicam, piroxicam,
droxicam, tenoxicam, nabumetone, diclofenac, meclofenamate,
mefenamic acid, diflunisal, sulindac, tolmetin, fenoprofen,
suprofen, benoxaprofen, aceclofenac, tolfenamic acid,
oxyphenbutazone, azapropazone, and phenylbutazone. The most
preferred NSAID is naproxen in an amount of between 50 mg and 1500
mg, and more preferably, in an amount of between 200 mg and 600 mg.
It will be understood that, for the purposes of the present
invention, reference to an acid inhibitor, NSAID, or analgesic
agent will include all of the common forms of these compounds and,
in particular, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The amounts
of NSAIDs which are therapeutically effective may be lower in the
current invention than otherwise found in practice due to potential
positive kinetic interaction and NSAID absorption in the presence
of an acid inhibitor.
Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention
is in the form of a tablet or capsule that has: (a) the acid
inhibitor present in an amount effective to raise the gastric pH of
a patient to at least 3.5 upon the administration of one or more
unit dosage forms; and (b) the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID) present in an amount effective to reduce or eliminate pain
or inflammation in a patient upon administration of one or more of
said unit dosage forms. The NSAID in the dosage form should be in a
core, preferably a single core when tablets are used, that is
surrounded by a coating that does not release NSAID until the pH of
the surrounding medium is 3.5 or higher. In the case of capsules,
there may be several cores of NSAID, i.e., there may be multiple
particles, each being surrounded by a coating that does not release
NSAID until the pH of the surrounding medium is 3.5 or higher. The
acid inhibitor is in one or more layers outside of the core which
do not contain any NSAID. These layers are not surrounded by an
enteric coating and, upon ingestion of the tablet or capsule by a
patient, release the acid inhibitor into the patient's stomach.
The term "unit dosage form" as used herein refers to a single
entity for drug administration. For example, a single tablet or
capsule combining both an acid inhibitor and an NSAID would be a
unit dosage form. A unit dosage form of the present invention
preferably provides for coordinated drug release in a way that
elevates gastric pH and reduces the deleterious effects of the
NSAID on the gastroduodenal mucosa, i.e., the acid inhibitor is
released first and the release of NSAID is delayed until after the
pH in the GI tract has risen.
In a preferred embodiment, the unit dosage form is a multilayer
tablet, having an outer layer comprising the acid inhibitor and an
inner core which comprises the NSAID. In the most preferred form,
coordinated delivery is accomplished by having the inner core
surrounded by a polymeric barrier coating that does not dissolve
unless the surrounding medium is at a pH of at least 3.5,
preferably at least 4 and more preferably, at least 5.
Alternatively, a barrier coating may be employed which controls the
release of NSAID by time, as opposed to pH, with the rate adjusted
so that NSAID is not released until after the pH of the
gastrointestinal tract has risen to at least 3.5, preferably at
least 4, and more preferably at least 5. Thus, a time-release
formulation may be used to prevent the gastric presence of NSAID
until mucosal tissue is no longer exposed to the damage enhancing
effect of very low pH.
One NSAID of special interest in dosage forms is aspirin which not
only provides relief from pain and inflammation but may also be
used in low doses by patients to reduce the risk of stroke, heart
attack and other conditions. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions may
contain an acid inhibitor in combination with aspirin in an amount
effective, upon the administration of one or more unit dosage
forms, to achieve any of these objectives. As with the compositions
described above the unit dosage form can be a tablet or capsule in
which aspirin is present in a core and is surrounded by a coating
that does not release the aspirin until the pH of the surrounding
medium is 3.5 or higher. The acid inhibitor is in one or more
layers outside the core, which do not include an NSAID, are not
surrounded by an enteric coating; and, upon ingestion of the dosage
form by a patient, release the acid inhibitor into the patient's
stomach. Any of the acid inhibitors described herein may be used in
the aspirin-containing dosage foams. In dosage forms designed for
providing low dose aspirin therapy to patients, the aspirin should
typically be present at 20-200 mg.
The invention includes methods of treating a patient for pain,
inflammation and/or other conditions by administering the
pharmaceutical compositions described above. Although the method
may be used for any condition in which an NSAID is effective, it is
expected that it will be particularly useful in patients with
osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Other conditions that may
be treated include, but are not limited to: all forms of headache,
including migraine headache; acute musculoskeletal pain; ankylosing
spondylitis; dysmenorrhoea; myalgias; and neuralgias.
In a more general sense, the invention includes methods of treating
pain, inflammation and/or other conditions by orally administering
an acid inhibitor at a dose effective to raise a patient's gastric
pH to at least 3.5, preferably to at least 4 or and more preferably
to at least 5. The patient is also administered an NSAID, for
example in a coordinated dosage form, that has been coated in a
polymer that only dissolves at a pH of at least 3.5, preferably at
least 4 and, more preferably, 5 or greater or which dissolves at a
rate that is slow enough to prevent NSAID release until after the
pH has been raised. When acid inhibitor and NSAID are administered
in separate doses, e.g., in two separate tablets, they should be
given concomitantly (i.e., so that their biological effects
overlap) and may be given concurrently, i.e., NSAID is given within
one hour after the acid inhibitor. Preferably, the acid inhibitor
is an H2 blocker and, in the most preferred embodiment, it is
famotidine at a dosage of between 5 mg and 100 mg. Proton pump
inhibitors may also be used and offer advantages in terms of
duration of action. Any of the NSAIDs described above may be used
in the method but naproxen at a dosage of between 200 and 600 mg is
most preferred. It is expected that the acid inhibitor and
analgesic will be typically delivered as part of a single unit
dosage form which provides for the coordinated release of
therapeutic agents. The most preferred dosage form is a multilayer
tablet having an outer layer comprising an H2 blocker or a proton
pump inhibitor and an inner core comprising an NSAID.
The invention also provides a method for increasing compliance in a
patient requiring frequent daily dosing of NSAIDs by providing both
an acid inhibitor and NSAID in a single convenient, preferably
coordinated, unit dosage form, thereby reducing the number of
individual doses to be administered during any given period.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a four layer tablet dosage form.
There is a naproxen core layer surrounded by a barrier layer. A
third, enteric coating, layer delays the release of naproxen sodium
until the pH is at a specific level, e.g., above 4. Finally, there
is an outer layer that releases an acid inhibitor such as
famotidine.
FIG. 2 illustrates a three layer dosage form. An acid inhibitor,
e.g., famotidine, is released immediately after ingestion by a
patient in order to raise the pH of the gastrointestinal tract to
above a specific pH, e.g., above 4. The innermost layer contains
naproxen. Thus, the dosage form has a naproxen core, an enteric
film coat and an acid inhibitor film coat.
FIG. 3 illustrates a naproxen sodium pellet which contains a
subcoat or barrier coat prior to the enteric film coat.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is based upon the discovery of improved
pharmaceutical compositions for administering NSAIDs to patients.
In addition to containing one or more NSAIDs, the compositions
include acid inhibitors that are capable of raising the pH of the
GI tract of patients. All of the dosage forms are designed for oral
delivery and provide for the coordinated release of therapeutic
agents, i.e., for the sequential release of acid inhibitor followed
by analgesic.
The NSAIDs used in preparations may be either short or long acting.
As used herein, the term "long acting" refers to an NSAID having a
pharmacokinetic half-life of at least 2 hours, preferably at least
4 hours and more preferably, at least 8-14 hours. In general, its
duration of action will equal or exceed about 6-8 hours. Examples
of long-acting NSAIDs are: flurbiprofen with a half-life of about 6
hours; ketoprofen with a half-life of about 2 to 4 hours; naproxen
or naproxen sodium with half-lives of about 12 to 15 hours and
about 12 to 13 hours respectively; oxaprozin with a half life of
about 42 to 50 hours; etodolac with a half-life of about 7 hours;
indomethacin with a half-life of about 4 to 6 hours; ketorolac with
a half-life of up to about 8-9 hours, nabumetone with a half-life
of about 22 to 30 hours; mefenamic acid with a half-life of up to
about 4 hours; and piroxicam with a half-life of about 4 to 6
hours. If an NSAID does not naturally have a half-life sufficient
to be long acting, it can, if desired, be made long acting by the
way in which it is formulated. For example, NSAIDs such as
acetaminophen and aspirin may be formulated in a manner to increase
their half-life or duration of action. Methods for making
appropriate formulations are well known in the art (see e.g.
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16.sup.th ed., A. Oslo editor,
Easton, Pa. (1980)).
It is expected that a skilled pharmacologist may adjust the amount
of drug in a pharmaceutical composition or administered to a
patient based upon standard techniques well known in the art.
Nevertheless, the following general guidelines are provided:
Indomethacin is particularly useful when contained in tablets or
capsules in an amount from about 25 to 75 mg. A typical daily oral
dosage of indomethacin is three 25 mg doses taken at intervals
during the day. However, daily dosages of up to about 150 mg are
useful in some patients. Aspirin will typically be present in
tablets or capsules in an amount of between about 250 mg and 1000
mg. Typical daily dosages will be in an amount ranging from 500 mg
to about 10 g. However, low dose aspirin present at 20-200 mg (and
preferably 40-100 mg) per tablet or capsule may also be used.
Ibuprofen may be provided in tablets or capsules of 50, 100, 200,
300, 400, 600, or 800 mg. Daily doses should not exceed 3200 mg.
200 mg-800 mg may be particularly useful when given 3 or 4 times
daily. Flurbiprofen is useful when in tablets at about from 50 to
100 mg. Daily doses of about 100 to 500 mg, and particularly from
about 200 to 300 mg, are usually effective. Ketoprofen is useful
when contained in tablets or capsules in an amount of about 25 to
75 mg. Daily doses of from 100 to 500 mg and particularly of about
100 to 300 mg are typical as is about 25 to 50 mg every six to
eight hours. Naproxen is particularly useful when contained in
tablets or capsules in an amount of from 250 to 500 mg. For
naproxen sodium, tablets of about 275 or about 550 mg are typically
used. Initial doses of from 100 to 1250 mg, and particularly 350 to
800 mg are also used, with doses of about 550 mg being generally
preferred. Oxaprozin may be used in tablets or capsules in the
range of roughly 200 mg to 1200 mg, with about 600 mg being
preferred. Daily doses of 1200 mg have been found to be
particularly useful and daily doses should not exceed 1800 mg or 26
mg/kg. Etodolac is useful when provided in capsules of 200 mg to
300 mg or in tablets of about 400 mg. Useful doses for acute pain
are 200-400 mg every six-eight hours, not to exceed 1200 mg/day.
Patients weighing less than 60 kg are advised not to exceed doses
of 20 mg/kg. Doses for other uses are also limited to 1200 mg/day
in divided doses, particularly 2, 3 or 4 times daily. Ketorolac is
usefully provided in tablets of 1-50 mg, with about 10 mg being
typical. Oral doses of up to 40 mg, and particularly 10-30 mg/day
have been useful in the alleviation of pain. Nabumetone may be
provided in tablets or capsules of between 500 mg and 750 mg. Daily
doses of 1500-2000 mg, after an initial dose of 100 mg, are of
particular use. Mefenamic acid is particularly useful when
contained in tablets or capsules of 50 mg to 500 mg, with 250 mg
being typical. For acute pain, an initial dosage of 1-1000 mg, and
particularly about 500 mg, is useful, although other doses may be
required for certain patients. Lornoxicam is provided in tablets of
4 mg or 8 mg. Useful doses for acute pain are 8 mg or 16 mg daily,
and for arthritis are 12 mg daily.
Other NSAIDs that may be used include: celecoxib, rofecoxib,
meloxicam, piroxicam, droxicam, tenoxicam, valdecoxib, parecoxib,
etoricoxib, CS-502, JTE-522, L-745,337, or NS398. JTE-522,
L-745,337 and NS398 as described, inter alia, in Wakatani, et al.
(Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 78:365-371 (1998)) and Panara, et al. (Br. J.
Pharmacol. 116:2429-2434 (1995)). The amount present in a tablet or
administered to a patient will depend upon the particular NSAID
being used. For example: Celecoxib may be administered in a tablet
or capsule containing from about 100 mg to about 500 mg or,
preferably, from about 100 mg to about 200 mg. Piroxicam may be
used in tablets or capsules containing from about 10 to 20 mg.
Rofecoxib will typically be provided in tablets or capsules in an
amount of 12.5, 25 or 50 mg. The recommended initial daily dosage
for the management of acute pain is 50 mg. Meloxicam is provided in
tablets of 7.5 mg, with a recommended daily dose of 7.5 or 15 mg
for the management of osteoarthritis. Valdecoxib is provided in
tablets of 10 or 20 mg, with a recommended daily dose of 10 mg for
arthritis or 40 mg for dysmenorrhea.
With respect to acid inhibitors, tablets or capsules may contain
anywhere from 1 mg to as much as 1 g. Typical amounts for H2
blockers are: cimetidine, 100 to 800 mg/unit dose; ranitidine,
50-300 mg/unit dose; famotidine, 5-100 mg/unit dose; ebrotidine
400-800 mg/unit dose; pabutidine 40 mg/unit dose; lafutidine 5-20
mg/unit dose; and nizatidine, 50-600 mg/unit dose. Proton pump
inhibitors will typically be present at about 5 mg to 600 mg per
unit dose. For example, the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole should
be present in tablets or capsules in an amount from 5 to 50 mg,
with about 10 or 20 mg being preferred. Other typical amounts are:
esomeprazole, 5-100 mg, with about 40 mg being preferred;
lansoprazole, 5-150 mg (preferably 5-50 mg), with about 7.5, 15 or
30 mg being most preferred; pantoprazole, 10-200 mg, with about 40
mg being preferred; and rabeprazole, 5-100 mg, with about 20 mg
being preferred.
Making of Pharmaceutical Preparations
The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention include tablets,
dragees, liquids and capsules and can be made in accordance with
methods that are standard in the art (see, e.g., Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16.sup.th ed., A Oslo editor, Easton, Pa.
(1980)). Drugs and drug combinations will typically be prepared in
admixture with conventional excipients. Suitable carriers include,
but are not limited to: water; salt solutions; alcohols; gum
arabic; vegetable oils; benzyl alcohols; polyethylene glycols;
gelatin; carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch;
magnesium stearate; talc; silicic acid; paraffin; perfume oil;
fatty acid esters; hydroxymethylcellulose; polyvinyl pyrrolidone;
etc. The pharmaceutical preparations can be sterilized and, if
desired, mixed with auxiliary agents such as: lubricants,
preservatives, disintegrants; stabilizers; wetting agents;
emulsifiers; salts; buffers; coloring agents; flavoring agents; or
aromatic substances.
Enteric coating layer(s) may be applied onto the core or onto the
barrier layer of the core using standard coating techniques. The
enteric coating materials may be dissolved or dispersed in organic
or aqueous solvents and may include one or more of the following
materials: methacrylic acid copolymers, shellac,
hydroxypropylmethcellulose phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose trimellitate,
carboxymethylethylcellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate or other
suitable enteric coating polymer(s). The pH at which the enteric
coat will dissolve can be controlled by the polymer or combination
of polymers selected and/or ratio of pendant groups. For example,
dissolution characteristics of the polymer film can be altered by
the ratio of free carboxyl groups to ester groups. Enteric coating
layers also contain pharmaceutically acceptable plasticizers such
as triethyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate, triacetin, polyethylene
glycols, polysorbates or other plasticizers. Additives such as
dispersants, colorants, anti-adhering and anti-foaming agents may
also be included.
The Making of Tablet Dosage Forms
Preferably, the combination of an acid inhibitor and an NSAID will
be in the form of a bi- or multi-layer tablet. In a bilayer
configuration, one portion of the tablet contains the acid
inhibitor in the required dose along with appropriate excipients,
agents to aid dissolution, lubricants, fillers, etc. The second
portion of the tablet will contain the NSAID, preferably naproxen,
in the required dose along with other excipients, dissolution
agents, lubricants, fillers, etc. In the most preferred embodiment,
the NSAID layer is surrounded by a polymeric coating which does not
dissolve at a pH of less than 4. The NSAID may be granulated by
methods such as slugging, low- or high-shear granulation, wet
granulation, or fluidized-bed granulation. Of these processes,
slugging generally produces tablets of less hardness and greater
friability. Low-shear granulation, high-shear granulation, wet
granulation and fluidized-bed granulation generally produce harder,
less friable tablets.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Enteric Coated Naproxen Sodium Core and Famotidine Immediate
Release
A schematic diagram of a four layer tablet dosage form is shown in
FIG. 1. The first layer contains naproxen sodium distributed
throughout a matrix of pharmaceutically acceptable fillers,
excipients, binding agents, disintegrants, and lubricants.
The second layer is a barrier layer which protects the first layer
containing naproxen sodium. The barrier film coat is applied by
conventional pan coating technology and the weight of the barrier
coat may vary from 1% to 3% of the core tablet weight. In
particular embodiments, the core naproxen sodium tablet is coated
with coating ingredients such as Opaspray.RTM. K-1-4210A or
Opadry.RTM. YS-1-7006 (Colorcon, West Point, Pa.). Polymer film
coating ingredients such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 2910 and
polyethylene glycol 8000 in a coating suspension may also be
used.
The function of the third layer is to prevent the release of
naproxen sodium until the dosage form reaches an environment where
the pH is above about 4 or 5. The enteric coating does not dissolve
in areas of the GI tract where the pH may be below about 4 or 5
such as in an unprotected stomach. Methacrylic acid copolymers are
used as the enteric coating ingredient, triethyl citrate and
dibutyl phthalate are plasticizers, and ammonium hydroxide is used
to adjust the pH of the dispersion. The coating dissolves only when
the local pH is above, for example, 5.5 and, as a result, naproxen
sodium is released.
The outermost layer contains an "acid inhibitor" in an effective
amount which is released from the dosage form immediately after
administration to the patient. The acid inhibitor in the present
example is a proton pump inhibitor or, preferably the H2 blocker
famotidine, which raises the pH of the gastrointestinal tract to
above 4. The typical effective amount of famotidine in the dosage
form will vary from 5 mg to 100 mg. A typical film coating
formulation contains Opadry Clear.RTM. YS-1-7006 which helps in the
formation of the film and in uniformly distributing famotidine
within the fourth layer without tablets sticking to the coating pan
or to each other during application of the film coat. Other
ingredients may include: plasticizers such as triethyl citrate,
dibutyl phthalate, and polyethylene glycol; anti-adhering agents
such as talc; lubricating ingredients such as magnesium stearate;
and opacifiers such as titanium dioxide. In addition, the pH of the
film coating solution can be adjusted to aid in dissolution of the
famotidine. The film coating is thin and rapidly releases
famotidine for absorption.
TABLE-US-00001 Core Tablet Ingredients % W/W mg/Tablet Naproxen
sodium, USP 74.074 500.00 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 17.166
115.87 (Avicel PH 200) Povidone (K29/32), USP 3.450 23.29 Talc, USP
4.350 29.36 Magnesium Stearate, NF 0.960 6.48 Total 100.00
675.00
TABLE-US-00002 Barrier Film Coating Ingredients % W/W Opadry Clear
.RTM. YS-1-7006 5.00 Purified water USP 95.00 Total 100.00
TABLE-US-00003 Enteric Coating Dispersion Ingredients % W/W
Methacrylic Acid Copolymer, NF 7.30 (Eudragit L-100-55) Methacrylic
Acid Copolymer, NF 7.30 (Eudragit L-100) Triethyl Citrate, NF 2.95
Dibutyl Phthalate, NF 1.17 Ammonium Hydroxide (30%), NF 0.87
Purified water, USP 80.41 Total 100.00
TABLE-US-00004 Famotidine Coating Dispersion Ingredients % W/W
Famotidine, USP 3.0 Opadry Clear .RTM. (YS-1-7006) 5.0 Talc, USP
3.0 Purified Water, USP 89.0 Total 100.0
Example 2
Enteric Coated Naproxen Core and Famotidine Immediate Release
FIG. 2 illustrates a three layered dosage form which releases
famotidine immediately after ingestion by the patient in order to
raise the pH of the gastrointestinal tract to above about 4. The
innermost layer contains naproxen uniformly distributed throughout
a matrix of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. These
excipients perform specific functions and may serve as binders,
disintegrants, or lubricants. A pharmaceutically acceptable enteric
coating surrounds the naproxen core. The function of the enteric
coat is to delay the release of naproxen until the dosage form
reaches an environment where the pH is above about 4. The coating
does not dissolve in the harshly acidic pH of the unprotected
stomach. It contains methacrylic acid copolymers which prevent the
release of naproxen in the unprotected stomach. Also included are:
triethyl citrate, a plasticizer; simethicone emulsion, an
anti-foaming agent; and sodium hydroxide which is used to adjust
the pH of the dispersion.
The outermost layer contains an "acid inhibitor" in an effective
amount which is released from the dosage form immediately after
administration to the patient. The acid inhibitor in this example
is a proton pump inhibitor or, preferably, the H2 blocker
famotidine which raises the pH of the stomach to above 4. A typical
film coating formulation contains Opadry Clear.RTM. YS-1-7006 which
helps in the formation of the film and in uniformly distributing
famotidine in the fourth layer without tablets sticking to the
coating pan or sticking to each other during application of the
film coat. Other ingredients are: plasticizers such as polyethylene
glycol 8000; anti-adhering agents such as talc; lubricating
ingredients such as magnesium stearate; and opacifiers such as
titanium dioxide. In addition, the pH of the film coating solution
can be adjusted to aid in dissolution of the famotidine. The film
coating is thin and rapidly releases famotidine for absorption.
TABLE-US-00005 Core Tablet Ingredients % W/W mg/Tablet Naproxen,
USP 90.91 500.00 Povidone K-90, USP 2.00 11.00 Starch, USP 2.59
14.25 Croscarmellose Sodium, USP 4.00 22.00 Magnesium Stearate, NF
0.50 2.75 Total 100.00 550.00 Purified Water, USP qs
TABLE-US-00006 Enteric Coating Dispersion Ingredients % W/W
Methacrylic Acid Copolymer Type C, NF 14.5 (Eudragit L-100-55)
Talc, USP 3.8 Sodium Hydroxide, NF 0.2 Triethyl Citrate, NF 1.7
Simethicone Emulsion, USP 0.02 Purified Water, USP 79.78 Total
100.00
TABLE-US-00007 Famotidine Coating Dispersion Ingredients % W/W
Famotidine, USP 3.0 Opadry Clear .RTM. (YS-1-7006) 5.0 Talc, USP
3.0 Purified Water, USP 89.0 Total 100.0
Example 3
Naproxen Controlled Release Core and Famotidine Immediate
Release
A trilayer tablet which separates famotidine contained in the film
coat from controlled-release naproxen may be used in the present
invention. The core tablet of naproxen is formulated using
excipients which control the drug release for therapeutic relief
from pain and inflammation for 24 hours. FIG. 2 shows an example of
an appropriate trilayer tablet. In this particular example,
naproxen is mixed with a polymeric material,
hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose and granulated with water. The
granules are dried, milled, and blended with a lubricant, such as
magnesium stearate. They are then compacted into tablets.
The controlled-release core tablet of naproxen is film coated with
a pharmaceutically acceptable enteric coating. The function of the
enteric coat is to delay the release of naproxen until the dosage
form reaches an environment where the pH is above about 4. The
coating does not dissolve in the extremely acidic pH of the
unprotected stomach. The function of methacrylic acid copolymers is
to prevent the release of naproxen until the pH of the stomach
rises. Triethyl citrate is a plasticizer, simethicone emulsion is a
anti-foaming agent, and sodium hydroxide is used to adjust the pH
of the dispersion.
The outermost layer contains an "acid inhibitor" which is released
from the dosage form immediately after administration to the
patient. The acid inhibitor in the present example is a proton pump
inhibitor or, preferably, the H2 blocker famotidine which
consistently raises the pH of the stomach to above 4. The typical
effective amount of famotidine in the dosage will vary from 5 mg to
100 mg. A typical film coating formulation contains Opadry
Blue.RTM. YS-1-4215 which is essential for film formation and for
the uniform application of famotidine to the core tablet. Polymer
film coating ingredients, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or
Opaspray.RTM. K-1-4210A (Colorcon, West Point, Pa.) may also be
used. Other ingredients which help in the formation of the film and
in the uniform application of famotidine to the core tablet are:
plasticizers such as triethyl citrate and dibutyl phthalate;
anti-adhering agents such as talc; lubricating ingredients such as
magnesium stearate; and opacifiers such as titanium dioxide. In
addition, the pH of the film coating solution can be adjusted to
aid in dissolution of the famotidine. The film coating is thin and
rapidly releases famotidine for absorption.
TABLE-US-00008 Core Tablet Ingredients % W/W mg/Tablet Naproxen,
USP 94.00 750 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 5.00 39.9 2208, USP
(viscosity 15000 cps) Magnesium Stearate, NF 1.00 7.95 Total 100.00
797.85
TABLE-US-00009 Enteric Coating Dispersion Ingredients % W/W
Methacrylic Acid Copolymer Type C, NF 14.5 (Eudragit L-100-55)
Talc, USP 3.8 Sodium Hydroxide, NF 0.2 Triethyl Citrate, NF 1.7
Simethicone Emulsion, USP 0.02 Purified Water, USP 79.78 Total
100.00
TABLE-US-00010 Famotidine Coating Dispersion Ingredients % W/W
Famotidine, USP 2.0 Opadry Blue .RTM. (YS-1-4215) 10.0 Talc, USP
9.0 Purified Water, USP 79.0 Total 100.0
Example 4
Naproxen and Famotidine Controlled Release Core and Famotidine
Immediate Release
A trilayer tablet which separates famotidine contained in the film
coat from controlled-release naproxen and famotidine may be used in
the present invention. The core tablet of naproxen and famotidine
is formulated using excipients which control the drug release for
therapeutic relief from pain and inflammation for 24 hours. FIG. 2
is an example of an appropriate trilayer tablet. In this particular
example, naproxen and famotidine are mixed with a polymeric
material, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and granulated with water.
The granules are dried, milled, and blended with a lubricant, such
as magnesium stearate. They are then compacted into tablets.
The controlled-release core tablet of naproxen and famotidine is
film coated with a pharmaceutically acceptable enteric coating. The
function of the enteric coat is to delay the release of naproxen
until the dosage form reaches an environment where the pH is above
about 4. The coating does not dissolve in the extremely acidic pH
of the unprotected stomach. The function of methacrylic acid
copolymers is to prevent the release of naproxen until the pH of
the stomach rises. Triethyl citrate is a plasticizer, simethicone
emulsion is a anti-foaming agent, and sodium hydroxide is used to
adjust the pH of the dispersion
The outermost later contains an "acid inhibitor" which is released
from the dosage form immediately after administration to the
patient. The acid inhibitor in the present example is a proton pump
inhibitor or, preferably, the H2 blocker famotidine which
consistently raises the pH of the stomach to above 4. The typical
effective amount of famotidine in the dosage will vary from 5 mg to
100 mg. A typical film coating formulation contains Opadry
Blue.RTM. YS-1-4215 which is essential for film formation and for
the uniform application of famotidine to the core tablet. Polymer
film coating ingredients, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or
Opaspray.RTM. K-1-4210A (Colorcon, West Point, Pa.) may also be
used. Other ingredients which help in the formation of the film and
in the uniform application of famotidine to the core tablet are:
plasticizers such as triethyl citrate and dibutyl phthalate;
anti-adhering agents such as talc; lubricating ingredients such as
magnesium stearate; and opacifiers such as titanium dioxide. In
addition, the pH of the film coating solution can be adjusted to
aid in dissolution of the famotidine. The film coating is thin and
rapidly releases famotidine for absorption.
TABLE-US-00011 Core Tablet Ingredients % W/W mg/Tablet Naproxen,
USP 88.05 500 Famotidine, USP 3.52 20.0 Hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose 7.03 39.9 2208, USP (viscosity 15000 cps) Magnesium
Stearate, NF 1.40 7.95 Total 100.00 567.85
TABLE-US-00012 Enteric Coating Dispersion Ingredients % W/W
Methacrylic Acid Copolymer Type C, NF 14.5 (Eudragit L-100-55)
Talc, USP 3.8 Sodium Hydroxide, NF 0.2 Triethyl Citrate, NF 1.7
Simethicone Emulsion, USP 0.02 Purified Water, USP 79.78 Total
100.00
TABLE-US-00013 Famotidine Coating Dispersion Ingredients % W/W
Famotidine, USP 2.0 Opadry Blue .RTM. (YS-1-4215) 10.0 Talc, USP
9.0 Purified Water, USP 79.0 Total 100.0
Example 5
Enteric Coated Naproxen Sodium Core and Pantoprazole Immediate
Release in Film Coat
A schematic diagram of a four layer tablet dosage form is shown in
FIG. 1. The first layer contains naproxen sodium distributed
throughout a matrix of pharmaceutically acceptable fillers,
excipients, binding agents, disintegrants, and lubricants.
The second layer is a barrier layer which protects the first layer
containing naproxen sodium. The barrier film coat is applied by
conventional pan coating technology and the weight of the barrier
coat may vary from 1% to 3% of the core tablet weight. In
particular embodiments, the core naproxen sodium tablet is coated
with coating ingredients such as Opaspray.RTM. K-1-4210A or
Opadry.RTM. YS-1-7006 (Colorcon, West Point, Pa.). Polymer film
coating ingredients such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 2910 and
polyethylene glycol 8000 in a coating suspension may also be
used.
The third layer is an enteric film coat. It does not dissolve in
areas of the GI tract where the pH may be below 4 such as in an
unprotected stomach but it dissolves only when the local pH is
above about 4. Therefore, the function of the third layer is to
prevent the release of naproxen sodium until the dosage form
reaches an environment where the pH is above 4. In this example,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate is the enteric coating
ingredient, cetyl alcohol is a plasticizer and acetone and alcohol
are solvents.
The fourth layer contains an "acid inhibitor" in an effective
amount which is released from the dosage form as soon as the film
coat dissolves. The acid inhibitor in this example is a proton pump
inhibitor, pantoprazole, which raises the pH of the
gastrointestinal tract to above 4. The typical effective amount of
pantoprazole in the dosage form may vary from 10 mg to 200 mg. The
film coat is applied by conventional pan coating technology and the
weight of film coat may vary from 4% to 8% of the core tablet
weight. Other ingredients are, plasticizers such as triethyl
citrate, dibutyl phthalate, anti-adhering agents such as talc,
lubricating ingredients such as magnesium stearate, opacifiers such
as, titanium dioxide, and ammonium hydroxide to adjust the pH of
the dispersion. The film coating is thin and rapidly releases
pantoprazole for absorption. Therefore, pantoprazole releases first
and then the core erodes and releases naproxen sodium.
TABLE-US-00014 Core Tablet Ingredients % W/W mg/tablet Naproxen
sodium, USP 74.075 500.00 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 17.165
115.87 (Avicel PH 200) Povidone (K29/32), USP 3.450 23.29 Talc, USP
4.350 29.36 Magnesium Stearate, NF 0.960 6.48 Total 100.00
675.00
Naproxen sodium, 50% microcrystalline cellulose and povidone are
dry mixed and wet granulated in an appropriate granulator with
sufficient purified water. The wet granules are dried, milled, and
blended with the remaining 50% microcrystalline cellulose, talc and
magnesium stearate. The final granule blend is compressed into
tablets.
TABLE-US-00015 Barrier Film Coating Ingredients % W/W Opadry .RTM.
Clear YS-1-7006 5.00 Purified Water, USP 95.00 Total 100.00
Opadry clear is added slowly to purified water and mixing is
continued until Opadry is fully dispersed. The solution is sprayed
on to the tablet cores in a conventional coating pan until proper
amount of Opadry clear is deposited on the tablets.
TABLE-US-00016 Enteric Coating Ingredients % W/W Hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose phthalate, NF 5.5 Cetyl alcohol, NF 0.3 Acetone, NF
66.3 Alcohol, USP 27.9 Total 100.00
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate and cetyl alcohol are
dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and acetone. The solution is then
sprayed on to the tablet bed in proper coating equipment. A sample
of the tablets is tested for gastric resistance and the coating
stopped if the tablets pass the test.
TABLE-US-00017 Pantoprazole Film Coating Ingredients % W/W
Pantoprazole sodium, USP 5.00 Opadry .RTM. Clear YS-1-7006 5.00
Sodium carbonate, NF 1.20 Purified Water, USP 88.80 Total
100.00
Pantoprazole sodium is dissolved in purified water containing
sodium carbonate in solution. After thorough mixing, Opadry clear
is added slowly and mixing is continued until Opadry is fully
dispersed. The suspension is sprayed on to the tablet cores in a
conventional coating pan until the proper amount of pantoprazole
sodium is deposited.
Example 6
Enteric Coated Naproxen Sodium Core and Omeprazole Immediate
Release in Film Coat
A schematic diagram of a four layer tablet dosage form is shown in
FIG. 1. The first layer contains naproxen sodium distributed
throughout a matrix of pharmaceutically acceptable fillers,
excipients, binding agents, disintegrants, and lubricants.
The second layer is a barrier layer which protects the first layer
containing naproxen sodium. The barrier film coat is applied by
conventional pan coating technology and the weight of the barrier
coat may vary from 1% to 3% of the core tablet weight. In
particular embodiments, the core naproxen sodium tablet is coated
with coating ingredients such as Opaspray.RTM. K-1-4210A or
Opadry.RTM. YS-1-7006 (Colorcon, West Point, Pa.). Polymer film
coating ingredients such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 2910 and
polyethylene glycol 8000 in a coating suspension may also be
used.
The third layer is an enteric film coat. It does not dissolve in
areas of the GI tract where the pH is below 4 such as in an
unprotected stomach but it dissolves only when the local pH is
above 4. Therefore, the function of the third layer is to prevent
the release of naproxen sodium until the dosage form reaches an
environment where the pH is above about 4. In this example,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate is the enteric coating
ingredient, cetyl alcohol is a plasticizer and acetone and alcohol
are solvents.
The fourth layer contains an "acid inhibitor" in an effective
amount which is released from the dosage form as soon as the film
coat dissolves. The acid inhibitor in this example is a proton pump
inhibitor, omeprazole, which raises the pH of the gastrointestinal
tract to above 4. The typical effective amount of omeprazole in the
dosage form may vary from 5 mg to 50 mg. The film coat is applied
by conventional pan coating technology and the weight of film coat
may vary from 4% to 8% of the core tablet weight. Other ingredients
are, plasticizers such as triethyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate,
anti-adhering agents such as talc, lubricating ingredients such as
magnesium stearate, opacifiers such as, titanium dioxide, and
ammonium hydroxide to adjust the pH of the dispersion. The film
coating is thin and rapidly releases omeprazole for absorption.
Therefore, omeprazole is released first and then the core erodes
and releases naproxen sodium.
TABLE-US-00018 Core Tablet Ingredients % W/W mg/tablet Naproxen
sodium, USP 74.075 500.00 Microcrystalline cellulose, 17.165 115.87
NF (Avicel PH 200) Povidone (K29/32), USP 3.450 23.29 Talc, USP
4.350 29.36 Magnesium Stearate, NF 0.960 6.48 Total 100.00
675.00
Naproxen sodium, 50% microcrystalline cellulose and povidone are
dry mixed and wet granulated in an appropriate granulator with
sufficient purified water. The wet granules are dried, milled, and
blended with the remaining 50% microcrystalline cellulose, talc and
magnesium stearate. The final granule blend is compressed into
tablets.
TABLE-US-00019 Barrier Film Coating Ingredients % W/W Opadry .RTM.
Clear YS-1-7006 5.00 Purified Water, USP 95.00 Total 100.00
Opadry clear is added slowly to purified water and mixing is
continued until Opadry is fully dispersed. The solution is sprayed
on to the tablet cores in a conventional coating pan until the
proper amount of Opadry clear is deposited on the tablets.
TABLE-US-00020 Enteric Coating Ingredients % W/W Methacrylic Acid
Copolymer, NF 6.0 (Eudragit L-100-55) Triethyl Citrate, NF 0.6
Talc, USP 3.0 Purified Water, USP 5.0 Isopropyl Alcohol, USP 85.40
Total 100.00
Methacrylic acid copolymer, triethyl citrate, and talc are
dissolved in a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water. The solution
is then sprayed on to the tablet bed in a proper coating equipment.
A sample of the tablets is tested for gastric resistance and the
coating is stopped if the tablets pass the test.
TABLE-US-00021 Omeprazole Film Coating Ingredients % W/W
Omeprazole, USP 5.00 Opadry .RTM. Clear YS-1-7006 5.00 Purified
Water, USP 10.00 Isopropyl Alcohol, USP 80.00 Total 100.00
Omeprazole is dissolved in a purified water and isopropyl alcohol
mixture. After thorough mixing, Opadry clear is added slowly and
mixing is continued until Opadry is fully dispersed. The suspension
is sprayed on to the tablet cores in a conventional coating pan
until proper amount of omeprazole is deposited on the tablets.
Example 7
Naproxen Sodium Delayed Release and Omeprazole Immediate Release
Capsule
A coordinated delivery dosage may be used to provide fast release
of an acid inhibitor, a proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole which
raises the pH of the gastrointestinal tract to above 4, and the
delayed release of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen
sodium. Omeprazole granules modify the pH of the stomach such that
the drug readily dissolves and is absorbed in the stomach without
significant degradation. The typical effective amount of omeprazole
in the dosage form may vary from 5 mg to 50 mg. The release of
naproxen sodium is delayed by enteric coating.
Omeprazole granules contain an alkalizing excipient such as sodium
bicarbonate. Other soluble alkalizing agents such as potassium
bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, or their
combinations may also be used. The alkalizing agent helps
solubilize and protect omeprazole from degradation before its
absorption. Sodium lauryl sulfate helps in the wetting of
omeprazole. Other surfactants may be used to perform the same
function. In the present example, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
helps in granule formation, sodium starch glycolate is a
disintegrant, and magnesium stearate is a lubricant. Other
excipients may also be used to perform these functions.
Naproxen sodium pellets as shown in FIG. 3 are prepared by the wet
massing technique and the conventional extrusion and spheronization
process. The excipients used in the formulation are
microcrystalline cellulose, and povidone. The pellets after drying
and classification are coated with a protective subcoating
containing povidone. Other coating ingredients may also be used
such as Opaspray K-1-4210A or Opadry YS-1-7006 (trademarks of
Colorcon, West Point, Pa.). Polymer film coating ingredients such
as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 2910 and polyethylene glycol 8000
in a subcoating suspension are also alternatives. Other ingredients
are, plasticizers such as triethyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate,
anti-adhering agents such as talc, lubricating ingredients such as
magnesium stearate, opacifiers such as, titanium dioxide.
The subcoated pellets are enteric coated using enteric coating
polymers. In this example, the enteric coating polymer is
methacrylic acid copolymer and the plasticizer is dibutyl phthalate
which are dissolved in a mixture of acetone and alcohol. The
enteric film does not dissolve in the acidic pH but dissolves when
the pH in the gut is above about pH 6 and releases naproxen
sodium.
TABLE-US-00022 mmmOmeprazole Granules % W/W mg/capsule Omeprazole,
USP 12.9 20.00 Sodium Bicarbonate, USP 82.40 127.72 Hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose, USP 2.00 3.10 Sodium lauryl sulfate, NF 0.20 0.31
Sodium starch glycolate, NF 2.00 3.10 Magnesium stearate, NF 0.50
0.77 Total 100 100
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose is dissolved in water, then sodium
lauryl sulfate is added and the solution is mixed. Omeprazole,
microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium bicarbonate are dry mixed
together and granulated with the granulating solution. The
granulation is mixed until proper granule formation is reached. The
granulation is then dried, milled, and blended with magnesium
stearate.
TABLE-US-00023 Pellet Ingredients % W/W mg/tablet Naproxen sodium,
USP 86.80 250.00 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 11.10 32.00 (Avicel
PH 200) Povidone (K90), USP 2.10 6.00 Total 100.00 288.00
Povidone is dissolved in water. Naproxen sodium and
microcrystalline cellulose are dry mixed and granulated with
povidone solution. The wet mass is mixed until proper consistency
is reached. The wet mass is then pressed through an extruder and
spheronized to form pellets. The pellets are then dried and
classified into suitable particle size range.
TABLE-US-00024 Subcoat Ingredients % W/W Povidone (K29-32), USP
10.00 Alcohol, USP 90.00 Total 100.00
The pellet cores are coated using povidone solution by a
conventional coating pan method to a weight gain of 1-2%.
TABLE-US-00025 Enteric Coating Ingredients % W/W Methacrylic Acid
Copolymer, NF 8.20 (Eudragit L-100) Diethyl Phthalate, NF 1.70
Acetone, NF 33.30 Isopropyl Alcohol, USP 56.80 Total 100.0
Eudragit L-100 is dissolved in isopropanol and acetone and diethyl
phthalate is dissolved. The solution is sprayed on the pellet cores
using proper film coating equipment. A sample of the pellets is
tested for gastric resistance before stopping the coating
process.
Omeprazole fast release granules and naproxen sodium delayed
release pellets are blended together and filled into appropriate
size capsules to contain 250 mg naproxen sodium and 20 mg
omeprazole per capsule.
Example 8
Naproxen Delayed Release and Omeprazole Immediate Release
Capsule
The present Example is directed to a coordinated delivery dosage
form containing omeprazole and naproxen. The formulation contains
10 mg omeprazole and uses methylcellulose as a binder and
croscarmellose sodium as a disintegrant. Naproxen pellets as shown
in FIG. 3 do not need a subcoating layer and are enteric coated
with an aqueous dispersion of methacrylic acid copolymer.
Optionally, these pellets could be compressed into a core and film
coated with an acid inhibitor and thereby form a bilayer
tablet.
TABLE-US-00026 Omeprazole Granules % W/W mg/capsule Omeprazole, USP
6.45 10.00 Sodium Bicarbonate, USP 88.85 137.71 Methylcellulose,
USP 2.00 3.10 Sodium lauryl sulfate, NF 0.20 0.31 Croscarmellose
sodium, NF 2.00 3.10 Magnesium stearate, NF 0.50 0.78 Total 100
100
Methylcellulose is dissolved in water, then sodium lauryl sulfate
is added to the solution and mixed. Omeprazole, microcrystalline
cellulose, and sodium bicarbonate are dry mixed together and
granulated with the granulating solution. The granulation is mixed
until proper granule formation is reached. The granulation is then
dried, milled, and blended with magnesium stearate.
TABLE-US-00027 Pellet Ingredients % W/W mg/tablet Naproxen, USP 76.
250.00 Microcrystalline cellulose, NF 21. 71.44 (Avicel PH 200)
Povidone (K90), USP 2. 6.56 Total 100. 328.00
Povidone is dissolved in water. Naproxen and microcrystalline
cellulose are dry mixed and granulated with povidone solution. The
wet mass is mixed until proper consistency is reached. The wet mass
is then pressed through an extruder and spheronized to form
pellets. The pellets are then dried and classified into a suitable
particle size range.
TABLE-US-00028 Enteric Coating Ingredients % W/W Methacrylic Acid
Copolymer, NF (Eudragit 15.60 L30D 30% dispersion) Talc, USP 7.60
Triethyl citrate, NF 1.60 Simethicone Emulsion, USP 0.20 (Silicone
antifoam emulsion SE 2) Purified Water, USP 74.80
Eudragit 30D is dispersed in purified water and simethicone
emulsion. Talc and triethyl citrate are then dispersed. The
suspension is sprayed on the pellet cores using proper film coating
equipment. A sample of the pellets is tested for gastric resistance
before stopping the coating process. Omeprazole fast release
granules and naproxen sodium delayed release pellets are blended
together and filled into appropriate size capsules to contain 250
mg naproxen and 10 mg omeprazole per capsule.
Example 9
Clinical Study of the Relationship of Gastric pH to NSAID-Induced
Gastric Ulcers
Sixty-two subjects were enrolled in a clinical study and randomly
assigned to three groups. The following three groups were
administered study medication twice daily for five days: (a) 550 mg
naproxen sodium (n=10), (b) 40 mg famotidine given with 550 mg of
naproxen or famotidine followed 90 minutes later by 550 mg
naproxen, (n=39) or (c) 20 mg omeprazole followed by 550 mg
naproxen sodium (n=13). Gastric pH was measured hourly beginning at
the time of dosing of the final daily dose of study medication and
for 8-10 hours thereafter. Subjects had a gastric endoscopy
performed at the beginning and on Day 5 prior to the morning dose
of study medication to identify gastric and duodenal irritation; no
subjects were admitted to the study if gastric irritation was
present at the time of initial endoscopy.
Five patients, three (33%) in the naproxen alone group and two (5%)
in the famotidine/naproxen group, presented with gastroduodenal
ulcers at the end of the study. In the naproxen alone group, the pH
was greater than 4 only 4% of the time, and in the
famotidine/naproxen group the pH was greater than 4 forty-nine
percent of the time during the 8-10 hours following naproxen sodium
dosing. Additionally, Lanza grade 3 or 4 damage was present in 28%
(n=11) of the subjects receiving famotidine/naproxen sodium, and
present 100% (n=10) in the naproxen sodium treatment group.
Monitoring of gastric acidity on day 5 indicated that patients with
Lanza scores of greater than 2 had integrated gastric acidity of
greater than 100 mmol-hr./L. Only 20-40% of patients with
integrated gastric acidity of less than 100 mmol-hr/L had gastric
pathology, whereas all patients with integrated gastric acidity
greater than 100 mmol-hr/L had pathology.
Example 10
Famotidine and Enteric Coated Naproxen Reduce Gastroduodenal Damage
Due to NSAID Therapy
Thirty-seven patients were randomized to two groups for a one week
study of twice-daily dosing of: 500 mg enteric coated naproxen, and
500 mg enteric coated naproxen preceded by 40 mg famotidine.
Endoscopies were conducted on all patients prior to first dosing
and on the final day of the study. No subjects had evidence of
gastroduodenal damage at the beginning of the study (at first
endoscopy).
At the second endoscopy, Lanza scores for gastroduodenal damage
were assessed for all subjects. 39% of the subjects in the enteric
coated naproxen 500 mg group had grade 3-4 gastroduodenal damage.
This is lower than the percentage that would be expected for the
administration of 500 mg of non-enteric naproxen based upon
previous work. Nevertheless, subjects administered 500 mg enteric
coated naproxen and 40 mg famotidine had an even lower incidence of
grade 3-4 gastroduodenal damage (26%) than subjects who had
previously taken enteric coated naproxen alone which demonstrates
the value of combining acid inhibition with enteric coating of
NSAID to minimize the gastrointestinal damage.
All references cited herein are fully incorporated by reference.
Having now fully described the invention, it will be understood by
those of skill in the art that the invention may be performed
within a wide and equivalent range of conditions, parameters and
the like; without affecting the spirit or scope of the invention or
any embodiment thereof.
* * * * *
References