U.S. patent number 8,448,373 [Application Number 13/359,925] was granted by the patent office on 2013-05-28 for gun sight.
This patent grant is currently assigned to SureFire, LLC. The grantee listed for this patent is Mark Buczek, John W. Matthews, Mark Squire. Invention is credited to Mark Buczek, John W. Matthews, Mark Squire.
United States Patent |
8,448,373 |
Matthews , et al. |
May 28, 2013 |
Gun sight
Abstract
Various gun sights for firearms and related methods of use are
provided. In one embodiment, the sight includes an apparatus
adapted to be mounted at a rear end of a firearm and arranged to
occlude one eye of a user of the firearm and to generate an
illuminated dot that is disposed such that it is generally centered
on the longitudinal axis of the barrel of the firearm. The gun
sight produces a collimated beam of light that creates an image of
an illuminated dot by either a refractive method or a reflective
method. In use, a dominant eye of the user is occluded by the sight
and the other eye of the user is focused on the target. The user
then adjusts the position of the gun relative to the target such
that the user perceives the illuminated dot of the sight to be
positioned on the target.
Inventors: |
Matthews; John W. (Newport
Beach, CA), Buczek; Mark (Oceanside, CA), Squire;
Mark (San Diego, CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Matthews; John W.
Buczek; Mark
Squire; Mark |
Newport Beach
Oceanside
San Diego |
CA
CA
CA |
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
SureFire, LLC (Fountain Valley,
CA)
|
Family
ID: |
44121328 |
Appl.
No.: |
13/359,925 |
Filed: |
January 27, 2012 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20120186132 A1 |
Jul 26, 2012 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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12785781 |
May 24, 2010 |
8117780 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
42/114; 42/140;
42/131; 42/123; 42/132; 42/130 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F41G
1/26 (20130101); F41G 1/16 (20130101); F41G
1/30 (20130101); F41A 33/00 (20130101); F41G
11/004 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B64F
1/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;42/114,123,131,132,140,122,130,113 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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202007010552 |
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Oct 2007 |
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102009056208 |
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Jul 2010 |
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DE |
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0 548 625 |
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Jun 1993 |
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EP |
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869627 |
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May 1961 |
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GB |
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1405122 |
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Sep 1975 |
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GB |
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1 579 796 |
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Nov 1980 |
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GB |
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2428929 |
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Feb 2007 |
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GB |
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WO-2009/137860 |
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Nov 2009 |
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WO |
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Other References
msnbc.com, New device could improve marksmanship,
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34384750/ns/technology.sub.--and.sub.--scienc-
e-innovation/, pp. 1-2, Dec. 11, 2009. cited by applicant .
Texas Instruments DLP in the Optoma Pico-Projector, Technology
Insider, http://chipworks.com/blogs.aspx?id=5618&blogid=86, pp.
1-2, Jan. 12, 2009. cited by applicant .
Reticle, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticle, pp. 1-4, Jul. 22,
2009. cited by applicant .
Reflex sight, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex.sub.--sight, pp.
1-4, Jul. 24, 2009. cited by applicant .
Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced.sub.--Combat.sub.--Optical.sub.--Gu-
nsight, pp. 1-3, May 15, 2010. cited by applicant .
American Rifleman, Burris Eliminator Laserscope, Aug. 2011, pp.
86-87. cited by applicant .
Schmidt-Pechan prism,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Pechan.sub.--prism,
Aug. 21, 2011, pp. 1-3. cited by applicant .
Telescopic sight,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopic.sub.--sight, pp. 1-15, Oct.
18, 2011. cited by applicant .
U.S. Appl. No. 12/914,597, title: Sight System, filed Oct. 28,
2010, inventors: Matthews et al., 50 pages. cited by applicant
.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/281,166, title: Sight System, filed Oct. 25,
2011, inventors: Matthews et al., 81 pages. cited by applicant
.
Burris Company: "AR-332 Prism Sight", Sep. 21, 2010,
http://webarchive.org/web/20100921180853/http://www.burristactical.com/ar-
332.html, retrieved Jan. 20, 2012, 1 page. cited by applicant .
Brownells: "AR-332 Prism Sight", Jan. 1, 2012,
http://www.brownells.com/.aspx/pid=31976/Product/AR-332-PRISM-SIGHT,
retrieved Jan. 20, 2012, 1 page. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Eldred; J. Woodow
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Haynes and Boone, LLP
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/785,781 filed May 24, 2010 and entitled
"GUN SIGHT" which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of operating a sight for a firearm, the method
comprising: generating light from a light source; and passing the
light from the light source by an optical device to provide a
reticle substantially co-axially aligned with a longitudinal axis
of a barrel of the firearm for use in aiming the firearm.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising mounting the sight
substantially behind the barrel of the firearm.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the firearm is a pistol
comprising a hammer, wherein the mounting comprises mounting the
sight substantially behind the hammer.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein the firearm is a hammerless
pistol, wherein the mounting comprises mounting the sight to a
slide of the firearm.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the passing comprises collimating
the light.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the optical device is a
substantially parabolic mirror; and the passing comprises focusing
the light by a surface of the substantially parabolic mirror.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the optical device is a lens;
and the passing comprises focusing the light by the lens.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the light source is a light
emitting diode (LED).
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the reticle is a red dot.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: positioning a user's
first eye behind and substantially co-axial with the longitudinal
axis of the barrel of the firearm while the user's second eye views
a target; receiving, at the user's first eye, the reticle; and
aiming the firearm using the reticle.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the sight is a first sight, the
method further comprising: repositioning the user's first eye to
view a second sight; and aiming the firearm using the second sight,
wherein the first sight does not obscure the aiming of the firearm
using the second sight.
12. A sight adapted to be operated in accordance with the method of
claim 1.
13. A firearm comprising: a barrel; and a sight adapted to be
operated in accordance with the method of claim 1.
14. A method comprising: providing a light source; providing an
optical device; and assembling a sight comprising the light source
and the optical device, wherein: the light source is adapted to
generate light, and the optical device is adapted to pass the light
from the light source to provide a reticle substantially co-axially
aligned with a longitudinal axis of the barrel of a firearm for use
in aiming the firearm.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising mounting the sight
substantially behind the barrel of the firearm.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the firearm is a pistol
comprising a hammer, wherein the mounting comprises mounting the
sight substantially behind the hammer.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the firearm is a hammerless
pistol, wherein the mounting comprises mounting the sight to a
slide of the firearm.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the optical device is adapted
to collimate the light.
19. The method of claim 14, wherein the optical device is a
substantially parabolic mirror adapted to focus the light.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein the optical device is a lens
adapted to focus the light.
21. The method of claim 14, wherein the light source is a light
emitting diode (LED).
22. The method of claim 14, wherein the reticle is a red dot.
23. The method of claim 14, further comprising: positioning a
user's first eye behind and substantially co-axial with the
longitudinal axis of the barrel of the firearm while the user's
second eye views a target; receiving, at the user's first eye, the
reticle; and aiming the firearm using the reticle.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the sight is a first sight, the
method further comprising: repositioning the user's first eye to
view a second sight; and aiming the firearm using the second sight,
wherein the first sight does not obscure the aiming of the firearm
using the second sight.
25. A sight adapted to be assembled in accordance with the method
of claim 14.
26. A firearm comprising: a barrel; and a sight adapted to be
assembled in accordance with the method of claim 14.
Description
BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to weapon sighting devices in
general, and more particularly to sights for use on firearms.
2. Related Art
Over the years, sighting devices have been developed to permit the
user of small arms such as rifles, muskets, revolvers, shotguns,
machine guns, and pistols, to align the weapon accurately relative
to a target such that a projectile fired from the weapon may hit
the target reliably.
Such sighting devices, or gun sights, may be seen as falling into
two broad groups, namely, "active" and "passive" sights. Active
sights typically illuminate the target with some form of radiation,
and rely on a reflection of the radiation from the target to ensure
correct alignment of the weapon with the target. An example of an
active sight is commonly referred to as a laser sight. A laser
sight generates a beam of laser light that is projected onto the
target field such that the light beam actually illuminates the
point of impact at a certain range. Such sights are highly
effective in certain conditions, but suffer from a number of
disadvantages. For example, depending on conditions the target may
be able to see the light beam or its reflection, and when there are
multiple weapons illuminating the same target it may become
difficult for each user to know which reflection is associated with
which firearm.
Passive sights typically rely on ambient illumination of the target
and include the familiar open sights or "iron sights" comprising a
front sight (e.g., a dispart sight such as a blade or tang disposed
at the front end of the barrel of the weapon) and a rear sight
(e.g., a complementary notch, groove, or circular aperture disposed
at the rear end of the receiver or slide of the weapon). Passive
sights also include "telescopic" sights that use a reticle, such as
a set of adjustable "crosshairs" disposed inside the optics of a
magnifying or non-magnifying telescope.
One type of passive sight, commonly referred to as a reflex sight,
uses a refractive or reflective optical system to generate a
collimated beam of light that is projected toward the user to
create an illuminated reticle. The resulting plane wave seen by the
user appears as a small, approximately circular disc of light that
is focused at infinity. In a standard open reflex sight this
illuminated reticle is projected such that it is superimposed over
the field of view observed through the sight. This allows the user
to see the target field through the sight as well as the
illuminated reticle (e.g. an illuminated red dot) in one eye
simultaneously. This gives the user a theoretically parallax-free
image of the reticle, superimposed over the field of view through
the sight.
Another type of passive gun sight that is particularly advantageous
in close combat and similar situations is often referred to as an
"occluded eye gun sight" (OEG). A common form of an OEG is
essentially a closed reflex sight, in which the field of view
through the sight is occluded such that the user sees the
illuminated dot of the reflex sight superimposed over a blank
background instead of an open field of view through the sight. When
using such an OEG, the user's dominant eye is positioned behind the
OEG and focused on the illuminated dot. That dominant eye is
blocked or occluded by the OEG such that it does not see the target
and instead sees only the illuminated dot.
The user's other eye is not obscured by the OEG and is focused on
the target. When aiming the firearm, the user's brain superimposes
the illuminated dot seen by the occluded dominant eye onto the
target seen with by the user's other eye such that if the firearm
is properly oriented the illuminated dot appears to the user to be
projected onto the target. Effective use of an OEG requires both of
the user's eyes, sometimes referred to as binocular vision. One
example of a commercially available OEG for use on rifles,
handguns, and grenade launchers, is the Trijicon "Armson
O.E.G..RTM.." OEGs have significant advantages over other types of
sighting devices in high-stress and close combat situations that
require extremely fast target acquisition without compromising the
user's overall situation awareness.
Like other prior art OEGs, the Armson O.E.G. mounts on either the
side or the top of the receiver of the weapon. However, neither of
these arrangements is a natural location for binocular viewing, and
mounting an OEG on the top of the receiver interferes with the use
of conventional open sights. These mounting arrangements also
change the balance of the firearm, require the use of a custom or
modified holster, and require the use of a substantially modified
shooting position depending on which sighting device is being used.
The term OEG may be used herein to refer to a sight designed to be
used as an occluded eye gun sight or to a standard reflex sight
that may be occluded such that it can be used as an occluded eye
gun sight.
Accurate use of all firearms requires extensive repetitive use.
However, the use of live ammunition for training is expensive and
requires access to a shooting range. Dry firing--firing the weapon
without ammunition--may be an effective training exercise because
it allows for the repetition needed to develop muscle memory, and
the user may practice in a wide range of locations and situations.
However, absent highly specialized and expensive training
simulation systems, dry firing does not provide real-time user
feedback regarding the accuracy of the practice "shot." This lack
of user feedback significantly undermines the value of dry fire
training.
A long felt but as yet unsatisfied need therefore exists for an
improved sighting device that overcomes the disadvantages of prior
art sighting devices and provides for improved dry fire
training.
SUMMARY
Various gun sights for firearms and related methods of use are
provided. In one embodiment, an optical sight for a handgun is
provided. The sight includes a light source. The sight also
includes an optical system that projects an approximately
collimated beam of light from the light source toward a user of the
sight to create an image of an illuminated reticle. The optical
sight is positioned behind a barrel of the handgun such that it is
generally centered on a longitudinal axis of the barrel of the
handgun. Other embodiments are also provided as further disclosed
herein.
The scope of the invention is defined by the claims, which are
incorporated into this section by reference. A more complete
understanding of embodiments of the present invention will be
afforded to those skilled in the art, as well as a realization of
additional advantages thereof, by a consideration of the following
detailed description of one or more embodiments. Reference will be
made to the appended sheets of drawings that will first be
described briefly.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIGS. 1-2 illustrate various uses of an OEG in accordance with
embodiments of the invention.
FIGS. 3-4 illustrate various mountings of a gun sight on a pistol
in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
FIGS. 5-16 illustrate various implementations of a gun sight
employing a reflective optical implementation in accordance with
embodiments of the invention.
FIGS. 17-22 illustrate various implementations of a gun sight
employing a refractive optical implementation in accordance with
embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 23 illustrates a light source diode (LED) in accordance with
an embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 24-32 illustrate various additional implementations of gun
sight employing a refractive optical implementation in accordance
with embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 33 illustrates an implementation of a gun sight which may be
used with a pistol having a hammer in accordance with an embodiment
of the invention.
FIGS. 34-37 illustrate various implementations of gun sight which
may be used with a hammerless or striker fired pistol in accordance
with embodiments of the invention.
FIGS. 38A and B-39A and B illustrate various circuit components
which may be provided as part of a gun sight in accordance with
embodiments of the invention.
Embodiments of the present invention and their advantages are best
understood by referring to the detailed description that follows.
It should be appreciated that like reference numerals are used to
identify like elements illustrated in one or more of the
figures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following description is presented to permit any person skilled
in the art to make and use the invention. For purposes of
explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a
thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention.
Descriptions of specific embodiments or applications are provided
only as examples. Various modifications to the embodiments will be
readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and general
principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and
applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention. Thus, the invention is not intended to be limited to the
embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest possible scope
consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a reflex
sight, shown here as an opaque or occluded eye gun sight (OEG), is
positioned on a firearm such that the illuminated reticle or dot is
disposed such that it is substantially centered on the longitudinal
axis of the barrel of the gun. In the various example embodiments
described below, the general description is made in the context of
an M1911 45 caliber Colt/Browning automatic pistol. However, it
should be understood that the invention described herein may be
utilized with a wide variety of firearms, including automatic
pistols with and without exposed hammers (striker fired) and
including automatic pistols manufactured by Glock, Smith &
Wesson, Colt, Beretta, Ruger, Desert Arms, SIG-Sauer, Steyr, Israel
Weapon Industries, and others where appropriate. Discussion herein
at times refers to an OEG, but those of skill in the art will
understand that the concepts disclosed are equally applicable to
any reflex or similar type of sight.
Unlike most dispart and telescopic sights, which require the user
to close one eye and sight the firearm through their other eye,
OEGs require binocular vision. Thus, the user must have both eyes
open when sighting the weapon. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the use
of an OEG 100 will be described. FIG. 1 shows an OEG 100 from the
user's perspective, with the rear sight 120 (e.g., a conventional
notched iron sight or other appropriate sight) and front sight 124
(e.g., a conventional dispart iron sight or other appropriate
sight) visible above the OEG 100. FIG. 2 shows a target field 188
in the form of a typical cut-out paper or cardboard target.
With reference to both FIGS. 1 and 2, one eye of the user is used
to view the target field 188, including the specific desired point
of impact 190. The second eye, typically the user's dominant eye,
is positioned behind the OEG 100 such that the OEG 100 obscures the
view of the target field 188 from that second eye. The OEG 100
includes some form of an indicator that is viewed with the user's
second eye. This indicator is typically an illuminated feature such
as an illuminated dot 192, most commonly formed by a beam of
collimated light that is projected toward the user's eye from the
OEG. This indicator will commonly be referred to herein as an
illuminated dot, an aim dot, or a reticle, but it will be
understood by those skilled in the art that the indicator may take
a wide variety of forms including various shapes and/or colors. The
user's second eye thus sees the lens assembly 150 and the
illuminated dot 192 of the OEG 100, but does not see the target
field 188. The user's first eye sees the target field 188 but does
not see the OEG 100.
The two different images seen by the user's first eye and second
eye are then superimposed by the user's brain, such that when the
OEG 100 is properly positioned relative to the target field the
user "sees" the illuminated dot 192 of the OEG 100 superimposed
onto the target field 188, as indicated by the dashed outline 192
in FIG. 2. To the user, the illuminated dot 192 thus appears to be
projected onto the target field 188, even though it is actually
being projected toward the user's second eye from the OEG 100 and
nothing is being physically projected onto the target field 188. As
with other sights, the user aligns the weapon such that illuminated
dot 192 is disposed directly on the desired point of impact. If the
OEG 100 is accurately aligned with the bore of the barrel of the
gun, the point of impact may be accurately conveyed to the user by
the apparent position of the illuminated dot 192 on the target
field 188.
The OEG 100 includes a light source that provides light to an
optical device (e.g., a reflector, a lens, and/or one or more other
appropriate optical members). The optical device may pass the light
to the user (e.g., by reflection, refraction, and/or one or more
other appropriate optical techniques) as a beam of collimated light
which appears to the user as the illuminated dot 192.
Referring to FIGS. 3-4, an embodiment of the invention is shown as
it might be used on a typical 1911 pistol 10. The sight 300 is
contained in a housing 304 that is attached to the slide 12 and it
is positioned directly behind the firing mechanism such as the
hammer 14 such that the sight 300 is aligned substantially
co-axially with the longitudinal axis A of the barrel of the pistol
10 so that the illuminated dot 192 is generally centered on the
central axis of the barrel. This mounting position minimizes any
impact on the balance of the weapon and gives the user the
impression of seeing "through" the pistol as their dominant eye is
aligned with the longitudinal axis A of the barrel of the pistol.
The sight 300 is also aligned consistent with the pistol's front
and rear sights 120 and 124 that sit on the top of the slide 12,
and is positioned so that it does not interfere with the use of the
iron sights. This allows the user to have access to both the sight
300 and the front and rear sights 120 and 124, or any other
sighting devices mounted on the top or side of the weapon, while
requiring only a slight adjustment in shooting position and
mechanics to switch between the various sighting options.
In an exemplary embodiment, the illuminated dot 192 seen by the
user is created by an illuminated dot generator or plane wave
generator disposed within the housing 304. The illuminated dot
generator comprises a light source and some form of optical device,
typically a collimating optical device, to produce a plane wave of
light that appears to the user as an illuminated dot focused at
infinity. In one embodiment, the illuminated dot generator must be
mounted within the housing 304 to establish the nominal alignment
of the illuminated dot 192 within the sight 300. The housing 304 is
then mounted to the firearm 10 and may be pre-aligned at the
factory for a standard range (typically 25 yards using standard
ammunition) or its alignment may be user adjustable for range (up
and down) and/or windage (side-to-side).
The illuminated dot generator may use a wide variety of mechanisms
to generate the illuminated dot 192, including both refractive and
reflective systems designed to create the desired collimated beam
of light. In a reflective system, the light source projects light
away from the user's eye. This light is then reflected back toward
the user by a reflective surface such as a parabolic reflective
mirror. In a refractive system, the light source typically projects
light directly back toward the user's eye. This light is then
shaped by a refractive optic, typically some type of lens.
An embodiment of a reflective sight 300 in accordance with an
embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 5-16. In this
embodiment, the illuminated dot generator incorporates a parabolic
mirror 315 that reflects light from a point light source 362 toward
the rectangular aperture 353 of the sight 300 as a collimated beam
of light. The aperture 353 is a transparent, planar, rectangular
"window" through which the illuminated dot 192 is seen by the user.
In one embodiment, the window 353 may be coated with an optical
filter that passes only light of one or more selected
wavelength(s).
Light source 362 is powered by a small battery 364, such as a 1/3 N
cell lithium or NiCad battery, contained in a cylindrical battery
compartment 366 in the housing 304 and held therein by a small,
threaded battery door 368 and a compression spring 370.
The housing 304 of the sight 300 includes a pair of parallel,
forwardly extending mounting ears 322, one of which, viz., the
right ear 322, may be shorter than the other, or vice versa. In
another embodiment, the ears 322 may be approximately equal in
length. The forward pin 344 establishes two fixed positions on the
slide of the firearm while the rearward pin 346 fixes the position
of the housing rotationally. Removal of the rearward pin 346 allows
the housing 304 to be rotated upward and removed from the slide for
gun cleaning.
This embodiment may include a pair of light source 362 push button
control switches 309 (e.g., up and down buttons in one embodiment).
Selectively depressing one or both of the switches 309 may, for
example, increase or decrease the brightness (e.g., intensity) of
the light source 362 of the sight 300, turn the light source on or
off, serve to program an on-off timer incorporated in appropriate
control circuitry of the sight 300, and/or perform other operations
as may be desired in various embodiments. In one embodiment, the
pushbuttons 309 may be mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) 311
and interconnected to the light source 362 via a thin, flat,
flexible cable 313, as illustrated in, e.g., FIG. 6. The
pushbuttons would signal the control unit on the PCB 311 to
increase or decrease the brightness of the illuminated dot 192. The
sight 300 may also include a potentiometer 312 that may be used to
adjust the brightness of light provided by the light source 362
which permits adjustment of the brightness of the illuminated dot
192.
In one embodiment, PCB 311 may be used to provide one or more of
various circuit components illustrated in FIGS. 38-39. The various
components of FIGS. 38-39 may be used with any of the PCBs of any
of the gun sights disclosed herein. Referring now to FIGS. 38-39,
PCB 311 may include a microcontroller 502 (e.g., also referred to
as "uC" which may be a PIC18F26K20 microcontroller available from
Microchip Technology Inc. of Chandler, Ariz. in one embodiment),
operational amplifiers 504A-B (e.g., 8506ACB operational amplifiers
available from Analog Devices, Inc. of Norwood, Mass. in one
embodiment), an accelerometer 510 (e.g., a KXPSS series tri-axis
accelerometer such as any of model numbers KXPS5-1050, KXPS5-2050,
KXPS5-3157, KXPS5-4457, or others available from Kionix, Inc. of
Ithaca, N.Y. in one embodiment), a socket 512 (e.g., to permit
testing and programming of microcontroller 502 while PCB 311 is
installed in a gun sight in one embodiment), a connector 516 (e.g.,
a FH19SC-4 socket available from Hirose Electric USA, Inc. of Simi
Valley, Calif. to connect to cable 313 in one embodiment), switch
contacts 518A-B (e.g., 7 mm spring snap contacts in one embodiment)
for switches 309, an ambient light sensor 522 (e.g., which may
include photodiode 176 and may be a TPS852 illumination sensor
available from Toshiba America Electronic Components, Inc. of
Irvine, Calif. in one embodiment), a battery connection and
protection circuit 524, and various other components as shown.
It will be appreciated that various components of FIGS. 38-39 may
be interconnected with each other through circuit connections
(e.g., through pins, circuit board traces, or otherwise) labeled
with various signals as shown. In one embodiment, the various pins
of microcontroller 502 may be used in the manner set forth in the
following Table 1:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 pins of microcontroller 502
Signal/Connection Pin Name (type) Operation 1 LIGHT_LEVEL Analog
light level from ambient light sensor; digitized by (analog)
microcontroller's A/D converter and used to adjust LED intensity
for proper viewing 2 not connected not connected 3 not connected
not connected 4 Z_AXIS Z-Axis accelerometer signal; digitized by
microcontroller's A/D converter (analog) and used for hammer fall
detection; intelligent power control may be provided by selectively
powering LED and/or other components in response to detection that
gun sight is in use (e.g., a shooting mode) 5 Gnd System ground;
power return path (1 of 2) (power) 6 not connected not connected 7
LS_power Power supply to ambient light sensor; light sensor may be
powered down (power) when not necessary for battery longevity when
gun sight is not in use (e.g., not in a shooting mode) 8 ACC_enable
Communications enable for accelerometer; normally low, pulled high
(digital) during serial communications with accelerometer via
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) 9 ACC_CS Chip select for
accelerometer; may be used for accelerometer operation; (digital)
low starts data acquisition/conversion; stays low until SPI data
transfer from current conversion is completed 10 LED_DRIVE Drive
signal to illuminate LED; pulse width modulation (PWM) signal;
(digital/power) PWM duty cycle controls LED's intensity (1 of 4); 4
outputs provide current to LED (e.g., each output may be limited to
25 mA maximum in one embodiment) 11 SCL SPI clock; clock signal for
SPI communications with accelerometer (digital) 12 SDO SPI data
out; data output signal for SPI communications with (digital)
accelerometer 13 SDI SPI data in; data input signal for SPI
communications with accelerometer (digital) 14 TX RS-232 data
output; RS-232 data path used for system (digital)
development/troubleshooting 15 RX RS-232 data input; RS-232 data
path used for system (digital) development/troubleshooting 16 Gnd
System ground; power return path (2 of 2) (power) 17 Vcc System
power; from battery; after reverse polarity protection field effect
(power) transistor (FET) 18 INTR Interrupt from accelerometer;
programmable interrupt from accelerometer; (digital) used to wake
up sleeping systems in event of large acceleration as part of
intelligent power control 19 LED_DRIVE Drive signal to illuminate
LED; PWM LED drive signal (2 of 4); see pin (digital/power) 10 20
LED_DRIVE Drive signal to illuminate LED; PWM LED drive signal (3
of 4); see pin (digital/power) 10 21 UP Signal from up button;
normally high; low indicates that up button is (digital) depressed
22 LED_DRIVE Drive signal to illuminate LED; PWM LED drive signal
(4 of 4); see pin (digital/power) 10 23 DOWN Signal from down
button; normally high; low indicates that down button is (digital)
depressed 24 PCLK Programming clock; clock signal for uploading
program into (digital) microcontroller 25 PDAT Programming data;
data signal for uploading program into microcontroller (digital) 26
VPP/MCLR Programming voltage supply; pulled to programming voltage
(Vpp) by (power) external hardware to program microcontroller; held
at Vcc for normal operation 27 Y_AXIS Y-Axis accelerometer signal;
digitized by microcontroller's A/D (analog) converter; see pin 3 28
X_AXIS X-Axis accelerometer signal; digitized by microcontroller's
A/D (analog) converter; see pin 3
In one embodiment, microcontroller 502 may be configured with
appropriate instructions (e.g., software instructions) to provide
intelligent power control features for a gun sight. For example,
microcontroller 502 may be used to detect weapon orientation and
motion in response to various input signals such as, for example,
signals received from accelerometer 510. Such detected information
may be used by instructions running in microcontroller 502 to
identify a current intended use of the weapon (e.g., to identify
whether or not a user is ready to fire the weapon). In response to
this identified intended use, microcontroller 502 may selectively
provide (e.g., supply, limit, and/or interrupt) power to any
desired electronic components of the gun sight.
For example, if microcontroller 502 identifies that a user is ready
to fire the weapon, then microcontroller 502 may supply power to
appropriate electronic components of the gun sight to operate the
gun sight in a firing mode (e.g., in live fire or dry fire modes).
As another example, if microcontroller 502 identifies that a user
is not ready to fire the weapon (e.g., the weapon may be holstered
or otherwise not in a firing position), then microcontroller 502
may limit and/or interrupt power to appropriate electronic
components of the gun sight to conserve power (e.g., to permit
longer battery life to be realized).
In one embodiment, the various pins of accelerometer 510 may be
used in the manner set forth in the following Table 2:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 pins of accelerometer 510 Signal/Connection
Pin Name (type) Operation 1 Vcc System power; from battery; after
reverse (power) polarity protection FET (1 of 3) 2 ACC_CS Chip
select; may be used for accelerometer (digital) operation; low
starts data acquisition/ conversion; stays low until SPI data
transfer from current conversion is completed 3 SDI SPI data in;
data input signal for SPI (digital) communications with
microcontroller 4 SDO SPI data out; data output signal for SPI
(digital) communications with microcontroller 5 SCL SPI clock;
clock signal for SPI (digital) communications with microcontroller
6 ACC_Enable Communications enable; high from (digital)
microcontroller permits accelerometer to communicate via SPI 7 XOUT
Accelerometer X axis signal; buffered by (analog) op-amp and
presented to microcontroller's A/D converter 8 YOUT Accelerometer Y
axis signal; buffered by (analog) op-amp and presented to
microcontroller's A/D converter 9 ZOUT Accelerometer Z axis signal;
buffered by (analog) op-amp and presented to microcontroller's A/D
converter 10 Gnd System ground; power return path (power) 11 INTR
Accelerometer interrupt; Programmable (digital) interrupt; goes
high if programmed acceleration value is exceeded in one
embodiment; may be used by microcontroller to wake from sleep mode
to support intelligent power control 12 MOT ENABLE Interrupt
enable; pulled high (Vcc) to allow (digital) generation of
interrupt signal (see pin 11) 13 Vcc System power; from battery;
after reverse (power) polarity protection FET (2 of 3) 14 Vcc
System power; from battery, after reverse (power) polarity
protection FET (3 of 3)
In one embodiment, the various pins of ambient light sensor 522 may
be used in the manner set forth in the following Table 3:
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 pins of ambient light sensor 522
Signal/Connection Pin Name (type) Operation 1 LS_power Light sensor
power; may be supplied by (power) microcontroller output; low/off
saves power for intelligent power control; high/on allows operation
2 Gnd Ground; power return path (power) 3 Gnd Ground; power return
path (power) 4 Gnd Ground; power return path (power) 5 Gnd Ground;
power return path (power) 6 LIGHT Analog output; voltage may be a
function of (analog) detected ambient light in one embodiment
In one embodiment, the various pins of operational amplifier 504A
may be used in the manner set forth in the following Table 4:
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 pins of operational amplifier 504A Signal/
Connection Pin Name (type) Operation A2 LS_power Light sensor
power; may be supplied by (power) microcontroller output; low/off
saves power for intelligent power control; high/on allows operation
C2 Gnd (power) Ground; power return path C1 LIGHT Analog light
level from ambient light sensor; (analog) voltage may be a function
of detected ambient light in one embodiment B1, A1 LIGHT_LEVEL
Buffered light level; sent to microcontroller's (analog) A/D
converter for digitization C3 ZOUT Z axis signal from
accelerometer; amplitude (analog) may be a function of Z axis
measured acceleration in one embodiment B3, A3 Z_AXIS Buffered Z
axis level; sent to microcontroller's (analog) A/D converter for
digitization
In one embodiment, the various pins of operational amplifier 504B
may be used in the manner set forth in the following Table 5:
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 pins of operational amplifier 504B Signal/
Connection Pin Name (type) Operation A2 LS_power Light sensor
power; light sensor may be powered (power) down (e.g., when not
needed) for battery longevity in response to detection that gun
sight is not in use (e.g., not in a shooting mode) C2 Gnd Ground;
power return path (power) C1 YOUT Y axis signal from accelerometer;
amplitude may (analog) be a function of Y axis measured
acceleration in one embodiment B1, A1 Y_AXIS Buffered Y axis level;
sent to microcontroller's (analog) A/D converter for digitization
C3 XOUT X axis signal from accelerometer; amplitude may (analog) be
a function of X axis measured acceleration in one embodiment B3, A3
X_AXIS Buffered X axis level; sent to microcontroller's (analog)
A/D converter for digitization
In one embodiment, the various pins of battery connection and
protection circuit 524 may be used in the manner set forth in the
following Table 6:
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 pins of battery connection and protection
circuit 524 Signal/Connection Pin Name (type) Operation 1 Gnd
System ground; reference pin for backwards (power) battery
detection 2 Vcc System power; if pin 1 is negative relative (power)
to reference pin 3 (battery inserted backwards), FET turns off and
no current flows in one embodiment; if pin 1 is positive relative
to reference pin 3 (battery inserted correctly), FET turns on to
provide power supply to system in one embodiment 3 BATT Battery
positive; connected to positive (power) battery terminal J2 BATT
System power (prior to polarity protection); (power) power supply
from battery J3 Gnd System ground; main power return path to
(power) battery
In one embodiment, the various pins of switch contact 518A may be
used in the manner set forth in the following Table 7:
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 pins of switch contact 518A
Signal/Connection Pin Name (type) Operation 1 Gnd System ground;
power return path (digital) 2 UP Up button pressed signal; pulled
high (digital) internally by microcontroller; pulled to ground by
up button press
In one embodiment, the various pins of switch contact 5188 may be
used in the manner set forth in the following Table 8:
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 pins of switch contact 518B
Signal/Connection Pin Name (type) Operation 1 Gnd System ground;
power return path (digital) 2 DOWN Down button pressed signal;
pulled (digital) high internally by microcontroller; pulled to
ground by down button press
In one embodiment, the various pins of socket 512 may be used in
the manner set forth in the following Table 9:
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 pins of socket 512 Signal/ Connection Pin
Name (type) Operation 1 BATT Remote power to system (prior to
polarity (power) protection); provides power to system if battery
is not installed; provided by external hardware through connector 2
PCLK Programming clock; clock signal for uploading (digital)
program into microcontroller; provided by external hardware through
connector 3 TX RS-232 data output; RS-232 data path used (digital)
for system development/troubleshooting 4 not connected not
connected 5 RX RS-232 data input; RS-232 data path used for
(digital) system development/troubleshooting 6 PDAT Programming
data; data signal for uploading (digital) program into
microcontroller; provided by external hardware through connector 7
Gnd System ground; power return path; provided (power) by external
hardware 8 VPP/MCLR Programming voltage supply; pulled to (digital)
programming voltage (Vpp) by external hardware to program
microcontroller; held at Vcc by onboard resistor for normal
operation
In one embodiment, the various pins of connector 516 may be used in
the manner set forth in the following Table 10:
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 pins of connector 516 Signal/Connection Pin
Name (type) Operation 1 Gnd System ground; power return path (1 of
2) (power) 2 Gnd System ground; power return path (2 of 2) (power)
3 LED_DRIVE Drive signal to illuminate LED; PWM signal;
(digital/power) PWM duty cycle controls LED's intensity (1 of 2) 4
LED_DRIVE Drive signal to illuminate LED; PWM signal;
(digital/power) see pin 3 (2 of 2)
In one embodiment, test connections shown in FIGS. 38-39 and may be
used in the manner set forth in the following Table 11:
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 test connections Signal/ Connection Pin
Name (type) Operation J5 TX RS-232 data output; RS-232 data path
used (digital) for system development/troubleshooting J6 RX
(digital) RS-232 data input; RS-232 data path used for system
development/troubleshooting J7 Vcc System power; power supply after
reverse (power) polarity protection FET J13 INTR Accelerometer
interrupt; programmable (digital) interrupt; goes high if
programmed acceleration value is exceeded in one embodiment; may be
used by microcontroller to wake from sleep mode to support
intelligent power control J14 LED_DRIVE PWM signal; PWM duty cycle
controls (digital/power) LED's intensity SW1a UP Up button pressed
signal; pulled high (digital) internally by microcontroller; pulled
to ground by up button press SW2a DOWN Down button pressed signal;
pulled high (digital) internally by microcontroller; pulled to
ground by down button press
Referring now to FIG. 8, the illuminated dot generator of the sight
300 comprises a rearward facing parabolic mirror or reflector 315,
and an LED point light source 362 mounted on a PCB 317 disposed to
face toward the reflector 315. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the PCB
317 and light source 362 are arranged such that light from the
light source 362 radiates forwardly toward the parabolic reflective
surface of the reflector 315 and is thereby reflected as a
collimated beam of light rearward through the rectangular aperture
353 of the sight 300. The path taken by the light rays in an
embodiment 300 is illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 11. The
result is a collimated plane wave that is seen by the user as an
illuminated dot focused at infinity.
The parabolic reflector 315 may be constructed of a variety of
materials and may be configured in a wide variety of ways. For
example, the reflective surface may be integrated into a molded
plastic part, or it may be a separate component that is affixed to
a frame or other structure. As illustrated in, e.g., FIGS. 9-11,
the reflector 315 may incorporate alignment features, such as
forward extending protrusions 319 on the rear of the reflector 315
for aligning the reflector 315 in the housing 304, and, for
example, cylindrical bores 321 extending into the front of the
reflector 315 for aligning the PCB 317 and light source 362 with
the reflective surface of the reflector 315.
FIGS. 17-22 are perspective views of a "refractive" sight 100 in
accordance with an embodiment of the invention, shown mounted at a
rear end of a slide 102 of an associated automatic pistol. The
remainder of the pistol, such as a hammer, grip, trigger, and the
like are omitted for clarity. This embodiment includes mechanisms
that allow the user to adjust the elevation of the sight 100 in the
field.
With reference to the exploded view of FIG. 22, the sight 100
comprises a generally rectangular housing 104 having a stepped,
rectangular opening 106 at a rear end thereof, an upper surface
108, and a forwardly protruding portion 110 that defines a pair of
ears 112 that extend downward so as to straddle a rear end of the
pistol slide 102. Each of the ears 112 includes a lug 114 at the
front end thereof, and the lugs 114 include a pair of respective
front mounting pin apertures 116 that are coaxial with each other.
A second pair of rear coaxial mounting pin apertures 118 is
disposed in the ears 112 rearwardly of the front mounting pin
apertures 116.
In one embodiment, in order to accommodate the mounting of the
sight 100, the rear portion of the slide 102 may be modified.
First, the rear sight 120 of the pistol is removed from a
corresponding transverse notch in the slide 102 and reinstalled in
a corresponding transverse slot 122 disposed in the upper surface
108 of the housing 104. This permits the rear sight 120 to be used
in cooperation with the front sight 124 located at the front end of
the slide 102 to sight the pistol on a target in the conventional
manner.
As illustrated in FIG. 22, after the notched rear sight 120 is
removed from the slide 102 and relocated as above, a T-shaped
recess 126 is formed in the upper surface of the slide 102, with
the cross-bar of the T being disposed at the former location of the
groove in which the notched rear sight 120 was formerly mounted,
and with the vertical leg of the T extending forwardly. Coaxial
mounting pin apertures 128 are formed in the slide 102 on opposite
sides of the vertical leg of the T-shaped recess. A T-shaped pivot
block 130 is then disposed in the T-shaped recess 126. The pivot
block 130 is shaped correspondingly to the T-shaped recess 126 in
the slide 102, and includes first and second transverse mounting
pin apertures 132 and 134 and first and second threaded vertical
apertures 136 and 138. First and second elevation adjustment
setscrews 140 and 142 are respectively disposed in the vertical
apertures 136 and 138.
During assembly of the sight 100 to the rear of the slide 102, the
front mounting pin apertures 116 in the ears 112 of the housing 104
are coaxially aligned with the mounting pin apertures 128 in the
slide 102 and the first transverse mounting pin aperture 132 in the
pivot block 130, and a front mounting pin 144 is then inserted
through apertures 116, 128, and 132 with a tight, frictional fit.
Similarly, the rear mounting pin apertures 118 in the housing 104
are coaxially aligned with the second transverse mounting pin
aperture 134 in the pivot block 130, and a rear mounting pin 146 is
then inserted through apertures 118 and 134 with a tight,
frictional fit. This arrangement permits the sight 100 to pivot up
and down on the forward mounting pin 144 (e.g., relative to the
slide 102) for elevation adjustment of the sight 100, and the sight
100 is locked into the desired elevation position by suitable
tightening of the first and second elevation adjustment setscrews
140 and 142. Tool access to the setscrews 140 and 142 may be
provided by suitably located access openings 143 located in the
upper surface 108 of the housing 104.
The design of this sight 100 contemplates that all azimuth
adjustment of the sight 100 be effected when it is initially
installed on the gun, and hence, provides only for elevation
adjustment by the user. During construction and assembly of each
sight 100, at the stage at which it is mounted to the slide 102 of
the gun, special care is taken to achieve very accurate azimuth
alignment of the illuminated dot to the bore of the weapon.
However, the mechanical design of the sight 100 does allow the
sight, after removal of the rear mounting pin 146, to be rotated
upward by 90 degrees, which permits the sight 100 and slide 102 to
be removed from the weapon for cleaning and to provide access to
the battery compartment of the sight 100 described below.
The optical portion of the sight 100 comprises a lens assembly 150
retained in the stepped, rectangular opening 106 at the rear end of
the housing 104. In one embodiment, the lens assembly 150 comprises
an aspheric lens 152 having a convex outer surface and a planar
inner surface that is retained in a rectangular mounting bezel 154.
In one embodiment, the lens 152 is molded of an acrylic plastic
that is dyed red and provided with a hard coating to protect the
exterior surface thereof.
The lens assembly 150 defines an active rectangular aperture that,
in one embodiment, may be about 1.0 in. high by about 0.9 in. wide,
with corners having a radius of about 3/16 inch. The aperture is
centered behind the slide 102, with its center located
approximately 0.25 in. below the axis of the barrel of the gun.
As illustrated in FIG. 22, a PCB 156 (e.g., used for light source
control) is disposed opposite to the lens assembly 150 in a front
opening 158 (see FIG. 19) at the front of a lower rear interior
compartment 160 defined by the housing 104, and point light source
162, such as a light emitting diode or laser diode, is mounted
thereon such that it is located substantially coaxially on the
optical axis of the lens 152. The light radiating from the light
source 162 travels directly through the lens 152 as a plane wave
and appears to the user as a red dot (e.g., a small uniform disk of
light focused at infinity). In one embodiment, the light source 162
may comprise a laser diode capable of emitting red light at a
wavelength of 650 nm, which yields a 1 minute of angle (MOA) red
dot when viewed through the aspheric lens 152. Light sources with
other wavelengths and/or angles may be used in other
embodiments.
In FIG. 22, the light source 162 is powered by a small battery 164,
such as a 1/3 N cell lithium or NiCad battery, contained in a
cylindrical battery compartment 166 in the housing 104 and held
therein by a small, threaded battery door 168 and compression
spring 170. Power from the battery 164 is conveyed to the PCB 156
via a service loop of electrical wire 172 that couples between the
PCB 156 and an internal battery contact 174.
In use, the brightness of the illuminated dot produced by the light
source 162 may be automatically scaled to the ambient light level
using a photodiode 176 that senses ambient light through the lens
assembly 150 of the sight 100. The brightness level bias, i.e., the
ratio of the brightness of the illuminated dot to the brightness of
the ambient light may be scaled up or down through two orders of
magnitude using a cross pin 178, which is retained in a rectangular
transverse bore 180 (e.g., which may be implemented on a left
and/or a right side of housing 104 as shown in FIGS. 17-22) in the
housing 104 by an adjacent cylindrical plug 182 and friction pin
184, and is loaded by a spring 186 in a neutral position. The cross
pin 178 is arranged such that depressing the cross pin 178 toward
the right side of the housing 104 reduces (e.g., "scrolls down")
the brightness of the light source 162, and depressing it left
increases (e.g., "scrolls up") the brightness. In one embodiment,
sight 100 may include a magnet 179 which may cooperate with a Hall
effect sensor of sight 100 to permit sight 100 to detect a position
of cross pin 178 (e.g., through operation of microcontroller
502).
The sight 100 may also be turned on and off by a depression of the
cross pin 178, or alternatively, by a separate switch, and may
remain on continuously, or alternatively, may remain on for a
predetermined period of time, e.g., 24 hours, and then turn off
automatically via a timer function incorporated in the PCB 156. In
one embodiment, a longer "on" period may be implemented, together
with the ability to turn the sight 100 off by a double or triple
"click" of the cross pin 178. In one embodiment, a warning of a low
battery condition in the sight 100 may be sensed by suitable
voltage detection circuitry on the PCB 156 and signaled to the user
by a continuous blinking of the illuminated dot. Convenient access
to the cross pin 178 permits a user to easily pick up the weapon
and instantly turn on the sight 100 as the weapon is brought to
bear.
FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a light
emitting diode (LED) point light source 3362 in accordance with an
embodiment of the invention. The LED light source 3362 may be used
in any of the sights described herein. The LED light source 3362
comprises a light emitting diode junction 3364, which may be a
laser diode in one embodiment, formed at the upper ends of a
conductor 3366 of the device, which is hermetically sealed in a
housing 3368. An opening in the upper end of the housing 3368 is
closed with a spherical lens 3370, through which light generated by
the device is radiated in a hemispherical direction.
Another embodiment of a refractive sight 200 in accordance with an
embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 24-28, wherein
the housing 204 is shown as though transparent to reveal underlying
structure, such as the battery compression spring 270. The sight
200 is similar in construction and operation to the sight 100
described above, but with the following exceptions. The forward
protruding portion 210 of the housing 204 of the sight 200 may
eliminate the transverse upper surface 108 of the sight 100 and
instead comprises a pair of parallel, forwardly extending ears 222
that are adapted to straddle an elongated land 207 (see FIG. 28)
mounted on the upper surface of the slide 202 of an associated
pistol. The housing 204 may be secured to the slide 202 by
appropriate pins (e.g., pin 244) extending through apertures 216
and 218. A rear sight 220 may be provided on housing 204 to permit
aiming the associated pistol (e.g., in cooperation with a
corresponding front sight 124) with conventional open sights if
desired.
As illustrated in FIGS. 26 and 30, the LED point light source 262
of the sight 200 is disposed on a shoulder 201 of a cylindrical
recess 203 that extends forwardly into a conical cavity 205 defined
by the housing 204 to radiate rearwardly toward the lens 252 of the
lens assembly 250 which is secured to the housing 204 by a
perimeter surface 254. This arrangement permits the light source
262 to be more precisely located on the optical axis of the lens
252.
Light source 262 is powered by a small battery 264, such as a 1/3 N
cell lithium or NiCad battery, contained in a cylindrical battery
compartment 266 in the housing 204 and held therein by a small,
threaded battery door 268 and a compression spring 270. As shown in
FIG. 29, the particular optical implementation of sight 200 may be
implemented in housing 104 of sight 100 if desired in one or more
embodiments.
Any of the guns sights described herein may be mounted on the slide
12 of an associated automatic pistol 10, e.g., a M1911
Colt/Browning automatic pistol. For example, as shown in FIG. 33,
such pistols may incorporate an exposed hammer 14 located at the
rear of the slide 12. A sight may mount at the rear of the slide 12
of the gun 10 so as to clear the hammer 14 as it moves in an arc
from a fully cocked position, as illustrated in FIG. 33, to a fully
forward position adjacent the rear end of the slide 12. The hammer
14 prevents mounting the sight directly to the rear face of the
slide 12.
As will be appreciated, many firearms including many automatic and
semi-automatic pistols do not have an external hammer 14, and
instead, incorporate an internal mechanism for striking the firing
pin of the weapon. These may be referred to as "hammerless" or
"striker fired." As illustrated in FIGS. 34-37, any of the sights
described herein may be adapted for use with such hammerless or
striker fired pistols, and may be mounted directly to the rear face
of the slide 13 in such cases. FIG. 34 illustrates the slide 13 of
a hammerless automatic pistol. A removable flat plate at the rear
of the slide 13 retains the firing pin. This plate may be replaced
with an adapter plate 402 that facilitates attachment of the sight,
such as a dovetail adapter plate. Various other structures may be
used to attach the sight to a hammerless pistol in the desired
location on axis with the barrel of the firearm such that it is
aligned substantially co-axially with the longitudinal axis 13 (see
FIG. 35) of the barrel of the weapon.
Various types of mechanisms may be used to provide for field
adjustment where desirable. As illustrated in FIG. 35, in one
embodiment a flexure 404 may be mounted to a back surface of the
adapter plate 402, and the sight may be mounted to a back surface
of the flexure 404. As illustrated in FIG. 36, the flexure 404 may
comprise a block of a resilient material in one embodiment, e.g., a
heat-treated steel alloy, that is machined or otherwise formed to
incorporate the three leaves 406, 408, and 410 that are hinged
relative to each other at respective edges disposed at
approximately 90 degrees to each other.
Thus, one leaf 406 is affixed to the back of the adapter plate 402,
an intermediate leaf 408 is hinged horizontally at a solid hinge
412 relative to the first leaf 406 so as to provide azimuth
adjustment, and a third leaf 410 is arranged to hinge vertically at
a second solid hinge 414 relative to the intermediate leaf 408 so
as to provide elevation adjustment. As illustrated in FIGS. 36 and
37, the flexure 404 may be assembled with adjustment screws 452,
index plungers 453, pressure springs 454, set screws 455, over
travel stops 456, adjustment locking nuts 457, securing wedges 458,
securing clamps 459, dowel pins 460, and securing screws 461.
Advantageously, adjustment screws 452 may permit the sight to be
mounted to the rear surface of the third leaf 410 of the flexure
404 and then adjusted for both azimuth and elevation. It will be
readily understood that a wide variety of other mechanisms may be
used to provide for field adjustment of the sight. For example,
systems using interchangeable prisms, cam mechanisms, spherical
bearings, or T-blocks may be used to provide varying degrees of
adjustability on the different axes.
With all sighting devices, including open reflex sights and OEGs,
that use an illuminated dot that is viewed through an aperture, if
the weapon is significantly out of alignment with the target or if
the user's eye is too far out of alignment with the aperture the
illuminated dot may not be visible to the user. This is a
particular problem in very low light conditions where the user
cannot see the firearm as it is brought into firing position, and
thus lacks visual cues to bring the weapon into alignment.
It will be readily understood that the larger the aperture 353 the
easier it will be for the user to align the sight with the user's
dominant eye such that the collimated beam of light projected
through the aperture can be seen by the user. Positioning the sight
behind the slide of a pistol or the frame of a revolver allows for
the largest possible aperture that will not interfere with balance
and profile of the weapon. For example, an aperture that extends
substantially the width of the slide of the pistol and vertically
from the top of the slide down to the top of the user's hand
maximizes the size of the aperture without interfering with use of
the iron sights on the top of the slide and without a bulky
projection from the top or side of the firearm.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, an indicator may be
included in the gun sight to provide a visual cue to help the user
obtain a general alignment of the firearm with the target. If the
firearm is positioned such that the user cannot see the illuminated
dot, an indicator dot in a different color than the illuminated dot
may be provided. This indicator dot may be visible, for example, at
an edge of the aperture of the gun sight, such that it indicates
the direction the firearm needs to be moved to bring the user's eye
into correct alignment to acquire the illuminated dot. For example,
if the firearm is too low for the user to see the illuminated dot,
the indicator dot may appear at the top edge of the aperture,
indicating that the firearm needs to be raised higher to bring the
sight into correct alignment with the user's eye.
It has long been understood that accurate and effective use of
firearms, particularly in high-stress situations such as combat or
tactical response, requires extensive training so that the user's
develops sufficient muscle memory that their actions become
unconscious. Unfortunately, firearms training is extremely
expensive in large part because of the cost of ammunition and
limited availability of training facilities such as shooting ranges
where live ammunition or training blanks may be used. "Dry firing"
is the firing of a firearm without either live ammunition or a
training blank in the chamber. Dry fire training eliminates the
cost of ammunition or blanks, can be conducted virtually anywhere,
and allows trainees to conduct an unlimited number of repetitions
of the movements involved in bringing their weapon to bear on a
target in every conceivable scenario. Thus, there is a need for a
gun sight that can be used as a "dry firing" training tool either
on its own or as part of a complete firearms or tactical training
system.
In one exemplary embodiment, a gun sight of any type may be
equipped with a detector, such as an accelerometer (e.g.,
accelerometer 510), an audio detector or any other suitable device,
that can detect the operation of the weapon's firing mechanism such
as the fall of the hammer 14. If the detector is activated, when
the user pulls the gun's trigger the detector will detect the
operation of the firing mechanism, and cause some feedback (e.g., a
visible, audible, tactile, or other type of indication) to be
output to the user at the instant the weapon would fire if a round
was chambered. For example, in one embodiment, a sensor such as
accelerometer 510 may provide one or more signals to
microcontroller 502 in response to operation of the firing
mechanism. In response to the one or more signals, microcontroller
502 may cause appropriate components of the gun sight to provide
the feedback.
The feedback provided to the user could take many forms. In one
exemplary embodiment, the illuminated dot 192 of the gun sight may
increase in brightness for an instant to indicate to the user that
a shot has been fired. When the illuminated dot 192 flashes, the
user's brain registers the location of the dot 192 relative to the
aim point 190 at the instant the trigger is pulled. This allows the
user to see where the gun was aimed at the instant the weapon would
have fired. In another exemplary embodiment, the illuminated dot
192 briefly changes color at the instant the weapon was fired.
Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a wide
variety of audio, visual, or tactile indicators may be used to
indicate to the user the instant that the weapon would have fired
if ammunition was being used. In one exemplary embodiment, data
regarding the location, orientation, movement, and aim point
relative to a target can be collected by sensors located on the
weapon or in the target field at the instant of firing. This data
can then be analyzed to determine the accuracy of the dry fire
shots.
Such a system allows users to train effectively by dramatically
increasing the number of times they bring their weapon to bear on a
target, while providing immediate feedback to the user regarding
their accuracy. Regular use of this dry firing technique may
greatly improve the user's marksmanship without having to expend
ammunition or to train at a secure practice range. This dry fire
training technique also allows users to train under more realistic
conditions because it allows the user to target any object that may
be a threat. For combat and law enforcement training, the ability
to conduct firearms training in which the user is targeting a live
human being is particularly important to realistically simulate
conditions that may be encountered in the field and train users to
overcome their natural resistance to targeting a human being.
As those of skill in the art will appreciate, the gun sights
described herein provide a number of distinct advantages, relative
to the various gun sights of the prior art. Unlike prior art OEGs
and open reflex sights, the conventional open sights on the firearm
are not obscured and the balance of the weapon is not altered
significantly. The inventive gun sights provide for fast target
acquisition in combat situations while allowing the user to
maintain a wide field of view, avoid tunnel vision, and maintain
situational awareness. Because of their positioning and low sight
profile, the gun sights disclosed herein may be used with regular
pistol holsters and may be used for concealed carry.
Where applicable, the various components set forth herein can be
combined into composite components and/or separated into
sub-components without departing from the spirit of the present
invention. Similarly, where applicable, the ordering of various
steps described herein can be changed, combined into composite
steps, and/or separated into sub-steps to provide features
described herein.
Embodiments described above illustrate but do not limit the
invention. It should also be understood that numerous modifications
and variations are possible in accordance with the principles of
the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is
defined only by the following claims.
* * * * *
References