U.S. patent number 8,224,012 [Application Number 11/551,757] was granted by the patent office on 2012-07-17 for vehicle accessory microphone.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Gentex Corporation. Invention is credited to Michael A Bryson, Robert C Knapp, G. Bruce Poe, William R Spence, Robert R Turnbull, Alan R Watson.
United States Patent |
8,224,012 |
Watson , et al. |
July 17, 2012 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Vehicle accessory microphone
Abstract
A microphone assembly includes one or more transducers
positioned in a housing. Circuitry is coupled to the transducer for
outputting an electrical signal such that the microphone has a main
lobe directed forwardly and attenuates signals originating from the
sides and/or rear. The transducers can advantageously include
multiple transducers, which, with the circuit, produce a desired
sensitivity pattern. The microphone assembly can be employed in a
vehicle accessory.
Inventors: |
Watson; Alan R (Buchanan,
MI), Knapp; Robert C (Coloma, MI), Turnbull; Robert R
(Holland, MI), Spence; William R (Holland, MI), Poe; G.
Bruce (Hamilton, MI), Bryson; Michael A (Hudsonville,
MI) |
Assignee: |
Gentex Corporation (Zeeland,
MI)
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Family
ID: |
27539328 |
Appl.
No.: |
11/551,757 |
Filed: |
October 23, 2006 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20070047753 A1 |
Mar 1, 2007 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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10634065 |
Oct 31, 2006 |
7130431 |
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09724119 |
Sep 2, 2003 |
6614911 |
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09444176 |
Oct 10, 2006 |
7120261 |
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PCT/US00/31708 |
Nov 17, 2000 |
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60195509 |
Apr 6, 2000 |
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60221307 |
Jul 28, 2000 |
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60242465 |
Oct 23, 2000 |
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60216297 |
Jul 6, 2000 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
381/365; 381/361;
381/86 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04R
1/406 (20130101); H04R 3/005 (20130101); H04R
1/342 (20130101); H04R 1/086 (20130101); H04R
1/08 (20130101); H04R 1/38 (20130101); B60R
11/0247 (20130101); H04B 1/3805 (20130101); B60R
1/12 (20130101); H04M 1/6075 (20130101); B60R
2011/0026 (20130101); H04B 1/3822 (20130101); H04R
2499/13 (20130101); B60R 2001/1223 (20130101); B60R
2011/0063 (20130101); H04R 2410/07 (20130101); H04M
2250/74 (20130101); B60R 2001/1284 (20130101); H04M
2250/10 (20130101); B60R 1/1207 (20130101); H04M
1/271 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04R
11/04 (20060101); H04R 19/04 (20060101); H04R
9/08 (20060101); H04R 17/02 (20060101); H04R
21/02 (20060101); H04B 1/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;381/361,365,86,122,322,324 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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104891 |
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Jul 1973 |
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DE |
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0543087 |
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Aug 1992 |
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EP |
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0624046 |
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Nov 1994 |
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EP |
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1078818 |
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Feb 2001 |
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EP |
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55073195 |
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Jun 1980 |
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JP |
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56089194 |
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Jul 1981 |
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JP |
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56116396 |
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Sep 1981 |
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JP |
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58027496 |
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Feb 1983 |
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JP |
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59149494 |
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Aug 1984 |
|
JP |
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6262555 |
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Apr 1987 |
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JP |
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221997 |
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Feb 1990 |
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JP |
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03231044 |
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Oct 1991 |
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JP |
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10107880 |
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Apr 1998 |
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JP |
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WO 96/25019 |
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Aug 1996 |
|
WO |
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WO 9858450 |
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Dec 1998 |
|
WO |
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WO 99/37122 |
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Jul 1999 |
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WO |
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WO 9966638 |
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Dec 1999 |
|
WO |
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WO 0052639 |
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Sep 2000 |
|
WO |
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Other References
D Van Norstrand Company, Inc., "Acoustical
Engineering--Microphones," (first published May 1957, reprinted
Aug. 1960, Oct. 1964, Oct. 1967) based on earlier work by Harry F.
Olson, entitled "Elements of Acoustical Engineering" copyright
1940, 1947 by D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. cited by other .
A.E. Robertson, "Wireless World by Iliffe Books Ltd." (1963). cited
by other .
JP Abstract No. 03231044A (Oct. 15, 1991). cited by other .
JP Abstract No. 59149494A (Aug. 27, 1984). cited by other .
JP Abstract No. 10107880A (Apr. 24, 1998). cited by other .
JP Abstract No. 56089194A (Jul. 20, 1981). cited by other .
JP Abstract No. 56116396A (Sep. 12, 1981). cited by other .
JP Abstract No. 55073195, published Jun. 2, 1980. cited by other
.
JP Abstract No. 58027496, published Feb. 18, 1983. cited by
other.
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Primary Examiner: Chin; Vivian
Assistant Examiner: Suthers; Douglas
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Price Heneveld LLP Ryan; Scott
P.
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 10/634,065 filed Aug. 4, 2003, by Alan R. Watson et al., now
U.S. Pat. No. 7,130,431; which is a divisional of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 09/724,119, filed on Nov. 28, 2000, by Alan R.
Watson et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 6,614,911; which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
09/444,176, filed on Nov. 19, 1999, by Robert R. Turnbull et al.,
now U.S. Pat. No. 7,120,261; and which is a continuation under 35
U.S.C. .sctn.120 of International PCT Application No.
PCT/US00/31708, filed on Nov. 17, 2000. U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 09/724,119 also claims priority under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.19(e) on U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/195,509,
filed on Apr. 6, 2000, by Robert R. Turnbull et al.; on U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 60/216,297, filed on Jul. 6,
2000, by Robert R. Turnbull et al.; on U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 60/221,307, filed on Jul. 28, 2000, by Robert R.
Turnbull et al.; and on U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
60/242,465, filed on Oct. 23, 2000, by Robert R. Turnbull et
al.
The disclosures of each of the above-referenced applications are
incorporated herein in their entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A vehicle microphone assembly comprising: at least one
directional transducer having a first side and a second side and a
plurality of transducer acoustical ports located on the first side
of the at least one directional transducer; a circuit board having
a first side and a second side and a hole in said circuit board
sized to receive at least a portion of said at least one
directional transducer such that the plurality of transducer
acoustical ports are located on said first side of said circuit
board; an acoustic seal formed between the at least one transducer
and the first side of the circuit board for preventing acoustic
energy from entering said plurality of transducer acoustical ports
of said at least one directional transducer from said second side
of the circuit board; and wherein said at least one directional
transducer is mounted within the hole in the circuit board such
that the acoustic seal extends substantially around said second
side of said at least one transducer, preventing acoustical energy
from entering the transducer acoustical ports from the second side
of the circuit board.
2. The vehicle microphone assembly of claim 1, wherein said at
least one transducer is mounted with its central axis parallel to
an upper surface of said circuit board.
3. The vehicle microphone assembly of claim 1, wherein said at
least one transducer is mounted with its central axis parallel to,
and slightly above, an upper surface of said circuit board.
4. The vehicle microphone assembly of claim 1, wherein electrical
contacts of said at least one transducer are soldered directly to
traces on said circuit board.
5. The vehicle microphone assembly of claim 1 further including a
housing including at least one acoustic port and a windscreen
sealed across said acoustic port of the housing, said windscreen
having hydrophobic properties to prevent water from penetrating
said housing through said acoustic port.
6. The vehicle microphone assembly of claim 1, wherein said
transducer has a first sound-receiving surface that is
perpendicular to an upper surface of said circuit board.
7. An accessory for a vehicle comprising: a housing having at least
one acoustical housing port for mounting to the vehicle; a
microphone subassembly supported by said housing, said microphone
subassembly comprising: at least one directional transducer having
a plurality of transducer acoustical ports; a circuit board having
a first side and a second side and a hole in said circuit board
sized to receive at least a portion of said at least one
directional transducer such that said plurality of transducer
acoustical ports are located on said first side of the circuit
board; an acoustic seal formed between the at least one directional
transducer and the first side of the circuit board for preventing
acoustic energy from entering said plurality of transducer
acoustical ports of at least one directional transducer from said
second side of the circuit board; and wherein said at least one
directional transducer is mounted within the hole in the circuit
board such that the acoustic seal extends substantially around said
second side of said at least one transducer, preventing acoustical
energy from entering the plurality of transducer acoustical ports
from said second side of the circuit board.
8. The vehicle accessory of claim 7, wherein said at least one
transducer is mounted with its central axis parallel to an upper
surface of said circuit board.
9. The vehicle accessory of claim 7, wherein said at least one
transducer is mounted with its central axis parallel to, and
slightly above, an upper surface of said circuit board.
10. The vehicle accessory of claim 7, wherein electrical contacts
of said at least one transducer are soldered directly to traces on
said circuit board.
11. The vehicle accessory of claim 7, and further including a
microphone housing including at least one acoustic port and a
windscreen sealed across said acoustic port, said windscreen having
hydrophobic properties to prevent water from penetrating said
microphone housing through said acoustic port.
12. The vehicle accessory of claim 7, wherein said transducer has a
first sound-receiving surface that is perpendicular to an upper
surface of said circuit board.
13. The vehicle accessory of claim 7, wherein said housing is a
vehicle rearview mirror assembly housing.
14. A rearview mirror assembly for a vehicle comprising: a support
structure having a plurality of housing acoustical ports; a mirror
supported by said support structure; and a microphone subassembly
supported by said support structure, said microphone subassembly
comprising: at least one directional transducer having a first side
and a second side and a plurality of transducer acoustical ports
located on said first side of said at least one directional
transducer; a circuit board having a first side and a second side
and a hole in the circuit board sized to receive at least a portion
of said at least one directional transducer such that said
plurality of transducer acoustical ports are located adjacent to
said first side of said circuit board; an acoustic seal formed
between the at least one transducer and the first side of the
circuit board for preventing acoustic energy from entering the
plurality of transducer acoustical ports of said at least one
directional transducer from said second side of the circuit board;
and wherein said at least one directional transducer is mounted
within the hole in the circuit board such that the acoustic seal
extends substantially around said second side of said at least one
transducer, allowing acoustical energy to enter the transducer
acoustical ports from the housing acoustical ports.
15. The rearview mirror assembly of claim 14, wherein said at least
one transducer is mounted with its central axis parallel to an
upper surface of said circuit board.
16. The rearview mirror assembly of claim 14, wherein said at least
one transducer is mounted with its central axis parallel to, and
slightly above, an upper surface of said circuit board.
17. The rearview mirror assembly of claim 14, wherein electrical
contacts of said at least one transducer are soldered directly to
traces on said circuit board.
18. The rearview mirror assembly of claim 14 and further including
a microphone housing including at least one acoustic port and a
windscreen sealed across said acoustic port, said windscreen having
hydrophobic properties to prevent water from penetrating said
microphone housing through said acoustic port.
19. The rearview mirror assembly of claim 14, wherein said
transducer has a first sound-receiving surface that is
perpendicular to an upper surface of said circuit board.
20. The vehicle microphone assembly as in claim 1, further
comprising a ground plane attached to one side of the circuit board
for acting as a an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield.
21. The vehicle microphone assembly as in claim 1, wherein the at
least one directional transducer is mounted to the circuit board on
its side edge.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to microphones, and more
particularly to a microphone associated with a vehicle accessory
such as a rearview mirror assembly or the housing of a rear vision
display device.
It has long been desired to provide improved microphone performance
in devices such as communication devices and voice recognition
devices that operate under a variety of different ambient noise
conditions. Communication devices supporting hands-free operation
permit the user to communicate through a microphone of a device
that is not held by the user. Because of the distance between the
user and the microphone, these microphones often detect undesirable
noise in addition to the user's speech. The noise is difficult to
attenuate. A particularly challenging hands-free application where
dynamically varying ambient noise is present is a hands-free
communication system for a vehicle. For example, bi-directional
communication systems, such as two-way radios, cellular telephones,
satellite phones, and the like, are used in vehicles, such as
automobiles, trains, airplanes and boats. For a variety of reasons,
it is preferable for the communication devices of these systems to
operate hands-free, such that the user need not hold the device
while talking, even in the presence of high ambient noise levels
subject to wide dynamic fluctuations.
Bi-directional communication systems include an audio speaker and a
microphone. In order to improve hands-free performance in a vehicle
communication system, a microphone is typically mounted near the
driver's head. For example, a microphone is commonly attached to
the vehicle visor or headliner using a fastener such as a clip,
adhesive, hook-and-loop fastening tape (such as VELCRO.RTM. brand
fastener), or the like. The audio speaker associated with the
communication system is preferably positioned remote from the
microphone to assist in minimizing feedback from the audio speaker
to the microphone. It is common, for example, for the audio speaker
to be located in a vehicle adaptor, such as a hang-up cup or a
cigarette lighter plug used to provide energizing power from the
vehicle electrical system to the communication device. Thus,
although the communication system designer knows the position of
the audio speaker in advance, the position of the microphone is
unknown as the user can position the microphone where he/she
chooses. The position of the microphone relative to the person
speaking will determine the level of the speech signal output by
the microphone and may affect the signal-to-noise ratio. The
position of the microphone relative to the audio speaker will
impact feedback between the speaker and microphone. Accordingly,
the performance of the audio system is subject to the user's
installation of the microphone. Additionally, the microphone will
typically include a wire, which if it is mounted to the surface of
the vehicle interior, will not be aesthetically pleasing.
Alternatively, if the wire is to be mounted behind the interior
lining, the vehicle interior must be disassembled and then
reattached so that the wire can be hidden, which may result in
parts that rattle loudly or hang loosely from the vehicle
frame.
One potential solution to avoid these difficulties is disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,930,742, entitled "REARVIEW MIRROR AND ACCESSORY
MOUNT FOR VEHICLES," issued to Schofield et al. on Jun. 5, 1990,
which uses a microphone in a mirror mounting support. Although
locating the microphone in the mirror support provides the system
designer with a microphone location that is known in advance and
avoids the problems associated with mounting the microphone after
the vehicle is manufactured, there are a number of disadvantages to
such an arrangement. Because the mirror is positioned between the
microphone and the person speaking into the microphone, a direct
unobstructed path from the user to the microphone is precluded.
Additionally, the location of the microphone on the windshield
detrimentally impacts microphone design flexibility and overall
noise performance of the microphone.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,940,503, 6,026,162, 5,566,224, 5,878,353, and D
402,905 disclose rearview mirror assemblies with a microphone
mounted in the bezel of the mirror. None of these patents, however,
discloses the use of acoustic ports facing multiple directions, nor
do they disclose microphone assemblies utilizing more than one
microphone transducer. The disclosed microphone assemblies do not
incorporate sufficient noise suppression components to provide
output signals with relatively high signal-to-noise ratios, and do
not provide a microphone having a directional sensitivity pattern
or a main lobe directed forward of the housing and attenuating
signals originating from the sides of the housing.
It is highly desirable to provide voice recognition systems in
association with vehicle communication systems, and most
preferably, such a system would enable hands-free operation.
Hands-free operation of a device used in a voice recognition system
is a particularly challenging application for microphones, as the
accuracy of a voice recognition system is dependent upon the
quality of the electrical signal representing the user's speech.
Conventional hands-free microphones are not able to provide the
consistency and predictability of microphone performance needed for
such an application in a controlled environment, such as an office,
let alone in an uncontrolled environment, such as an
automobile.
Accordingly, there is a need for a microphone for a vehicle
providing improved hands-free performance and preferably enabling
voice recognition operation.
Historically, automotive microphones have utilized a two-wire
interface to provide an audio signal from the microphone assembly
to an electronic assembly (e.g., an amplifier stage). This two-wire
interface has also provided a power source to the microphone
assembly and a wetting current through the interface such that
reliable continuity was maintained between the microphone and the
electronic assembly (see FIG. 35 and the description below).
Digital signal processors (DSPs) or other more advanced circuitry
that may be used within a microphone assembly require more power
than can normally be delivered through a standard two-wire
interface. As such, microphone assemblies incorporating DSPs may
also require an auxiliary power source to be incorporated within
the microphone assembly. However, implementing an auxiliary power
source within a microphone assembly can introduce ground loops.
Further, when non-precious metal contacts are used in a connector
of a microphone interface, the contacts of the interface are prone
to oxidation, which eventually leads to a continuity problem
between the microphone assembly and the electronic assembly.
Thus, what is needed is a microphone interface for automotive
microphone assemblies that include a power source that provides
reliable continuity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An aspect of the present invention is to provide a vehicle
accessory having superior speech separation in the presence of
noise. Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a
vehicle accessory with enhanced performance for use in hands-free
devices, including highly sensitive applications such as voice
recognition for a vehicle telecommunication system.
To achieve these and other aspects and advantages, the vehicle
accessory of the present invention comprises a housing; at least
one transducer functioning as a microphone, the at least one
transducer positioned in the housing; and a circuit coupled to the
transducer for outputting an electrical signal such that the
microphone has a main lobe directed forward of the housing and
attenuating signals originating from the sides of the housing.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a
rearview mirror assembly is provided for achieving the above and
other aspects and advantages, which comprises a rearview mirror
housing; a mirror positioned in the rearview mirror housing; a
microphone housing mounted on the rearview mirror housing, the
microphone housing having at least one front port and at least one
rear port; and at least one transducer positioned in the microphone
housing, the at least one transducer including openings ported to
the at least one front port and at the at least one rear port such
that the microphone has a directional sensitivity pattern.
Another embodiment of the inventive vehicle accessory comprises at
least one first transducer; at least one second transducer, wherein
the first and second transducers are positioned in spaced relation;
and a circuit coupled to the first and second transducers for
combining the output signal of the first and second transducers to
produce an audio signal with a reduced noise component.
The vehicle accessory may include a housing in which the
transducers are positioned. Additionally, the housing may be
mounted on a vehicle rearview mirror assembly. According to one
embodiment of the present invention, the housing includes a
deflector disposed proximate the transducers to deflect airflow
away from the transducers. The deflector or other part of the
housing may optionally include a fine turbulence generator disposed
on at least a portion of its surface to create fine turbulence in
air flowing around the deflector. According to yet another
embodiment, the housing has an acoustic port, and a windscreen
sealed across the acoustic port. The windscreen may have
hydrophobic properties to prevent water from penetrating the
housing through the acoustic port. The windscreen preferably has an
acoustic resistivity of at least about 1 acoustic
.OMEGA./cm.sup.2.
According to another embodiment, the vehicle accessory may include:
a first housing having at least one acoustic port, wherein the
first transducer is disposed in the first housing and acoustically
coupled to the acoustic port of the first housing; a first
windscreen disposed across the acoustic port of the first housing;
a second housing having at least one acoustic port, wherein the
second transducer is disposed in the second housing and
acoustically coupled to the acoustic port of the second housing;
and a second windscreen disposed across the acoustic port of the
second housing. With this arrangement, the first and second
windscreens may have different acoustic resistivity, and the
acoustic ports of the first and second housings may be configured
differently, to compensate for differences, or create differences,
in the polar patterns of the transducers.
In one embodiment, the vehicle accessory further includes a circuit
board having a hole sized to receive at least a portion of the
first and second transducers, wherein the transducers are mounted
within the hole in the circuit board such that a portion of the
transducers extends below a bottom surface of the circuit
board.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the first transducer
is positioned in front of the second transducer to provide a second
order microphone. According to another embodiment of the invention,
the vehicle accessory may include a mechanical structure disposed
between the transducers to increase the acoustic path length
between the transducers. The circuit may be configured to subtract
the signal from the at least one first transducer from the signal
from the at least one second transducer.
In one embodiment, the vehicle accessory further includes a high
pass filter for filtering out low frequency components of audio
signal generated by the second transducer, and the combining
circuit subtracts at least a portion of one audio signal from the
other to generate an audio output signal.
According to another embodiment, the first transducer receives an
audio signal including a speech signal and noise, and generates a
first electrical signal representative of the received audio
signal, while the second transducer receives an audio signal
including noise, and generates a second electrical signal
representative of the received audio signal. The vehicle accessory
may further include a speech detector coupled to the first and
second transducers for detecting the presence of speech; a variable
gain amplifier coupled to the second transducer for selectively
adjusting the gain of the second electrical signal in response to a
gain adjustment signal; and a control circuit coupled to the first
and second transducers, the speech detector, and the variable gain
amplifier for generating the gain adjustment signal as a function
of the levels of the first and second electrical signals received
from the transducers and in response to a detection of speech by
the speech detector.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide an audio
system having superior speech separation in the presence of noise.
Another aspect of the present invention is to provide an audio
system with enhanced performance for use in hands-free devices,
including highly sensitive applications such as voice recognition
for a telecommunication system.
To achieve these and other aspects and advantages, the audio system
of the present invention comprises a microphone for receiving an
audio signal including a speech signal and noise, and for
generating an electrical signal representative of the received
audio signal, and a filter coupled to the microphone for receiving
the electrical signal generated by the microphone and filtering the
electrical signal to significantly reduce the noise and produce a
filtered electrical signal including the received speech signal.
The filter includes a plurality of narrow passbands at frequencies
spaced from each other by a predetermined frequency corresponding
to a fundamental frequency in the speech signal. The filter thereby
blocks frequency components of the received audio signal that lie
between the plurality of narrow passbands.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, an
adaptive filter is provided for removing noise from an audio signal
including a speech component signal. The adaptive filter of the
present invention comprises a digital signal processor configured
to: convert a received analog signal into a digitized audio signal;
identify a fundamental frequency and harmonics in the speech
component of the digitized audio signal; provide an inverse comb
filter; and pass the digitized audio signal through the inverse
comb filter to filter out frequency components of the digitized
audio signal that do not correspond to the identified harmonic
frequencies. The digital signal processor may further be configured
to convert the filtered digitized audio signal into an analog
signal for output from the digital signal processor. The digital
signal processor identifies the fundamental frequency by (a)
performing a fast Fourier transform on the received audio signal,
(b) identifying frequency components in the fast Fourier transform
that have amplitudes exceeding a predetermined threshold, and (c)
identifying the fundamental frequency as the difference in
frequency of those frequency components having an amplitude above
the predetermined threshold.
The present invention is also directed to a technique for providing
reliable continuity through a two-wire microphone interface that
removably couples a microphone to an electronic assembly. The
microphone includes a power source and the two-wire microphone
interface, which includes two contacts that provide an audio signal
to the electronic assembly. A continuous direct current is provided
through the two contacts such that a low impedance path is
maintained between the microphone and the electronic assembly.
These and other features, advantages and objects of the present
invention will be further understood and appreciated by those
skilled in the art by reference to the following specification,
claims, and appended drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The subject matter that is regarded as the invention is
particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claim
portion that concludes the specification. The invention, together
with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood
by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with
the accompanying drawings, where like numerals represent like
components, and in which:
FIG. 1 is a top plan view illustrating a vehicle with a portion of
the roof cut away;
FIG. 2 is a front, bottom and left side perspective view
illustrating a rearview mirror assembly and fragmentary mirror
support used in the vehicle of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a top exploded view illustrating a microphone assembly
used in the mirror according to FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a bottom plan view illustrating the microphone assembly
according to FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a bottom plan view illustrating a transducer mount in the
microphone assembly according to FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along plane VI-VI (see page
3 of 32) in FIG. 4 illustrating the microphone assembly according
to FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 is a top plan view illustrating the microphone assembly
according to FIG. 5 with the circuit board removed to show the
transducers in transducer mount;
FIG. 8 is a circuit schematic partially in block diagram form
illustrating a circuit employed with the microphone assembly of
FIGS. 3-7;
FIG. 9 is a top plan view schematic representation illustrating the
sound channel for the transducers of the microphone assembly
according to FIGS. 1-7;
FIG. 10 is a top plan view schematic representation illustrating
the sound channel for an alternate transducer arrangement for the
microphone assembly;
FIG. 11 is a top plan view schematic representation illustrating
the sound channel for another alternate transducer arrangement for
the microphone assembly;
FIG. 12 is a circuit schematic partially in block diagram form
illustrating a circuit for use with the microphone according to
claim 11;
FIG. 13 is a circuit schematic partially in block diagram form
illustrating an auto-calibration circuit for use with the
microphone assembly;
FIG. 14 is a flow chart representing operation of the controller of
FIG. 12;
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of the microphone according to
FIG. 10 taken along the longitudinal axis of the microphone;
FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a microphone assembly constructed
in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 17 is an exploded perspective view of a microphone assembly
shown in FIG. 16;
FIG. 18 is a front isometric view of an embodiment of a rearview
mirror assembly constructed in accordance with another embodiment
of the present invention;
FIG. 19 is a rear isometric view of an embodiment of a rearview
mirror assembly shown in FIG. 18;
FIG. 20 is a side elevation of the rearview mirror assembly shown
in FIGS. 18 and 19;
FIG. 21 is an exploded perspective view of a microphone assembly
constructed in accordance with another embodiment of the present
invention;
FIGS. 22A-22D are plots of polar patterns at different frequencies
as obtained from a microphone assembly constructed in accordance
with the present invention with a cover over the transducers;
FIGS. 23A-23D are plots of polar patterns at different frequencies
as obtained from a microphone assembly constructed in accordance
with the present invention without a cover over the
transducers;
FIG. 24 is a side elevational view of a portion of a rearview
mirror assembly having a deflector, a fine turbulence generator and
a microphone assembly according to another embodiment of the
present invention;
FIG. 25 is a top view of the portion of the rearview mirror
assembly having the deflector, the fine turbulence generator and
the microphone assembly that are shown in FIG. 24;
FIG. 26 is a rear view of the portion of the rearview mirror
assembly having the deflector, the fine turbulence generator and
the microphone assembly that are shown in FIGS. 24 and 25;
FIG. 27 is an electrical circuit diagram in block form showing an
embodiment of a microphone processing circuit of the present
invention;
FIG. 28A is an electrical circuit diagram in schematic form showing
an exemplary high pass filter that may be used in the circuit shown
in FIG. 27;
FIG. 28B is an electrical circuit diagram in schematic form showing
an exemplary all-pass phase shifter that may be used in the circuit
shown in FIG. 27;
FIG. 28C is an electrical circuit diagram in schematic form showing
an exemplary summing circuit that may be used in the circuit shown
in FIG. 27;
FIG. 28D is an electrical circuit diagram in schematic form showing
an exemplary three-pole high pass filter that may be used in the
circuit shown in FIG. 27;
FIG. 28E is an electrical circuit diagram in schematic form showing
an exemplary buffer circuit that may be used in the circuit shown
in FIG. 27;
FIG. 29A is a plot of three frequency response curves of a second
order microphone assembly with sound originating from three
different directions;
FIG. 29B is a plot of a frequency response curve of the second
order microphone processing circuit shown in FIG. 27 but without
the all-pass phase shifter;
FIG. 29C is a plot of four frequency response curves of the second
order microphone processing circuit shown in FIG. 27 with sound
originating from four different directions;
FIG. 30 is a block diagram illustrating a microphone system
constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 31 is a process diagram for the digital signal processor shown
in FIG. 30 according to a first embodiment;
FIG. 32 is an exemplary plot of a an FFT of an audio signal
received from a typical transducer while receiving both noise and a
user's speech;
FIG. 33 is a graph of an ideal inverted comb filter for filtering
the audio signal whose FFT is illustrated in FIG. 32;
FIG. 34 is a process diagram for the digital signal processor shown
in FIG. 30 according to a second embodiment;
FIG. 35 is a simplified electrical schematic of a prior art
microphone assembly coupled to an electronic assembly;
FIG. 36 is a simplified electrical schematic of a microphone
assembly coupled to an electronic assembly through a microphone
interface, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 37 is a simplified electrical schematic of a microphone
assembly coupled to an electronic assembly through a microphone
interface, according to another embodiment of the present
invention; and
FIG. 38 is a simplified electrical schematic of a microphone
assembly coupled to an electronic assembly through a microphone
interface, according to yet another embodiment of the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The microphone assemblies of the present invention are associated
with an interior rearview mirror and have superior performance even
in the presence of noise. The microphone assemblies enhance the
performance of hands-free devices with which they are associated,
including highly sensitive applications such as voice recognition
for a telecommunication system, by improving the signal-to-noise
ratio of the microphone assembly output. The microphone assemblies
eliminate mechanically induced noise and provide the designer with
significant freedom with respect to selection of the microphone
assembly's sensitivity, frequency response and polar pattern.
Additionally, circuitry can be provided for the transducer to
generate an audio signal from the transducer output that has a high
signal-to-noise ratio.
A vehicle 100 (FIG. 1) includes an interior rearview mirror
assembly 101 by which the vehicle operator 103 (illustrated in
phantom) can view a portion of the road behind the vehicle 100
without having to turn around. The rearview mirror assembly 101 is
mounted to the vehicle windshield 105, or the vehicle's headliner,
via a mirror mounting support 104, in a conventional manner that
facilitates electrical connection of the rearview mirror to the
vehicle's electrical system and permits driver adjustment of the
mirror-viewing angle.
The rearview mirror assembly 101 is enlarged in FIG. 2. The mirror
assembly 101 includes an elongated housing 206 pivotably carried on
mirror support 104. The mirror 202 may be any conventional interior
rearview mirror, such as a prismatic mirror of the type used with a
mirror housing manually adjustable for daytime and nighttime
operation, or a multiple element mirror effecting automatic
reflectivity adjustment, such as an electrooptic or electrochromic
mirror. The elongated housing 206 may be of any conventional
manufacture such as integrally molded plastic.
The rearview mirror assembly 101 further includes a microphone
assembly 208 that is preferably mounted to the housing 206 at a
location visible to the vehicle driver 103 or at a position which
is in the direct line of sight between the speaker's mouth and the
microphone. It is advantageous for the microphone assembly 208 to
be positioned on the mirror housing 206 as the mirror assembly is
movably carried on the support 104. The driver 103 (FIG. 1) will
typically adjust the position of the mirror 202 and housing 206 to
reflect images visible through the rear window 109 of the vehicle
100. When making such an adjustment for viewing angle, the driver
103 adjusts the mirror 202 toward their eyes by moving housing 206,
which will simultaneously direct the front of microphone assembly
208 toward the driver. However, the microphone assembly could be
mounted in other vehicle accessories, such as a visor, an overhead
console, a vehicle trim component such as a headliner or an
A-pillar cover, a center console, or the like.
A first embodiment of the microphone assembly 208 will now be
described in greater detail with respect to FIGS. 3-7. The
microphone assembly includes a microphone housing 300, a transducer
mount 302, a first transducer 304, a second transducer 306, and a
circuit board 308. The microphone housing 300 (FIGS. 3 and 4) is
generally cylindrical, having a round foot print and a low profile,
although the housing could have a generally square foot print, an
elongated elliptical or rectangular foot print, or any other shape
desired by the microphone designer. The microphone housing 300
includes front ports 312 that face the driver 103 and rear ports
314 that face away from the driver 103. The ports 312 and 314
provide a sound passage through the microphone housing. The ports
312, 314 can have any suitable opening shape or size. The housing
also includes posts 316, 317 used to hold the microphone assembly
208 together, as described in greater detail herein below. A rail
318 on the inside surface of housing 300 is shaped to receive a
portion of mount 302. When received in the rail, mount 302 is
positioned with the transducer 304 and 306 sound channels properly
aligned with the ports 312, 314. The housing also includes mounting
tabs 320 for insertion into openings (not shown) in the lower
surface of housing 206. For example, the tabs can be generally
L-shaped in profile for insertion into the housing 300. After tabs
320 are inserted into housing 206, the microphone housing 300 is
locked to the mirror housing 206 by rotating the microphone to a
locked position, thereby securing the microphone assembly 208 on
the housing assembly 101. Alternately, the tabs 320 can be elongate
snap connectors that slide into an opening (not shown) in the
bottom surface of the mirror housing and snap into engagement with
the inside surface of the mirror housing 206 after full insertion.
The microphone housing 300 can be integrally molded plastic,
stamped metal, or of any other suitable manufacture.
The transducer mount 302 is configured such that it is pressed into
the housing 300 and is slightly compressed between circuit board
308 and housing 300. The transducer mount provides acoustic seals
for the transducers 304 and 306, and with the circuit board 308 and
housing 300, defines acoustic channels, or sound passages, to the
front and rear faces of the transducers 304, 306, as described in
greater detail below. The mount 302 includes webs 324 between walls
332 and webs 325 between walls 333 that extend outwardly from the
core of mount 302 to provide sound passages, and also help to
position mount 302 in the housing 300. Projections 326, 327 are
located on opposite ends of mount 302 to help position mount 302 in
housing 300. Openings 328, 329 are provided in the webbing 324, 325
of mount 302 for passage of posts 316, 317. Cylindrical wells 330,
331 are provided in the core of transducer mount 302 for receipt of
transducers 304, 306, respectively. Each of the wells 330, 331
includes a terminating wall 501 (FIG. 5) against which the front
faces 500 of the transducers 304, 306 sit. The terminating walls
501 each include a channel 506, 508 that extends radially outward
from the center of the well, which is the location of the front
transducer aperture. The mount 302 can be of any suitable
manufacture, such as a molded elastomer. In particular, the mount
302 is resilient and non-conductive, and provides acoustic
isolation. For example, the transducer mount 302 can be
manufactured of urethane commercially available from Mobay.
The transducers 304 and 306 are preferably substantially identical.
The transducers include a front aperture 502 which passes sound to
the front surface of a transducer diaphragm and openings 337 (FIG.
3) in the back face that port sound to the back surface of the
transducer diaphragm. The transducers include electrical leads 336
on the back face thereof for electrical connection to the
conductive layer of circuit board 208. The transducers 304 and 306
can be any suitable, conventional transducers, such as electret,
piezoelectric, or condenser transducers. The transducers may be,
for example, electret transducers such as those commercially
available from Matsushita of America (doing business as Panasonic),
and may advantageously be unidirectional transducers. If electret
transducers are employed, the transducers can be suitably
conditioned to better maintain transducer performance over the life
of the microphone assembly 208. For example, the diaphragms of the
transducers 304, 306 can be baked prior to assembly into the
transducers.
The circuit board 308 has a conductive layer, on surface 334,
etched and electrically connected to the transducer leads 336 of
transducers 304, 306. The microphone leads 340 are connected to the
transducer leads 336 by a circuit 800 (FIG. 8) mounted to the
conductive layer of circuit board 308. Although circuit 800 can be
mounted on the circuit board 308 in the microphone housing, it will
be recognized that the circuit 800 can alternatively be mounted on
a printed circuit board in the mirror housing 206, and further that
in the case of an electrooptic mirror, such as an electrochromic
mirror, the circuit 800 can be mounted on a common circuit board
with the mirror electrical components, or the circuit 800 and the
mirror electrical components can be mounted on separate circuit
boards within the housing 206. The electrical connection of the
microphone leads 340, the transducer leads 336, and the components
of circuit 800 are preferably provided by electrical traces in the
conductive layer of the circuit board, formed by conventional means
such as etching, and vias extending through the dielectric
substrate of the printed circuit board. The circuit board includes
holes 350 and 352 for receipt of posts 316 and 317 on microphone
housing 300. The posts 316, 317 are heat staked to the circuit
board substrate after the posts are inserted through holes 350 and
352 to secure the connection of the circuit board to the housing
300 and insure that the microphone assembly provides acoustically
isolated sound channels between the transducers 304, 306 and the
ports 312, 314, as described in greater detail herein below.
To assemble the microphone assembly 208, the transducers 306 and
308 are mounted on the circuit board 308 by conventional means,
such as by soldering transducer leads 336 to the conductive layer
334 of circuit board 308. It is envisioned that the transducer
leads can alternatively be elongated posts that extend through vias
in the printed circuit board, the surface 360 can be a conductive
layer, and the components of circuit 800 can be located on surface
360 of the printed circuit board, connected between the transducer
leads 336 and the microphone leads 340. Regardless of how the
transducers 304 and 306 are mounted on the circuit board 308, the
circuit board mounted transducers are pressed into the cylindrical
wells 330, 331 in the mount 302. When fully inserted in the wells,
the front faces 500 (FIG. 5) of the transducers 304, 306 are
positioned against the terminating wall 501 of the wells 330, 331.
The wall 501 of each of the wells 330, 331 includes a channel 506,
508 aligned with the openings 502 in the front face of the
transducers 304, 306.
The partial assembly comprising mount 302, transducers 304, 306 and
circuit board 308 is pressed into the housing 300. FIG. 7
illustrates the microphone assembly 208 with the printed circuit
board 308 removed. The back surfaces of the transducers 304, 306,
having multiple openings 337 and transducer leads 336, are visible
from the open end of the cylindrical wells 330, 331. When the
transducers 304, 306 are fully inserted in the well, such that the
front face 500 of the transducers are juxtaposed with the wall 501
terminating the well, a chamber is formed between the back surface
of each of the transducers 304, 306 and the circuit board 308, as
best shown in FIG. 6. A wall of the mount circumscribes the
periphery of the transducer 306, 307, and a short channel 371, 373
extends from the well 330,331 to the aperture 370, 372. The
circumscribing wall provides an acoustic seal with the circuit
board 308. Apertures 370, 372 connect the chamber, between each of
the transducers 304, 306 and the circuit board 308, with the
channels 510, 512, respectively. The chamber behind each of the
transducers provides a sound passage from the back openings 337 of
the transducers through channels 371, 373, 510, and 512 and ports
312, 314. When the mount 302 is fully inserted in the housing 300,
the sound passages extending from the front face of each of the
transducers to ports 312 and 314 are defined by the housing 300 and
the mount 302. The sound passages extending from the back face of
each of the transducers to ports 312 and 314 are defined by the
housing 300, mount 302 and circuit board 308.
In particular, the front opening 502 of transducer 306 is connected
to the front ports 312 of the microphone housing 300 via the sound
passage 506, as best shown in FIG. 6. The rear face openings 337 of
the transducer 306 are acoustically coupled to the rear ports 314
via sound channel 373, aperture 372 and channel 510. Transducer 304
is coupled to the front ports 312 and the rear ports 314 in the
same manner, but in the opposite phase. In particular, the front
face of transducer 304 is acoustically coupled to the rear ports
314 via acoustic channel 508 (FIG. 5). The rear face openings 337
of the transducer 304 are acoustically coupled to the front ports
312 via channel 371, aperture 370, and channel 512. Signals
originating from the front of the microphone assembly, which is the
surface of the microphone assembly facing the driver, enter the
front of transducer 306 and the back of transducer 304, whereas
sound originating from the rear of the microphone assembly enters
the front face of transducer 304 and the back face of transducer
306. Omni-directional sounds will be detected equally by the
transducers, at opposite phases.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, the center axis C of the transducers 304,
306 are oriented at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the
longitudinal axes L.sub.B and L.sub.F of the channels 506, 508,
510, 512. Thus, the acoustic outputs from the two transducers lie
on a common axis facing in opposite directions and perpendicular to
the center axis C of the transducers.
The transducers 304 and 306 are electrically coupled to an
operational amplifier 802 (FIG. 8) of circuit 800. In particular,
transducer 306 is coupled to the inverting input of the operational
amplifier 802 and transducer 304 is coupled to the non-inverting
input of the operational amplifier. Resistor R8, connected between
the transducer 306 and the inverting input of the operational
amplifier 802, is preferably a potentiometer to permit manual
balancing of the transducers. Alternatively, the resistor R12
connected between transducer 304 and the non-inverting input of the
operational amplifier, or both resistors R10 and R12, can be
implemented by potentiometers. It is also envisioned that a
variable gain amplifier with an associated manually adjustable
potentiometer can be inserted in one or both of the paths between
transducers 304, 306 and operational amplifier 802. The operational
amplifier may be implemented using any suitable operational
amplifier, such as the TLC271 operational amplifier available from
Texas Instruments. The manually adjustable potentiometer R8 is
provided for varying the gain of the transducer path to permit
adjustment of the signal level from transducer 306 such that both
transducer 304, 306 paths produce the same signal gain (i.e., the
signal gain through both transducers is equal). By providing
identical gain through both transducers, omni-directional noise
detected by both transducers will be completely cancelled at the
output of the operational amplifier 802. Acoustic signals generated
by the vehicle driver, such as the driver's speech, will be input
to the front of transducer 306 and the back of transducer 304, such
that the speech will be present in the audio signal at the output
of operational amplifier 302. Sound from the sides of the
microphone assembly will be cancelled by the transducers 304, 306
and the operational amplifier 802. The most intense noise in a
vehicle tends to originate from the sides the vehicle. The
microphone assembly 208 mounted on the rearview mirror 206,
including amplifier 802, will significantly reduce noise as the
bi-directional microphone assembly is not responsive to noise
originating from the sides of the vehicle when mounted in the
mirror assembly 101, which is generally aligned with the
longitudinal axis of the vehicle. Furthermore, mechanical noise,
such as that originating in the rearview mirror assembly 101, will
be detected by both transducers 304, 306 equally, and thus will be
cancelled out by the operational amplifier 802.
The output of the operational amplifier 802 is input to a 3-pole
high pass filter and unity gain follower 804, having a cut-off at
approximately 100-300 Hz, and preferably at 150 Hz. The filter
removes noise below the voice frequency. Terminals 340 are coupled
to the vehicle's electrical circuitry, which may, for example,
include voice recognition circuitry, a cellular transceiver, a
two-way radio, or any other control circuitry. The transistors Q1
and Q2 can be implemented using any suitable commercially available
transistor elements, such as FFB2227, commercially available from
Fairchild Semiconductor.
In summary, the bi-directional microphone assembly 208 is very
responsive to voice signals from the driver 103 located in front of
the mirror assembly 101, as signals from the front of the mirror
will sum in operational amplifier 802. As a consequence, on-axis
sound will experience a gain and the microphone assembly will have
a high signal-to-noise ratio. It is envisioned that a gain of
approximately 6 dB can be achieved by bi-directional microphone
assembly 208. The microphone is highly directional, such that
off-axis sound is attenuated, and even nulled, by the microphone.
Further, the bi-directional microphone assembly 208 can employ any
type of directional transducer, so long as identical transducers
are employed.
The bi-directional microphone assembly 208 is schematically
illustrated in FIG. 9, and alternate embodiments are schematically
illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11. As described above, the
bi-directional microphone assembly 208 includes transducer 306,
having its front face opening ported to the front ports 312 through
channel 506 and its back face openings ported to the back ports 314
through channels 370, 371 and 510, and transducer 304, having its
front face ported to the rear ports 314 through channel 508 and its
rear face ported to the front port 312 through channels 372, 373
and 512. The bi-directional microphone assembly 208 thus has
transducers mounted on the same lateral axis, but at opposite
phases. An alternative to the bi-directional microphone assembly
208 is the hyper cardioid microphone assembly 1000 illustrated in
FIG. 10. The hyper cardioid microphone assembly 1000 includes a
front transducer 1002 having its front face acoustically coupled to
port 1004 through channel 1005 and its back face acoustically
coupled to port 1006 through channel 1009. The front face of a rear
transducer 1008 is acoustically coupled to ports 1010 through
channel 1011, and the rear face of transducer 1008 is acoustically
coupled to port 1006 through channel 1012. The transducers are
electrically coupled to an operational amplifier in the same manner
that the transducers 304 and 306 are electrically coupled to
operational amplifier 802. However, unlike bi-directional
microphone assembly 208, for which identical transducers are
selected, the transducers 1002 and 1008, and the variable gain
balance circuit 802, are selected and operated such that the front
transducer 1002 produces a greater sensitivity than the back
transducer 1008 while maintaining a null of the vibration-created
signals.
The microphone assembly 1000 may be advantageous in applications
wherein the noise incident on the microphone assembly is generally
random and omni directional, or in an environment where the front
lobe of the microphone needs to be larger to accommodate off-axis
noise sources. Microphone assembly 1000 will be better suited for
use in vehicles where the person speaking, such as the driver, is
not positioned in front of the rearview mirror assembly, because
the bi-directional microphone 208 may attenuate the speech from the
person speaking. As noted above, the most intense noise in a
vehicle originates from the side of the vehicle, which the
bi-directional microphone assembly 208 mounted to the mirror
assembly 101 will better reject than the hyper cardioid microphone
assembly 1000. Another problematic environmental condition better
resolved by the bi-directional microphone assembly 208 than the
hyper cardioid microphone assembly 1000 is small room reverberation
effect. Reverberation causes noise, with a wavelength long relative
to room dimensions, such that it is omni-directional. Microphone
assembly 208, having two identical transducers, will effectively
null omni-directional components, such that all the reverberating
noise will be cancelled. The hyper cardioid microphone assembly
1000 will not completely cancel such reverberation noise due to the
differential on-axis sensitivity for the front and rear transducers
1002, 1008.
Whereas bi-directional microphone assembly 208 requires matched
transducers such that the noise is cancelled, the hyper cardioid
requires transducers producing different on-axis sensitivity. In
particular, the transducer sensitivity differential for transducers
1002 and 1008 needs to be 5 to 15 dB, and may, for example, be 10
dB. The transducer control and damping values, which should be
considered for the hyper cardioid microphone assembly 1000, will
not be important for the bi-directional polar microphone assembly
208 so long as the transducers are the same. So long as identical
transducers are provided, the out-of-phase and the omni-directional
contents, such as mechanical vibration, reverberations, and sound
having a frequency such that it is non-directional, will null in
microphone assembly 208. The hyper cardioid microphone assembly
1000 requires two different sensitivities from the front and back
transducers 1002 and 1008. The transducers must be carefully
selected to have the desired sensitivity differential. Microphone
assembly 1000 preferably uses higher quality transducers for the
front and back transducers 1002, 1008, so that the desired
performance can be achieved and sustained, than need be used for
the bi-directional microphone assembly 208.
A second order microphone assembly 1100 according to another
alternate embodiment is disclosed in FIG. 11. The microphone
assembly 1100 includes transducers 1102 and 1112. The front face of
transducer 1102 is coupled to a port 1104 through an acoustic
channel 1106. The rear face of transducer 1102 is acoustically
coupled to port 1110 through channel 1108. The front face of rear
transducer 1112 is coupled to port 1110 through channel 1114. The
rear face of transducer 1112 is coupled to port 1116 through
channel 1118.
The transducers 1102 and 1112 are electrically coupled to a circuit
1200 (FIG. 12). The sound from the front transducer 1102 is input
to the non-inverting input of an operational amplifier 802. The
signal from transducer 1112 is input to a time delay 1202 prior to
being input to the amplifier 802. The time delay circuit 1202
introduces a time delay equal to the time period required for sound
to travel distance D2, which is the distance from the center of the
front transducer 1102 to the center of the rear transducer 1112.
The delayed signal is input to the inverting input of the
operational amplifier 802 through potentiometer R8.
In operation, the signals originating from the front of the
microphone assembly 1100 will reach the rear transducer 1112 a
short time period after reaching the front transducer 1102. This
time delay is equal to the time required for sound to travel from
the center of the front transducer 1102 to the center of the rear
transducer 1112. Since the signal entering the rear transducer is
electronically delayed in time delay circuit 1202 by an amount
equal to the time period required for sound to travel distance D2,
the rear signal will arrive at the inverting input of the
operational amplifier 802 delayed by a time period equal to twice
the time required for sound to travel distance D2. Sound
originating from the rear, however, will reach front transducer
1102 delayed by a time period equal to the time required for sound
to travel distance D2. Because the signal from the rear transducer
1112 is delayed electronically, in delay 1202, by a time period
equal to the time required for sound to travel distance D2, the
signal originating from the back sensed by both transducers 1102
and 1112 will be input to both the non-inverting and inverting
inputs of the operational amplifier 802 at the same time, such that
they are cancelled by the amplifier 802. Accordingly, a null is
provided for signals originating from the rear of the microphone
assembly. It will be recognized that the greater distances D1 and
D2 for the second order microphone assembly 1100, the greater the
sensitivity of the microphone assembly. Additionally, for every
distance D2, there is a crossover frequency above which the
difference in phase no longer adds to the output, such that the
highest upper frequency desired sets the maximum distance D2. Above
the crossover frequency, the microphone will lose its directional
properties and suffer frequency response anomalies. It is
envisioned that the maximum distance D2 for the second order
microphone assembly 1100 will be between 0.75 and 1.4 inches, and
may, for example, be approximately 1 inch.
One issue with respect to this implementation is the phase shift
that will occur. In particular, the higher the frequency, the
greater the phase shift that the signal will experience between the
front transducer and the rear transducer. Low frequency signals
will experience little phase shift, whereas high frequency signals
will experience a large phase shift. Since acoustic sensitivity
increases with additional phase shift, low frequency sensitivity
will be very low. However, because the signals of interest are
voice signals, which are relatively high frequency signals, the
signals of interest will not be significantly affected by this
phase shift. Additionally, it is envisioned that equalization
techniques can be used to compensate for the phase shift and low
frequency roll-off in bass sensitivity of the microphone 1100. The
front and back transducers 1102 and 1112 achieve a second order
directional function by their spacing. Additionally, the two
transducers face the same direction, such that the front faces of
both the front and rear transducers port forwardly and the back of
both the front and rear transducers port rearwardly. The
transducers 1102 and 1112 are spaced by a distance D2, which is a
dimension close to D1 of the front transducer 1102, and may also be
a dimension close to D3 for the rear transducer 1112. The greatest
output from the microphone will occur responsive to on-axis sound
in front of the microphone assembly 1100, where the arrival delay
is doubled as is the signal strength.
The vibration null and additional acoustic advantages of microphone
208 can be gained for the microphone assemblies 1000 and 1100 by
using four transducers, as illustrated in FIG. 11 for microphone
assembly 1100. In particular, optional transducers 1120 and 1130
are provided in addition to transducers 1102 and 1112. The rear
face of transducer 1120 is coupled to the front port 1122 via
channel 1124, and the front face of transducer 1120 is coupled to
port 1128 via channel 1126. The front face of rear transducer 1130
is coupled to rear port 1134 via channel 1136, and the back of
transducer 1130 is coupled to port 1128 via channel 1132. The front
transducers 1102 and 1120 are connected to opposite inputs of the
operational amplifier without delay so as to cancel
omni-directional noise. The rear transducers 1112 and 1130 are
similarly connected to opposite inputs of the operational
amplifier, after being delayed by the time period required for
sound to travel distance D2, so as to cancel omni-directional
noise. Using two pairs of transducers, each pair will achieve a
bi-directional pattern and be devoid of vibration noise. In
particular, nulls will occur at 90, 180, and 270 degrees. The one
main lobe of the microphone assembly 1100 is narrow and forwardly
directed, being narrower than the bi-directional microphone
assembly 208 forward lobe, and having better off-axis noise
cancellation.
An automatic balancing circuit 1300 (FIG. 13) can be used in place
of, or in addition to, the manual balancing potentiometer R8.
Automatic balancing circuit 1300 includes a controller 1302 coupled
to receive the output of transducer 304 and variable gain amplifier
1304. The controller generates a gain control signal applied to a
variable gain amplifier 1304.
In operation, the controller monitors the signal levels output by
the transducer 304 and the variable gain amplifier 1304, as
indicated in blocks 1402 and 1404 of FIG. 14. The controller
monitors for the presence of speech in step 1406. If speech is
present, the controller does not adjust the gain of the variable
gain amplifier 1304. If speech is not present, the controller
determines whether the output of the variable gain amplifier 1304
is equal to the output of transducer 304, in step 1408. If it is
not equal, the gain of variable gain amplifier 1304 is adjusted in
proportion to the difference between the signal level at the output
of transducer 304 and the signal level at the output of amplifier
1304, as indicated in step 1410. The output of the variable gain
control will thus be equal to the signal level at the output of
transducer 306, thereby providing noise cancellation. Variation in
the relative performance of the transducers 304, 306 over time or
temperature can thus be compensated automatically by the automatic
gain control circuit 1300.
The microphone assemblies 1000 and 1100 can be manufactured in the
same manner as the microphone assembly 208, but with different
spatial relations for the transducers. For example, whereas the
transducers 304 and 306 of microphone assembly 208 are positioned
laterally an equal distance from the front and back ports 312, 314,
the transducers 1002 and 1008 are positioned one behind the other
between the front and back ports 1004, 1010, and may, for example,
be positioned along the longitudinal axis of the microphone
assembly 1000, through which the cross section of FIG. 15 is taken.
In particular, the microphone assembly 1000 includes an elastomeric
transducer mount 1506 into which transducers 1002, 1008 are
mounted. The front of transducer 1002 ports through channel 1005,
and the rear of transducer 1008 ports through chamber 1510 and
channel 1006. The front face of rear transducer 1008 ports through
channel 1011, and the rear surface ports through chamber 1510 and
channel 1006. A substantially rigid microphone housing 1512
encloses the transducer mount 1506, and includes mechanical
connectors 1504 for connection to the mirror housing 206, as well
as bottom, front and rear ports for sound to enter the microphone
for passage to the transducers. The connectors 1504 can be snap
connectors or connectors that rotate into engagement with the
mirror housing in the same manner as connectors 320. The transducer
mount 1506 provides an acoustic seal with the transducers 1002,
1008, and the circuit board 1502.
FIGS. 16 and 17 show an alternative structure for microphone
subassembly 1600. Microphone subassembly 1600, as illustrated,
includes an electronic portion 1641 which includes a first
microphone transducer 1642 and a second microphone transducer 1644
mounted to a printed circuit board 1645.
Microphone transducers 1642 and 1644 are preferably mounted facing
one another or facing away from one another with their central axes
aligned coaxially. By mounting microphones 1642 and 1644 to face
opposite directions, the sensed pressure waves caused by the
vibrations are sensed 180 degrees out of phase from one another. By
mounting the microphone subassembly to the vehicle such that the
common central axis of the transducers is generally aligned with
the driver's mouth, the assembly effectively cancels the noise
produced by mechanical vibrations of windshield 105 and the
rearview mirror assembly of the vehicle while increasing the gain
of the driver's speech. A microphone processor circuit adds the
outputs from the two transducers to one another thereby nulling any
vibration-induced noise.
As shown in FIG. 17, transducers 1642 and 1644 may be mounted on
their sides and the subassembly may include acoustic ports that are
90 degrees relative to the mechanical axes of the transducers. This
allows both of the natural transducer front ports to face the
redirected front port of the assembly.
According to another embodiment, the inventive microphone assembly
utilizes two microphone transducers facing in opposite directions.
The output of the rear facing transducer preferentially receives
noise signals while the output of the forward facing transducer
preferentially receives voice signals. Via appropriate electronic
processing the presence of significant voice signals can be
determined. During periods when there are no significant voice
signals, output can be reduced with no harm to voice quality.
If this processing is done on a frequency band basis, noise
dominated bands can be removed with no harm to voice quality since
those bands containing significant voice signals will be passed
into the output with no alteration.
Microphone transducers 1642 and 1644 are mounted sideways through
holes formed in printed circuit board 1645. Portions of transducers
1642 and 1644 extend below the bottom surface of circuit board 1645
and portions also extend above a top surface of printed circuit
board 1645. Mounting the transducers in this orientation and
position relative to the circuit board provides several advantages.
First, the electrical contacts on the transducers may be directly
soldered to traces on the printed circuit board. This avoids the
need for manually connecting wires to the transducer contacts and
subsequently manually connecting those wires to the circuit board.
Thus, the transducers may be mounted to the circuit board using
conventional circuit board populating devices.
Another advantage of mounting the transducers such that they extend
above and below the surfaces of the printed circuit board is that
one side of the circuit board may include a conductive layer
serving as a ground plane. Such a ground plane may shield the
transducers from electromagnetic interference (EMI) that may be
produced by other components within the rearview mirror assembly or
in other components within the vehicle. Such EMI can introduce
significant noise into the signal delivered by the transducers.
As shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, microphone subassembly 1600 further
includes an acoustic cup 1650 having a pair of central recesses
1652 and 1654 arranged to accept the portions of microphones 1642
and 1644, respectively, which extend below the bottom surface of
printed circuit board 1645. Microphone subassembly 1600 further
includes a plurality of ports 1655 disposed about the peripheral
bottom portion of acoustic cup 1650.
Microphone subassembly 1600 further includes a cloth 1658, which
serves as a windscreen and protects the microphones from the
external environment. Cloth 1658 is preferably made of a
hydrophobic material and is secured to cup 1650 across ports 1665
to keep water from reaching microphones 1642 and 1644.
Microphone subassembly 1600 also includes the outer microphone
housing 1660 formed in the shape of a cup with a plurality of
acoustic ports 1665 disposed about the bottom and sides of the
housing. Ports 1665 are preferably aligned with ports 1655 of
acoustic cup 1650. Housing 1660 preferably includes one or more
posts 1666a-1666c that aligns and mates with grooves 1656a-1656c in
acoustic cup 1650 and grooves 1646a-1646c of printed circuit board
1645. The posts and grooves serve to align ports 1655 and 1665
while also ensuring that the microphone transducers cannot rotate
or change orientation within housing 1660. Housing 1660 further
includes a plurality of tabs 1662a-1662c that resiliently engage
the peripheral edge of an aperture formed in housing 206 (FIG. 2).
Housing 206 would preferably include corresponding slots for
receiving resilient tabs 1662a-1662c to ensure that microphones
1642 and 1644 are optimally aligned relative to the vehicle.
While the microphone subassembly is shown in FIG. 2 as being
mounted to the bottom of the mirror housing, it should be noted
that the preferred location is actually on the top of the housing.
An example of a rearview mirror assembly having a microphone
subassembly 1600 mounted on the top of the housing is shown in
FIGS. 18-20. Microphone subassemblies mounted on a housing receive
not only direct sounds from the driver, but also sounds reflected
off the windshield. When the microphone subassembly is mounted on
the bottom of the housing, there is more of a time difference
between the arrival of the direct sound and the reflected sound
than when the microphone subassembly is mounted on the top of the
housing. When the arrival times are far enough apart, the resulting
combination produces a frequency response that has a series of
frequencies with no output. The series, when plotted, resembles a
comb, and hence is often referred to as the "comb effect."
Mounting the microphone subassembly on top of the housing avoids
the comb effect in the desired pass band. As shown in the side view
in FIG. 20, the distance between the windshield and the top of the
housing is much smaller than that at the bottom of the mirror
housing and thus the reflected sound adds correctly to the direct
sound creating a louder, but otherwise unaffected, version of the
direct sound. The end result is a higher signal-to-noise ratio and
better tonal quality. These are very important attributes in
hands-free telephony and vocal recognition in an automotive
environment.
A problem with mounting the microphone subassembly to the top of
the housing results from the fact that the microphone assembly is
closer to the windshield. When the windshield defroster is
activated, a sheet of air travels upward along the windshield.
Thus, when the microphone subassembly is placed on top of the
housing, it is exposed to more airflow as the air from the
defroster passes between the housing and the window past the
microphone subassembly. This airflow creates turbulence as it
passes over the microphone subassembly, which creates a significant
amount of white noise. To solve this problem, a deflector 1670
extends upward from the rear of housing 1630 so as to smoothly
deflect the airflow from the defroster over and/or beside
microphone subassembly 1600 so that it does not impact the
transducers or create any turbulence as it passes over and around
the microphone subassembly. Because the airflow primarily would
enter the rear of the microphone subassembly, the deflector may be
designed to redirect the air with minimal impact on the frequency
response of the microphone subassembly. This is important for high
intelligibility in the motor vehicle environment. With no direct
air impact and the avoidance of turbulence near the microphone
subassembly, mounting the microphone subassembly on the top of the
housing can offer superior resistance to airflow-generated
noise.
As an additional measure, a signal may be transmitted over the
vehicle bus or other discrete wire or wireless communication link,
which indicates that the windshield defroster has been activated.
This signal could be received and processed by the microphone
processor and used to subtract an exemplary white noise waveform
that corresponds to that detected when the windshield defroster is
activated. Alternatively, when the system determines that the
driver is speaking into the microphone and that the windshield
defroster is activated, the system will temporarily turn down or
turn off the defroster, or otherwise produce a synthesized speech
signal advising the driver to turn down the defroster. The voice
recognition circuitry within the mirror may also be utilized for
purposes of recognizing noise generated by the defroster such that
the system will be able to either advise the driver to turn the
defroster down or off or to perform that task automatically.
In addition to recognizing the sound produced by the windshield
defroster, the microphone may also be used to recognize the sources
of various other sounds and hence subtract them from the sound
received while the driver is speaking. For example, the microphone
may be used to detect low pass response to determine whether the
vehicle is moving. Additionally, the microphone may be used to
recognize other events, such as a door closing or whether the air
bags have been inflated. Upon detecting that the air bags have been
inflated, the telematics rearview mirror assembly may be programmed
to call 911 and to transmit the vehicle location in a distress
signal.
FIG. 21 shows an exploded view of a microphone assembly 1700
constructed in accordance with another embodiment of the present
invention. Microphone assembly 1700 includes a pair of transducers
1702 disposed in apertures 1704 at opposite ends of a transducer
boot 1706. Transducer boot 1706 includes an inner cavity 1708 by
which the front surfaces of transducers 1702 are acoustically
coupled and to a forward-facing port 1710 in boot 1706. Transducer
boot 1706 is mounted in an aperture 1712 of a circuit board 1714.
Thus, a portion of transducer boot 1706 extends below circuit board
1714 while the remaining portion is positioned above circuit board
1714 with port 1710 extending out and resting upon the upper
surface of circuit board 1714.
Microphone assembly 1700 further includes a boot cover 1720. Boot
cover 1720 includes a forward opening 1722 that extends over the
protruding port 1710 of transducer boot 1706 so as to allow port
1710 to extend and open outside of boot cover 1720. Boot cover 1720
further includes a pair of tapered side walls 1724 that slope
farther apart toward the rear of transducer boot 1720 where a rear
opening 1726 is provided. In this manner, an acoustic port is
provided at the rear of the microphone assembly, which is
acoustically coupled via the tapered side walls 1724 to the rear
surfaces of transducers 1702.
Microphone assembly 1700 further includes a windscreen 1730, which
is preferably a hydrophobic and heat-sensitive adhesive-coated
fabric. Windscreen 1730 is adhesively attached to the underside of
a microphone assembly cover 1732 so as to extend across ports 1734
provided in cover 1732. Cover 1732 is preferably tightly bonded
about circuit board 1714 to provide a water-impervious enclosure
for transducers 1702.
Microphone cover 1732 is shown in FIG. 21 as having a generally
square shape. It should be noted, however, that cover 1732 may be a
rectangle or other shape and the size and shape of apertures 1734
may be changed so as to adjust the directionality of the
microphone. Further, the acoustic resistivity of windscreen 1730
may be varied to also vary the directionality and polarity of the
microphone assembly. Specifically, the acoustic resistivity of
windscreen 1730 may be increased to at least about 1 acoustic
.OMEGA./cm.sup.2 and preferably has an acoustic resistivity of at
least about 2 acoustic .OMEGA.Q/cm.sup.2.
To illustrate the effect of adjusting the acoustic resistivity of
the windscreen and the size and positioning of the ports in the
microphone housing cover, the polar patterns were plotted for the
microphone assembly with and without the cover and windscreen
surrounding the microphone transducers at four different
frequencies, which are plotted in FIGS. 22A-22D and in FIGS.
23A-23D. The polar patterns (FIGS. 22A-22D) were plotted with the
cover and windscreen in place, and then, the cover and windscreen
were removed and the polar patterns were plotted for the same four
frequencies, which are shown in FIGS. 23A-23D. Specifically, the
polar patterns shown in FIGS. 22A and 23A show the microphone
characteristics at 250 Hz, the polar patterns shown in FIGS. 22B
and 23B were taken at 500 Hz, the polar patterns shown in FIGS. 22C
and 23C were taken at 1000 Hz, and the polar patterns shown in
FIGS. 22D and 23D were taken at 2000 Hz. As apparent from a
comparison of the respective polar patterns, the rear lobe that is
present when the cover is not provided over the transducers is
effectively eliminated by appropriately configuring the cover and
windscreen.
While it has been typical in conventional microphones to minimize
the acoustic resistivity of a windscreen by increasing the porosity
of the windscreen, the microphone assembly of the present invention
advantageously utilizes a windscreen with a higher acoustic
resistivity by decreasing the porosity of the windscreen and yet
obtaining not only better water-resistant properties, but also
improving the acoustic characteristics for the microphone assembly.
The reduction of the rear lobe of the polar pattern of the
microphone assembly is particularly advantageous when the
microphone assembly is mounted on a rearview mirror assembly since
significant noise may be introduced from the windshield defroster
where such noise is typically to the rear and sides of the
microphone assembly.
When the microphone transducers are sealed in separate housings
having their own cover and windscreens, the cover ports and
acoustic resistivity of the windscreens may be different for the
different transducers so as to compensate for any effects
experienced by the transducers as a result of the positioning of
the transducers on the vehicle accessory. For example, when one
transducer is mounted closer to the face of the rearview mirror,
its polar pattern is different from that of a transducer spaced
farther from the mirror surface. Thus, by selecting an appropriate
cover design and windscreen resistivity, the effects of the
differences resulting from the positioning of the transducers may
be compensated such that the transducers exhibit substantially
similar polar patterns and other characteristics. While the
windscreen has been described above as consisting of a hydrophobic
fabric, it will be appreciated that the windscreen may be molded
integrally across the ports of the microphone assembly cover. Such
an arrangement would simplify the manufacturing of the microphone
assembly by requiring less parts and less manufacturing steps.
Further, it would more likely provide a more effective seal between
the windscreen and the cover.
FIG. 24 shows yet another embodiment of a microphone assembly 2000.
As illustrated, microphone assembly 2000 is positioned on the top
of a rearview mirror assembly housing 1630 in a manner similar to
that shown in FIGS. 18-20. Similar to that embodiment, a deflector
1670 is provided that extends from the upper rear portion of
housing 1630 so as to provide a relatively flat surface 2005 on
which the microphone assembly 2000 may be mounted.
Microphone assembly 2000 includes two separate microphone housings.
A first microphone housing 2002 is positioned forward of a second
microphone housing 2004 and is positioned closer to the face of the
rearview mirror assembly and hence closer to the driver of the
vehicle. First microphone housing 2002 includes a cover 2012 having
a plurality of ports 2008 through which sound may pass. Second
microphone housing 2004 likewise may include a cover 2014 having a
plurality of acoustic ports 2010. Both housings preferably include
a windscreen similar to that discussed above. The configuration of
the ports on the covers and the acoustic resistivity of the
windscreens may be different for each of housings 2002 and 2004 so
as to compensate for any effects caused by the positioning of the
transducers on the rearview mirror assembly.
Each of microphone housings 2002 and 2004 preferably includes a
single transducer having its front surface facing the driver of the
vehicle. As shown in FIG. 25, the central axes of the transducers
and covers 2012 and 2014 may be aligned along a common axis that is
at an angle .theta. relative to a perpendicular bisector to the
rearview mirror surface. This is to ensure the transducers are
coaxially aligned with the driver's mouth, since the rearview
mirror surface would be at more of an angle to allow viewing
through the rear window of the vehicle. It should be noted that the
transducers need not be aligned coaxially, but may be skewed with
respect to one another.
As discussed further below, microphone assembly 2000 is preferably
a second order microphone assembly with the centers of the two
transducers physically separated by between about 0.75 and 1.4
inches, and preferably 1.3 inches. By spacing the transducers 1.3
inches apart, the distance between the transducers is approximately
one-half the wavelength of sound at 5 kHz. Because of the frequency
response of components in existing telephone networks, it may be
beneficial to increase the separation distance between the
transducers to between 1.7 and 1.9 inches. Because space may be
limited on the accessory surface on which the transducers are
mounted, it may not be possible to physically separate the
transducers by such a distance. To overcome this problem, a
mechanical structure 2006 may be disposed between the first
transducer and the second transducer to increase the acoustic path
length between the first and second transducers. Mechanical
structure 2006 may have any symmetrical conical structure and is
shown in FIG. 25 as having the shape of a pyramid. As apparent from
FIG. 24, any on-axis sound passing by the first housing 2002
towards the second microphone housing 2004 must pass up and over
mechanical structure 2006. On the other hand, any sound coming
off-axis from the sides will still be received at the same time by
both microphone structures 2002 and 2004 regardless of the presence
of mechanical structure 2006. Test results have shown that for a
pyramid-shaped mechanical structure 2006 having a height of 0.35
inch and side dimensions of 0.70 inch with a 45-degree incline of
the side surfaces toward the peak, the acoustic path length may be
increased by approximately 0.35 inch. Thus, greater acoustic
separation of the two transducers may be obtained without having to
physically separate the transducers by a greater distance. This
enables the structure to be mounted on relatively small
surfaces.
It should be noted that an additional common cover for the
microphone assembly 2000 shown in FIGS. 24-26 may be secured over
the illustrated structure provided that the common housing is
substantially acoustically transparent so as to not affect the
arrival times of the sound to the two transducers.
As shown in FIGS. 24 and 26, a surface of deflector 1670 may
include a structure designated as 2020 that is hereinafter referred
to as a "fine turbulence generator." Fine turbulence generator 2020
may be implemented using a fabric or other fine structure so as to
create fine turbulence between deflector 1670 and the laminar
airflow along the windshield defroster as it passes over deflector
1670. A preferred fine turbulence deflector may be implemented
using the loop portion of a hook-and-loop-type fastener such as the
VELCRO.RTM. hook-and-loop fastener. Alternatively, the
corresponding surface of deflector 1670 may simply be roughened to
create similar turbulence.
While turbulence generally is undesirable due to the noise it
produces, creating very fine turbulence in the manner proposed
creates turbulence having frequency components that exceed the
audible limits of humans while reducing the turbulence of the air
passing by deflector 1670 that would produce lower frequency
components within the audible limits of humans. Because of the fine
turbulence created along the surface of deflector 1670, the laminar
airflow is deflected by the fine turbulence that is created rather
than the deflector itself. This reduces the friction of the
deflector as seen by the laminar airflow and therefore reduces the
turbulence created by the airflow that would otherwise tend to
create lower frequency noise within the audible frequencies.
FIG. 27 shows a block diagram of a preferred microphone processing
circuit 2100 to be used with the second order microphone assembly
2000 as depicted in FIGS. 24-26. It will be appreciated, however,
that microphone processing circuit 2100 may be used with any second
order microphone assembly regardless of whether it is incorporated
in a rearview mirror assembly, in another vehicle accessory, or in
any other audio application outside of the vehicle environment.
Circuit 2100 includes a front transducer 2102 and a rear transducer
2104. As discussed above, for a second order microphone assembly,
front and rear transducers are preferably disposed with their front
surfaces facing the direction of the person speaking. The output
2104a of rear transducer 2104 is coupled to the input 2106a of a
high pass filter 2106. The output of high pass filter 2106b is
coupled to a first input 2108a of a summing circuit 2108.
The output 2102a of front transducer 2102 is coupled to the input
of 2110a of an all-pass phase shifter 2110. The output of all-pass
phase shifter 2110b is coupled to an inverting input 2108b of
summing circuit 2108. As discussed further below, phase shifter
2110 is provided to shift the phase of the signal from front
transducer 2102 by an amount equivalent to the phase shift inherent
in high-pass filter 2106 such that the signals from front and rear
transducers 2102 and 2104 have their phase shifted by equal amounts
prior to application to summing circuit 2108 where the signal from
front transducer 2102 is inverted and summed with the filtered
signal from rear transducer 2104 (i.e., the signals are effectively
subtracted). The output 2108c of summing circuit 2108 is coupled to
the input 2112a of a three-pole high-pass filter 2112. The output
2112b of three-pole high-pass filter 2112 may be coupled to the
input 2114a of an optional buffer circuit 2114. The output 2114b of
buffer circuit 2114 represents the output of the inventive
microphone processing circuit.
Microphone processing circuit 2100, as shown in FIG. 27, includes a
biasing circuit 2116, which produces a bias voltage V.sub.B that is
applied to each of components 2106-2114, as more apparent from the
schematic representations of each of those components. Biasing
circuit 2116 includes a pair of series-connected resistors 2118 and
2120 coupled between a supply voltage V.sub.S and ground. Resistors
2118 and 2120 preferably have a resistance of 10 k.OMEGA.. Biasing
circuit 2116 further includes a capacitor 2122 coupled between the
output of biasing circuit 2116 and ground. Capacitor 2122
preferably has a capacitance of 2.2 .mu.f.
The details of components 2106-2114 are shown schematically in
FIGS. 28A-28E, and are discussed in further detail below following
a description of the general circuit operation.
To understand the performance and advantages of the inventive
microphone processing circuit 2100, it is first necessary to
understand the operation of a conventional circuit used with second
order microphone assemblies. In prior second-order microphone
processing circuits, the output of the front transducer was simply
inverted and provided to a summing circuit where the signal was
summed with the signal directly supplied from the rear transducer.
The frequency response of such a processing circuit is shown in
FIG. 29A. In FIG. 29A, plot A shows the sensitivity of the second
order microphone assembly at various frequencies with the sound
originating on-axis. Plot B shows the microphone sensitivity at
various frequencies with the sound originating 180 degrees from the
axes (i.e., from behind the microphone assembly). Plot C shows the
microphone sensitivity for various frequencies arriving at an angle
90 degrees from the central axes of the transducers (i.e., directly
from the side of the microphone assembly). As apparent from FIG.
29A, such a microphone circuit is very sensitive to higher
frequencies, but is not very sensitive to lower frequencies within
the audible band for those sounds originating on-axis. To
compensate for the low frequency sensitivity, a high-pass filter
may be added at the output of the summing circuit. While such an
arrangement serves to provide a more uniform sensitivity across the
frequencies in the audible range, the introduction of the filter
renders the assembly extremely sensitive to vibration-induced
noise. More specifically, torsional vibration of the transducers is
amplified using such a configuration.
To overcome these problems, the inventive microphone processing
circuit utilizes a high-pass filter 2106 between one of the
transducers and summing circuit 2108. High-pass filter 2106 could
be placed at the output of either front transducer 2102 or rear
transducer 2104. High-pass filter 2106 preferably has a
characteristic cut-off frequency at about 1 kHz. By filtering the
output of one of the transducers to reduce its bass frequency
components prior to subtraction from the other transducer output,
the bass of the resultant output is reduced by a smaller amount
than it otherwise would in the absence of filter 2106. As discussed
above, all-pass phase shifter 2110 is provided in the path of the
other transducer so as to ensure that the phase of the signals from
front and rear transducers 2102 and 2104 are shifted by the same
amount prior to reaching summing circuit 2108. FIG. 29B illustrates
the frequency response of the system when phase shifter 2110 is not
utilized. As apparent from FIG. 29B, there is a steep drop-off in
response at the middle of the audible range, which results from the
phase difference of the signals that would otherwise be applied to
summing circuit 2108.
FIG. 29C shows the frequency response of the inventive microphone
processing circuit 2100 having the construction shown generally in
FIG. 27 and specifically in FIGS. 28A-28E and described further
below. As apparent from FIG. 29C, the sensitivity of the microphone
assembly to on-axis sound is relatively uniform across the audible
range. The on-axis sensitivity is referenced in FIG. 29 as plot A.
The 180-degree off-axis sound sensitivity is designated in FIG. 29C
as plot B. Plot C represents the microphone assembly sensitivity to
sound arriving off-axis at 145 degrees while plot D represents
sound originating from a point 90 degrees off-axis. As apparent
from a comparison of these plots, the second order microphone
assembly of the present invention is significantly more sensitive
to on-axis sound while it is clearly less sensitive to off-axis
sound, particularly at lower frequencies. As noted above, in an
automobile environment, most noise arrives off-axis towards the
sides of the microphone assembly. Thus, the above-described second
order microphone assembly 2000 and circuitry 2100 are significantly
less sensitive to noise originating from those directions.
FIG. 28A is a schematic diagram showing the preferred construction
for high-pass filter 2106. High pass filter 2106 includes a first
resistor 2124, preferably having a resistance of 8.2 k.OMEGA.,
which is coupled between filter input 2106a and supply voltage
V.sub.S. A capacitor 2126, preferably having a capacitance of 0.001
.mu.f, is coupled between input 2106a and ground. High-pass filter
2106 also includes an operational amplifier 2128, preferably part
No. LM2904, having its non-inverting input terminal coupled to bias
voltage V.sub.B, and its inverting input coupled to input terminal
2106a via series-connected capacitor 2130 and resistor 2132.
Capacitor 2130 preferably is a 0.01 .mu.f capacitor while resistor
2132 preferably has a resistance of 10 k.OMEGA.. High-pass filter
2106 also preferably includes a feedback resistor 2134 coupled
between the inverting input and the output of amplifier 2128.
Another resistor 2136 is coupled between the output of amplifier
2128 and ground. Preferably, resistors 2134 and 2136 both have a
resistance of 10 k.OMEGA.. The output of amplifier 2128 serves as
the output 2106b of high-pass filter 2106.
FIG. 28B shows the preferred construction of all-pass phase shifter
2110. Phase shifter 2110 includes a first resistor 2138 that is
coupled between input terminal 2110a and supply voltage V.sub.S.
Resistor 2138 preferably has a resistance of 8.2 k.OMEGA.. A
capacitor 2140, preferably having a capacitance of 0.001 .mu.f, is
coupled between input terminal 2110a and ground. A capacitor 2142
and a resistor 2144 are coupled in series between input terminal
2110a and an inverting input of an amplifier 2146. Capacitor 2142
preferably has a capacitance of 1 .mu.f. A feedback resistor 2148
is coupled between the inverting input and the output of amplifier
2146. A resistor 2150 is coupled between the output of amplifier
2146 and ground. Amplifier 2146 is preferably part No. LM2904.
Another resistor 2152 is coupled between the non-inverting input of
amplifier 2146 and biasing circuit 2116. A capacitor 2154 is
coupled between the non-inverting input of amplifier 2146 and a
terminal between capacitor 2142 and resistor 2144. Capacitor 2154
preferably has a capacitance of 0.01 .mu.f. Resistors 2144, 2148,
2150, and 2152 all preferably have resistances of 10 k.OMEGA.. The
output of amplifier 2146 serves as the output 2110b of phase
shifter 2110.
FIG. 28C shows a preferred construction for summing circuit 2108.
Summing circuit 2108 includes an amplifier 2156 having its
non-inverting input coupled to biasing circuit 2116 so as to
receive a bias voltage V.sub.B. Input terminal 2108a is coupled to
the inverting input of amplifier 2156 via series-connected
capacitor 2158 and resistor 2160. Similarly, input terminal 2108b
is coupled to the inverting input of amplifier 2156 via
series-connected capacitor 2162 and resistor 2164. Capacitors 2158
and 2162 preferably have a capacitance of 1 .mu.f. A resistor 2166
is coupled between the inverting input and the output of amplifier
2156. A resistor 2168 is preferably coupled between the output of
amplifier 2156 and ground. Resistors 2160, 2164, and 2168 all
preferably have a resistance of 10 k.OMEGA. while resistor 2166 has
a resistance of 100 k.OMEGA.. Amplifier 2156 is preferably part No.
LM2904. The output of amplifier 2156 serves as the output 2108c
from summing circuit 2108.
FIG. 28D illustrates a preferred construction for three-pole
high-pass filter 2112. Bypass filter 2112 preferably includes an
amplifier 2170 and three capacitors 2172, 2174, and 2176 coupled in
series between input 2112a and the non-inverting input of amplifier
2170. Capacitors 2172, 2174, and 2176 preferably have capacitances
of 0.33 .mu.f. A resistor 2178 is coupled between ground and a
terminal between capacitors 2172 and 2174, a resistor 2180 is
coupled between the inverting input of amplifier 2170 and a
terminal between capacitors 2174 and 2176, and a resistor 2182 is
coupled between the non-inverting input of amplifier 2170 and bias
circuit 2116. A resistor 2184 is coupled between the output of
amplifier 2170 and ground. The inverting input and output of
amplifier 2170 are electrically coupled. Resistor 2178 preferably
has a resistance of 6.8 k.OMEGA., resistor 2180 preferably has a
resistance of 1.1 k.OMEGA., resistor 2182 preferably has a
resistance of 270 k.OMEGA., and resistor 2182 preferably has a
resistance of 10 k.OMEGA.. Amplifier 2170 is preferably part No.
LM2904. The output of amplifier 2170 serves as the output 2112b of
filter 2112. Having this construction, the cut-off frequency of
this high-pass filter is about 300 Hz. It should be noted that a
different cut-off frequency could be utilized in microphone
processing circuit 2100.
FIG. 28E illustrates a preferred construction for buffer circuit
2114. Buffer circuit 2114 preferably includes an amplifier 2186
having its non-inverting input coupled to input terminal 2114a via
a capacitor 2188. A resistor 2190 is coupled between the
non-inverting input of amplifier 2186 and bias circuit 2116. The
inverting input of amplifier 2186 is coupled to ground via
series-connected resistor 2192 and capacitor 2194. A resistor 2196
is coupled between the inverting input and the output of amplifier
2186. A resistor 2198 is coupled between the output of amplifier
2186 and ground. A capacitor 2199 is coupled between the output of
amplifier 2186 and the output 2114b of buffer circuit 2114.
While the specific circuit implementation is described above for
microphone processing circuit 2100, it will be appreciated by those
skilled in the art that other configurations may be utilized
without departing from the scope of the invention.
FIG. 30 shows an alternative microphone processing circuit that
utilizes a digital signal processor (DSP).
As shown in FIG. 30, the microphone assembly may include one or
more transducers 2210. The microphone processing circuit of the
microphone assembly includes a DSP 2220 and may optionally include
a pre-processing circuit 2215 disposed between an input to DSP 2220
and an output of transducer(s) 2210. Alternatively, DSP 2220 could
be coupled between pre-processing circuit 2215 and transducer(s)
2210. The output of DSP 2220 may be applied to various devices such
as a voice recognition device, a recording device, or to a
transceiver of a radio or cellular telephone.
DSP 2220 may be any appropriately configured DSP, but is preferably
either of part No. TMS320VC5X 5409 or 5402 available from Texas
Instruments. The microphone preferably, but not necessarily,
includes two or more transducers arranged as disclosed above, while
a corresponding pre-processing circuit such as those disclosed
above may also be used for circuit 2215. By using two transducers
with one spaced farther away from the person speaking, the arrival
time of sounds picked up by the transducers may be used to
determine the likely source of the sounds. For example, the
transducer closest to the person speaking will detect a sound
originating from that person before the furthest transducer.
Conversely, any sound that is first detected by the furthest
transducer may be identified as noise. Likewise, any sounds
arriving off-axis and received by both transducers at the same time
may also be discarded as noise.
Human vocal cords resonate and thereby create a single frequency
with overtones (also known as harmonics). All vocal cord energy is
therefore confined to the harmonics of the vocal cord fundamental
frequency. For a human male, the fundamental frequency is typically
between 35 and 120 Hz, and for a female, the fundamental frequency
is typically between 85 and 350 Hz. The DSP filter 2220 of the
present invention identifies the fundamental frequency of the
speech signals received by transducer(s) 2210 and use the
identified fundamental frequency to compute the coefficients for an
inverse comb filter that will pass only the harmonics of the vocal
cords of the person(s) whose speech signals are received. In
contrast to conventional noise filters that try to identify the
noise, the inventive filter identifies the speech. The inventive
filter may also be used to separate one talking person from another
as long as both have different fundamental frequencies.
FIG. 31 shows a process diagram for the adaptive filter as
implemented in DSP 2220. As depicted in block 2225, the analog
audio signal from transducer(s) 2210 is converted into a digital
audio signal. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is then performed on
the digitized audio signal as shown in block 2230. An example of an
FFT of an audio signal including a speech signal and noise is shown
in FIG. 32. Using the FFT of the digitized audio signal, the
fundamental frequency of the speech signal is determined as
depicted in block 2235. DSP 2220 identifies the fundamental
frequency by identifying frequency components in the FFT that have
amplitudes exceeding a predetermined threshold, and then
identifying the fundamental frequency as the difference in
frequency of those frequency components having an amplitude above
the predetermined threshold. As apparent from the exemplary FFT
shown in FIG. 32, the highest peaks are separated by an amount
equal to the fundamental frequency f.sub.0 and appear at
frequencies that are at multiples of the fundamental frequency.
Those peaks in the FFT correspond to the harmonic frequency
components of a person's speech.
After the fundamental frequency is determined in block 2235,
adaptive filter coefficients are generated (block 2240) and used to
configure an inverse comb filter (block 2245) that is used to
filter the digitized audio signal supplied by transducer(s) 2210.
An example of an inverse comb filter characteristic is shown in
FIG. 33 that is suitable for filtering a signal having the FFT
shown in FIG. 32. The filtered digital signal may then be converted
to an analog speech signal as depicted in block 2250. For a
discussion of how an inverse comb filter may be configured in a
DSP, see Digital Signal Processing Primer, by Ken Steiglitz, 1996,
ISBN 0-8053-1684-1.
As shown in FIG. 33, the inverse comb filter passes all frequency
components above a predetermined frequency, such as 2500 Hz. This
may be desirable because certain higher frequency sounds in human
speech, such as "S," "Sh," "T," and "P" sounds, may not be at a
harmonic frequency of the vocal cords. In a vehicle environment
where much of the noise is at lower frequencies, passing all higher
frequency components typically does not present a problem. As
described further below, DSP 2220 may be configured to predict and
hence separate such "S," "Sh," "T," and "P" sounds in human speech
from noise at those higher frequencies. Filtering, such as spectral
subtraction, can be employed in the region above the inverted comb
filtering frequencies to reduce noise in this band.
By continuously monitoring the incoming audio signal for any
changes in the fundamental frequency, DSP 2220 may adjust the
filter coefficients in response to any detected change in the
fundamental frequency. The manner in which DSP 2220 adjusts filter
components may be pre-configured to prevent abrupt changes that may
occur when, for example, another occupant of the vehicle begins
speaking. The desired frequency response of the person speaking may
thus be estimated and maintained. Consistency in response is an
important factor in speech recognition. This adjustment is made by
comparing the relative intensity of the harmonics over the
reference time interval. This relationship will then be maintained.
For example, in the first few utterances, the second average
harmonic peak value may be 3 dB greater than that of the third. If
this relationship drifts, the original value will be restored. This
concept can also be applied to the relative intensity of the
sibilance utterances and the vocal cord levels. The resulting
speech output may not exactly reproduce a person's normal tonality,
but it will reproduce a consistent one. Combined with output level,
this adjustment should help vocal recognition by removing two very
important variables.
It should also be noted that DSP 2220 may configure two or more
superimposed inverse comb filters each corresponding to the
harmonics of different individuals in the vehicle. The system may
also be taught to default to the fundamental frequency most often,
or last, identified, upon being activated so as to limit any delay
caused by the subsequent identification of the fundamental
frequency.
Blocks 2255 and 2260 of FIG. 31 illustrate an inventive variable
gain adjustment that may optionally be implemented in DSP 2220. The
gain of the filtered digitized signal may be varied (block 2255)
prior to conversion into an analog signal. The amount that the gain
is varied is a function of the noise level detected in the
digitized audio signal received from transducer(s) 2210
corresponding to a polar pattern with a null facing the direction
of the driver, preferably a cardioid or super cardioid.
A second configuration for DSP 2220 is shown in FIG. 34. According
to the second configuration, two transducers are used each having a
polar pattern corresponding to a super-cardioid. The first
transducer 2302 is directed on-axis towards the person speaking
(typically the driver in an automotive environment), while the
second transducer 2304 is positioned in the opposite direction with
a null in the polar facing the person speaking. In this manner,
while first transducer 2302 will pick up the person's speech as
well as some noise, second transducer 2304 will not pick up the
person's speech, but will only pick up noise including much of the
same noise picked up by first transducer 2302. Thus, the output
signal of second transducer 2304 may be subtracted from that of
first transducer 2302 to remove unwanted noise. Second transducer
2304 may alternatively have an omni-directional polar pattern.
The diagram in FIG. 34 shows that the audio signal of first
transducer 2302 is converted into a digital audio signal (block
2306) and that the audio signal of second transducer 2304 is also
converted into a digital audio signal (block 2308). The digitized
audio signals from both transducers are processed to detect the
presence of speech (block 2310) and are also both compared to one
another (block 2312). In response to the comparison of the signals
from first and second transducers 2302 and 2304, the gain/phase of
the signal from transducer 2304 is selectively adjusted (block
2314). The gain/phase adjusted signal from second transducer 2304
is inverted (block 2316) and is summed with the digitized signal
from first transducer 2302 (block 2318). The resultant summed
signal may optionally be converted into an analog signal (block
2320). Because the summed signal actually corresponds to the
subtraction of an adjusted audio signal from second transducer 2304
from that first transducer, the summed signal should represent the
speech (if present) with any noise removed. When speech is not
present, however, the summed signal should be a null. Speech may be
detected by performing an FFT on the received audio signal and
looking from a fundamental frequency in the range of that expected
for a human.
To appropriately adjust the gain/phase of the signal from second
transducer 2304, the detection of the presence of speech (block
2310) may be used in the determination of the appropriate
gain/phase adjustment to be made. Further, nulls may be detected in
the summed signal (block 2322) for use in adjusting the gain/phase
of the signal from second transducer 2304.
As shown in FIG. 34, some phase adjustment (block 2324) may be
desired to introduce a phase delay into the audio signal from first
transducer 2302 that corresponds to that inherently introduced
during inversion (block 2316) of the audio signal from second
transducer 2304.
The system in FIG. 34 may be configured to adjust the gain of the
signal only when speech is detected to ensure that the gain is not
suddenly boosted during periods between speech and thereby avoid
boosting the noise level during those periods. This configuration
overcomes the problems typically associated with using automatic
gain control in which the gain is automatically increased during
periods between speech and thereby unnecessarily amplifying
noise.
It should be noted that both the functions outlined in FIGS. 31 and
34 may be combined in whole or in part to achieve various
significant improvements in speech processing.
The present invention also may use the time relationship between
vocal cord events and sibilance occurrences to identify the spoken
phoneme and recreate it correctly. This may add processing delay
but significantly improves vocal recognition. Knowing when the
vocal event occurred, the system can look for minor differences
relative to the preceding time interval. There are a limited number
of possibilities and, due to noise, nature can be recreated more
universally than the more unique vocal cord noises. For example,
the system can determine that a "Sh" sound was uttered and recreate
a perfect "Sh" sound. Other utterances include the "S," "T," and
"P" sounds. These are all simple noise bursts of a well-defined
nature.
The environment around separated transducers significantly disturbs
the frequency response and polar of each transducer. For example, a
transducer located closer to the front surface of a mirror in a
rearview mirror assembly will experience a different polar and
frequency response than a transducer located farther back. The
inventive system can combine acoustic adjustments and adaptive
adjustment to compensate for these errors. The transducer balance
may be adjusted on an adaptive band-by-band basis to minimize the
dominant acoustic noise in each band. This assures the greatest
noise reduction possible. Such an adjustment is preferably
performed only during the intervals between speech utterances. Any
resulting reduction in speech level will be compensated
automatically. Noise reduction will be greater than any speech
level loss. This assures a maximum signal-to-noise ratio.
According to another aspect of the present invention, reliable
continuity is provided through a two-wire microphone interface that
removably couples a microphone assembly to an electronic assembly.
The microphone assembly includes a power source and a two-wire
microphone interface. The microphone interface includes two
contacts that provide an audio signal to the electronic assembly. A
continuous direct current is provided through the two contacts such
that a low impedance path is maintained between the microphone
assembly and the electronic assembly.
FIG. 35 depicts a simplified electrical schematic of a microphone
assembly (including a prior art microphone interface) 2400 coupled
to an electronic assembly 2402 (e.g., a differential amplifier
stage). As shown in the circuit of FIG. 35, power is provided to
the microphone 2400 via a power source (VAUDIO). VAUDIO is coupled
to a first end of a resistor R5. A second end of resistor R5 is
coupled to a contact 2 of a connector J1. When mated, contact 2 of
connector J1 is coupled to a contact 4 of connector J1 and to a
first end of a resistor R6. A second end of resistor R6 is coupled
to a first end of a resistor R14. A second end of resistor R14 is
coupled to a contact 3 of connector J1. Contact 3 of connector J1
is coupled to a contact 1 of connector J1, which is coupled to a
first end of a resistor R11. A second end of resistor R11 is
coupled to a common ground of the electronic assembly 2402.
In brief, VAUDIO provides power to the microphone assembly via a
resistor R5. The current through resistors R5 and R6 provides a
charging current to capacitor C4, which serves to provide a
filtered microphone power supply (VMIC). A continuous wetting
current (DC) is provided by VAUDIO through resistor R5, contacts 2
and 4 of connector J1, resistors R6 and R14, contacts 3 and 1 of
connector J1 and resistor R11. Transistor Q1, which is coupled to
the first end of resistor R6 and the second end of resistor R14,
represents the load presented by a microphone preamplifier.
Turning to FIG. 36, a simplified electrical schematic of a
microphone assembly 2500 (including a microphone interface,
according to an embodiment of the present invention) coupled to an
electronic assembly 2502 (e.g., a differential amplifier stage) is
shown. VAUDIO is coupled to a first end of a resistor R5. A second
end of resistor R5 is coupled to a first end of a resistor R6. A
second end of resistor R6 is coupled to a contact 2 of a connector
J1. When mated, contact 2 of connector J1 is coupled to a contact 4
of connector J1 and a first end of a resistor R12. A second end of
resistor R12 is coupled to a first end of a resistor R8. A second
end of resistor R8 is coupled to a first end of a resistor R13. A
second end of resistor R13 is coupled to a contact 3 of connector
J1, which is coupled to contact 1 of connector J1. Contact 1 of
connector J1 is coupled to a first end of a resistor R11. A second
end of resistor R11 is coupled to a common ground of the electronic
assembly 2502.
As shown in FIG. 36, while an auxiliary power supply (V1) provides
power to the microphone assembly 2500 (or at least a portion of
microphone assembly 2500), the wetting current (DC) is supplied by
the electronic assembly 2502 power source VAUDIO. The wetting
current (DC) is supplied from VAUDIO through resistors R5 and R6,
contacts 2 and 4 of connector J1, and resistors R12, R8, R13 and
R11. The microphone interface, according to the present invention,
provides a wetting current for more sophisticated microphone
assemblies, such as those that incorporate digital signal
processors (DSPs), which receive power from an auxiliary power
source. The present invention allows connectors to be used that
have non-precious metal contacts, which reduces the cost of the
interface while at the same time providing a reliable connection
between the microphone assembly 2500 and the electronic assembly
2502. The possible selection of values for resistors R5, R6, R8,
R11, R12 and R13 can widely vary provided that the gain and
bandwidth of the microphone assembly and any associated amplifiers
are not adversely affected. If desired, one of resistors R5 or R6
can be replaced with a short. Also, resistors R11, R12 and R13 can
be replaced with shorts, if desired. The value for resistors R8 and
R5 or R6 are then selected to provide an appropriate amount of
wetting current. For example, if VAUDIO is twelve volts and a one
milliampere wetting current is desired, and if a 2 k.OMEGA.
resistor is selected for resistor R5 and resistors R6, R11, R12 and
R13 are shorts, then a 10 k.OMEGA. resistor is selected for
resistor R8. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that
resistors can be more generally an impedance (e.g., R8 can be a
choke or active circuit). The component values indicated in FIG. 36
provide generally acceptable performance for the microphone
assembly utilized.
FIG. 37 depicts yet another embodiment of the present invention
where the wetting current is supplied from the auxiliary power
supply (V1). The wetting current (DC) is supplied from power supply
V1 through resistors R5 and R12, contacts 4 and 2 of a connector
J1, a resistor R8, contacts 1 and 3 of connector J1 and a resistor
R11. If desired, resistors R11, R12 and R13 can be replaced with
shorts. The values for resistors R5 and R8 are then selected to
provide an appropriate amount of wetting current. The embodiment of
FIG. 37 is particularly useful, from the view point of the
manufacturer of microphone assembly 2600, in that the only
component that a manufacturer of electronic assembly 2602 need
provide is resistor R8, across contacts 1 and 2 of connector
J1.
FIG. 38 depicts yet another embodiment of the present invention
wherein the input to the electronic assembly 2702, provided from
microphone assembly 2700, is balanced. The wetting current (DC) is
supplied from power supply (V1) through a resistor R15, a resistor
R16, contacts 4 and 2 of connector J1, a resistor R8, contacts 1
and 3 of connector J1 and a resistor R20. If desired, resistors
R16, R17 and R20 can be replaced with shorts. The values for
resistors R8 and R15 are then selected to provide an appropriate
amount of wetting current. The wetting current (DC) can be supplied
from a voltage supply, a resistor, a constant current source,
inductor or other power source connected to one of the microphone
assembly leads. Provided that the microphone has a DC path for it
to complete the wetting current circuit, the source of the current
is immaterial.
As shown in FIG. 38, the audio is AC coupled from the microphone
assembly output stage to the electronic assembly 2702. The present
invention can be extended to multiple connectors that may be
included within a microphone assembly or an electronic assembly.
According to the present invention, all connectors have a DC
current flowing through them to maintain a wetting circuit. Thus,
oxidation of the contacts will not disadvantageously affect the
circuits utilizing embodiments of the present invention.
Additionally, the DC voltage of the microphone input can be used to
verify interface continuity for built-in test capability.
The microphone assembly can be incorporated anywhere in the
interior of a vehicle. For example, the microphone assembly can be
located in the interior trim of a vehicle, in an overhead console,
within a visor or within a rearview mirror or the housing of an
electronic rear vision display. In a preferred embodiment, the
microphone assembly is incorporated within an automotive rearview
mirror. If desired, the contacts of the connector that couples the
microphone assembly to the electronic assembly can be plated with a
precious metal (e.g., gold or silver) to facilitate improved
continuity.
Thus, it can be seen that an improved microphone assembly for
vehicles is disclosed. It is envisioned that the microphone
assembly may be applied to a wide variety of performance
applications, in that the microphone assembly can include a single
transducer or multiple transducers. By using multiple transducers,
significantly improved performance is achieved. Use of one
transducer, having a single diaphragm or multiple diaphragms
suitably ported to achieve a desired directional pattern, offers a
lower cost microphone that can be used in the same mount and
housing as the multiple transducer microphone assembly, in
applications where the higher performance is not required.
While the invention has been described in detail herein in
accordance with certain embodiments thereof, many modifications and
changes may be effected by those skilled in the art without
departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, it is our
intent to be limited only by the scope of the appending claims and
not by way of details and instrumentalities describing the
embodiments shown herein.
* * * * *