U.S. patent number 7,974,261 [Application Number 11/184,741] was granted by the patent office on 2011-07-05 for basestation methods and apparatus for supporting timing synchronization.
This patent grant is currently assigned to QUALCOMM Incorporated. Invention is credited to Frank A. Lane, Rajiv Laroia, Junyi Li.
United States Patent |
7,974,261 |
Lane , et al. |
July 5, 2011 |
Basestation methods and apparatus for supporting timing
synchronization
Abstract
A wireless terminal using OFDM signaling supporting both
terrestrial and satellite base station connectivity operates using
conventional access probe signaling in a first mode of operation to
establish a timing synchronized wireless link with a terrestrial
base station. In a second mode of operation, used to establish a
timing synchronized wireless link with a satellite base station, a
slightly modified access protocol is employed. The round trip
signaling time and timing ambiguity between a wireless terminal and
a satellite base station is substantially greater than with a
terrestrial base station. The modified access protocol uses coding
of access probe signals to uniquely identify a superslot index
within a beaconslot. The modified protocol uses multiple access
probes with different timing offsets to further resolve timing
ambiguity and allows the satellite base station access monitoring
interval to remain small in duration. Terrestrial base station
location/connection information is used to estimate initial
timing.
Inventors: |
Lane; Frank A. (Asbury, NJ),
Laroia; Rajiv (Basking Ridge, NJ), Li; Junyi
(Bedminster, NJ) |
Assignee: |
QUALCOMM Incorporated (San
Diego, CA)
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Family
ID: |
37467491 |
Appl.
No.: |
11/184,741 |
Filed: |
July 18, 2005 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20060280200 A1 |
Dec 14, 2006 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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60689910 |
Jun 13, 2005 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
370/350; 370/328;
370/345 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04W
56/0045 (20130101); H04B 7/2125 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H04J
3/06 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;370/328 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
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Other References
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Primary Examiner: Appiah; Charles N
Assistant Examiner: Holliday; Jaime M
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Talpalatsky; Semion
Parent Case Text
RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Patent Application Ser. No. 60/689,910, filed on Jun. 13, 2005,
titled "METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR SUPPORTING OFDM UPLINKS WITH
REMOTE BASE STATIONS", which is hereby expressly incorporated by
reference.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of operating a base station having a periodic downlink
timing structure in which beacon slots occur on a periodic basis in
the downlink, the method comprising: monitoring, during a beacon
slot, to detect the receipt of an access probe signal, the beacon
slot including a plurality of superslots, the superslots within a
beacon slot being identifiable through the use of a superslot
index, each superslot including a plurality of symbol transmission
time periods; transmitting a response to the access probe signal,
the response including information indicating at least one of: i) a
main superslot timing offset correction, the main superslot timing
offset correction being an integer multiple of a superslot time
period and being one of a plurality of possible main superslot
timing offset correction values and ii) a superslot identifier
indicating the position of a downlink superslot within the beacon
slot during which the base station received the access probe signal
to which the received response corresponds.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitted response includes
said main superslot timing offset correction.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said monitoring is performed for
said portion during each access interval which occurs in an uplink
timing structure.
4. The method of 1, wherein said step of transmitting a response to
the access probe signal includes transmitting the response in a
downlink superslot having a predetermined superslot time offset
from the time the access probe was received.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said step of transmitting a
response includes transmitting a device identifier identifying the
device which transmitted the access probe being responded to and a
sub-superslot timing correction indicator value.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting at least
one beacon signal during each beacon slot.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein said beacon signal is a single
tone signal.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said beacon signal has a duration
of less than three OFDM symbol transmission time periods.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein said access probe signal is an
OFDM signal.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein transmitting a response to a
received access probe signal includes encoding a downlink superslot
identifier indicating the position of the superslot within a
downlink beacon slot during which the base station received the
access probe signal.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the received access probe
includes an encoded downlink superslot identifier, the method
further comprising: decoding the encoded downlink superslot
identifier; determining said main superslot timing offset
correction from a difference between the decoded downlink superslot
identifier and a superslot index within a downlink beacon slot of
the downlink superslot during which the access probe was
received.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein said main superslot timing
offset correction is an integer value and wherein transmitting a
response to a received access probe signal further includes:
encoding the determined main superslot uplink timing offset
correction in said response.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein transmitting a response to a
received access probe signal further includes: encoding
sub-superslot uplink timing correction information in said
response, said super-slot uplink timing correction information
indicating a timing adjustment smaller than the duration of a
superslot.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said main superslot timing
offset correction and said sub-superslot uplink timing correction
information are encoded as part of a single coded value.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein said main superslot timing
offset correction and said sub-superslot uplink timing correction
information are encoded as two separate values.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting a response to a
received access probe signal includes: transmitting said main
superslot timing correction as part of said response; and
transmitting sub-superslot uplink timing correction information as
part of said response, said sub-superslot uplink timing correction
information indicating a timing adjustment smaller than the
duration of a superslot.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein said base station is a satellite
base station and wherein said access probe signal and said
transmitted response are OFDM signals.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein said response to the access probe
signal includes an indicated main superslot timing offset
correction which is a non-zero value.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein said beacon slot includes a
superslot which includes a beacon signal and also includes a
superslot which does not include a beacon signal.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein said beacon slot includes more
superslots which do not include a beacon signal than superslots
which include a beacon signal.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein each beacon slot includes a
fixed number of indexed superslots.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein each superslot includes an
access interval.
23. A base station using a periodic downlink timing structure in
which beacon slots occur on a periodic basis, the base station
comprising: a receiver module for receiving and detecting, during a
beacon slot, an access probe signal from a wireless terminal, the
beacon slot including a plurality of superslots, the superslots
within a beacon slot being identifiable through the use of a
superslot index, each superslot including a plurality of symbol
transmission time periods; a transmitter module for transmitting,
in response to the access probe signal, a response including
information indicating at least one of: i) a main superslot timing
offset correction, the main superslot timing offset correction
being an integer multiple of a superslot time period and being one
of a plurality of possible main superslot timing offset correction
values and ii) a superslot identifier indicating the position of a
superslot within the beacon slot during which the base station
received the access probe signal to which the received response
corresponds.
24. The base station of claim 23, wherein said receiver module
includes means for detecting the receipt of an access probe during
predetermined periodic time periods, at least one of said
predetermined periodic time periods occurring during a portion of
at least one superslot time period in each beacon slot, said
portion being less than one half the duration of a superslot.
25. The base station of claim 23, further comprising: means for
transmitting at least one beacon signal during each beacon
slot.
26. The base station of claim 25, wherein said beacon signal is a
single tone signal.
27. The base station of claim 26, wherein said beacon signal has a
duration of less than three OFDM symbol transmission time
periods.
28. The base station of claim 23, further comprising: an encoder
module for including in the transmitted response signal, a
superslot identifier indicating the position of the superslot
within a beacon slot during which the base station received the
access probe signal.
29. The base station of claim 23, further comprising: an encoder
module for encoding sub-superslot uplink timing correction
information in said response, said super-slot uplink timing
correction information indicating a timing adjustment smaller than
the duration of a superslot.
30. The base station of claim 29, wherein the received access probe
includes a communications device identifier and wherein the base
station further comprises: a decoding module for decoding the
received access probe to recover the encoded communications device
identifier.
31. The base station of claim 23, wherein the received access probe
includes an encoded superslot identifier, the base station further
comprising: a decoding module for decoding the received access
probe to recover the encoded superslot identifier; a timing
correction determination module for determining said main superslot
timing offset correction from a difference between the decoded
superslot identifier and a downlink superslot index within a beacon
slot of the superslot in which the access probe was received.
32. A base station using a periodic downlink timing structure in
which beacon slots occur on a periodic basis, the base station
comprising: receiver means for receiving and detecting, during a
beacon slot, an access probe signal from a wireless terminal, the
beacon slot including a plurality of superslots, the superslots
within a beacon slot being identifiable through the use of a
superslot index, each superslot including a plurality of symbol
transmission time periods; transmitter means for transmitting, in
response to the access probe signal, a response including
information indicating at least one of: i) a main superslot timing
offset correction, the main superslot timing offset correction
being an integer multiple of a superslot time period and being one
of a plurality of possible main superslot timing offset correction
values and ii) a superslot identifier indicating the position of a
superslot within the beacon slot during which the base station
received the access probe signal to which the received response
corresponds.
33. The base station of claim 32, further comprising: encoding
means for including in the transmitted response signal, a superslot
identifier indicating the position of the superslot within a beacon
slot during which the base station received the access probe
signal.
34. The base station of claim 32, further comprising: encoding
means for encoding sub-superslot uplink timing correction
information in said response, said super-slot uplink timing
correction information indicating a timing adjustment smaller than
the duration of a superslot.
35. A computer readable medium including machine executable
instruction for use in a base station, said base station using a
periodic downlink timing structure in which beacon slots occur on a
periodic basis, the computer readable medium comprising:
instructions for causing said base station to monitor, during a
beacon slot to detect the receipt of an access probe signal, the
beacon slot including a plurality of superslots, the superslots
within a beacon slot being identifiable through the use of a
superslot index, each superslot including a plurality of symbol
transmission time periods; instructions for causing said base
station to transmit, in response to the access probe signal, a
response including information indicating at least one of: i) a
main superslot timing offset correction, the main superslot timing
offset correction being an integer multiple of a superslot time
period and being one of a plurality of possible main superslot
timing offset correction values and ii) a superslot identifier
indicating the position of a superslot within the beacon slot
during which the base station received the access probe signal to
which the received response corresponds.
36. The computer readable medium of claim 35, wherein said
monitoring to detect the receipt of an access probe is performed on
a predetermined periodic basis according to the occurrence of
access intervals in an uplink timing structure, each access
interval being shorter than a downlink superslot time period.
37. The computer readable medium of claim 35, further comprising:
instructions for causing said base station to transmit at least one
beacon signal during each beacon slot.
38. A communications device which uses a periodic downlink timing
structure in which beacon slots occur on a periodic basis, the
communications device comprising: a processor configured to:
receive and detect, during a beacon slot, an access probe signal
from a wireless terminal, the beacon slot including a plurality of
superslots, the superslots within a beacon slot being identifiable
through the use of a superslot index, each superslot including a
plurality of symbol transmission time periods; transmit, in
response to the access probe signal, a response including
information indicating at least one of: i) a main superslot timing
offset correction, the main superslot timing offset correction
being an integer multiple of a superslot time period and being one
of a plurality of possible main superslot timing offset correction
values and ii) a superslot identifier indicating the position of a
superslot within the beacon slot during which the base station
received the access probe signal to which the received response
corresponds.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present application is directed to methods and apparatus which
can be used in implementing an OFDM system which uses OFDM tones
for communicating uplink signals to terrestrial and/or satellite
base stations.
BACKGROUND
The ability to communicate using a handheld communications device,
e.g., a portable telephone, regardless of one's location in a wide
area is of great value. The value of such a device is important to
military applications as well as in the case of conventional
consumer based applications.
Terrestrial base stations have been installed at various earth
based locations to support voice and/or data services. Such base
stations normally have a coverage area of a few miles at most.
Accordingly, the distance between a conventional cell phone and a
base station during use is normally only a few miles. Given the
relatively small distance between a cell phone and a terrestrial
base station during normal use, a hand held cell phone normally has
sufficient power to transmit to the base station, e.g., on an
uplink, using bandwidth that is relatively wide and, in many cases,
capable of supporting relatively high data rates.
In the case of one known system based on the use of terrestrial
base stations, a plurality of OFDM tones, e.g., in some cases 7 or
more tones, are used in parallel by a wireless terminal to transmit
user data to the base stations. In the known system, user data to
be communicated via an uplink and control signals to be
communicated via an uplink are normally coded separately. In the
known system, a wireless terminal may be assigned a dedicated tone
for uplink control signaling with uplink traffic segments which
correspond to tones being assigned in response to one or more
uplink requests transmitted to the terrestrial base station. In the
known system uplink traffic channel segment assignment information
is broadcast to the wireless terminals which monitor assignment
signals that may indicate assignment of uplink traffic channel
segments in response to a transmitted request. On a recurring
basis, the base station of the known system also broadcasts signals
which can be used for timing synchronization with the timing
synchronization signals, referred to as beacon signals, recurring
over a time period sometimes referred to as a beacon slot.
While terrestrial base stations are useful in areas where the
population is sufficient to justify the cost of a terrestrial base
station, in many locations on the planet there is insufficient
commercial justification to deploy a base station and/or due to
geographic issues it is impractical to deploy a permanent
terrestrial base station. For example, in physically inhospitable
areas such as the open ocean, dessert regions and/or regions which
are covered by ice sheets it may be difficult or impractical to
deploy and maintain a terrestrial base station.
The lack of base stations in some geographic regions leads to "dead
zones" in which is not possible to communicate using a cell phone.
In order to try and eliminate the number of areas where cell phone
coverage is missing, companies are likely to continue to deploy new
base stations but, for the reasons discussed above, for the
foreseeable future there are likely to remain large areas of the
planet where cell phone coverage from terrestrial base stations can
not be obtained.
An alternative to terrestrial base stations is to use satellites as
base stations. Satellite base stations are extremely costly to
deploy given the cost of launching satellites. In addition, there
is limited space above the planet in which geostationary satellites
can be placed. While satellites in geostationary orbit have the
advantage of being in a fixed position relative to the earth, lower
earth orbiting satellites can also be deployed but such satellites
remain costly to deploy and will remain in orbit for a shorter
period of time due to their initially lower orbit than a
geostationary satellite. The distance from the surface of the earth
where a mobile phone may be located and geostationary orbit is
considerable, e.g., approximately 22,226 miles although some
estimates suggest that 22,300 miles is a better estimate. To put
this in perspective, the diameter of the Earth is approximately
7,926 miles. Unfortunately, the distances which signals must travel
in the case of satellite base stations is considerable longer than
the distance signals normally travel to reach a conventional
terrestrial base station which is usually a few miles at most.
As can be appreciated, given the distance to geostationary orbit,
it is often necessary to transmit signals to satellites at higher
power level than is required to transmit signals to terrestrial
base stations. As a result, most satellite phones normally are
relatively large and bulky compared to conventional cell phones due
to the size of the batteries, power amplifiers and other circuitry
which has been used to implement cell phones. The need for a
relatively large, and therefore often bulky, power amplifier
results, in part, from the fact that many conventional
communications systems have a less than ideal peak to average power
ratio. The relatively large peak to average power ratio requires
that a larger amplifier be included to support peak power output
than could be used in the case of the same average power output,
but where the peak to average power ratio is lower.
Given the large distance to a satellite base station and/or
comparatively large cell size, as compared to a terrestrial base
station, uplink timing synchronization used for terrestrial base
stations which use OFDM signals in the uplink may not be sufficient
to achieve adequate uplink symbol timing synchronization when
communicating with a satellite base station. Accordingly, there is
a need for improved methods of supporting OFDM uplink signaling
including improved timing synchronization methods and/or apparatus
which can be used with long round trip delays.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The present invention is directed to communications methods and
apparatus which are suitable for use in communications systems
including remote base stations and/or base stations with large
coverage areas.
The methods and apparatus of the present invention can be used to
synchronize uplink transmission timing of a communications device,
e.g., a wireless terminal, with base station timing. Beacon signals
transmitted in the downlink from the base station can be used to
facilitate the timing synchronization process. A wide variety of
beacon signals can be used to support the methods and apparatus of
the present invention. In some OFDM embodiments, beacon signals are
transmitted in the downlink using one or a few tones for one or a
few consecutive time periods. In some embodiments beacon signals
are implemented as single tone signals which are transmitted for
one, two or three consecutive OFDM symbol transmission time periods
depending on the particular embodiment.
As will be discussed below, the transmission of signals by
communications device to the base station, in OFDM systems, should
arrive at the base station to which they are transmitted in a
synchronized manner, e.g., with a synchronization level to within a
cyclic prefix duration in the case of OFDM symbols which are
transmitted with cyclic prefixes.
The methods and apparatus of the invention support and allow for
such a level of syncrhronization to be achived, even with very
remote base stations, through a variety of methods and techniques
which can be used alone or in combination to achieve the desired
level of synchronization. While much of the discussion in the
present application focuses on downlink timing structure and beacon
slots which occur in the downlink, it should be appreciated that at
the base station uplink timing has a fixed known relationship to
downlink timing. Received signals and the time at which signals are
received at a base station can be measured in terms of downlink
transmission slots and downlink symbol transmission timing while
the signals are received in the uplink.
The uplink timing structure of the present invention allows for
access intervals to occur at periodic intervals during which
communications devices which are not synchronized with the base
station in terms of uplink transmission timing can make access
requests. Such requests may be contention based. The base stations
of the invention monitor during the access intervals for access
requests and respond with timing correction and/or other
information. Access intervals, while an element of the uplink
timing structure occur in a fixed known relationship to downlink
timing. Each access interval normally has a duration which is less
then that of a downlink superslot in duration.
Superslots, in various embodiments each include multiple OFDM
symbol transmission time periods, e.g., a fixed number of OFDM
symbol transmission time periods. In some, but not necessarily all
implementations, each uplink superslot includes an access interval.
Access intervals in the uplink occur at fixed known locations
relative to the start of downlink superslots and beacon signals
which occur in the downlink. Accordingly, the downlink timing
structure can be used as a reference for controlling uplink
transmission timing as will be discussed further below.
Numerous features of the present invention are directed to timing
synchronization. Other features of the present invention are
directed to specific access methods and apparatus which can be used
to register and achieve timing synchronization with a remote base
station, e.g., a base station more than 100 miles from the location
of the wireless terminal.
In various embodiments a remote base station is a base station
which has a minimum distance from a wireless terminal during use
which is measured in terms of tens, hundreds or even thousands of
miles. A geostationary satellite base station is one example of a
remote base station. Geostationary satellite base stations are
positioned thousands of miles above the earth's surface in which
case the minimum distance to a communications device on the earth's
surface or even in a commercial airplane is measured in thousands
of miles. This is in contrast to a near base station which might be
a terrestrial base station located within, e.g., up to 50 miles of
a wireless terminal during normal use but more typically up to 5
miles.
While the methods and apparatus of the present invention, including
the cell phones of the present invention are well suited for use in
communications systems which have both terrestrial and satellite
base stations, the methods and apparatus of the present invention
are well suited for a wide range of communications applications
where a large difference in the amount of output power for a fixed
amount of bandwidth is required. In the satellite example, it
should be appreciated that a far greater amount of output power for
a fixed amount of bandwidth is normally required for successful
uplink signaling to the satellite base station than is required for
successful uplink signaling using the same amount of transmission
bandwidth to a terrestrial base station.
Various features of the present invention are directed to methods
and apparatus which can be used to implement portable
communications devices capable of communicating with both remote
and comparatively near base stations, e.g., satellite base stations
and terrestrial base stations. A system implemented in accordance
with the invention may include a plurality of near and remote base
stations. In one such system, terrestrial base stations are used to
provide communications coverage with sufficient communications
traffic to justify the deployment of a terrestrial base station.
Satellite base stations are used to provide fill in coverage in
regions where terrestrial base stations are not deployed, e.g., due
to the nature of the physical environment, the lack of a site for a
base station or for other reasons. Portable communications devices
in the exemplary system are capable of communicating with both the
terrestrial and satellite base stations, e.g., by switching between
different modes of operation.
As will be discussed below, in various embodiments, the system is
implemented as an OFDM system. In some embodiments, OFDM signaling
is used for uplink as well as downlink signaling. First and second
modes of OFDM uplink operation are supported.
During normal operation with terrestrial base stations, the
wireless terminal uses multiple tones in parallel in the uplink to
transmit user data on multiple tones to a base station
simultaneously. This allows relatively high data rates to be
supported. When operating in multi-tone mode, the average peak to
average power ratio, during portions of time in which user data is
transmitted on multiple tones, is a first ratio. As will be
discussed below, when operating in a single tone mode of operation,
e.g., used for communicating with a satellite base station, a
second, lower peak to average power ratio is achieved. Thus, when
operating in the single tone mode, the power amplifier can be used
in a more efficient manner. In various embodiments, the difference
is 4 or more db, and commonly 6 db, in the peak to average power
ratio between the multi-tone mode of operation and the single tone
mode of operation which is achieved for a period of several symbol
times.
Single-tone-mode is a method of operating an OFDM wireless terminal
to maximize its uplink power budget coverage under typical power
constraints encountered when communicating with terrestrial base
stations. This mode is suitable for low rate data of voice links in
which multi-tone channels, ACKs are not supported.
In single tone mode the terminal will transmit on an OFDM single
tone at a time. This tone is represented as a single, constant
logical tone; however, it can, and in various embodiments does, hop
from physical tone to physical tone on dwell boundaries as
consistent with other OFDM channels used in some systems. In one
embodiment, this logical tone replaces a UL-DCCH channel used to
communicate with a terrestrial base station thus maintaining
compatibility with other OFDM users operating in standard
multi-tone mode.
The contents of the single tone uplink channel used by a wireless
terminal includes, in some embodiments, a multiplex of control data
and user data. This multiplex may be at the field level within a
code word, i.e. some bits from a channel coding block are used to
represent control data the remainder represent user data. However
in other embodiments the multiplexing in the single tone uplink
channel is at the code word level, e.g., control data is coded
within a channel coding block, user data is coded within a channel
coding block, and the blocks are multiplexed together for
transmission in the single tone uplink channel. In one embodiment,
when the single tone channel is not fully occupied with user data
(e.g., during silence suppression of a voice call) it is possible
to blank the transmitter during the un-need transmit symbols
thereby conserving transmitter power since no signals need be sent
during this period. User data may be multiplexed packet data or
regularly scheduled voice data, or a mix of the two.
For a terminal operating in single-tone mode, downlink
acknowledgement signals can not be transmitted in a separate
channel as is done in the multi-tone mode and thus downlink
acknowledgements are either multiplexed into the logical single
tone uplink channel tone, or ACKs are not used. In such a case, the
base station may assume that downlink traffic channel segments have
been successfully received with the wireless terminal expressly
requesting retransmission if needed.
In accordance with the invention, a wireless terminal operating in
single tone mode can achieve a benefit in transmitted power while
using standard OFDM components to implement the transmitter. In
standard mode, the average power transmitted is normally limited
below the peak power capacity of the transmitter's power amp to
allow for peak-to-average ratio (PAR), typically 9 dB, and avoid
peak clipping which can cause excessive out-of-band emission. In
single tone mode, in various embodiments, the PAR is limited to
approximately 3 dB thus the average transmit power can be increased
by almost 6 dB without increasing the probability of clipping.
At frequency hops (changes in the physical tone corresponding to
the single logical tone occur at dwell boundaries), the phase of
the transmitted waveform can be controlled to as to be phase
continuous across frequencies. This can, and is accomplished in
some but not necessarily all embodiments by changing the carrier
frequency of the tone during the cyclic extension of the OFDM
symbol from one symbol transmitted in the uplink to the next so
that the signal phase at the end of the symbol is at a desired
value equal to the starting phase of the subsequent symbol. This
phase continuous operation will allow the PAR of the signal is
bounded at 3 dB.
OFDM over geo-stationary satellite is possible with a few
modifications of the basic existing basic OFDM communications
protocols. Due to the extremely long round-trip time (RTT) there is
little or no value of slaved acknowledgments for traffic channels.
Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, when operating in
single tone uplink mode downlink acknowledgment are not sent. In
some such embodiments, downlink acknowledgements are replaced with
a repeat request mechanism in which a request is transmitted in the
UL for a repeat transmission of the data which was not received
successfully.
Numerous features, benefits and embodiments of the present
invention are discussed in the detailed description which
follows.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless communications system
implemented in accordance with the present invention and using
methods of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a drawing of an exemplary base station, e.g., a
terrestrial based base station, implemented in accordance with the
present invention and using methods of the present invention.
FIG. 2A is a drawing of an exemplary base station, e.g., a
satellite based base station, implemented in accordance with the
present invention and using methods of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal, e.g., mobile
node, implemented in accordance in the present invention and using
methods of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a drawing illustrating exemplary uplink information bit
encoding for an exemplary WT, e.g., MN, operating in a single-tone
uplink mode of operation, in accordance with various embodiments of
the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a drawing illustrating an exemplary OFDM wireless
multiple access communications system including a hybrid of base
stations that are both terrestrial based and space based, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a drawing showing exemplary backhaul interconnectivity
between the various satellite based and terrestrial based base
stations of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart of an exemplary method of operating a
wireless terminal, e.g., mobile node, in accordance with the
present invention.
FIG. 7A is a drawing illustrating relatively long round trip
signaling times and significantly different signal path lengths
between an exemplary satellite base station and different mobile
nodes located at different points in the satellite base station's
cellular coverage area on the surface of earth, resulting in timing
synchronization considerations, which are addressed in accordance
with methods and apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary hybrid system including both
terrestrial and satellite based base stations and a wireless
terminal utilizing terrestrial base station location information to
reduce round trip timing ambiguity with respect to a satellite base
station.
FIG. 8A illustrates an embodiment of where multiple terrestrial
base stations are associated with the same satellite base station
coverage area, and terrestrial base station location and/or
connection information is used to reduce WT/satellite base station
timing ambiguity, in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a drawing illustrating that in an exemplary
satellite/terrestrial hybrid wireless communication system the
round trip signal delay between a satellite base station and a
terrestrially located wireless terminal will be greater than a
typical superslot time interval used in some terrestrial based
wireless communications systems.
FIG. 10 is a drawing illustrating the feature of coding an access
probe signal with information identifying a relative time interval
value, e.g., a superslot index value, within a larger relative time
interval, e.g., a beacon slot, within the timing structure, said
coded information being used in the access process to determine
timing synchronization between the satellite base station and the
WT, in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a drawing illustrating a feature of using multiple
access probe signals, with different timing offsets such that the
timing synchronization between the satellite base station and the
WT can be further resolved to within a smaller time interval, in
accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 12 further illustrates the concept of a wireless terminal
sending multiple access probes to the satellite base station with
different timing offsets, in accordance with the present
invention.
FIG. 13 is a drawing illustrating exemplary access signaling in
accordance with methods of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a drawing illustrating exemplary access signaling in
accordance with methods of the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a drawing illustrating exemplary access signaling in
accordance with methods of the present invention.
FIG. 16 comprising the combination of FIG. 16A and FIG. 16B is a
flowchart of an exemplary method of operating a wireless terminal
to access a base station and perform a timing synchronization
operation in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 17 comprising the combination of FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B is a
flowchart of an exemplary method of operating a communications
device for use in a communications system.
FIG. 18 is a flowchart of an exemplary method of operating an
exemplary communications device in accordance with the present
invention.
FIG. 19 is a flowchart of an exemplary method of operating an
exemplary communications device in accordance with the present
invention.
FIG. 20 is a flowchart of an exemplary method of operating a
wireless communications terminal in a system in accordance with the
present invention.
FIG. 21 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal, e.g.,
mobile node, implemented in accordance with the present
invention.
FIG. 22 is a flowchart of an exemplary method of operating a base
station in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 23 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal, e.g.,
mobile node, implemented in accordance with the present
invention.
FIG. 24 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal, e.g.,
mobile node, implemented in accordance with the present
invention.
FIG. 25 is a drawing of an exemplary base station implemented in
accordance with the present invention and using methods of the
present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless communications system
100 implemented in accordance with the present invention and using
methods of the present invention. The exemplary system 100 is an
exemplary Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
multiple access spread spectrum wireless communications system. The
exemplary system 100 includes a plurality of base stations (102,
104) and a plurality of wireless terminals (106, 108), e.g., mobile
nodes. The various base stations (102, 104) may be coupled together
via a backhaul network. The mobile nodes (MN1 106, MN N 108) may
move throughout the system and use a base station, in whose
coverage area it is currently located, as it point of network
attachment. Some of the base stations are terrestrial based base
stations, e.g., BS 102, and some of the base stations are satellite
based base stations, e.g., BS 104. From the perspective of the MNs
(106, 108), the terrestrial base stations are considered nearby
base stations (102) while the satellite based base stations are
considered remote base stations (104). The MNs (106, 108) include
the capability to operate in two different modes of operation,
e.g., an uplink multi-tone mode of operation tailored to the power
and timing considerations of communicating with a nearby, e.g.,
terrestrial, base station 102 and an uplink single tone mode of
operation tailored to the power and timing considerations of
communicating with a remote, e.g., satellite, base station 104. At
some times, MN1 106 may be coupled to the satellite BS 104 via
wireless link 114 and may be operating in an uplink single tone
mode of operation. At other times, MN 1106 may be coupled to the
terrestrial base station 102 via wireless link 110 and may be
operating in a more conventional multi-tone uplink mode of
operation. Similarly, at some times, MN N 108 may be coupled to the
satellite BS 104 via wireless link 116 and may be operating in an
uplink single tone mode of operation. At other times, MN N 108 may
be coupled to the terrestrial base station 102 via wireless link
112 and may be operating in a more conventional multi-tone uplink
mode of operation.
Other MNs may exist in the system that support communications with
one type of base station, e.g., a terrestrial base station 102, but
do not support communications with the other type of base station,
e.g., the satellite base station 104.
FIG. 2 is a drawing of an exemplary base station 200, e.g., a
terrestrial based base station, implemented in accordance with the
present invention and using methods of the present invention.
Exemplary base station 200 may be the nearby, e.g., terrestrial,
base station 102 of the exemplary system 100 of FIG. 1. The base
station 200 is sometimes referred to an access node, as the base
station 200 provides network access to WTs. The base station 200
includes a receiver 202, a transmitter 204, a processor 206, an I/O
interface 208, and a memory 210 coupled together via a bus 212 over
which the various elements may interchange data and information.
The receiver 202 includes a decoder 214 for decoding received
uplink signals from WTs. The transmitter 204 includes an encoder
216 for encoding downlink signals to be transmitted to WTs. The
receiver 202 and transmitter 204 are each coupled to antennas (218,
220) over which uplink signals are received from WTs and downlink
signals are transmitted to WTs, respectively. In some embodiments,
the same antenna is used for receiver 202 and transmitter 204. The
I/O interface 208 couples the base station 200 to the
Internet/other network nodes. The memory 210 includes routines 222
and data/information 224. The processor 206, e.g., a CPU, executes
the routines 222 and uses the data/information 224 in memory 210 to
control the operation of the base station 200 and implement the
methods of the present invention. Routines 222 include a
communications routine 226 and base station control routine 228.
The communications routine 226 implements the various
communications protocols used by the base station 200. The base
station control routine 228 includes a scheduler module 230, which
assigns uplink and downlink segments to WTs including uplink
traffic channel segments, downlink control modules 232 and uplink
multi-tone user control modules 234. Downlink control module 232
controls downlink signaling to WTs including beacon signaling,
pilot signaling, assignment signaling, downlink traffic channel
segment signaling, and automatic retransmission mechanisms
regarding downlink traffic channel segments in accordance with
acks/naks received. Uplink multi-tone user control modules 234
control operations related to a WT operating in multi-tone uplink
mode, e.g., access operations, operations of receiving and
processing uplink traffic channel user data from a WT communicated
over multiple, e.g., 7, tones simultaneously in an assigned uplink
traffic channel segment, with assignment changing between different
WTs over time, timing synchronization operations, and processing of
control information from a WT communicated over a dedicated control
channel using a dedicated logical tone.
Data/information 224 includes user data/information 236 which
includes a plurality of sets of information (user 1/MN session A
session B data/information 238, user N/MN session X
data/information 240) corresponding to the wireless terminals using
the base station 200 as their point of network attachment. Such WT
user data/information may include, e.g., WT identifiers, routing
information, segment assignment information, user data/information,
e.g., voice information, data packets of text, video, music, etc.,
coded blocks of information. Data/information 224 also includes
system information 242 including multi-tone UL user
frequency/timing/power/tone hopping/coding structure information
244.
FIG. 2A is a drawing of an exemplary base station 300, e.g., a
satellite based base station, implemented in accordance with the
present invention and using methods of the present invention.
Exemplary base station 300 may be BS 104 of exemplary system 100 of
FIG. 1. The base station 300 is sometimes referred to an access
node, as the base station provides network access to WTs. The base
station 300 includes a receiver 302, a transmitter 304, a processor
306, and a memory 308 coupled together via a bus 310 over which the
various elements may interchange data and information. The receiver
302 includes a decoder 312 for decoding received uplink signals
from WTs. The transmitter 304 includes an encoder 314 for encoding
downlink signals to be transmitted to WTs. The receiver 302 and
transmitter 304 are each coupled to antennas (316, 318) over which
uplink signals are received from WTs and downlink signals are
transmitted to WTs, respectively. In some embodiments, the same
antenna is used for the receiver 302 and transmitter 304. In
addition to communicating with WTs, the base station 300 can
communicate with other network nodes, e.g., a ground station with a
directional antenna and high capacity link, the ground station
coupled to other network nodes, e.g., other base stations, routers,
AAA servers, home agent nodes and the Internet. In some
embodiments, the same receivers 302, transmitters 304, and/or
antennas previously described with BS--WT communication links are
used for BS--network node ground station links, while in other
embodiments separate elements are used for different functions. The
memory 308 includes routines 320 and data/information 322. The
processor 306, e.g., a CPU, executes the routines 320 and uses the
data/information 322 in memory 308 to control the operation of the
base station 300 and implement the methods of the present
invention. The memory 308 includes a communications routine 324 and
base station control routine 326. The communications routine 324
implements the various communications protocols used by the base
station 300. The base station control routine 326 includes a
scheduler module 328, which assigns downlink segments to WTs and
reschedules downlink segments to WTs in response to received
requests for retransmission, downlink control modules 330, single
uplink tone user control modules 332, and network module 344.
Downlink control module 330 controls downlink signaling to WTs
including beacon signaling, pilot signaling, downlink segment
assignment signaling, and downlink traffic channel segment
signaling. The single UL tone user control modules 332 perform
operations including: assigning a single dedicated logical tone to
a WT user to be used for uplink signaling including both user data
and control information and timing synchronization operations with
a WT seeking to use the BS as its point of network attachment.
Network module 334 controls operations related to the I/O interface
with the network node ground station link.
Data/information 322 includes user data/information 336 which
includes a plurality of sets of information (user 1/MN session A
session B data/information 338, user N/MN session X
data/information 340) corresponding the wireless terminals using
the base station 300 as their point of network attachment. Such WT
information may include, e.g., WT identifiers, routing information,
assigned uplink single logical tone, downlink segment assignment
information, user data/information, e.g., voice information, data
packets of text, video, music, etc., coded blocks of information.
Data/information 322 also includes system information 342 including
single-tone UL user frequency/timing/power/tone hopping/coding
structure information 344.
FIG. 3 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal 400, e.g.,
mobile node, implemented in accordance in the present invention and
using methods of the present invention. Exemplary WT 400 may be any
of the MNs 106, 108 of the exemplary system 100 of FIG. 1. The
exemplary wireless terminal 400 includes a receiver 402, a
transmitter 404, a processor 406, and memory 408 coupled together
via a bus 410 over which the various elements may interchange
data/information. The receiver 402, coupled to a receive antenna
412, includes a decoder 414 for decoding downlink signals received
from BSs. The transmitter 404 coupled, to a transmit antenna 416,
includes an encoder 418 for encoding uplink signals being
transmitted to BSs. In some embodiments, the same antenna is used
for the receiver 402 and transmitter 404. In some embodiments, an
omni-directional antenna is used.
The transmitter 404 also includes a power amplifier 405. The same
power amplifier 405 is used by the WT 400 for both the multi-tone
uplink mode of operation and the single tone uplink mode of
operation. For example, in the multi-mode uplink operational mode,
where the uplink traffic channel segments may typically use 7, 14,
or 28 tones simultaneously, the power amplifier needs to
accommodate peak conditions where the 28 signals corresponding to
the 28 tones simultaneously constructively align, this tends to
limit the average output level. However, when the WT 400 is
operated in a single uplink tone mode of operation, using the same
power amplifier, the concern constructive alignment between signals
from different tones is not an issue, and the average power output
level for the amplifier can be considerably increased over the
multi-tone operational mode. This approach, in accordance with the
present invention, allows for a conventional terrestrial mobile
node, to be adapted, with minor modifications, and used to
communicate uplink signals to a satellite base station at a
substantially increased distance.
The memory 408 includes routines 420 and data/information 422. The
processor 406, e.g., a CPU, executes the routines 420 and uses the
data/information 422 in memory 408 to control the operation of the
wireless terminal 400 and implement the methods of the present
invention. The routines 420 include a communications routine 424
and wireless terminal control routines 426. The communications
routine 424 implements the various communications protocols used by
the wireless terminal 400. The wireless terminal control routines
426 include an initialization module 427, a handoff module 428, an
uplink mode switching control module 430, uplink single tone mode
module 432, uplink multi-tone mode module 434, an uplink tone
hopping module 436, a coding module 438, and a modulation module
440.
The initialization module 427 controls operations regarding
start-up of the wireless terminal, e.g., including start-up from a
power off to a power on state of operation, and operations related
to the wireless terminal 400 seeking to establish a wireless
communications link with a base station. The handoff module 428
controls operations related to handoffs form one base station to
another, e.g., the WT 400 may be currently connected with a
terrestrial base station, but be involved in a handoff to a
satellite base station. Uplink switching control module 430
controls switching between different modes of operation, e.g.,
switching from a multi-tone uplink mode of operation to a single
tone uplink mode of operation when the wireless terminal switches
from communicating with a terrestrial base station to a satellite
base station. Uplink single tone mode module 432 includes modules
used in the single tone mode of operation with satellite base
stations, while UL multi-tone mode module 434 includes modules used
in the multi-tone mode of operation with terrestrial base
stations.
Uplink single tone mode module 432 includes a user data
transmission control module 442, a transmission power control
module 444, a control signaling module 446, a UL single tone
determination module 448, a control data/user data multiplexing
module 450, a DL traffic channel retransmission request module 452,
a dwell boundary and/or inter-symbol boundary carrier adjustment
module 454, and an access module 456. The user data transmission
module 442 controls operations related to uplink user data while in
the single tone mode of operation. The transmission power control
module 444 controls the transmission of power during the single
tone uplink mode to maintain an average peak to average power ratio
which is at least 4 dB lower than a peak to average power ratio
maintained during said multi-tone uplink mode of operation. The
control signaling module 446 controls signaling during the single
tone mode of operation, and such control operations include
reducing the frequency and/or number of the uplink control signals
which are transmitted from the WT 400 when operation switches from
the multi-tone mode of operation to the single tone mode of
operation. The uplink single tone determination module 448
determines the single logical tone in the uplink timing structure
which has been assigned to the WT to be used for uplink signaling,
e.g., via an association with a base station assigned WT
identifier. The control data/user data multiplexing module 450
multiplexes user data information bits with control data bits
providing a combined input that may be coded as a block. The
downlink traffic channel retransmission request module 452 issues
requests for retransmission of downlink traffic channel segment
which were not successfully decoded, e.g., provided the WT deems
the data would still be valid given the large delay involved due to
the long round trip signaling time. Dwell boundary carrier
adjustment module 454 slightly changes the carrier frequency of the
tone during the cyclic extension of the OFDM symbol that terminates
a dwell so that the signal phase at the end of the symbol is at a
desired value equal to the starting phases of the subsequent
symbol. In this way, in accordance with a feature of some
embodiments of the present invention, at frequency hops, the phase
of the transmitted waveform can be controlled to be phase
continuous across frequencies. In some embodiments, the frequency
adjustment is performed, e.g., as part of a multi-part cyclic
prefix included in each of successive OFDM symbols, to provide
continuity between successive uplink OFDM symbols transmitted by
the WT over the uplink during the single UL tone mode of operation.
This continuity between symbols of the signal is advantageous in
maintaining peak power level control, which affects the level to
which the power amplifier 405 can be driven while in the single
tone mode of operation.
The access module 456 controls operations related to establishing a
new wireless link with a satellite base station. Such operation may
include, e.g., timing synchronization operations including access
probe signaling in accordance with various features of some
embodiments of the present invention. For geo-stationary satellites
with a beam covering a large geographical area there may be
significant differences in the round trip time between the center
of the beam and the edge. To resolve this RTT ambiguity, a ranging
scheme capable of resolving delta-RTT of several milliseconds is
used. For example, the timing structure may be divided into
different time segments, such as, e.g., superslots, where a
superslot represents 114 successive OFDM symbol transmission time
intervals, and different coding of the access probe signal may be
used for different superslots. This can be used to allow timing
ambiguity between the WT and satellite BS to be resolved to within
a superslot. In addition, repeated access attempts at various time
offsets can be attempted repeatedly to cover the superlot
ambiguity, e.g., (<11.4 msec). In some embodiments, position
about the last terrestrial BS detected can be used to form an
initial round trip time estimate (WT-SAT BS-WT) and this estimate
can compress the range used to within the range supported by access
signaling typically used with terrestrial base stations.
The uplink multi-tone module 434 includes a user data transmission
control module 458, a transmission power control module 460, a
control signaling module 462, an uplink traffic channel request
module 464, an uplink traffic channel tone set determination module
466, an uplink traffic channel modulation/coding selection module
468, a downlink traffic channel ack/nak module 470, and an access
module 472. The user data transmission control module 458 includes
operations including controlling transmission of uplink traffic
channel segments assigned to the WT.
User data transmission control module 458 controls uplink
transmission related operations of user data in the multi-tone mode
of operation, wherein user data is communicated in an uplink
traffic channel segment, temporarily assigned to the WT, and
including signals to be transmitted using multiple tones
simultaneously. Transmission power control module 460 controls
uplink transmission power levels in the multi-tone mode of uplink
operation, e.g., adjusting output power levels in accordance with
received base station uplink power control signals and within the
capabilities of the power amplifier, e.g., in terms of not
exceeding peak power output capability of power amplifier. Control
signaling module 462 controls power and timing control signaling
operations while in the multi-tone uplink mode of operation, the
rate of control signaling being higher than in the single-tone
uplink mode of operation. In some embodiments, control signaling
module 462 includes the use of a dedicated control channel logical
tone dedicated to the WT by the BS, e.g., corresponding to a BS
assigned WT identifier, for use in uplink control signaling.
Control signaling module 462 may code control information for
transmission in uplink control channel segments which do not
include user data. UL traffic channel request module 464 generates
requests for traffic channel segments to be assigned, e.g., when
the WT 400 has user data to communicate on the uplink. UL traffic
channel tone set determination module 466 determines the set of
tones to use corresponding to an assigned uplink traffic channel
segment. The set of tones includes multiple tones to be used
simultaneously. In the multi-tone mode of operation, the logical
tone set assigned to a WT for communicating uplink traffic channel
user data at one time may differ from the logical tone set assigned
to the WT for communicating uplink traffic channel user data at a
different time, even though the WT may have been assigned the same
WT identifier by the same BS. Module 466 can also use tone hopping
information to determine the physical tones corresponding to the
logical tones. UL traffic channel modulation/coding selection
module 468 selects and implements the uplink coding rate and
modulation method to be used for an uplink traffic channel segment.
For example, in the UL multi-tone mode, the WT may support a
plurality of user data rates implemented using different coding
rates and/or different modulation methods, e.g., QPSK, QAM 16. DL
traffic channel Ack/Nak module 470 controls Ack/Nak determination
and response signaling of received downlink traffic channel
segments, while in the uplink multi-tone mode of operation. For
example, for each downlink traffic channel segment in the downlink
timing structure, there may be a corresponding Ack/Nak uplink
segment in the uplink timing structure for the UL multi-tone mode
of operation, and the WT, if assigned the downlink traffic channel
segment sends an Ack/Nak back to the BS conveying the result of the
transmission, e.g., to be used in an automatic retransmission
mechanism. Access module 472 controls access operations while in
the multi-tone mode of operation, e.g., access operations to
establish a wireless link with a nearby, e.g., terrestrial base
station, and achieve timing synchronization. In some embodiments,
the access module 472 for multi-tone mode has a lower level of
complexity than the access module 456 for single-tone mode.
Data/information 422 includes uplink operational mode 474, base
station identifier 476, base stations system information 475, base
station assigned wireless terminal identifier 477,
user/device/session/resource information 478, uplink user voice
data information bits 479, uplink user multiplexed packet data
information bits 480, uplink control data information bits 481,
coded block including uplink user data and control data 482, coded
user data block, coded control data block 484, frequency and timing
structure information 485, single tone mode coding block
information 488, multi-tone mode coding block information 489,
single tone mode transmitter blanking criteria/information 490,
single tone mode transmitter power adjustment information 491,
multi-tone mode transmitter power adjustment information 492, and
single tone mode carrier frequency/cyclic extension adjustment
information 493. The uplink operational mode 474 includes
information identifying whether the WT 400 is currently in the
multi-tone uplink mode, e.g., for communications with a terrestrial
base station or in the single-tone uplink mode, e.g., for
communications with a satellite base station. BSs system
information 475 includes information associated with each of the
base stations in the system, e.g., type of base station satellite
or terrestrial, carrier frequency or frequencies used by the base
station, base station identifier information, sectors in the base
station, timing and frequency uplink and downlink structures used
by the base station, etc.
BS identifier 476 includes an identifier of the BS the WT 400 is
using as its current point of network attachment, e.g.,
distinguishing the BS from other BSs in the overall system. BS
assigned WT identifier 477 may be an identifier, e.g., a value in
the range 0 . . . 31, assigned by the BS being used as the WTs
point of network attachment. In the single tone-tone uplink mode of
operation, the identifier 477 may be associated with a single
dedicated logical tone in the uplink timing structure to be used by
the WT for uplink signaling including both user data and control
data. In the multi-tone uplink mode of operation, the identifier
477 may be associated with a logical tone in the uplink timing
structure to be used by the WT for a dedicated control channel for
uplink control data. The BS assigned WT identifier 477 may also be
used by the BS when making segment assignments, e.g., of an uplink
traffic channel segment in the multi-tone mode of uplink
operation.
User/device session/resource information 478 includes user and
device identification information, routing information, security
information, ongoing session information, and air link resource
information. Uplink user voice data information bits 479 include
input user data corresponding to a voice call. Uplink user
multiplexed packet data information bits 480 includes input user
data, e.g., corresponding to text, video, music, a data file, etc.
Uplink control data information bits 481 includes power and timing
control information that the WT 400 desires to communicate to the
BS. Coded block including uplink user data and control bits 482 is
the coded output block corresponding to a mixture of user
information bits 478 and/or 479 in combination with control
information bits 481, which is formed in some embodiments during
the UL single tone mode of operation. Coded user data block 483 is
a coded block of user information bits 478 and/or 479, while coded
control data block 484 is a coded block of control information bits
481. Data and control information are coded separately in the UL
multi-tone mode of operation, and in some embodiments, of the UL
single tone mode of operation. In some embodiments of the
single-tone mode of operation where coding between uplink user data
and uplink control data is separate, the ability to blank the
transmitter, when there is no user data to communicate, is
facilitated. Single tone mode transmitter blanking
criteria/information 490 is used in the blanking decisions, e.g.,
applying no output transmitter power on the single uplink tone
during some intervals dedicated to user data, where there is no
data to communicate, e.g., due to a lull in an ongoing
conversation. This approach of transmitter blanking results in
power saving for the wireless terminal, an important considerations
where the average power output is relatively high to facilitate
communications with a satellite in geo-stationary orbit. In
addition, levels of interference may be reduced.
Single tone mode coding block information 488 includes information
identifying the coding rate and modulation method used for the
uplink in the single tone mode of operation, e.g., a low coding
rate using QPSK modulation, e.g., supporting at least 4.8
KBits/sec. Multi-tone mode coding block information 489 includes a
plurality of different data rate options that are supported for
uplink traffic channel segments in the uplink during the multi-tone
mode of operation, e.g., various coding rates and modulation
schemes including QAM4, e.g., QPSK, and QAM16, such as to support
at least the same coding rate as in the single tone mode plus some
additional higher data rates.
Frequency and timing structure information 485 includes dwell
boundary information 486 and tone hopping information 487,
corresponding to the BS being used as the point of network
attachment. Frequency and timing structure information 485 also
includes information identifying logical tones within the timing
and frequency structure.
Single tone mode transmitter power adjustment information 491 and
multi-tone mode power adjustment information 492 includes
information such as peak power, average power, peak to average
power ratio, maximum power levels, for operation and control of the
power amplifier 405, when in the single tone mode and multi-tone
mode of operation, respectively. Single tone mode carrier frequency
cyclic extension adjustment information 493 includes information
used by the dwell boundary and/or inter-symbol boundary carrier
adjustment module 454 to implement continuity between signals at
symbol boundaries in the uplink during the single tone mode of
operation, e.g., especially during hops at a dwell boundary from
one physical tone to another.
FIG. 4 is a drawing 500 illustrating exemplary uplink information
bit encoding for an exemplary WT, e.g., MN, operating in a
single-tone uplink mode of operation, in accordance with various
embodiments of the present invention. A logical tone, in the uplink
frequency structure, is assigned directly or indirectly, e.g., by
the base station, to the WT. For example, the BS may assign the
single-tone mode WT a user identifier that may be associated with a
specific dedicated logical tone. For example, the logical tone may
be the same logical tone used as a dedicated control channel (DCCH)
tone, if the WT is in a multi-tone mode of operation, e.g., where
the WT normally communicates uplink traffic channel information
using seven or more tones at the same time. The logical tone may be
mapped to a physical tone in accordance with tone hopping
information known to both the base station and the WT. Tone hopping
between different physical tones may occur on dwell boundaries,
where a dwell may be a fixed number, e.g., seven, of consecutive
OFDM symbol transmission time intervals in a timing structure used
in the uplink. The same logical tone in the uplink frequency
structure is used in the single-tone mode of operation to convey
both control information bits 502 and user data information bits
504. The control information bits 502 may include, e.g., power and
timing control information. The user data bits 504 may include
voice user data information bits 506 and/or multiplexed packet user
data bits 508. A multiplexer 510 is used to receive the control
data information bits 502 and the user data information bits 504.
The output 512 of the multiplexer 510 is an input to an uplink
block encoding module 514 which encodes the combination of control
and user information bits and outputs a coded block of coded bits
516. The coded bits are mapped onto modulation symbols, in
accordance with the uplink modulation scheme used, e.g., a low rate
QSPK modulation scheme, and the modulation symbols are transmitted
using the physical tone corresponding to the assigned logical tone.
The uplink rate is such as to support at least one single voice
call. In some embodiments, the uplink user information rate is at
least 4.8 Kbits/sec.
FIG. 5 is a drawing illustrating an exemplary OFDM wireless
multiple access communications system 600 including a hybrid of
base stations that are both terrestrial based and space based, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. Each
satellite (satellite 1 602, satellite 2 604, satellite N 606)
includes a base station (satellite base station 1 608, satellite
base station 2 610, satellite base station N 612), implemented in
accordance with the present invention and using methods of the
present invention. The satellites (602, 604, 608) may be, e.g.,
geo-stationary satellites, located in space 601 in a high earth
orbit of approximately 22,300 mi around the equator of the earth
603. The satellites (602, 604,606) may have corresponding cellular
coverage areas on the surface of the earth (cell 1 614, cell 2 616,
cell N 618), respectively. The exemplary hybrid communications
system 600 also includes a plurality of terrestrial base station
(terrestrial BS 1' 620, terrestrial BS 2' 622, terrestrial BS N'
624), each with a corresponding cellular coverage area (cell 1'
626, cell 2' 628, cell N' 630), respectively. Different cells or
portions of different cell may or may not overlap with one another
either partially or completely. Typically, the size of a
terrestrial base stations cell is smaller than the size of a
satellite's cell. Typically, the number of terrestrial base
stations exceeds the number of satellite base stations. In some
embodiments, many relatively small terrestrial BS cell are located
within a satellites relatively large cell. For example, in some
embodiments, terrestrial cells have a typical radius of 1-5 mi,
while satellite cells typically have a radius of 100-500 mi. A
plurality of wireless terminals, e.g., user communications devices
such as cell phones, PDA, data terminals, etc., implemented in
accordance with the present invention and using methods of the
present invention exist in the system. The set of wireless
terminals may include stationary nodes and mobile nodes; the mobile
nodes may move throughout the system. A mobile node may use a base
station, in whose cell it currently resides, as its point of
network attachment. In some embodiments, the terrestrial BSs are
used by the WTs as the default type of base station to first try to
use in locations where access could be provided by either a
terrestrial or satellite base station, with the satellite base
stations being used primarily to provide access in those areas not
covered by a terrestrial base station. For example, in some areas
it may be impractical to install a terrestrial base station for
economic, environmental, and/or terrain reasons, e.g., due to low
population density, due to rugged inhospitable terrain, etc. In
some terrestrial base station cells, there may be dead spots, e.g.,
due to obstructions such as mountains, high buildings, etc. In such
dead spot locations satellite base stations could be used to fill
in the gaps in coverage to provide the WT user with more seamless
overall coverage. In addition, priority considerations, and user
subscribed tier levels are used, in some embodiments, to determine
access to satellite base stations. The base stations are coupled
together, e.g., via a backhaul network, providing interconnectivity
for the MNs located in different cells.
MNs communicating with a satellite base station may be operating in
a single-tone mode of operation where a single tone is used for the
uplink, e.g., supporting a voice channel. In the downlink, a larger
set of tones may be used, e.g., 113 downlink tones, which are
received and processed by the WT. For example, in the downlink the
WT may be assigned temporarily, as needed, a downlink traffic
channel segment using a plurality of tones simultaneously. In
addition, the WT may receive control signaling simultaneously over
different tones. Cell 1 614 includes (MN1 632, MN N 634)
communicating with satellite BS 1 608 via wireless links (644,
646), respectively. Cell 2 616 includes (MN1' 636, MN N' 638)
communicating with satellite BS 2 610 via wireless links (648,
650), respectively. Cell N 618 includes (MN1'' 640, MN N' 642)
communicating with satellite BS N 612 via wireless links (652,
654), respectively. In some embodiments, the downlink between the
satellite BS and the MN supports a higher rate of user information
than the corresponding uplink, e.g., supporting voice, data, and/or
digital video broadcast in the downlink. In some embodiments, the
downlink user data rate provided a WT, using a satellite BS as its
point of network attachment, is approximately the same as the
uplink user data rate, e.g., 4.8 Kbit/sec, thus supporting a single
voice call, but tending to conserve power resources of the
satellite base station.
MNs communicating with a terrestrial base stations may be operating
in a conventional mode of operation, e.g., where multiple tones,
e.g., seven or more, are used simultaneously for uplink traffic
channel segments. Cell 1' 626 includes (MN1''' 654, MN N''' 656)
communicating with terrestrial BS 1' 620 via wireless links (666,
668), respectively. Cell 2' 628 includes (MN1'''' 658, MN N''''
660) communicating with terrestrial BS 2 622 via wireless links
(670, 672), respectively. Cell N' 630 includes (MN1''''' 662, MN
N''''' 664) communicating with terrestrial BS N' 624 via wireless
links (674, 676), respectively.
FIG. 6 is a drawing showing exemplary backhaul interconnectivity
between the various satellite based and terrestrial based base
stations of FIG. 5. Various network nodes (702, 704, 706, 708, 710,
712) may, include, e.g., routers, home agent nodes, foreign agent
nodes, AAA server nodes, and satellite tracking/high communications
data rate capacity ground stations for supporting and communicating
with the satellites over the backhaul network. The links (714, 716,
718) between the network nodes (702, 716, 718) serving as ground
stations and the satellite base stations (608, 610, 612) may be
wireless links using directed antennas while, the links (720, 722,
724, 726, 728, 730, 732, 734, 736, 738) between the terrestrial
nodes may be wire and/or wireless links, e.g., fiber optic cables,
broadband cables, microwave links, etc.
FIG. 7A is a drawing 800 illustrating an exemplary satellite 2 604
including its exemplary satellite base station 608 and
corresponding cellular coverage area (cell 2) 616 on the surface of
the earth. MN 1' 636 is located near the center of the cell 616 and
is closer to the satellite 604 than is MN N' 638 which is situated
near the outer perimeter of the cell 616. In this example, the beam
from the satellite covers a large geographic area, and there is a
significant difference in the round trip time (RTT) (WT-BS-WT) for
the two different MNs, with MN1' 636 having the shorter RTT. To
resolve TRR ambiguity, in accordance with the present invention, a
ranging scheme capable of resolving delta-RTT of several
milliseconds is implemented.
Typically, in a conventional, mode of operation, there are access
intervals built-in to the system's timing structure where WTs,
which may not be precisely timing synchronized or power controlled,
may send a request signal on an uplink tone, e.g., a contention
based uplink tone, to connect and synchronize with a base station
and to use that BS as its point of network attachment. One
exemplary scheme of resolving RTT considerations for the satellite
based one-tone, in accordance with various embodiments, of the
present invention, using the access interval, e.g., the same access
interval used in the conventional mode of operation, with
additional time varying coding on the access tone set to indicate
which forward link super slot the reverse-link transmission is
associated with. This coding can be used to resolve ambiguity to
the superslot level. For example, a superslot may be approximately
11.4 msec in duration corresponding to 114 successive OFDM symbol
transmission time intervals. The wireless terminal may need to try
repeated access attempts at varying time offsets to cover the
super-slot (<11.4 msec) ambiguity.
FIG. 8 illustrates a drawing 800 of an exemplary hybrid system
including both terrestrial and satellite based base stations and a
wireless terminal utilizing terrestrial base station location
information to reduce round trip timing ambiguity with respect to a
satellite base station. Exemplary WT (MNA) 902 has been previously
connected to terrestrial BS 2' 622 in cell 2' 628, but has moved
into cell 2 616 covered by satellite BS 2. MN A 902 seeks to
establish a wireless link with the satellite BS 2 608 but needs to
resolve timing ambiguity. In accordance with a feature of the
present invention, the WT includes information associating the
position of terrestrial base stations with cells of satellite base
stations. In some embodiments, multiple terrestrial base stations
may be associated with the same satellite cell coverage area (See
FIG. 8A). MNA 902 uses information about the position of the last
terrestrial base station 622 detected to form an initial RTT
estimate. In this manner, in accordance with the invention, the
ambiguity associated with the RTT can be compressed. In some such
embodiments, the ambiguity can be compressed to within the range
supported by the access protocol used with a terrestrial base
station.
FIG. 8A illustrates an exemplary embodiment, in accordance with the
present invention, where multiple base stations are associated with
the same satellite coverage area. Three exemplary base stations are
shown for the purposes of illustration, although it is understood
that in general there may be many more terrestrial base stations
within or associated with a satellite base station's cellular
coverage area, as a terrestrial BS may typically have a cellular
cover area on the surface of the earth with a radius of
approximately 1-5 mi while a satellite may typically have a
cellular coverage area on the surface of the earth with a radius of
approximately 100-500 mi. Terrestrial base stations (BS A 956, BS B
958, BS C 960) with corresponding cells (962, 964, 966) are
associated with the coverage area (cell D 954) corresponding to
satellite D 950, which includes satellite BS D 952. A wireless
terminal, which does not know its precise position and is seeking
to establish a connection with satellite D BS 952 can estimate its
round trip signal time based on known position information of the
location of terrestrial base stations, the known position of the
satellite base station in geo-stationary orbit, and signaling
information with regard to terrestrial base stations, e.g., using
the known position of the last terrestrial base station to which
the WT was connected as a starting point. For example, terrestrial
BS A 956, which is located near the outer limit of the cell 954 may
correspond to an estimated value representing the longest RTT,
terrestrial BS B 958 located at an intermediate point between the
outer limit of the cell and the center of the cell may represent an
intermediate RTT, while terrestrial BS C 960 located near the
center of the cell 954 may represent the shortest RTT.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart 1200 of an exemplary method of operating a
wireless terminal, e.g., mobile node, in accordance with the
present invention. The wireless terminal may be one of a plurality
of first type wireless terminals in an exemplary wireless OFDM
multiple access spread spectrum communications system including a
plurality of base stations, some base stations being terrestrial
based and some base stations being satellite based, said first type
wireless terminals being capable of communicating with both
terrestrial base stations and satellite base stations. The
exemplary communications system may also include exemplary second
type wireless terminals which can communicate with terrestrial base
stations, but cannot communicate with satellite base stations.
Operation of the method of flowchart 1200 starts in step 1202 in
response to a wireless terminal having powered on or in response to
a handoff operation. Operation proceeds from start step 1202 to
step 1204. In step 1204, the wireless terminal determines whether
the network attachment point, that it intends to use as its new
point of network attachment, is a terrestrial base station or a
satellite base station. If it is determined in step 1204 that the
new network attachment point is a terrestrial base station then
operation proceeds to step 1206, where the wireless terminal sets
its operating mode to a first operating mode, e.g., a multiple tone
uplink mode of operation. However, if it is determined in step 1204
that the new network attachment point is a satellite base station,
then operation proceeds to step 1208, where the wireless terminal
sets its operating mode to a second operating mode, e.g., a one
tone uplink mode of operation.
Returning to step 1206, operation proceeds from step 1206 to step
1210, where the WT having been accepted by the new terrestrial base
station, receives a base station assigned wireless terminal user
identifier. Operation proceeds from step 1210 to step 1212, 1214,
and 1216. In step 1212, the WT is operated to receive signals
corresponding to downlink traffic channel segments, conveying
downlink user data, from the terrestrial base station. Operation
proceeds from step 1212 to step 1218, where the WT sends an
Acknowledgment/Negative Acknowledgment (Ack/Nak) response signal to
the base station.
Returning to step 1214, in step 1214, the WT determines a dedicated
control channel logical tone from the WT user ID received in step
1212. Operation proceeds from step 1214 to step 1220. In step 1220,
the WT determines the physical tone corresponding to the logical
tone to use based upon tone hopping information. For example, the
WT assigned ID variable may have a range of 32 values (0 . . . 31),
each ID corresponding to a different single logical tone in a
uplink timing structure, e.g., an uplink timing structure including
113 tones. The 113 logical tones may be hopped in accordance with
an uplink tone hopping pattern within the uplink timing structure.
For example, excluding access intervals, the uplink timing
structure may be subdivided into dwell intervals, each dwell
interval having a duration of a fixed number, e.g., seven,
successive OFDM symbol transmission time intervals, and tone
hopping occurs at the dwell boundaries but not in-between.
Operation proceeds from step 1220 to step 1222. In step 1222, the
WT is operated to transmit uplink control channel signals using the
dedicated control channel tone.
Returning to step 1216, in step 1216, the WT checks as to whether
there is user data to transmit on the uplink. If there is no data
waiting to be transmitted, operation proceeds back to step 1216,
where the WT continues to check for data to transmit. However, if
in step 1216, it is determined that there is user data to transmit
on the uplink, then operation proceeds from step 1216 to step 1224.
In step 1224, the WT requests an uplink traffic channel assignment
from the terrestrial base station. Operation proceeds from step
1224 to step 1226. In step 1226, the WT receives an uplink traffic
channel segment assignment. Operation proceeds to step 1228, where
the WT selects a modulation method to use, e.g., QPSK or QAM16. In
step 1230, the WT selects a coding rate to be used. Operation
proceeds from step 1230 to step 1232, where the WT codes the user
data for the assigned uplink traffic channel segment in accordance
with the selected coding rate of step 1230 and maps the coded bits
to modulation symbol values in accordance with the selected
modulation method of step 1228. Operation proceeds from step 1232
to step 1234, where the WT determines the logical tones to use
based on the uplink traffic channel segment assignment. In step
1236, the WT determines the physical tones, corresponding to the
logical tones to use based on tone hopping information. Operation
proceeds from step 1236 to step 1238. In step 1238, the WT
transmits user data to the terrestrial base station using the
determined physical tones.
Returning to step 1208, operation proceeds from step 1208 to step
1240. In step 1240, the WT, having been accepted by the satellite
base station, receives a BS assigned WT user ID from the satellite
base station. Operation proceeds from step 1240 to steps 1242 and
step 1244.
In step 1242, the WT is operated to receive signals corresponding
to downlink traffic channel segments, conveying downlink user data,
from the satellite base station. Operation proceeds from step 1242
to step 1246, where the WT request retransmission of the downlink
traffic channel user data in response to an error. If the downlink
transmission was successfully received and decoded no response is
communicated from the wireless terminal to the base station. In
some embodiments, where an error is detected in the information
recovery process, a request for retransmission is not sent, e.g.,
as the time window of validity for the lost downlink data will
expire before a retransmission could be completed or due to a low
priority level of the data.
Returning to step 1244, in step 1244, the WT determines the single
uplink logical tone to use for both control data and user data for
the assigned WT user ID. Operation proceeds to either step 1248 or
step 1250, depending on the particular embodiment.
In step 1248, the WT multiplexes user data and control data to be
communicated on the uplink. The multiplexed data of step 1248 is
forwarded to step 1252, where the WT codes the mixture of user and
control information bits into a single coded block. Operation
proceeds from step 1252 to step 1254, where the WT determines the
physical tone to use for each dwell based on the determined logical
tone and tone hopping information. Operation proceeds from step
1254 to step 1256. In step 1256, the WT is operated to transmit the
coded block of combined user data and control data to the satellite
base station using the determined physical tone for each dwell.
In step 1250, the WT is operated to code the user data and control
data in independent blocks. Operation proceeds from step 1250 to
step 1258, where the WT is operated to determine the physical tone
to be used for each dwell based on the determined logical tone and
the tone hopping information. Operation proceeds from step 1258 to
step 1260. In step 1260, the WT is operated to transmit coded
blocks of user data and coded blocks of control data to the
satellite base station using the determined physical tone,
determined on a per dwell basis. With regard to step 1260, in
accordance with a feature of some embodiments of the present
invention, during time intervals dedicated to user data, where
there is no user data to be transmitted, the single tone is allowed
to go unused.
Operating a wireless terminal in accordance with the method of
flowchart 1200 can result in operating the wireless terminal during
a first period of time including a first plurality of consecutive
OFDM symbol transmission time periods in the first mode of
operation during which multiple OFDM tones are used simultaneously
to transmit at least some user data in a first uplink signal having
a first peak to average power ratio. For example, the WT may using
a terrestrial base station as its point of network attachment and
may be communicating uplink user data over air link resources
corresponding to an uplink traffic channel segment using a
plurality of tones simultaneously for uplink traffic channel data,
e.g., 7, 14, or 28 tones; an additional tone or tones may also be
used in parallel for control signaling, e.g., a dedicated control
channel tone. Operating a wireless terminal in accordance with the
method of flowchart 1200 can also result in operating the wireless
terminal during a second period of time including a second
plurality of consecutive OFDM symbol transmission time periods in
the second mode of operation during which at most one OFDM tone is
used to transmit at least some user data in a second uplink signal
having a second peak to average power ratio, which is different
from said first peak to average ratio. For example, during the
second period of time, the WT may be using a satellite base station
as its point of network attachment and may be communicating uplink
user data and control data over air link resources corresponding to
a single dedicated logical tone associated with a base station
assigned WT user identifier, said single dedicated logical tone may
be hopped to different physical tones on dwell boundaries.
In some embodiments, the second peak to average power ratio is
lower than the first peak to average power ratio, e.g., by at least
4 dB. In some embodiments, the WT uses an omni-directional antenna.
User data communicated over the uplink during the first mode of
operation during the first period of time can include user data at
a rate of at least 4.8 Kbits/sec. User data communicated over the
uplink during the second mode of operation during the second period
of time can include user data at a rate of at least 4.8 Kbits/sec.
For example, a voice channel may be supported for WT operation in
both the first and second modes of operation. In some embodiments,
the WT supports a plurality of different uplink coding rate options
in the first mode of operation including a plurality of different
coding rates and a plurality of different modulation schemes, e.g.,
QPSK, QAM16. In some embodiments, the WT supports a single uplink
rate option for operation in the second mode, e.g. QPSK using a
single coding rate. In some embodiments, the information bit rate,
regarding uplink user data signals, in the second mode of operation
is less than or equal to the minimum information bit rate,
regarding uplink user data signal, in the first mode of
operation.
In some embodiments, the distance between the satellite base
station and the wireless terminal, when said satellite base station
is being used by the WT as its point of network attachment, is at
least 3 times the distance between the terrestrial base station and
the wireless terminal, when said terrestrial base station is being
used by the WT as its point of network attachment. In some
embodiments, at least some of the satellite base stations in the
communications system are geo-stationary or geo-synchronous
satellites. In some such embodiments, the distance between the
geo-stationary or geo-synchronous satellite base station and the WT
using it as its point of network attachment is at least 35,000 km,
while the distance between a ground base station and the WT using
it as its point of network attachment is at most 100 km. In some
embodiments, the satellite base station being used by the WT as its
point of network attachment is at least a distance away from the WT
such that a signal round trip time exceeds 100 OFDM symbol
transmission time period, each OFDM symbol transmission time period
including an amount of time used to transmit one OFDM symbol and a
corresponding cyclic prefix.
In some embodiments, switching from a first mode of operation to a
second mode of operation occurs when a handoff occurs between a
terrestrial base station and a satellite base station. In some such
embodiments, wherein switching from the first mode of operation to
the second mode of operation occurs, the WT ceases to send
acknowledgment signals in response to received downlink user data.
In some such embodiments, wherein switching from the first mode of
operation to the second mode of operation occurs, the WT reduces
the frequency and/or number of uplink control signals which are
transmitted.
Other embodiments, in accordance with various features of the
present invention, may include systems that include space based
base stations but do not include terrestrial based base stations,
systems that include terrestrial base stations but do not include
space based base stations, and various combinations including
airborne platform based base stations.
In various embodiments of the invention when communicating with
remote base stations, some of which use multiple tones in an
uplink, uplink segment assignments are used with the UL assignment
slave structure being adjusted to account for assignment of traffic
segments >2.times. the maximum RTT (round trip time). In some
but not necessarily all cases of terminals without high gain
antennas, e.g., handsets with omni-directional antennas or nearly
omni-directional antennas, the extreme link budget requirements for
successful receipt of a transmitted signal by a satellite base
station may limit communication through the use of single one mode.
Accordingly, in some embodiments when a handoff occurs from a
terrestrial base station to a satellite base station, the wireless
terminal detects the change and switches from multi-tone uplink
mode to a single OFDM tone uplink mode operation.
For geo-stationary satellites with a beam covering a large
geographical area there may be a significant difference in the
round trip time between the center of the beam and the edge. To
resolve this RTT ambiguity a ranging scheme capable of resolving
delta-RTT of several milliseconds may be desirable.
Such a scheme can use the existing access interval in OFDM with
additional time varying coding on the access tone set to indicate
which forward link super slot the revere-link transmission is
associated with. This coding can resolve ambiguity to the super
slot level. The terminal may need to try repeated access attempts
at varying time offsets to cover the sub-superslot (<11.4 msec)
ambiguity. For a hybrid terrestrial-satellite network the terminal
can use information about the position of the last terrestrial base
station detected to form an initial RTT estimate and compress the
ambiguity to within the range supported by the normal access
protocol.
FIG. 9 is a drawing 1000 illustrating that round trip signal delay
between a satellite base station and a terrestrial located WT will
be greater than a superslot. Drawing 1000 includes a horizontal
axis 1002 representing time, an access probe signal 1004 being sent
from a terrestrially located wireless terminal to the satellite
base station, and a response signal 1006 from the satellite base
station being received by the terrestrially located wireless
terminal. Round trip delay time 1008 is greater than a super-slot
time interval. For example, in some terrestrial wireless
communications systems, an access interval is structured once every
superslot providing an opportunity for a wireless terminal to
request to establish a connection with a new terrestrial BS and
timing synchronize. In the case of a terrestrially located wireless
terminal seeking access with a terrestrial base station, where the
round trip distance is relatively short, e.g., typically 2-10
miles, the round trip signal travel time is approximately 11
micro-sec to 54 micro-sec, and the round trip delay including
signal processing by the terrestrial base station can be within a
super-slot, e.g., a time interval of 114 super-slots representing
approximately 11.4 msec. Therefore, there is no ambiguity with
respect to which superslots the access probe and response signal
are associated with. On the other hand, in the case of a
terrestrial wireless terminal seeking access with a satellite base
station in geo-synchronous orbit of approximately 22,300 mi with a
round trip signal travel time is approximately 240 msec, the round
trip delay will be greater than a super-slot interval time of 11.4
msec. In addition, there can be variation in the round trip delay
due to the large coverage area of the satellite base station
resulting in different RTTs depending upon the location of the WT
within the cell. In accordance, with the present invention, the
access method of a WT seeking to establish a wireless link with the
satellite BS and timing synchronize is modified to address timing
ambiguity issues that are present when a WT seeks to connect to a
satellite BS which are not present when the WT seeks to connect to
a terrestrial BS.
FIG. 10 is a drawing 1100 illustrating one feature of the present
invention used in the access process to determine timing
synchronization between the satellite base station and the WT. FIG.
10 illustrates that the exemplary timing structure is sub-divided
into superslots, e.g., 114 OFDM symbol time intervals, with the
start of each superslot being an access interval, e.g., 9 OFDM
symbol time intervals. Drawing 1100 includes a horizontal axis 1102
representing time, superslot 1 1104, superslot 2 1106, superslot N
1108. Superslot 1 1104 includes exemplary terrestrial access
interval 1110; superslot 2 1106 includes exemplary terrestrial
access interval 1112; superslot N includes exemplary terrestrial
access interval 1114. The base station can send out a reference
signal, e.g., a beacon signal, defining a beacon slot, and the
superslots can be indexed within the beacons slot. With the
terrestrial BS, the WT that seeks to establish a link with a BS
sends access probe signal during the access interval and the BS
receiving the signal, can send back a WT identifier and a timing
correction to provide synchronization. However, in the case of the
satellite BS, the timing ambiguity is greater than a superslot.
Therefore, the WT can code the access signal probe differently
depending upon which superslot it was sent from. Coded access probe
signal 1116, which occurs within access interval 1110, is coded to
identify superslot 1 1104. Coded access probe signal 1118, which
occurs during access interval 1112, is coded to identify superslot
2 1106. Coded access probe signal which occurs during access
interval 1114 is coded to identify superslot N 1108. Therefore,
when the base station receives the coded access probe signal, the
BS can determine from the code, the superslot it was sent from.
FIG. 11 is a drawing 1200 illustrating another feature of the
present invention used in the access process to determine timing
synchronization between the satellite base station and the WT. FIG.
11 illustrates that from the WTs perspective, the WT can offset the
access probe signal, e.g., by different offsets, e.g., a 400
micro-second offset, such that the satellite can further resolve
timing synchronization to within the superslot. Drawing 1200
includes a horizontal axis 1150 representing time, superslot 1
1152, superslot 2 1154, and superslot N 1156. Superslots (1152,
1154, 1156) include time intervals (1158, 1160, 1162), e.g., 9 OFDM
symbol transmission time intervals at the start of each superslot,
typically used for providing an opportunity for a WT to send an
access probe signal to a terrestrial base station to establish a
connection and timing synchronize. When operating in a mode to
attempt access with a satellite base station, the WT can send
access probes at different times, e.g., including times outside
intervals (1158, 1160, 1162), within a superslot with respect to
the WT's reference. Multiple access probe signals (1164, 1166,
1168, 1170, 1172, 1174, 1176) are shown with exemplary spacing
offset between access probe signals being 400 micro-seconds,
illustrating that access probes may occur at various times within a
superslot. Access probe signals sent during superslot 1 1152, e.g.,
access probe signal (1164, 1166, 1168, 1170, or 1172) are coded to
identify superslot 1. Access probe signals sent during superslot 2
1154, such as access probe 1174 are coded to identify superslot 2.
Access probe signals sent during superslot N 1156, such as access
probe signal 1176 are coded to identify superslot N.
The terrestrial located WT which is not tightly synchronized to the
satellite base station, and in which there is a large degree of
uncertainty in the timing due to large possible distance variations
between the satellite and the WT, can monitor for access probe
signals from WTs for a short interval within a superslot, e.g., the
same interval corresponding to that used by a terrestrial base
station. If the transmitted WT probe signal does not hit the access
interval window of opportunity for reception in the satellite base
station, the satellite base station will not decode the request.
The WT, by sending multiple requests with different offsets can
span the potential variation in timing, and eventually, a WT probe
signal should be captured and decoded by the satellite BS. Then,
the satellite BS, by decoding the signal can identify the superslot
from which the signal was directed and resolve the timing to within
the superslot, and the satellite BS can send a BS assigned WT
identifier and a timing correction signal to the WT. The WT can
apply the received timing correction information to synchronize
with the satellite base station.
FIG. 12 further illustrates the concept of the WT sending multiple
access probes to the satellite base station with different timing
offsets. FIG. 12 is a drawing 1169 including a horizontal axis 1171
representing time which shows ranges during which the WT sends
access probes to the satellite base station. FIG. 12 includes: a
first superlsot used by the WT for sending an access probe signal
1175 during which the WT sends coded access probe signal 1177 in
accordance with a first timing offset value t.sub.0 1179, a second
superlsot used by the WT for sending an access probe signal 1180
during which the WT sends coded access probe signal 1182 in
accordance with a second timing offset t.sub.0+DELTA 1184, and an
Nth superlsot used by the WT for sending an access probe signal
1186 during which the WT sends coded access probe signal 1188 in
accordance with an Nth timing offset value t.sub.0+NDELTA 1190.
Consider that the satellite BS will accept the one of the access
probes, e.g., the kth probe, which happens to fall within the
access interval monitored by the BS for accepting and processing
access probe signals from WTs.
For example, consider that the ambiguity in timing between the
satellite BS and the terrestrial WT is greater than a superslot.
The WT seeks to connect to the satellite BS. The satellite BS is
outputting beacon signals, each beacon signal associated with a
beacon slot and a set of superslot. Each superslot has an access
interval, e.g., 9 OFDM symbols during which the BS accepts coded
access probes from WTs seeking to establish a connection with the
satellite BS. If the access probe is outside this access interval
window, from the perspective of the BS receiving the signal, the BS
will not accept the signal. The WT seeking to use the satellite BS
as its point of network attachment sends a coded access probe
signal, coded to signify the super-slot index number. Since, the
WTs access probe may be outside the window of acceptance when it
reaches the BS, the WT may send out multiple probes, with different
timing offsets, e.g., with respect to the start of a superslot. For
example a timing offset of 400 micro-sec may be used. For example,
a WT may send out a sequence of access probes, e.g., 10 access
probes, at intervals of approximately 1/2 sec apart, with each
successive access probe having a different timing offset with
respect to the start of a superslot. However, the BS will only
recognize the access probe signal which is received within its
access interval window. Access probe signals outside the window are
tolerated by the system as interference noise. When, the BS
receives the one of the multiple access probes from the WT which is
received within the access interval window, the BS determines the
superslot information by decoding the signal, and determines a
timing correction for achieving timing synchronization between the
BS and WT. The BS sends a base station assigned WT identifier, a
repeat of the superslot identification information, and a timing
correction value to the WT. The WT can receive the base station
assigned WT identifier, apply timing correction, and thus is
allowed to use the satellite BS as its point of network attachment.
A single dedicated logical uplink tone may be associated with the
assigned WT identifier for the WT to use for uplink signaling to
the satellite BS.
FIG. 13 is a drawing 1300 illustrating exemplary access signaling
in accordance with methods of the present invention. FIG. 13
includes an exemplary base station 1302 and an exemplary wireless
terminal 1304, implemented in accordance with the present
invention. Exemplary BS 1302 transmits downlink signaling using a
downlink timing and frequency structure. The downlink timing
structure includes beacons slots, each beacon slot including a
fixed number of indexed superslots, e.g. 8 indexed superslots per
beacon slot, and, each superslot including a fixed number of OFDM
symbol transmission time intervals, e.g., 114 OFDM symbol
transmission time intervals per superslot. Each beacon slot also
includes a beacon signal. Downlink signals from BS 1302 are
received by WT 1304, the downlink signaling delay between when the
BS 1302 transmits and when the WT 1304 receives varies as a
function of the distance between the BS and WT. Received beacon
signal 1306 is shown with the corresponding beacon slot 1308
including indexed superslots (superslot 1 1310, superslot 2 1312,
superslot 3 1314, . . . , superslot N 1316). WT 1304 can reference
uplink signaling with respect to the received beaconslot
timing.
The BS 1302 also maintains an uplink timing and frequency structure
synchronized at the base station with respect to the downlink
timing structure. Within the uplink timing and frequency structure
at BS 1302, there are receive windows for receiving access signals,
e.g., one window corresponding to each superslot (1318, 1320, 1322,
. . . , 1324).
WT 1304 sends an uplink access probe signal 1326 to BS 1302 seeking
to gain access and register with BS 1302. Arrows (1328, 1330, 1332)
indicates cases (A, B, C) of (shorter, intermediate, and longer)
propagation delays corresponding to (short, intermediate, and long)
distances, respectively, between BS 1302 and WT 1304.
In exemplary case A, the WT 1304 has sent access probe signal 1326
and it has successfully hit access window of opportunity 1318. BS
1302 can process the access probe signal, determine a timing offset
and send the timing offset correction to WT 1304, allowing the WT
1304, to use the received timing offset correction to adjust uplink
transmission timing to more precisely timing synchronize its uplink
signaling, such that the uplink signals from WT 1304 arrive
synchronized with BS 1302 uplink receive timing, e.g., allowing
data communications.
In exemplary case B, the WT 1304 has sent access probe signal 1326
and it has missed the access windows of opportunity (1318, 1320).
BS 1302 does not successfully process the access probe signal, the
access probe signal is treated by BS 1302 as interference, and BS
1302 does not respond to WT 1304.
In exemplary case C, the WT 1304 has sent access probe signal 1326
and it has successfully hit access window of opportunity 1320. BS
1302 can process the access probe signal, determine a timing offset
correction and send the timing offset correction to WT 1304,
allowing the WT 1304, to use the received timing offset to adjust
uplink transmission timing to more precisely timing synchronize its
uplink signaling, such that the uplink signals from WT 1304 arrive
synchronized with BS 1302 uplink receive timing, e.g., allowing
data communications.
In some embodiments, e.g., with nearby terrestrial base stations
such as a terrestrial BS with a cell radius of 5 miles, the amount
of round trip time uncertainty is relatively small, and the WT 1304
when transmitting an access probe uplink signal can be expect to
hit the next access window at the base station. In some
embodiments, where the base station is far away from the WT, but
the relative distance uncertainty is very small, the access probe
signal can be expected to hit an access window at the base
station.
However, in embodiments, where the uncertainty in round trip time
is larger than supported by the access interval size, the access
probe signal may or may not hit an access window of opportunity. In
such a case, if an access probe misses, as in case B above, WT
timing needs to be adjusted and another access probe sent. Access
interval window time represents signaling overhead and it is
desirable to keep the access interval short. For example, an
exemplary access window time interval is 9 OFDM symbol transmission
time intervals corresponding to an exemplary superslot of 114 OFDM
symbol transmission time intervals.
In the examples of FIG. 13, it should be observed that the
variation in propagation delay can be such that the access probe
signal 1326 could hit different access windows 1318, 1320, e.g.,
depending upon the relative distance between WT 1304 and BS 1302.
For example, consider that case A (arrow 1328) and case C (arrow
1332) correspond to the same BS whose relative distance to WT can
vary to an extent that an access probe signal, when successfully
received, may be received in different ones of access windows
depending upon the relative BS-WT distance at a given time. Also
consider that the WT is allowed to transmit access probe signals
during supereslots having different index values. When the BS
receives an access probe signal, for the BS to calculate the
correct timing correction, the base station needs to know more
information from the WT 1304 in order to gain a timing reference
point. In accordance with one feature of some embodiments of the
present invention, the WT codes the access probe signal 1326 to
identify the superslot index from which access probe signal 1326
was transmitted. The BS 1302 uses the slot index information to
calculate a timing offset correction, which is sent via a downlink
signal to WT 1304. WT 1304 receives the timing correction signal
and adjusts its uplink timing accordingly.
In some embodiments of the present invention, an alternative method
is employed, wherein the access probe signal does not code the
superslot index; however, the base station communicates via the
downlink a timing correction signal and a slot index offset
indicator, e.g., distinguishing between access window 1318 and
access window 1320. Then, the WT 1304, which knows the superslot
index of the transmitted access probe signal can combine the
information with the received timing correction signal and the
received slot index indicator to calculate a composite timing
adjustment, and apply the timing adjustment.
FIG. 14 is a drawing 1400 illustrating exemplary access signaling
in accordance with methods of the present invention. FIG. 14
includes an exemplary base station 1402 and an exemplary wireless
terminal 1404, implemented in accordance with the present
invention. Exemplary BS 1402 transmits downlink signaling using a
downlink timing and frequency structure. The downlink timing
structure includes beacons slots, each beacon slot including a
fixed number of indexed superslots, e.g. 8 indexed superslots per
beacon slot, and, each superslot including a fixed number of OFDM
symbol transmission time intervals, e.g., 114 OFDM symbol
transmission time intervals per superslot. Each beacon slot also
includes a beacon signal. Downlink signals from BS 1402 are
received by WT 1404, the downlink signaling delay between when the
BS 1402 transmits and when the WT 1402 receives varies as a
function of the distance between the BS and WT. Received beacon
signal 1406 is shown with the corresponding beacon slot 1408
including indexed superslots (superslot 1 1410, superslot 2 1412,
superslot 3 1414, . . . , superslot N 1416). WT 1404 can reference
uplink signaling with respect to the received beaconslot timing.
The RTT uncertainty is such that the WT 1404, when sending an
access probe signal may or may not be successful in hitting an
access slot at the base station 1402.
The BS 1402 also maintains an uplink timing and frequency structure
synchronized at the base station with respect to its downlink
timing structure. Within the uplink timing and frequency structure
at BS 1402, there are receive windows for receiving access signals,
access slots, e.g., one window corresponding to each superslot
(1418, 1420, 1422, . . . , 1424). In addition, the uplink timing is
structured such that there are data slots (1426, 1428, 1428)
between the access slots.
FIG. 14 illustrates a method, in accordance with the present
invention, of adjusting access probe timing offsets with respect to
the start of a superslot, such that an access probe uplink signal
will be eventually received within an access slot. This method is
useful in cases where variation in signal RTT, e.g., due to
potential variations in BS-WT distance, is such that hitting an
access window on the first attempt is not ensured.
WT 1404 transmits access probe signal 1432, the transmission timing
being controlled such that there is a first timing offset, timing
offset t.sub.1 1434 with respect to the start of the superslot
during which the signal is transmitted. The transmitted access
probe signal 1432 is an uplink signal which is delayed by signaling
propagation as represented by slanted arrow 1433 and arrives as
access probe signal 1432' at the receiver of BS 1402. However,
access probe signal 1432' happens to arrive during data slot 1426,
and thus is considered to be interference by BS 1402. BS 1402 does
not send a response to WT 1404.
WT 1404 adjusts its timing offset to a 2.sup.nd timing offset value
t.sub.2 1438 and transmits access probe signal 1436. The
transmitted access probe signal 1436 is an uplink signal which is
delayed by signaling propagation as represented by slanted arrow
1437 and arrives as access probe signal 1436' at the receiver of BS
1402. However, this time the received access probe signal 1436' is
within access slot 1420, and the BS 1402 processes the access
signal, accepts WT 1404 to be registered, calculates a timing
correction signal and sends the timing correction signal via the
downlink to WT 1404. The WT adjusts it uplink timing in accordance
with the received timing correction signal.
Differences between access probe signaling timing offsets can be
chosen in correlation to the size of access slot such that
successive access probes with different offsets will eventually hit
an access slot. For example in an exemplary system with access
slots of 9 OFDM symbol transmission time intervals, different time
offsets may differ by 4 OFDM symbol transmission time intervals,
e.g., with an OFDM transmission time interval being approximately
100 micro-sec.
FIG. 15 is a drawing 1500 illustrating exemplary access signaling
in accordance with methods of the present invention. FIG. 15
includes an exemplary base station 1502 and an exemplary wireless
terminal 1504, implemented in accordance with the present
invention. Consider that the exemplary BS 1502 may be a satellite
BS in geo-stationary orbit having a large cellular coverage area on
the surface of the earth, e.g., with a radius of 100, 200, 500 or
more miles. In such as embodiment, consider that the RTT is greater
than a superslot in the downlink, and that the RTT uncertainty,
e.g., due to potential WT 1504 location variation, such that an
exemplary access probe signal may or may not hit access time slot
at the base station 1500. In this exemplary embodiment, the two
features described above, coding superslot index identification
information into the access probe and sending successive access
probes with different timing offsets from the start of the
superslot in which the access signal is transmitted, are used in
combination to obtain a timing correction for the WT 1504.
BS 1502 transmits downlink signals including a downlink beacon
signal per beaconslot which is part of a downlink timing structure
including superslots, the downlink timing structure known to the BS
and WT. The WT 1504 is able to synchronize with respect to the
received downlink signals and can identify the index values of
superslots within each beacon slot.
WT 1504 decides that it would like to use BS 1502, a satellite BS,
as a point of network attachment; however, WT 1504 does not know
its position and thus does not know the RTT. WT 1504 sends access
probe signal 1508 with a 1.sup.st timing offset t.sub.1 1510, with
respect to the start of the superslot 1512 during which the signal
is transmitted. The index number of superslot 1512 within its
beaconslot is known to WT 1504 and encoded in the access probe
signal 1508. After a WT-BS propagation delay time, the access
signal arrives at BS 1502 as access probe 1508'. However, the
access probe signal 1508' hits data slot 1514, rather than an
access slot. BS 1502 treats signal 1508' as interference and does
not respond to WT 1504.
Wireless terminal 1504 waits for time interval 1516 before sending
another access probe signal. Time interval 1516 is chosen to be
greater than the RTT plus some additional time allowed for signal
processing, providing enough time for a BS 1502 access probe
response signal to be generated, transmitted, propagate, and be
detected by WT 1504, if the access probe signal had successfully
hit an access slot at BS 1502 and BS 1502 had accepted WT 1504 for
registration.
Having not received a response in the expected time interval, WT
1504 adjusts its timing offset from the start of a superslot to a
2.sup.nd timing offset 1518, different than the first timing offset
1510, and sends another access probe signal 1520 during superslot
1522. The index number of the superslot 1522 within its beacon slot
is coded in signal 1520, the index value may be the same or
different than the index value coded in signal 1508. After a WT-BS
propagation delay time, the access signal arrives at BS 1502 as
access probe 1520'. In this case, the access probe signal 1520'
hits access slot 1521. BS 1502 decodes the superslot index
communicated, measures a received signal 1520' timing offset within
the access slot 1521, and uses the measured timing offset and the
superslot information to calculate a timing correction value for
the WT 1504. BS 1502 sends the timing offset correction value as a
downlink signal to WT 1504. WT 1504 receives and decodes the timing
offset value and adjusts its uplink timing in accordance with the
received correction. WT 1504 received signaling identifying that it
is being accepted for registration by BS 1502, before the time that
the WT 1504 would attempt to transmit another access probe signal,
e.g., with a different offset.
FIG. 16 is a flowchart 1600 of an exemplary method of operating a
wireless terminal to access a base station and perform a timing
synchronization operation in accordance with the present invention.
Operation starts in start step 1602, where the WT is powered on,
initialized, and starts to receive downlink signals from one or
more base stations. Operation proceeds from step 1602 to step
1604.
In step 1604, the WT decides as it whether it is seeking to
initiate access with a satellite or terrestrial base station. The
exemplary WT, implemented in accordance with the present invention,
may include implementation of different methods of access. A first
method of access is tailored to satellite base stations, e.g.,
satellite base stations in geo-stationary orbit with cell coverage
areas on the surface of the earth having a radius of approximately
100-500 mi, where the signal RTT is greater than a superslot, and
the ambiguity in RTT is greater than the access time interval. A
second method of access is tailored to terrestrial base stations,
e.g., with a relatively small cell radius, e.g., 1, 2, or 5 mi,
where the signal RTT is less than a superslot, and the ambiguity in
RTT is small enough such that an access request signal transmitted
from the WT should be expected to hit an access slot at the
terrestrial BS on a single attempt. If the WT is seeking access
with a satellite BS, operation proceeds from step 1604 to step
1606; while if the WT is seeking to access a terrestrial base
station, operation proceeds from step 1604 to step 1608.
In step 1606, the WT is operated to receive a downlink beacon
signal or signals from a satellite BS. The downlink timing and
frequency structure used by the satellite base station in the
exemplary system may include beacon slots which occur on a
recurring basis, with each beaconslot including a beacon signal and
with each beaconslot including a fixed number of superslots, e.g.,
eight, each of the superslots within a beaconslot being associated
with an index value, and each of the superslots including a fixed
number of OFDM symbol transmission time intervals, e.g., 114.
Operation proceeds from step 1606 to step 1608. In step 1608, the
WT determines from the received beacon signal(s) a timing
reference, e.g., determining the start of a beconslot with respect
to the received downlink signaling. In step 1610, the WT sets a
probe counter equal to 1, and in step 1612 the WT sets a timing
offset variable equal to an initial timing offset; e.g., the
initial timing offset being a predetermined value stored in the WT.
Operation proceeds from step 1612 to step 1614.
In step 1614, the WT selects a superslot within a beaconslot for
transmitting a first access probe signal and identifies the index
of the selected superslot. Then, in step 1614, the WT codes the
index of the selected superslot into the first access probe signal.
Next, in step 1618, the WT transmits the first access probe signal
at a point in time occurring within the selected superslot such
that the transmission is timing offset from the start of the
selected superslot by the timing offset value of step 1612.
Operation proceeds from step 1618 via connecting node A 1620 to
step 1622.
In step 1622, the WT is operated to receive downlink signaling from
the satellite base station, the received downlink signaling may
include a response to the access probe signal. Operation proceeds
from step 1622 to step 1624. In step 1624, the WT checks as to
whether a response was received directed to the WT. If a response
was not received, operation proceeds from step 1624 to step 1626;
however if a response was received directed to the WT operation
proceeds to step 1628.
In step 1626, the WT checks as to whether the change in time since
the last access probe transmission has exceeded the expected worst
case RTT+processing time, e.g., a predetermined limit value stored
in the WT. If the time limit has not been exceeded, then operation
returns to step 1622, where the WT continues the process of
receiving downlink signals and checking for a response. However, if
in step 1626, the WT determines that the time limit has been
exceeded, then the WT operation proceeds to step 1630, where the WT
increments the probe counter.
Next, in step 1632, the WT checks as it whether the probe counter
exceeds a max probe counter number. The max probe counter number
may be a predetermined value stored in WT memory selected such that
a set of max probe counter number access probes with different
timing offsets should be sufficient to cover the timing ambiguity
such that at least one of the access probes should be expected to
be timed to hit an access slot at the satellite base station.
If the probe counter has exceeded the max probe number in step
1632, it can be assumed that access attempt set has resulted in
failure and operation proceeds via connecting node B 1634 to step
1604. For example, possible causes of failure may include:
interference conditions such that the access probe signal that
should have hit an access slot at the base station was not able to
be successfully detected and processed, the satellite BS decided to
deny the WT access, e.g., due to loading considerations, or the
response signal from the satellite base station was not able to be
successfully recovered. In step 1604, the WT can decide whether to
repeat the process with the same satellite base station or attempt
to access a different base station.
If in step 1632, the probe counter did not exceed the max probe
counter number operation proceeds to step 1636, where the WT sets
the timing offset equal to the current timing offset value plus a
delta offset. For example, the delta offset can be fraction, e.g.,
less than half, of the access slot interval. Then, in step 1640,
the WT selects a superslot within a beaconslot for transmitting
another access probe signal and identifies the index of the
selected superslot. Next in step 1642, the WT codes the index of
the selected superslot into another access probe signal. Then, in
step 1644, the WT transmits the another access probe signal at a
point in time occurring within the selected superslot such that the
transmission is timing offset from the start of the selectd
superslot by the timing offset value of step 1638. Opeation
proceeds from step 1644 via connecting node A 1620 back to step
1622 where the WT receives downlink signals and checks for a
response to the access probe signal.
Returning to step 1624, if in step 1624 it was determined that the
WT has received a response directed to the wireless terminal,
operation proceeds to step 1628, where the WT processes the
received response, directed to the WT including the timing
correction information. Operation proceeds from step 1628 to step
1646. In step 1646, the WT adjusts WT timing in accordance with
received timing correction information.
Returning to step 1604, in step 1604 if the wireless terminal seeks
to initiate access via a terrestrial BS station, operation proceeds
to step 1608, where the WT is operated to receive a downlink beacon
signal or signals from the terrrestial base station, that the WT
wishes to use as it point of network attachment. Then, in step
1646, the WT determines from the received beacon signal or signals,
a timing reference, and in step 1648, the WT uses the determined
time reference to determine when to transmit an access request
signal such that the access request signal should be expected to be
received at the terrestrial base station during an access interval.
Operation proceeds from step 1648 to step 1650.
In step 1650, the WT is operated to transmit an access request
signal such that the access request signal at the determined time,
said access request signal not including coded superslot
identification information. Next, in step 1652, the WT is operated
to receive downlink signaling from the terrestrial BS which may
include access grant information. Opeation proceeds from step 1652
to step 1654.
In step 1654, the WT is operated to determine whether the WT
received an access grant signal in response to its access request
transmission. If the access grant was not received, operation
proceeds from step 1654 via connecting node B 1634, where the WT
decides whether to retry access with the same terrestrial base
station or to attempt access with a different BS. If it is
determined in step 1654, that the WT was granted access to use the
terrestrial BS as its point of network attachment, then operation
proceeds to step 1656, where the WT is operated to process the
access grant signaling directed to the WT, including timing
correction information. Then, in step 1658, the WT is operated to
adjust WT timing in accordance with the received timing correction
information of step 1656.
FIG. 17 comprising the combination of FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B is a
flowchart 1700 of an exemplary method of operating a communications
device for use in a communications system. For the example, the
exemplary communications device may be a wireless terminal such as
a mobile node, implemented in accordance with the present
invention, and the exemplary communications system may be a
multiple access spread spectrum OFDM wireless communications
system. The communications system may include one or more base
stations, and each base station may transmit downlink beacon
signals. The various base stations in the system may or may not be
timing synchronized with respect to one another. In the exemplary
communications system, beacon signaling broadcast by a base station
may be used in providing timing reference information with respect
to the base station. In the exemplary communications system, the
timing structure for a base station is such that beacon time slots
occur on a periodic basis, a beacon signal being transmitted by a
base station during each beacon time slot according to a periodic
downlink timing structure, said downlink timing structure including
a plurality of superslots within each beaconslot, the individual
superslots within each beacon slot being suitable for
identification through the use of a superslot index, each superslot
including a plurality of symbol transmission time periods.
Operation starts in start step 1702, where the communications
device is powered on and initialized. Operation proceeds from step
1702 to step 1704. In step 1704, the communications device receives
at least one beacon signal from the base station that the
communications device wishes to use a network attachment point,
e.g., a satellite BS. In some embodiments the communications device
receives multiple beacon signals and/or other downlink broadcast
information from the base station, e.g., pilot signals, before
proceeding. Operation proceeds from step 1704 to step 1706. In step
1706, the communications device processes the received beacon
signal to determine a downlink timing reference point, superslots
occurring within a beaconslot having a predetermined reference to
the determined timing reference point. Operation proceeds from step
1706 to step 1708.
In step 1708, the communications device determines a time at which
to transmit a first access probe as a function of the determined
timing reference point. For example, the first access probe has an
initial time offset from the determined timing reference point. In
some embodiments, e.g., some hybrid system including both satellite
and terrestrial base stations, the communications device performs
sub-step 1709, and in sub-step 1709, the communications device
determines a time at which to transmit a first access probe as a
function of location information determined from a signal from a
terrestrial base station. In some such embodiments, determining the
time at which to transmit the first access probe is further
performed as a function of known information indicating the
location of said terrestrial base station and the location of said
satellite base station. For example, the base station to which the
communications device now wishes to send an access probe signal may
be a satellite base station, and there may be a relatively large
amount of uncertainty in the timing to use for transmitting the
access probe due to a relatively large variation in signal RTT due
to a large coverage area on the surface of the earth, and the
current position of the communications device not being known.
However, the satellite's cell coverage area may include, overlap
with and/or be near a number of smaller cells, the smaller cells
corresponding to terrestrial base stations. By approximating the
communication device's current location determined from terrestrial
base station signals, the communications device may reduce the
timing uncertainty as to when to transmit the access probe, thus
increasing the likelihood that the access probe with be accepted by
the satellite base station, and reducing the time and number of
different timing offset access probes that need to be sent to the
satellite BS. For example, the communications device may have
stored information identifying the last terrestrial BS that the
communications device used as an access point, the location of
terrestrial BS being known and stored in the communications device,
and information correlating the terrestrial BS cells to the
satellite position and/or satellite cell location may also be
stored and used. In some embodiments, the communications device may
triangulate its position based on beacon signals received from a
plurality of terrestrial base stations. In some embodiments, it may
be possible to reduce the level of timing uncertainty, by using
location information derived from terrestrial base stations, such
that a first access probe signal to a satellite base station should
be expected to hit an access slot of the satellite base
station.
Operation proceeds from either step 1708 to step 1710. In step
1710, the communications device codes information in a first access
probe signal that identifies a first superslot index. Then, in step
1712, the communications device transmits the first access probe
signal that identifies a first superslot index, where the first
access probe signal is transmitted at a first timing offset
relative to the start of the first superslot index. Operation
proceeds from step 1712 to step 1714, where the communications
device monitors to determine if a response to the first access
probe signal was received from the base station. Then, in step
1716, operation proceeds to step 1718 if a response was not
received or operation proceeds to step 1720 if a response was
received.
If a response was received, then in step 1720, the communications
device performs a transmission timing adjustment as a function of
information included in the response.
However, if a response was not received, then in step 1718, the
communications device codes information in a second access probe
signal that identifies a second superslot index and in step 1722
the communications device transmits the second access probe signal
that identifies a second superslot index at a second timing offset
relative to the start of a second superslot having said second
superslot index, the second timing offset being different than the
first timing offset. Operation proceeds from step 1722 via
connecting node A 1724 to step 1726.
In step 1726, the communications device monitors to determine if a
response to the second access probe signal was received from the
base station. Then, in step 1728, operation proceeds to step 1732
if a response was not received or operation proceeds to step 1730
if a response was received.
If a response was received, then in step 1732, the communications
device performs a transmission timing adjustment as a function of
information included in the response.
However, if a response was not received, then in step 1730, the
communications device codes information in a third access probe
signal that identifies a third superslot index and in step 1734 the
communications device transmits the third access probe signal at a
third timing offset relative to the start of a third superslot
having said third superslot index, wherein the third timing offset
is different from the first and second timing offsets.
Operation proceeds from step 1734 to step 1736. In step 1736, the
communications device monitors to determine if a response to the
third access probe signal was received from the base station. Then,
in step 1740, operation proceeds to step 1742 if a response was not
received or operation proceeds to step 1740 if a response was
received.
If a response was received, then in step 1742, the communications
device performs a transmission timing adjustment as a function of
information included in the response. If a response was not
received in step 1740, the communications device continues with the
process of access signal generation/transmission/response
determination/further action in accordance with the embodiment. For
example, in some embodiments, the communications device may
communicate access probes with different timing offsets for each of
successive access probes, until a probe is responded to or until a
fixed number of access probes have been sent. For example, the
total number of access probes may be at least enough to cover the
expected timing ambiguity.
In some embodiments, the first and second access probes are
transmitted in different beacons slots and the second superslot
index is the same or different from the first superslot index. In
some embodiments, the first and second access probes are
transmitted in different beacons slots and the second superslot
index is different from the first superslot index.
In some embodiments, the first and second access probes are
transmitted in the same beaconslot, and the second superlsot is
different than the first superslot. In some such embodiments, the
response includes information identifying the one of the probe
signals being responded to.
In some embodiments, where a sequence including at least three
access probes are transmitted, the second timing offset is
different from the first timing offset by an initial timing offset
value plus a first integer multiple of a fixed step size offset,
and the third timing offset is different from the first timing
offset by the initial timing offset value plus a second integer
multiple of the fixed step size timing offset, which is different
from the first integer multiple of the fixed step size offset. In
some embodiments, the first and second integer multiples of the
fixed step size timing offset can be either positive or negative
numbers.
In some embodiments, the fixed step size is less than the duration
of a base station access interval, the base station access interval
being a period of time during which the the base station is
responsive to access probe signals.
In various embodiments, the base station to which the
communications device is sending access probes is a satellite base
station, and the round trip time (RTT) between the satellite base
station and the communications device for signals traveling at the
speed of light is greater than the duration of a superslot. In some
such embodiments, the RTT is also greater than the duration of a
beaconslot. In some embodiments the RTT is greater then 0.2
seconds.
FIG. 18 is a flowchart 1800 of an exemplary method of operating an
exemplary communications device in accordance with the present
invention. The exemplary method of flowchart 1800 is a method of
operating a communications device for use in a communications
system where beacon time slots occur on a periodic basis, a beacon
signal being transmitted by a base station during each beacon time
slot according to a periodic downlink timing structure, said
downlink timing structure including a plurality of superslots
within each beaconslot, the individual superslots within a beacon
slot being suitable for identification through the use of a
superslot index, each superslot including a plurality of symbol
transmission time periods.
Operation starts in step 1802, where the communications device is
powered on and initialized. Operation proceeds from step 1802 to
step 1804, where the communications device is operated to receive
at least one beacon signal, and then in step 1806, the
communications device processes the received beacon signal to
determine a downlink timing reference point, superslots occurring
within a beaconslot having a predetermined relationship to the
determined timing reference point. Operation proceeds from step
1806 to step 1808.
In step 1808, the communications device codes in at least one of
first and second access probes an access probe identifier. In step
1810, the communications device transmits a first access probe at a
time corresponding to a first timing offset relative to the start
of a superslot in a beaconslot. Then, in step 1812, the
communications device transmits a second access probe at a time
corresponding to a second timing offset relative to the start of a
superslot, the second access probe being transmitted at a point in
time, which is less than the larger of a superslot duration and
twice the time required for a transmitted signal to travel from the
communications device to the base station, from the point in time
at which the first access probe was transmitted. Operation proceeds
from step 1812 to step 1814.
In step 1814, the communications device is operated to monitor to
determine whether a response was received from the base station,
and in step 1816 operation proceeds based upon the determination.
If a response was received from the base station, operation
proceeds from step 1816 to step 1818. In step 1818 the
communications device performs a transmission timing adjustment as
a function of information included in the response. If a response
was not received from the base station, operation proceeds from
step 1816 via connecting node A 1820 to step 1804, where the
communications device can restart the process of initiating access
signaling.
In some embodiments, the maximum timing ambiguity is less than the
duration of a superslot and the time between the transmission of
the first and second access probes is less than the duration of a
superslot. In some embodiments, the first and second access probes
are transmitted at intervals from one another less than or equal to
an access interval during which the base station will respond to
received access probes.
In various embodiments, wherein the received response includes
information identifying the access probe to which the response
corresponds, the step of performing a transmission timing
adjustment as a function of information included the response
includes determining an amount of timing adjustment to be performed
from timing correction information received from the base station
and information about the transmission time of identified probe
relative to the determined downlink timing reference point.
FIG. 19 is a flowchart 1900 of an exemplary method of operating an
exemplary communications device in accordance with the present
invention. The exemplary method of flowchart 1900 is a method of
operating a communications device for use in a communications
system, e.g., an OFDM system, where beacon time slots occur on a
periodic basis, a beacon signal being transmitted by a base
station, e.g., satellite base station, during each beacon time slot
according to a periodic downlink timing structure, said downlink
timing structure including a plurality of superslots within each
beaconslot, the individual superslots within a beacon slot being
suitable for identification through the use of a superslot index,
each superslot including a plurality of symbol transmission time
periods.
Operation starts in step 1902, where the communications device is
powered on and initialized. Operation proceeds from step 1902 to
step 1904, where the communications device is operated to receive
at least one beacon signal from the base station, and then in step
1906, the communications device processes the received beacon
signal to determine a downlink timing reference point, superslots
occurring within a beaconslot having a predetermined relationship
to the determined timing reference point. Operation proceeds from
step 1906 to step 1908.
In step 1908, the communications device is operated to transmit an
access probe signal to a base station. Then, in step 1910, the
communications device receives a response to the access probe
signal from the base station, the response including information
indicating at least one of i) an mount of indicated main superslot
timing offset correction, the amount of main superslot correction
being an integer multiple of a superslot time period; and ii) a
superslot identifier indicating the position of a superslot within
a beaconslot during which the base station received the access
probe signal to which the received response corresponds. Operation
proceeds from step 1910 to step 1912, where the communications
device performs a timing adjustment as a function of the
information received in the received response. Step 1912 includes
sub-step 1914. In sub-step 1914, the communications device
determines a timing adjustment amount from information received
from the base station and information indicating the time the
access probe signal was transmitted.
In some embodiments, the received response from the base station
includes a superslot identifier indicating the position of the
superslot within a beacon slot during which the base station
received the access probe signal and performing a transmission
timing adjustment as a function of information included in the
response includes determining a main superslot timing offset from
the superlslot identifier included in the received response and
information indicating the superslot position, relative to the
downlink timing reference point, within a beaconslot at which the
access probe was transmitted, the main superslot timing offset
being an integer multiple of a duration of a superslot. In some
such embodiments, the received response further includes
sub-superslot timing correction information including a
sub-superslot time offset and performing a transmission timing
adjustment includes adjusting the transmission timing by an amount
corresponding to the sum of the determined main superslot timing
offset and the sub-superslot time offset.
In various embodiments, the received response from the base station
includes sub-superslot timing correction information indicating a
main superslot timing offset which is an integer multiple of a
duration of a superslot and a sub-superslot time offset which is a
time offset that is less than the duration of a superslot. In some
such embodiments, the step of performing a transmission timing
adjustment includes adjusting the transmission timing by an amount
corresponding to the sum of the main superslot timing offset and
the sub-superslot time offset. In some such embodiments, the main
superslot timing offset and sub-superslot time offset are
communicated as part of a single coded value. In other embodiments,
the main superslot timing offset and the sub-superslot time offset
are communicated as two separately coded values.
FIG. 20 is a flowchart 2000 of an exemplary method of operating a
wireless communications terminal in a system where base stations
have a downlink timing structure that includes a plurality of
superslots which recur in a periodic manner, each superslot
including a plurality of OFDM symbol transmission time periods.
Operation starts in step 2002, where the wireless terminal is
powered on and initialized. Operation proceeds from start step 2002
to step 2004, where the wireless terminal is operated to determine
if a base station to which the wireless terminal is seeking to send
uplink signals is a satellite base station or a terrestrial base
station. Based on the determination of step 2004, operation
proceeds from step 2006 to either step 2008, in the case of a
satellite BS or step 2010 in the case where the base station is a
terrestrial base station.
In step 2008, the wireless terminal is operated to perform a first
uplink timing synchronization process, the first timing uplink
synchronization process supporting the communication of an uplink
timing correction signal to the communications terminal. Step 2008
includes sub-step 2012, 2014 and 2016. In sub-step 2012, the
wireless terminal is operated to transmit an access probe signal to
the satellite base station 2012. In step 2014, the wireless
terminal is operated to receive a response to the access probe
signal from the base station, the response including at least one
of: i) an amount of an indicated main superslot timing offset
correction, the amount of the main superslot timing offset
correction being an integer multiple of a superslot time period;
and ii) a superslot identifier indicating the position of a
superslot within a beaconslot during which the base station
received the access probe signal to which the received response
corresponds. Then in step 2016, the wireless terminal performs a
transmission timing adjustment as a function of the information
included in the received response.
In step 2010, the wireless terminal performs a second uplink timing
synchronization process, said second uplink timing synchronization
process being different from said first timing synchronization
process. Step 2010 includes sub-step 2018, 2020 and 2022. In
sub-step 2018, the wireless terminal transmits an access probe
signal to the terrestrial base station. In step 2018, the wireless
terminal receives a response to the access probe signal from the
terrestrial base station, the response including information
indicating a timing correction which is less than the duration of a
superslot. In some embodiments, the timing correction is less than
the duration of an access interval. In some embodiments, the timing
correction is less than the duration of half an access interval.
Then, in step 2022, the wireless terminal performs a transmission
timing adjustment as a function of the information included in the
response received from the terrestrial base station, the timing
adjustment involving changing the transmitter timing by an amount
less than the duration of a superslot.
FIG. 21 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal 2100, e.g.,
mobile node, implemented in accordance with the present invention.
Exemplary WT 2100 may be used in various embodiments of wireless
communications systems of the present invention. Exemplary WT 2100
includes a receiver 2102, a transmitter 2104, a processor 2106, and
a memory 2108 coupled together via a bus 2110 over which the
various elements may interchange data and information. The memory
2108 includes routines 2120 and data/information 2122. The
processor 2106, e.g., a CPU, executes the routines and uses the
data information 2122 in memory 2108 to control the operation of
the WT 2100 and implement methods of the present invention.
Receiver 2102, e.g., an OFDM receiver, is coupled to a receive
antenna 2112 via which WT 2100 can receive downlink signals from a
base station including beacon signals and response signals
including timing adjustment information. Transmitter 2104, e.g., an
OFDM transmitter, is coupled to a transmit antenna 2116 via which
the WT 2100 can transmit uplink signals to a base station including
access probe signals. Timing of access probe signals including
offsets from superslots, which superslot and which beaconslot in
which to transmit a given access probe signal is controllable in
transmitter 2104. Receiver 2102 includes a decoder module 2114 used
for decoding downlink signals, while transmitter 2104 includes an
encoder module 2118 for encoding uplink signals.
Routines 2120 includes a communications routine 2124 for
implementing communications protocols used by the WT 2100 and WT
control routines 2125 for controlling operations of WT 2100. WT
control routines 2125 include a received signal processing module
2126, a coding module 2128, a transmitter control module 2130, a
monitoring module 2132, a timing correction module 2134, a decoder
module 2136, and a location based timing adjustment module 2138.
Received signal processing module 2126 processes signals including
beacon signals and determines a downlink timing reference point
from at least one beacon signal. Coding module 2128 operating,
either alone or in conjunction with encoder 2118, in some
embodiments, codes information in an access probe signal that
identifies superlsot index corresponding to the access probe
signal. In some embodiments, a WT identifier and/or a unique access
probe identifier is encoded and included in an access probe signal.
Transmitter control module 2130 operates to control operations of
transmitter 2104 include controlling coded access probe signals to
be transmitted with timing offsets, e.g., different timing offsets
for different access probes. In some embodiments, transmitter
control module 2130 controls the transmission of successive access
probes to be greater than the twice the signaling time from the WT
to the base station plus a signal processing time, e.g., allowing
for the WT 2100 to see whether an access probe has been responded
to before issuing another access probe. Monitoring module 2132 is
used to determine if a response to an access probe signal is
received from the base station. Timing correction module 2134 is
responsive to the monitoring module 2132 and performs a
transmission timing adjustment as a function of information
included in a received access probe response. Decoder module 2136
operating either alone or in conjunction with decoder 2114, decodes
information in a response identifying the one of the access probe
signals. Location based timing adjustment module 2138 determines a
time at which to transmit a first access probe as a function of
location information determined from a signal received from a
terrestrial base station. Location based timing adjustment module
2138 may be used to reduce the timing ambiguity associated with a
satellite base station due to a large coverage area, thus reducing
the number of access probe needed and/or the average time of the
access process with the satellite base station.
Data/information 2122 includes timing/frequency structure
information 2140, user/device/session/resource information 2142, a
plurality of access probe signal information sets (1.sup.st access
probe signal info 2144, . . . , Nth access probe signal info 2146),
received beacon signal info 2148, timing reference point
information 2150, initial timing offset information 2152, step size
information 2154, received response signal information 2156, timing
adjustment information 2158, and terrestrial BS/satellite BS
location information 2160. Timing/frequency structure information
2140 includes downlink and uplink timing and frequency structure
information, periodicity information, indexing information, OFDM
symbol transmission time interval information, information
regarding grouping of OFDM symbol transmission time intervals such
as slots, superslots, beaconslots, etc., base station
identification information, beacon signal information, repetitive
interval information, access interval information, uplink carrier
frequencies, downlink carrier frequencies, uplink tone block
information, downlink tone block information, uplink and downlink
tone hopping information, base station identification information,
etc. Timing/frequency structure information 2140 includes
information corresponding to a plurality of base stations that may
be in the wireless communications system.
User/device/session/resource information 2142 includes information
corresponding to users of WT 2100, and information corresponding to
peers in a communications session with WT 2100, including, e.g.,
identifiers, addresses, routing information, air link resources
allocated, e.g., downlink traffic channel segments, uplink traffic
channel segments for a multi-tone mode with terrestrial base
stations, a single dedicated logical tone for uplink signaling with
a satellite BS, a base station assigned WT user identifier, etc.
1.sup.st access probe information 2144 includes timing offset
information, e.g., relative to the start of a superslot,
corresponding to the access probe, information identifying a
superslot index, coded information, information identifying a
beaconslot, etc. Nth access probe information 2146 includes timing
offset information, e.g., relative to the start of a superslot,
corresponding to the access probe, information identifying a
superslot index, coded information, information identifying a
beaconslot, etc. Different sets of access probe information (2144,
2146) may include different information, either partially or
completely, e.g., different timing offsets, different superslot
index values or different timing offsets, the same superslot index
value. Access probe signal information (2144, 2146) may also
include user identification information, e.g. a WT user identifier
and/or a unique access probe signal identifier, and tone
information associated with the access probe signal. Received
beacon signal information 2148 includes information from a received
beacon signal, e.g., information associating the beacon with a
particular base station, carrier frequency, and/or sector, beacon
signal strength information, information allowing the WT to
establish a timing reference point, etc. Timing reference point
information 2150 includes information, e.g., determined using
downlink beacon signaling, which establishes a reference point,
e.g., beaconslot start upon which superslot indexing is based.
Access probe signaling transmission timing can be referenced with
respect to the established timing reference point information 2150.
Initial timing offset information 2152 includes information
identifying an initial timing offset value used in the calculation
of timing offset, e.g., with respect to superslot start, for access
probes. Step size information 2154 includes information identifying
a fixed step size timing offset, which is added in integer
multiples to the initial timing offset, to determine the offset
from the start of a superslot for a particular access probe, e.g.,
with different access probes using different integer multiples of
the step size timing offset. The fixed step size is in some
embodiments less than the duration of a base station access
interval, the base station access interval being a period of time
during which the base station is responsive to access probe
signals. Received response signal information 2156 includes
information received in response to the access probe signaling
including timing correction information. The timing correction
information may be coded. In some embodiments, the response signal
information 2156 also includes information identifying which one of
the access probe signal is being responded to, e.g., via a WT
identifier and/or a unique access probe signal identifier. Timing
adjustment information 2158 includes timing correction information
extracted from the received response signal and information
indicating changes to the transmission timing as a result of
applying the correction information. Terrestrial base
station/satellite base station location information 2160 includes
information indicating the location of terrestrial base stations
and the location of satellite base stations in the system.
Information 2160 may also include information correlating the cell
coverage areas or satellite base stations with terrestrial base
stations.
FIG. 23 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal 2300, e.g.,
mobile node, implemented in accordance with the present invention.
Exemplary WT 2100 may be used in various embodiments of wireless
communications systems of the present invention. Exemplary WT 2300
includes a receiver 2302, a transmitter 2304, a processor 2306, and
a memory 2308 coupled together via a bus 2310 over which the
various elements may interchange data and information. The memory
2308 includes routines 2320 and data/information 2322. The
processor 2306, e.g., a CPU, executes the routines and uses the
data information 2322 in memory 2308 to control the operation of
the WT 2300 and implement methods of the present invention.
Receiver 2302, e.g., an OFDM receiver, is coupled to a receive
antenna 2312 via which WT 2300 can receive downlink signals from a
base station including beacon signals and response signals
including timing adjustment information. Transmitter 2304, e.g., an
OFDM transmitter, is coupled to a transmit antenna 2316 via which
the WT 2300 can transmit uplink signals to a base station including
access probe signals. Timing of access probe signals including
offsets from superslots, which superslot and which beaconslot in
which to transmit a given access probe signal is controllable in
transmitter 2304. Receiver 2302 includes a decoder module 2314 used
for decoding downlink signals, while transmitter 2304 includes an
encoder module 2318 for encoding uplink signals.
Routines 2320 includes a communications routine 2324 for
implementing communications protocols used by the WT 2300 and WT
control routines 2325 for controlling operations of WT 2300. WT
control routines 2325 include a received signal processing module
2326, a coding module 2328, a transmitter control module 2330, a
monitoring module 2332, a timing adjustment module 2334, and a
decoder module 2136. Received signal processing module 2326
processes signals including beacon signals and determines a
downlink timing reference point from at least one beacon signal.
Coding module 2328 operating, either alone or in conjunction with
encoder 2318, in some embodiments, codes information in an access
probe signal that identifies a corresponding access probe signal,
e.g., within a sequence of access probe signals. A wireless
terminal identifier and/or a unique access probe signal identifier
may also be encoded to allow distinction between the plurality of
WTs in the system which may transmit access probes. Transmitter
control module 2330 operates to control operations of transmitter
2304 include controlling coded access probe signals to be
transmitted with timing offsets, e.g., different timing offsets for
different access probes. In some embodiments, the time between
successive access probes may be less than the larger of the
duration of a superslot and twice the time required for a signal to
travel from the WT to the base station. For example, consider that
a superslot includes one access interval; however the timing
ambiguity may be greater than the access interval but less than the
superslot duration, and the WT may transmit a sequence of access
probes, e.g., coded to identify the access probe, spaced apart by a
time interval less than the access interval to cover the possible
timing range ambiguity within the superslot. Monitoring module 2332
is used to determine if a response to an access probe signal is
received from the base station. Timing adjustment module 2334 is
responsive to the monitoring module 2332 and performs a
transmission timing adjustment as a function of information
included in a received access probe response. Decoder module 2336
operating either alone or in conjunction with decoder 2314, decodes
information in a response identifying the one of the access probe
signals.
Data/information 2322 includes timing/frequency structure
information 2340, user/device/session/resource information 2342, a
plurality of access probe signal information sets (1.sup.st access
probe signal info 2344, . . . , Nth access probe signal info 2346),
received beacon signal info 2348, timing reference point
information 2350, access probe spacing/offset information 2352,
received response signal information 2356, and timing adjustment
information 2358. Timing/frequency structure information 2340
includes downlink and uplink timing and frequency structure
information, periodicity information, indexing information, OFDM
symbol transmission time interval information, information
regarding grouping of OFDM symbol transmission time intervals such
as slots, superslots, beaconslots, etc., base station
identification information, beacon signal information, repetitive
interval information, access interval information, uplink carrier
frequencies, downlink carrier frequencies, uplink tone block
information, downlink tone block information, uplink and downlink
tone hopping information, base station identification information,
etc. Timing/frequency structure information 2340 includes
information corresponding to a plurality of base stations that may
be in the wireless communications system.
User/device/session/resource information 2342 includes information
corresponding to users of WT 2300, and information corresponding to
peers in a communications session with WT 2300, including, e.g.,
identifiers, addresses, routing information, air link resources
allocated, e.g., downlink traffic channel segments, uplink traffic
channel segments for a multi-tone mode with terrestrial base
stations, a single dedicated logical tone for uplink signaling with
a satellite BS, a base station assigned WT user identifier, etc.
1.sup.st access probe information 2344 includes timing offset
information, e.g., relative to the start of a superslot,
corresponding to the access probe, information identifying a
superslot index, coded information, information identifying a
beaconslot, etc. Nth access probe information 2346 includes timing
offset information, e.g., relative to the start of a superslot,
corresponding to the access probe, information identifying a
superslot index, coded information, information identifying a
beaconslot, etc. Different sets of access probe information (2344,
2346) may include different information, either partially or
completely, e.g., different timing offsets but the same superslot.
Access probe signal information (2344, 2346) may also include user
identification information, e.g. a WT identifier and/or a unique
access probe signal identifier, and tone information associated
with the access probe signal. Received beacon signal information
2348 includes information from a received beacon signal, e.g.,
information associating the beacon with a particular base station,
carrier frequency, and/or sector, beacon signal strength
information, information allowing the WT to establish a timing
reference point, etc. Timing reference point information 2350
includes information, e.g., determined using downlink beacon
signaling, which establishes a reference point, e.g., beaconslot
start upon which superslot indexing is based. Access probe
signaling transmission timing can be referenced with respect to the
established timing reference point information 2350. Access probe
spacing/offset information 2352 includes timing information
relating to access probes in a sequence of access probes, e.g., a
delta time interval between successive access probes. For example,
in a case where each an access interval duration is less than a
superslot, but the timing ambiguity is greater than an access
interval duration, a number of successive access probes may be
spaced by a delta time interval less than or equal to the access
interval duration, and the number being such to cover the timing
ambiguity range. Received response signal information 2356 includes
information received in response to the access probe signaling
including timing correction information. The timing correction
information may be coded. In some embodiments, the response signal
information 2356 also includes information identifying which one of
the access probe signals in the sequence of successive access
probes is being responded to. Timing adjustment information 2358
includes timing correction information extracted from the received
response signal and information indicating changes to the
transmission timing as a result of applying the correction
information. Received response signal information 2356 may also
include a WT identifier and/or a unique access probe signal
identifier.
FIG. 24 is a drawing of an exemplary wireless terminal 2400, e.g.,
mobile node, implemented in accordance with the present invention.
Exemplary WT 2400 may be used in various embodiments of wireless
communications systems of the present invention. Exemplary WT 2400
includes a receiver 2402, a transmitter 2404, a processor 2406, and
a memory 2408 coupled together via a bus 2410 over which the
various elements may interchange data and information. The memory
2408 includes routines 2420 and data/information 2422. The
processor 2406, e.g., a CPU, executes the routines and uses the
data information 2422 in memory 2408 to control the operation of
the WT 2400 and implement methods of the present invention.
Receiver 2402, e.g., an OFDM receiver, is coupled to a receive
antenna 2412 via which WT 2400 can receive downlink signals from a
base station including beacon signals and response signals
including timing adjustment information. Transmitter 2404, e.g., an
OFDM transmitter, is coupled to a transmit antenna 2416 via which
the WT 2400 can transmit uplink signals to a base station including
access probe signals. Timing of access probe signals including
offsets from superslots, which superslot and which beaconslot in
which to transmit a given access probe signal is controllable in
transmitter 2404. Receiver 2402 includes a decoder module 2414 used
for decoding downlink signals, while transmitter 2404 includes an
encoder module 2418 for encoding uplink signals.
Routines 2420 includes a communications routine 2424 for
implementing communications protocols used by the WT 2400 and WT
control routines 2425 for controlling operations of WT 2400. WT
control routines 2425 include a received signal processing module
2426, a coding module 2428, a transmitter control module 2430, a
monitoring module 2432, a transmission timing adjustment module
2434, and a receiver control and decoding module 2436. Received
signal processing module 2426 processes signals including beacon
signals and determines a downlink timing reference point from at
least one beacon signal. Coding module 2128 operating, either alone
or in conjunction with encoder 2118, codes information in uplink
signals, e.g., encoding a WT identifier and/or a unique access
probe identifier in an access probe signal to be transmitted by WT
2400, allowing the access probe to be distinguished by the BS from
other access probes which may have been transmitted by other WTs.
Transmitter control module 2430 operates to control operations of
transmitter 2404 include controlling access probe signals to be
transmitted with timing offsets, e.g., different timing offsets
from the start of a superslot for different access probes. In some
embodiments, transmitter control module 2430 controls the
transmission of successive access probes to be greater than the
twice the signaling time from the WT to the base station plus a
signal processing time, e.g., allowing for the WT 2400 to see
whether an access probe has been responded to before issuing
another access probe. Monitoring module 2432 is used to determine
if a response to an access probe signal is received from the base
station. Transmission timing adjustment module 2434 is responsive
to the monitoring module 2432 and performs a transmission timing
adjustment as a function of information included in a received
access probe response signal. For example, the transmission timing
adjustment module 2434 may use the information in the received
response signal, e.g., sub-superslot timing offset correction
information 2464, and one of a main superslot timing offset
correction value or a superslot position indicator indicative of
reception in the base station, in conjunction with information
known to the WT 2400 as to when the access probe was transmitted,
to calculate a timing adjustment. In some embodiments, the received
response signal conveys sub-superslot timing offset information,
e.g., via coded bits in the response signal, and main superslot
timing offset information is conveyed via the time of transmission
of the response signal. In some embodiments, receiver control and
decoder module 2436 operating either alone or in conjunction with
decoder 2414, receives an access probe response signal from the
base station and decodes information in a response extracting at
least one of i) an amount of an indicated main superslot timing
offset correction, the amount of the main superslot timing offset
correction being an integer multiple of a superslot time period;
and ii) a superslot identifier indicating the position of a
superslot within a beacon slot during which the base station
received the access probe signal to which the received response
corresponds. In some embodiments, a main superslot timing offset
has been coded with a sub-superslot time offset as a single coded
value and module 2436 performs the decoding operation. In some
embodiments, a main superslot timing offset has been coded
separately from a sub-superslot time offset as a two separately
coded values and module 2436 performs the decoding operation. In
some embodiments, sub-slot timing offset is conveyed via coded bits
of the response signal and main superslot offset is conveyed via
controlling the time of transmission of the response signal, e.g.,
within the response signal being offset by different amounts. In
some embodiments the response signal also includes a WT identifier
and/or a unique access probe signal identifier 2465 such that the
WT 2400 can recognize that the response signal is directed to the
WT 2400 and not to another WT in the system.
Data/information 2422 includes timing/frequency structure
information 2440, user/device/session/resource information 2442, a
plurality of access probe signal information sets (1.sup.st access
probe signal info 2444, . . . , Nth access probe signal info 2446),
received beacon signal info 2448, timing reference point
information 2450, initial timing offset information 2452, step size
information 2454, received response signal information 2456, and
timing adjustment information 2458. Timing/frequency structure
information 2440 includes downlink and uplink timing and frequency
structure information, periodicity information, indexing
information, OFDM symbol transmission time interval information,
information regarding grouping of OFDM symbol transmission time
intervals such as slots, superslots, beaconslots, etc., base
station identification information, beacon signal information,
repetitive interval information, access interval information,
uplink carrier frequencies, downlink carrier frequencies, uplink
tone block information, downlink tone block information, uplink and
downlink tone hopping information, base station identification
information, etc. Timing/frequency structure information 2440
includes information corresponding to a plurality of base stations
that may be in the wireless communications system.
User/device/session/resource information 2442 includes information
corresponding to users of WT 2400, and information corresponding to
peers in a communications session with WT 2400, including, e.g.,
identifiers, addresses, routing information, air link resources
allocated, e.g., downlink traffic channel segments, uplink traffic
channel segments for a multi-tone mode with terrestrial base
stations, a single dedicated logical tone for uplink signaling with
a satellite BS, a base station assigned WT user identifier, etc.
1.sup.st access probe information 2444 includes timing offset
information, e.g., relative to the start of a superslot,
corresponding to the access probe, information identifying a
superslot index, information identifying a beaconslot, etc. Nth
access probe information 2446 includes timing offset information,
e.g., relative to the start of a superslot, corresponding to the
access probe, information identifying a superslot index,
information identifying a beaconslot, etc. Different sets of access
probe information (2444, 2446) may include different information,
either partially or completely, e.g., different timing offsets,
different superslot index values or different timing offsets, the
same superslot index value. Access probe signal information (2444,
2446) may also include user identification information, e.g., a WT
identifier and/or a unique access probe signal identifier, and tone
information associated with the access probe signal. The WT
identifier and/or unique access probe signal identifier may be
encoded into the access probe signal such that the BS can
distinguish among a plurality of access probes, e.g., from
different WTs in the system, and the BS may include identification
in response signals allowing WT 2400 to know that a response signal
is directed to WT 2400. Received beacon signal information 2448
includes information from a received beacon signal, e.g.,
information associating the beacon with a particular base station,
carrier frequency, and/or sector, beacon signal strength
information, information allowing the WT to establish a timing
reference point, etc. Timing reference point information 2450
includes information, e.g., determined using downlink beacon
signaling, which establishes a reference point, e.g., beaconslot
start upon which superslot indexing is based. Access probe
signaling transmission timing can be referenced with respect to the
established timing reference point information 2450. Initial timing
offset information 2452 includes information identifying an initial
timing offset value used in the calculation of timing offset, e.g.,
with respect to superslot start, for access probes. Step size
information 2454 includes information identifying a fixed step size
timing offset, which is added in integer multiples to the initial
timing offset, to determine the offset from the start of a
superslot for a particular access probe, e.g., with different
access probes using different integer multiples of the step size
timing offset. The fixed step size is in some embodiments less than
the duration of a base station access interval, the base station
access interval being a period of time during which the base
station is responsive to access probe signals. Received response
signal information 2456 includes information received in response
to the access probe signaling including timing correction
information. Received response signal information 2456 may include
a WT identifier and/or a unique access probe signal identifier
2465, allowing the WT 2400 to recognize that the response signal it
directed to itself and not to another WT in the system. In some
embodiments, the response signal information 2156 also includes
information identifying which one of the access probe signals
transmitted by WT 2400 is being responded to, e.g., if the WT 2400
transmits a plurality of access probes in a time interval less than
twice the signal transmit time from the WT to BS. The timing
correction information may be coded. In some embodiments, the
response signal information 2156 also includes information
identifying which one of the access probe signal is being responded
to. Received response signal information 2456 includes a
sub-superslot timing offset correction information 2464, and, in
some embodiments, at least one of a main superslot timing offset
correction information 2460, e.g., an integer multiple of a
superslot time period, and a superlsot position identifier 2462,
e.g., identifying the position of a superslot within a beaconslot
during which the base station received the access probe signal to
which the received response corresponds. Timing adjustment
information 2458 includes timing correction information extracted
from the received response signal and information indicating
changes to the transmission timing as a result of applying the
correction information, e.g., in combination with know timing
information corresponding to the access probe.
FIG. 22 illustrates a method of operating a base station, e.g, a
satellite base station, in accordance with one exemplary embodiment
of the invention. All or portions of the method may be used
depending on the particular embodiment and type of wireless
terminal signaling sent to the base station, e.g., the type of
information encoded on transmitted access probes.
The method starts in step 2202, e.g., with the base station being
initialized and placed into operation. Operation proceeds along
parallel paths to steps 2203 and 2204 which may be performed in
parallel. In step 2203 the base station transmits beacon signals on
a periodic basis according to a predetermined downlink timing
structure, at least one beacon signal being transmitted during each
beacon slot. The beacon signal, in various embodiments, is a signal
transmitted at a higher power level than is normally used to
transmit user data, e.g., text, video or application data. The
beacon signal, in some embodiments is a narrowband signal. In some
embodiments a beacon signal is implemented as a single tone signal
which is transmitted for one a few consecutive symbol transmission
time periods, e.g., less than 3 or 4 consecutive OFDM symbol time
periods. The beacon signals are transmitted on a periodic basis as
determined by the downlink timing structure.
In step 2204, which can occur in parallel with the beacon
transmission step 2203, the base station monitors, e.g., during
access intervals which occur on a periodic basis, to detect access
probe signals. In some embodiments, the periodic access intervals
have a duration shorter than the period of a downlink superslot.
The access probe signals may be received from one or more
communications devices which have not yet fully achieved uplink
timing synchronization with the base station. Superslot and/or
sub-superslot uplink timing corrections may be required before the
wireless terminals sending the access probes will achieve symbol
level uplink timing synchronization with the base station. For each
access probe signal detected in step 2204, operation proceeds to
step 2206, In step 2206, the base station determines the index of a
downlink superslot time period at said base station during which
the access probe signal was received. This may be different from
the superslot in which the transmitting communications device
believed it was transmitting the access probe in. The determination
of which downlink superslot an access probe signal was received in
can be done using internal base station timing information and
knowledge of when the access probe was received.
Operation proceeds from step 2206 to step 2208. In step 2208, the
base station performs a decoding operation on the access probe
signal to detect information that may have been encoded on the
signal, e.g., an access probe identifier, communications device
identifier which identifies the transmitting communication device,
and/or a downlink superslot identifier indicating for example, an
index of a superslot within a beacon slot in which the transmitting
device sent the access probe.
With the access probe information having been decoded, operation
procees to steps 2210 and 2212. In step 2210 the base station
determines a sub-superslot uplink transmission timing correction
offset to be made by the communications device which transmitted
the received probe to achieve proper symbol level timing within a
superslot for signals, e.g., OFDM symbols, transmitted to the base
station. This timing correction value is a value which indicates a
correction which is less than the duration of a superslot.
Operation proceeds form step 2210 to step 2214.
Step 2212 is an optional step performed in some embodiments where a
superslot index is encoded on the received access probe. In step
2212 which is performed in some but not necessarily all
embodiments, a main superslot timing offset correction is
determined from the difference between the determined index of the
downlink superslot in which the access probe was received and the
index of the superslot in which the access probe was transmitted as
indicated by the decoded superslot identifier. Operation proceeds
from step 2212 to step 2214.
Step 2214 is a step in which a response to the received access
probe is generated and transmitted. In some embodiments, the
response is transmitted in a downlink superslot having a
predetermined downlink superslot offset from the downlink superslot
time period in which the access probe to which the response
corresponds was received by the base station. The superslot offset
is sufficient for the base station to process and generate the
necessary response, e.g., one or two superslots from the superslot
in which the access probe was received. Such an embodiment, which
transmits responses in a downlink superslot having a predetermined
known superslot offset from the superslot in which a response was
received allows a wireless terminal to estimate the superslot
timing offset error from the response timing.
In some embodiments where access probe response signals transmit
the response at a predetermined superslot offset to the point in
time in which the access probe is received, the wireless terminal
receiving the access probe response calculates a main timing
adjustment to be implemented according to the following
equation:
main timing adjustment=2.times.(index of superslot in which the
response to the access probe was received-index of superslot
determined by the communications device in which the access probe
was transmitted)-a fixed superslot delay) times the period of a
superslot. The fixed superslot delay is a function of the
predetermined offset. The 2 multipler takes into consideration that
the delay involved is a round trip delay while the multiplication
times the period of a downlink superslot takes into consideration
the duration of superslots.
In step 2214, the sub-suprslot uplink timing offset correction
determined in step 2210 is encoded into the response. In addition,
other information may also be encoded into the access probe
response signal which is generated. Each of the elements may be
coded separately, e.g., as separate error values or may be
combined, e.g., with main and sub-superslot error information being
coded as a single value. In sub-step 2224, the main superslot
uplink timing offset correction, e.g., the correction value
generated in step 2212, is coded into the response signal. In
sub-step 226, the superslot identifier indicaing the index of the
downlink superslot in which the access probe signal was received is
encoded into the response signal. In sub-step 2228. the
communications device identifier and/or access probe identifier
corresponding to the received access probe which is being responded
to is encoded into the response signal. Identification of the
communications device to which the response is directed can be
useful in a multi-user system particularly where multiple devices
may make requests, e.g., as part of a contention based access
process. Operation proceeds from step 2214 to step 2230 where the
generated probe is transmitted as an access probe response signal.
Processing corresponding to the received detected access probe
stops in step 2232 however, the receipt and processing of other
access probes may continue.
FIG. 25 is a drawing of an exemplary base station 2500, e.g., a
satellite based base station, implemented in accordance with the
present invention and using methods of the present invention.
Exemplary base station 2500 may be the BS of an exemplary wireless
communications system, implemented in accordance with the present
invention. The base station 2500 is sometimes referred to an access
node, as the base station provides network access to WTs. The base
station 2500 includes a receiver 2502, a transmitter 2504, a
processor 2506, and a memory 2508 coupled together via a bus 2510
over which the various elements may interchange data and
information. The receiver 2502 includes a decoder 2512 for decoding
received uplink signals from WTs, e.g., including access probe
signals. The transmitter 2504 includes an encoder 2514 for encoding
downlink signals to be transmitted to WTs, e.g., including downlink
beacon signals and downlink response signals to access probes. The
receiver 2502 and transmitter 2504 are each coupled to antennas
(2516, 2518) over which uplink signals are received from WTs and
downlink signals are transmitted to WTs, respectively. In some
embodiments, the same antenna is used for the receiver 2502 and
transmitter 2504. In addition to communicating with WTs, the base
station 2500 can communicate with other network nodes. In some
embodiments where the BS 2500 is a satellite BS the BS communicates
with a ground station with a directional antenna and high capacity
link, the ground station coupled to other network nodes, e.g.,
other base stations, routers, AAA servers, home agent nodes and the
Internet. In some such embodiments, the same receivers 2502,
transmitters 2504, and/or antennas previously described with BS--WT
communication links are used for BS--network node ground station
links, while in other embodiments separate elements are used for
different functions. In embodiments, where the BS 2500 is a
terrestrial base station, BS 2500 includes a network interface
which couples the BS 2500 to other network nodes and/or the
Internet. The memory 2508 includes routines 2520 and
data/information 2522. The processor 2506, e.g., a CPU, executes
the routines 2520 and uses the data/information 2522 in memory 2508
to control the operation of the base station 2500 and implement the
methods of the present invention.
The memory 2508 includes a communications routine 2524 and base
station control routine 2526. The communications routine 2524
implements the various communications protocols used by the base
station 2500. The base station control routine 2526 includes a
scheduler module 2528, which assigns segments, e.g., downlink
traffic channel segments, to WTs, a transmitter control module
2530, a receiver control module 2536, an encoder module 2546, an
access probe decoding and processing module 2548, and a timing
correction determination module 2550.
Transmitter control module controls operation of transmitter 2504.
The transmitter control module 2530 includes a beacon module 2532
and an access probe response module 2534. Beacon module controls
transmission of beacon signals, e.g., the transmission of at least
one beacon signal during a beaconslot. In some embodiments, the
beacon signal is a single tone signal. In some embodiments, the
beacons signal has a duration of less than three OFDM symbol
transmission time periods. Access probe response module 2542
controls the generation and transmission of response signals, which
are responding to access probe signals.
The receiver control module 2536 includes an access probe reception
and detection module 2540. Receiver control module 2536 controls
the receiver 2502 operation. Access probe reception and detection
module 2540 is used in receiving and detecting access probe signals
from wireless terminals. The access probe detection module 2540
includes an access probe detection module 2542 and an access time
interval determination module 2544. Access time interval
determination module 2544 identifies the predetermined periodic
time periods occurring during a portion of each superslot during a
beaconslot, said portion being less than one half of a superslot,
the predetermined time periods sometimes referred to as access
intervals or slots being reserved for receiving access probes.
Access probes arriving outside the access intervals are treated by
the base station as interference and not responded to. In some
embodiments, an access interval is less than 25% of a superslot
interval. For example, an access interval may be 8 or 9 OFDM symbol
transmission time intervals corresponding to a superslot of 114
OFDM symbol transmission time intervals. In some embodiments, an
OFDM symbol transmission time interval is approximately 100
micro-sec. Access probe detection module 2542 detects and processes
received access probes which arrive during time intervals deemed
acceptable by the access time interval determination module
2544.
Encoder module 2546, operating either alone or in conjunction with
encoder 2514, in some embodiments, includes in the response signal
a superslot identifier indicating the position of the superslot
within a beaconslot during which the base station received the
access probe signal. In some embodiments, the encoder module,
operating either alone or in conjunction with encoder 2514, encodes
sub-superslot timing correction information in the response signal,
said super-slot timing correction information indicating a timing
adjustment smaller than the duration of a superslot.
Access probe decoding and processing module 2548, operating either
alone or in conjunction with decoder 2512, decodes received access
probe signals to recover encoded information, e.g., an encoded
superslot identifier, encoded information identifying a WT, encoded
information identifying the access probe signal.
In some embodiments, timing correction determination module 2550
determines a main superslot timing offset correction, e.g., an
integer multiple of the duration of a superslot from the difference
between the decoded superslot identifier and the superslot index
within a beaconslot of the superslot in which the access probe was
received. In some embodiments, timing correction determination 2550
determines a main superslot timing offset correction based on a
beacon transmission reference point, and a reference point of the
received access probe signal. In some such embodiments, the access
probe signal does convey information identifying the index of the
superslot during which the WT transmitted the access probe signal.
In some such embodiments, the response signal conveys timing
adjustment information which is combined by the WT with access
signal offset information known to the WT, but not known to the BS.
In some such embodiments, a sub-superslot timing correction is
conveyed in the response signal via coded bits while the main
timing offset information is conveyed by the transmission time of
the response signal.
Data/information 2522 includes user data/information 2552 which
includes a plurality of sets of information (user 1/MN session A
session B data/information 2554, user N/MN session X
data/information 2556) corresponding to the wireless terminals
using the base station 2500 as their point of network attachment.
Such WT information may include, e.g., WT identifiers, routing
information, assigned uplink single logical tone, downlink segment
assignment information, user data/information, e.g., voice
information, data packets of text, video, music, etc., coded blocks
of information. Data/information 2522 also includes system
information 2574 including downlink/uplink timing and frequency
structure information 2576, beacon signal information 2558,
received access probe signal information 2560 and response signal
information 2562. The response signal information includes
sub-superslot timing offset correction information 2572, and at
least one of main superslot timing offset correction information
2564, superslot identifier information 2566, communications device
identifier information 2568, and access probe identifier
information 2570.
In some embodiments, the main superslot timing offset correction is
an integer multiple of a superslot time period. A superslot
identifier can be used to indicate the position of the superslot
within a beaconslot during which the base station received the
access probe signal to which the received response corresponds. A
communications device identifier can be used to identify the
communications device which transmitted the access probe signal to
which the received response corresponds. An access probe identifier
can be used to identify the access probe to which the response
signal corresponds.
Downlink/uplink timing and frequency structure information 2576
including OFDM symbol transmission timing information, information
corresponding to grouping of OFDM symbols, e.g., slot, superslot,
beaconslot, access interval, etc. information, beacon timing and
tone information, indexing information, e.g., of superslots within
a beaconslot, carrier frequencies used for uplink and downlink,
tone blocks used for uplink and downlink, tone hopping information
for uplink and downlink, timing relationships and offsets between
uplink and downlink timing structure at the base station, periodic
intervals within the timing structures, etc.
The techniques of the present invention may be implemented using
software, hardware and/or a combination of software and hardware.
The present invention is directed to apparatus, e.g., mobile nodes
such as mobile terminals, base stations, communications system
which implement the present invention. It is also directed to
methods, e.g., method of controlling and/or operating mobile nodes,
base stations and/or communications systems, e.g., hosts, in
accordance with the present invention. The present invention is
also directed to machine readable medium, e.g., ROM, RAM, CDs, hard
discs, etc., which include machine readable instructions for
controlling a machine to implement one or more steps in accordance
with the present invention.
In various embodiments nodes described herein are implemented using
one or more modules to perform the steps corresponding to one or
more methods of the present invention, for example, signal
processing, message generation and/or transmission steps. Thus, in
some embodiments various features of the present invention are
implemented using modules. Such modules may be implemented using
software, hardware or a combination of software and hardware. Many
of the above described methods or method steps can be implemented
using machine executable instructions, such as software, included
in a machine readable medium such as a memory device, e.g., RAM,
floppy disk, etc. to control a machine, e.g., general purpose
computer with or without additional hardware, to implement all or
portions of the above described methods, e.g., in one or more
nodes. Accordingly, among other things, the present invention is
directed to a machine-readable medium including machine executable
instructions for causing a machine, e.g., processor and associated
hardware, to perform one or more of the steps of the
above-described method(s).
The timing synchronization methods and apparatus of the present
invention can be used with a wide variety of devices and systems.
The methods and apparatus of the present invention are well suited
for use, and can be used in combination with the methods and
apparatus described in U.S. utility patent application Ser. No.
11/184,051 titled "COMMUNICATIONS SYSTM, METHODS AND APPARATUS"
which is filed on the same day as the present application and names
the same inventors as the present application. This utility patent
application is hereby expressly incorporated by reference and is to
be deemed as part of the disclosure of the present patent
application.
While described in the context of an OFDM system, at least some of
the methods and apparatus of the present invention, are applicable
to a wide range of communications systems including many non-OFDM
and/or non-cellular systems.
Numerous additional variations on the methods and apparatus of the
present invention described above will be apparent to those skilled
in the art in view of the above description of the invention. Such
variations are to be considered within the scope of the invention.
In some embodiments the base stations server as access nodes which
establish communications links with mobile nodes (WTs) using OFDM
signals. In various embodiments the WTs are implemented as cell
phones, notebook computers, personal data assistants (PDAs), or
other portable devices including receiver/transmitter circuits and
logic and/or routines, for implementing the methods of the present
invention.
* * * * *