U.S. patent number 7,746,619 [Application Number 11/741,475] was granted by the patent office on 2010-06-29 for soft start clutch controller.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Sendec Corporation. Invention is credited to Sean O. Harnett, David L. Sestito.
United States Patent |
7,746,619 |
Harnett , et al. |
June 29, 2010 |
**Please see images for:
( Certificate of Correction ) ** |
Soft start clutch controller
Abstract
A clutch actuator for an electromechanical clutch having a
solenoid actuating coil initially provides power to the solenoid at
a high rate by using a high duty cycle pulse with a modulated
controller. When the initial engagement of the clutch elements is
sensed by a decrease in current, the duty cycle of the pulse with
modulator is reduced and thereafter increased in a control fashion
to accomplish a soft start.
Inventors: |
Harnett; Sean O. (Penfield,
NY), Sestito; David L. (Fairport, NY) |
Assignee: |
Sendec Corporation (Fairport,
NY)
|
Family
ID: |
39885671 |
Appl.
No.: |
11/741,475 |
Filed: |
April 27, 2007 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20080264747 A1 |
Oct 30, 2008 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
361/139;
361/160 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F16D
48/064 (20130101); F16D 2500/3022 (20130101); F16D
2500/10418 (20130101); F16D 2500/50251 (20130101); F16D
2500/1022 (20130101); F16D 2500/70418 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
H01H
9/00 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;361/139,143,144,160 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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|
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61200561 |
|
Sep 1986 |
|
JP |
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3137452 |
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Jun 1991 |
|
JP |
|
Other References
Components for Drivelines, Basics of Design engineering,
http://www.machinedesign.com/BDE/mechanical/bdemech1/mdemech1.sub.--1.htm-
., Jun. 7, 2005 - 4 pages. cited by other .
GlobalSpec the Engineering Search Engine, Electric Clutches
Specifications, Jun. 7, 2005, http://www.globalspec.com/
specifications/speechelpall?name=ElectricClutch&comp=89, 6
pages. cited by other.
|
Primary Examiner: Nguyen; Danny
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Salai, Esq.; Stephen B. Shaw, Esq.;
Brian B. Harter Secrest & Emery LLP
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A controller for an electrically operated solenoid actuated
clutch comprising: a controllable power source coupled to the
solenoid; a current sensor coupled to the solenoid, responsive to
the current flowing in the solenoid and producing an output signal
proportional to said current; a controller coupled to the power
source and responsive to the output signal for increasing the
current at a first rate to a maximum detected current, detecting a
decrease in current to a preselected percentage of the maximum
current, storing the maximum current as a reference current,
reducing the current to a second preselected percentage of the
reference current less than the first preselected percentage,
increasing the current to a third preselected percentage of the
reference current at a second rate lower than the first rate, and
then increasing the current at the first rate.
2. The controller of claim 1 in which the first rate is limited
essentially solely by the characteristics of the solenoid.
3. The controller of claim 1 in which the first preselected
percentage is about 95%.
4. The controller of claim 1 in which the second preselected
percentage is about 40%.
5. The controller of claim 1 in which the third preselected
percentage is about 66%.
6. The controller of claim 1 in which the controller, after
detecting the decrease in current to the preselected percentage of
the reference current, increases the current at the first rate to a
value equal to a fourth percentage of the reference current greater
than the reference current, and then reduces the current to the
second preselected percentage of the reference current.
7. The controller of claim 6 in which the fourth percentage is
about 120%.
8. A method for smoothly engaging a solenoid actuated
electromechanical clutch comprising: applying current to the
solenoid at a first rate; monitoring the current flowing through
the solenoid; detecting a first local current maximum; continuing
to supply current to the solenoid; detecting an increase in current
to a predetermined percentage of the first local current maximum;
and reducing the amount of current supplied to the solenoid.
9. The method for smoothly engaging a solenoid actuated
electromechanical clutch of claim 8 in which the step of reducing
the amount of current supplied to the solenoid comprises supplying
current to the side at a rate lower than the first rate.
10. The method for smoothly engaging a solenoid actuated
electromechanical clutch of claim 8 in which the second local
current maximum is greater than the first local current
maximum.
11. The method for smoothly engaging a solenoid actuated
electromechanical clutch of claim 10 comprising the further step of
supplying current to the solenoid at the first rate.
12. A method for smoothly engaging a solenoid actuated
electromechanical clutch comprising: applying current to the
solenoid at a first rate; monitoring the current flowing through
the solenoid; detecting a first local current maximum followed by a
decrease in current greater than a predetermined amount and
detecting a further increase in current beyond a predetermined
percentage of the first local current maximum, and then;
momentarily interrupting the flow of current to the solenoid; and
supplying current to the solenoid at a rate lower than the first
rate.
13. A method for smoothly engaging a solenoid actuated
electromechanical clutch comprising: applying current to the
solenoid at a first rate; monitoring the current flowing through
the solenoid; detecting a first local current maximum followed by a
decrease in current greater than a predetermined amount and
detecting a further increase in current beyond the first local
current maximum and then; supplying current to the solenoid at a
rate lower than the first rate.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
N/A
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
None
REFERENCE TO A "SEQUENCE LISTING"
Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the actuation of
electromagnetic clutches and more particularly to a controller for
such clutches that reduces the stresses associated with engagement
of the clutches by providing a progressive or soft start.
2. Description of Related Art
Electromagnetic clutches are used in a variety of applications,
including coupling large and small engines and motors to equipment
operated by the engines or motors. Especially in the case of
relatively small engines and motors, the price of clutch
controllers is a significant factor in the implementation of such
controllers. However, small engine applications also benefit
significantly from controlling the abrupt engagement of clutches
since such engagement may increase wear, resulting in undesirable
operating characteristics such as jerking, or cause the engine to
stall if the clutch is engaged abruptly.
There have, in the past, been some efforts made towards reducing
the abruptness of clutch engagement. Such methods have taken
various forms, including mechanical arrangements that suffer from
the disadvantage that they are complex and expensive, and
electrical arrangements that have provided less than optimal
results. Since an electromagnetic, clutch requires a clutch
controller for controlling power applied to the clutch, it would be
desirable to combine such controller with method and apparatus for
providing for gradual engagement of the clutch in a single unit.
This invention provides such method and device.
In almost all instances, an electromagnetic clutch includes a coil
or solenoid through which a current is passed to actuate the clutch
and an at least partially ferrous core that is arranged to be drawn
into the coil when current is supplied to the coil. The core is
mechanically connected to the clutch mechanism so that when power
is applied to the coil and the core is drawn into the coil, the
clutch mechanism is moved from a disengaged to an engaged position.
This invention controls the actuation of the clutch by controlling
the current passing through the coil to provide for a gradual
engagement of the clutch rather than an abrupt engagement. This
invention relies on the characteristic of a solenoid type of clutch
actuator that the inductance of a solenoid increases as the core is
drawn into the body of the solenoid. Since, the core is
mechanically connected to the clutch, movement of the core is
directly related to the position and therefore the state of the
clutch and by taking advantage of this, the present invention
permits the position of the clutch to be determined from the
increase in the inductance of the coil that occurs as the core is
drawn into the coil.
Because the current flowing through the coil will tend to increase
with time, according to a well-known relationship, the actual
current through a coil as a function of time can be predicted
relatively accurately. Where the inductance of the coil increases
quickly enough as the core moves into the coil, the current through
the coil will decrease rather than increase as a function of time,
and by monitoring the current through the coil and recognizing this
decrease in current as the clutch begins to engage, the present
invention provides a method and apparatus for controlling the
engagement of the clutch to provide a soft start.
It is desirable to provide a clutch controller that automatically
adjusts for different clutch models. Clutches come in many
different sizes, larger clutches requiring more current than
smaller clutches, in prior art controllers, predetermined absolute
current set points have been used to control the operation of the
clutches. For example, a controller might initiate a ramp at a
starting point of 1.2 amps for three amp clutch, and a starting
point of 2 amps for a 5 amp clutch.
As clutches wear, more current is required to activate them.
Consequently, if a fixed current is employed at the beginning of
the ramp portion of the clutch activation, the clutch may
disengage. Since absolute current set points always produce the
same ramp current profile regardless of wear, controllers using
this technique may be unreliable.
Another problem of known controllers is that the current ramp
increases the current slowly from a preset value to 100%. In
practice, the clutch is fully engaged at a value somewhat less than
100% and continuing the ramp past this value may cause clutch
slippage and overheating.
A still further problem associated with known clutches is that
clutches do not always engage squarely, especially if they are
worn. If a clutch pulls in obliquely, a current sensor may indicate
a false engagement when one portion of the clutch plate touches the
opposite clutch plate.
While a variety of methods for controlling the current passing
through the clutch may suggest themselves to those skilled in the
art, and in accordance with the invention, it is preferred to
control the current through the use of a pulse width modulator
which can be adjusted to provide a controlled amount of current to
the coil of the clutch and thereby to accomplish a soft start.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with a presently preferred embodiment of the
invention, current through the coil of a clutch actuator is
initially sent to a high value by establishing a high duty cycle
for a pulse width modulated controller. When a decrease in current
through the clutch is sensed, thereby indicating that engagement of
the clutch has begun, the duty cycle of the pulse width modulator
is reduced quickly and thereafter increased in a controlled fashion
to accomplish a soft start.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, if desired,
once the clutch is fully engaged, the current through the coil may
be reduced to a holding value that is somewhat less than the
current required to actuate the clutch by adjusting the duty cycle
of the pulse width modulated control power to a holding value. This
feature reduces solenoid coil heat dissipation, thereby enabling
the use of a higher power solenoid than would be possible without
this control.
While the novel aspects of the invention are set forth with
particularity in the appended claims, the invention itself together
with further objects and advantages thereof may be more readily
comprehended by reference to the following detailed description
thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in
which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an arrangement for actuating an
electric clutch utilizing the self start clutch controller of this
invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of the idealized engagement of a
clutch of the type to which the invention relates;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of the typical engagement of a clutch
of the type to which this invention relates;
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the current flowing through
a clutch solenoid in accordance with one aspect of this
invention;
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation of the current through a
solenoid in accordance with another aspect of this invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a clutch controller in accordance
with this invention;
FIG. 7 is a software block diagram of the softstart algorithm for
the clutch controller shown in FIG. 6; and
FIG. 8 is a software block diagram of the current control PWM
algorithm for the clutch controller of FIG. 6.
FIG. 9 is a state diagram of the current control set point
algorithm for the clutch controller of FIG. 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a clutch arrangement utilizing a
clutch controller in accordance with this invention. A clutch 10
includes an input connector 12 for connecting clutch 10 to clutch
controller 18 by way of first and second electrical conductors 14
and 16. Conductors 14 and 16 are connected to output terminals 20
and 22 of clutch controller 18. Clutch controller 18 also includes
input terminals 24 and 26. Input terminal 28 is conventionally
connected to ground while input terminal 24 is connected to a
source of 12 volt DC power such as a battery 30 by way of a power
switch 28. When power switch 28 is closed, clutch controller 18
applies power to clutch 10 by way of connector 12 as will be
described in more detail below.
FIGS. 2 and 3 are diagrammatic illustrations showing clutch
engagement under ideal and typical circumstances. As shown in FIGS.
2(a) and 3(a), when disengaged, the clutch driven side and the
clutch output side are spaced apart so that no power is transferred
between them and moreover the outside clutch plate is ideally
disposed parallel to the driven side clutch plate. As the clutch is
drawn in, and in an ideal clutch, the output side clutch plate
remains parallel to the driven side clutch plate as shown in FIG.
2(b) and engages substantially simultaneously over the entire
surface.
In practice, as shown in FIG. 3, while it is often possible to
maintain the driven side and output side clutch plates essentially
parallel when the clutch is disengaged, when the clutch is engaged,
the output side clutch plate may contact the driven side clutch
plate obliquely as shown in FIG. 3(b) and subsequently move into
the position shown in FIG. 2(b). Some clutch manufactures use a
permanent magnet brake on the back side of the clutch plate which
further exaggerates this problem. This invention allows for this
common effect.
FIGS. 4 and 5 are graphical representations of the current applied
to a clutch solenoid in accordance with first and second
embodiments of the invention. Referring to FIG. 4, the current is
shown on a vertical axis against time shown on the horizontal axis.
When the clutch is engaged, for example when switch 28 as shown in
FIG. 1 is closed, the current begins to increase with time at a
rate determined primarily by the inductance of the clutch solenoid.
As the current increases, the clutch controller monitors the
current and detects a local maximum at 50 where the current begins
to decrease. Normally, this maximum occurs at the point where the
clutch plate begins to move toward the driven side of the clutch,
just before contact is first made between the driven side and the
output side of the clutch. When the current through the clutch
solenoid decreases to 95% of the maximum current, the start of
clutch engagement is declared. At this point the maximum current is
stored as "reference current", and power to the clutch solenoid is
removed and the current begins to decrease with time at a rate
again determined primarily by the inductance of the solenoid.
When the current falls to 40% of the reference currents current is
again supplied to the clutch solenoid but at a controlled rate to
facilitate a smooth engagement of the clutch. Preferably, the
controlled rate is a linear ramp but other controlled increases in
current are also contemplated. When the current reaches 66% of the
reference current, the controlled ramp is terminated and current is
applied to the coil at a rate limited only by the coil inductance.
At this point, the clutch is fully engaged.
FIG. 5 shows a graph of the current through a clutch solenoid vs.
time in accordance with another embodiment of the invention having
an additional feature adapted to detect and compensate for uneven
engagement of the clutch plates as shown in FIG. 3. The wave form
of FIG. 5 compensates for partial pull in and which would otherwise
be detected as full pull in and causing the current through the
clutch solenoid to be reduced and the clutch to either disengage
or, drag along the output disc edge until the ramp current
increases to a point where the clutch disc pulls in fully which
results in a delayed and abrupt engagement.
As shown in FIG. 5, when the maximum current is detected, a set
point is established at 95% of the maximum current to detect the
beginning of clutch engagement. When the current falls below 95% of
the maximum current, the maximum current is saved as "reference
current", a new set point is established at 1.2 times the reference
current and power is continuously applied to the clutch until the
new threshold is reached whereupon power to the clutch solenoid is
removed and the current begins to decrease with time at a rate
again determined primarily by the inductance of the solenoid to a
point equal to 40% of the reference current. At this point, the
current ramp up proceeds as already described in connection with
FIG. 4.
This second embodiment allows for the initial reduction of current
caused by the sort of uneven initial contact illustrated in FIG.
3(b) and it continues to apply current until a higher threshold is
reached thereby ensuring that actual clutch contact has
occurred.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a clutch controller in accordance
with a presently preferred embodiment of the invention. A power
source such as a 12 V DC power source is connected to an input
terminal 102. Terminal 102 is connected by way of a diode 104 to an
input terminal 106 of a voltage regulator 108. Regulator 108 has a
ground terminal 110 and an output terminal 112 that provides an
operating voltage for example 4.7 V to the other elements of the
clutch controller as will be discussed in more detail below. A
filter capacitor 114 filters the output of voltage regulator 108
and the filtered output is available on terminal 116.
Input terminal 102 is also connected to the source terminal 120 of
field effect transistor 122. Drain 124 of FET 122 is connected to a
first clutch solenoid terminal 126. The other end of the clutch
solenoid is connected to terminal 128 which is connected to ground
through low resistance resistor 132 which may have resistance of
approximately 0.1 ohm. Resistor 132 is connected in such a way that
both the ON and OFF current through the clutch solenoid may be
measured by sensing the voltage drop across resistor 132. Ground is
connected to output terminal 130. A snubber diode 134 is connected
between terminal 126 and ground to provide a path for the clutch
solenoid recirculating current during the PWM off period.
Gate electrode 136 of FET 124 is clamped to a maximum gate-source
voltage of approximately 10V by zener diode 138. Gate terminal 136
is connected to the collector of gate drive transistor 140 by
current limiting resistor 142 which may have a value of
approximately 390 ohms. The zener diode, preferably a 20 V zener
diode 144 is connected between the collector and the emitter of
transistor 140 to limit the voltage applied across transistor 140
during a "load-dump" transient. Load-dump transients can occur when
the 12V battery is suddenly disconnected from a running engine's
charging system. Zener diode 144 also forces FET 120 ON during the
load dump, both to keep FET 144's drain-source voltage within safe
limits and to help to suppress the load-dump by providing a load
via the clutch. Collector 146 of transistor 140 is connected to the
12 volt source through resistor 148 which is preferably a 1.5 K.
ohm resistor. Base 150 of transistor 140 is connected to an output
of microcontroller 160 by a series resistor 162. Base resistor 164
is connected between the base 150 and ground and preferably has a
value of approximately 2 K. ohms
The current through the clutch solenoid coil is sensed as a voltage
drop across resistor 132 which is connected through a filter
comprising a series resistor 170 and a capacitor 173 to a
non-inverting input 172 of a comparator 174. Preferably, resistor
170 has a value of approximately 2 K. ohms. An inverting input 176
of comparator 174 is connected to ground through a series resistor
178 which preferably has a value of about 1000 ohms. A feedback
resistor 180 is connected between output 182 of comparator 174 and
inverting input 176. The output of comparator 174 is connected to
an input 190 of controller 160 through a filter comprising a series
resistor 192 which preferably has a value of approximately 2 K.
ohms and a capacitor 194 which preferably has a value of 0.01
.mu.F.
The filtered current signal is connected to the inverting input 198
of a comparator 200 whose non-inverting input 202 is connected to a
voltage divider comprising a first resistor 204 which preferably
has a value of approximately 20 K. ohms and a second resistor 206
which preferably has a value of approximately 10 K. ohms. A filter
capacitor 208 is connected in parallel with resistor 206.
Comparator 200 provides a signal at output 210 when the current
through the clutch solenoid exceeds a predetermined value set by
the ratio of resistors 204 and 206. The current overload signal is
applied to input 212 of controller 160 which is preferably an
interrupt input.
The clutch controller uses a high side driver with the FET 122
switching the voltage provided to the clutch at terminal 126 and
senses the current in the return path at terminal 128. In the case
of an external short circuit to ground, the return path is
bypassed. In this case the FET 122 could see a dangerously high
current while the sense circuit measured zero current.
The FET drain-source saturation voltage is dependent on the current
and the FET R.sub.DSON of 0.06 ohms. If the current is normal
(<5 A), the FET will saturate to less than 0.3V across its
drain-source. As the current increases the saturation voltage
increases. Therefore, by monitoring the saturation voltage the
approximate current through the FET can be sensed.
A saturation detector comparator 220 has a non-inverting input 234
connected to a first voltage divider comprising resistors 222 and
224 connected between the FET drain terminal 124 and ground, and a
second inverting input 235 connected to a second voltage divider
comprising resistors to 226 and 228 connected between FET source
terminal 120 and ground. Zener diodes 230 and 232 limit the voltage
is produced by the two voltage dividers to safe values but do not
otherwise affect the comparison. Preferably, resistor 222 has a
value of approximately 75 K. ohms, resistor 224 has a value of
approximately 10 K. ohms, resistor 226 has a value of approximately
100 K. ohms, and resistor 228 has a value of approximately 10 K.
ohms.
Comparator 220 preferably has a feedback resistor 232 which may
have a value of 1 meg. ohm connected between its noninverting input
234 and its output 236 to provide a degree of hysteresis for the
saturation detector. Output 236 of saturation detector 220 is
connected to an input 240 of microcontroller 160.
Neglecting hysteresis resistor 232, the resistor ratios are set up
for a comparator transition with the FET source 120 at 12V and the
drain 124 at 9.27V. Therefore, if the drain is above 9.27V the
comparator output 220 is high, below 9.27 it is low. This gives a
drain-source maximum of 2.73V--this threshold was set high to
ensure that there would be no false trips, it could be reduced
significantly.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing how the software in microcontroller
160 operates to implement the invention. On boot up, either upon
the initial application of power or upon the system being reset, an
initialization routine as shown at 40 is performed. The current set
point is set to zero and the reference current is set to zero. A 50
ms delay occurs at 42 and the current set point is set to 100% at
44.
After the current set point and reference current have been
initialized, the software enters a loop. The current is measured
and compared to the reference current. If the current is greater
than the reference current then the reference current is updated to
equal the current as shown in boxes 46 and 48. This assures that
the reference current will continue to increase as long as the
present current or the current current, as it were, continues to
increase. If the current is not greater than the reference current
then the software determines whether it has fallen to less than 95%
of the reference current in step 50. If it has not, the software
loops back to box 46. If it has, the reference current is frozen at
this maximum level and drive current remains applied to the
solenoid and tested in block 52 until the current equals the
reference current times 1.2 at which time the current set point is
set to the reference current times 0.4 in box 54. At this point,
the controlled soft start current ramp is initiated and the current
is tested in block 56 until it reaches the reference current times
0.66. As long as the current remains below this value the current
is increased by the ramp value in block 58 to maintain a constant
controlled increase to accomplish the soft start function. Once the
current reaches 0.66 times the reference current the current set
point is set to 100% in block 60, full current is restored to the
solenoid and the routine ends at 62. It will be seen that the
software routine follows the current wave form shown in FIG. 5. The
simpler wave form shown in FIG. 4 can be accomplished by
eliminating flow chart blocks 52 and 54.
FIG. 8 is a software block diagram showing the manner in which the
controller shown in FIG. 6 controls the current through the clutch
solenoid. The current is sampled by measuring a voltage across
resistor 132 at a rate of 50 kHz. The analog to digital conversion
occurs within controller 160. The current is averaged every 50
samples, that is approximately 1,000 times per second in block 66
and the average current is tested against the current set point
minus hysteresis in block 68. If the current is below the current
set point FET 123 is turned on in block 70 and the saturation
detector 220 is tested in block 72. If the current is higher than
the saturation current and the over current timeout has expired as
tested at block 74 then the FET is latched off in block 76. As long
as the saturation current is not exceeded or is exceeded only for a
short time the routine terminates in block 78. Returning to block
68, if the current is greater than the current set point minus
hysteresis and continues to increase until it is greater than the
current set point as tested in block 80, the FET is turned off in
block 82, the over current timeout is reset in block 84 and the
routine terminates in block 78. If the current is not greater than
the current set point as tested in block 80 then the routine
terminates at block 78.
While the invention has been described in connection with certain
presently preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art
will recognize that many modifications and changes may be made
therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the
invention which accordingly is intended to be defined solely by the
appended claims.
* * * * *
References